ENGINEER MANUAL

EM 1110-3-137
Apri l 1984
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
Soil Stabilization for Pavements

Mobilization Construction
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EM1110-3-137
U. S. Army Corps of Engi neers
DAEN-ECE-G

Washi ngton, D. C. 20314
Engi neer Manual
No. 1110-3-137
1. Purpose.
Thi s manual provi des gui dance for the desi gn andi mprovement
of
thestructural qual i ty and workabi l i ty of soi l s used for base courses, subbase
courses, sel ect materi al s, and subgrades for pavements constructi on for
U. S.
Army mobi l i zati on faci l i ti es.
2
. Appl i cabi l i ty. Thi s manual
i s appl i cabl e to al l fi el d
operati ng
acti vi ti es havi ng
mobi l i zati on constructi on responsi bi l i ti es
.
3. Di scussi on. Cri teri a
and standards presentedherei n appl y
to pavement
constructi on consi dered
cruci al to amobi l i zati on
effort . These requi rements
may be al tered when necessary to
sati sfy
speci al condi ti ons on the basi s of
good engi neeri ng
practi ce consi stent wi th the nature
of the
constructi on.
Desi gn and constructi on
of mobi l i zati on faci l i ti es must be compl etedwi thi n
180 days fromthe
date noti ce to proceed i s gi ven wi th the proj ected l i fe
expectancy of fi ve years. Hence, rapi d constructi on of a faci l i ty shoul d be
refl ected i n i ts desi gn. Ti me-consumi ng methods and procedures, normal l y
preferred
over qui cker
methods for better qual i ty, shoul d be de-emphasi zed.
Lesser grademateri al s shoul d be substi tuted for hi gher grade materi al s when
the l esser grademateri al s woul d provi de sati sfactory servi ce and when use of
hi gher grademateri al s woul d extend constructi on ti me
. Work
i tems not
i mmedi atel y necessary for the adequate functi oni ng of the faci l i ty shoul d be
deferred unti l such ti me as they can be compl eted wi thout del ayi ng the
mobi l i zati on effort .
FORTHECOMMANDER:
Engi neeri ng and Desi gn
SOI L STABI LI ZATI ONFORPAVEMENTS
Mobi l i zati on Constructi on
PAUL
F.
AVANAUGH
Col on

Corps of Engi neers
Chi ef of
Staff
1
9
Apri l
1984
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EM1110-3-137
U. S.
Army Corps of
Engi neers
Washi ngton, DC
20314
Engi neer
Manual
No.
1110-3-137

9
Apri l 1984
Engi neeri ng and Desi gn
SOI L STABI LI ZATI ONFOR PAVEMENTS
Mobi l i zati on Constructi on
Paragraph Pal e
CHAPTER
1.
GENERAL
Purpose and scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Defi ni ti ons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2 1-1
Methods
of
stabi l i zati on. . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1
CHAPTER2. PURPOSE OF STABI LI ZATI ON
Uses of
stabi l i zati on. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1 2-1
Sel ecti on of stabi l i zer addi ti ve. . 2-2 2-2
Use of stabi l i zed soi l s i n frost
areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2-5
CHAPTER3. STABI LI ZATI ONWI TH PORTLANDCEMENT
Stabi l i zati on approaches. . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1
Cement content for modi fi cati on
of soi l s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3-1
Cement content
for
cement-
stabi l i zed
soi l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-3 3-2
CHAPTER
4.
STABI LI ZATI ON
WI THLI ME
Stabi l i zati on approaches. . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1
Li me content for
l i me-modi fi ed
soi l s. . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . 4-2 4-1
Li me content for l i me-stabi l i zed
soi l s. . . . . .
.
.
.
. . . .
.
. . .
.
.
.
. . . . . .
.
4-3 4-1
Li me and other
addi ti ves. . . . . . . . . . 4-4
4-4
CHAPTER5. STABI LI ZATI ONWI THLI ME-CEMENT-FLY ASH
(LCF)
Reacti on wi th
soi l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1
Sui tabl e
materi al s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-1
LCF content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3, 5-1
CHAPTER6. STABI LI ZATI ON
WI THBI TUMEN
Types of bi tumi nous-stabi l i zed
soi l s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6-1
EM
1110- 3-137
9 Apr
84
strengths f or cement, l i me, and
combi ned l i me-cement-f l y ash stabi l i zed
soi l s.
2-2.

Gui de f or sel ecti ng a stabi l i zi ng
addi ti ve.
3-1.

Gradati on requi rements .
3-2.

Esti mated cement requi rements f or
vari ous soi l types .
3-3.

Average cement requi rements f or granul ar
and sandy soi l s .
3-4.

Average cement requi rements f or si l ty and
cl ayey soi l s .
3-5.

Durabi l i ty requi rements .
6-1.

Recommended gradati ons f or bi tumi nous-
stabi l i zed subgrade materi al s .
6-2.

Recommended gradati ons f or bi tumi nous-
stabi l i zed base and subbase materi al s .
6-3.

Emul si f i ed asphal t requi rements.
Paragra, ~h
Page
Soi l gradati on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2 6-1
Types of bi tumen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-3 6-1
Mi x desi gn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-4 6-4
APPENDI X
A. PA TEST TO DETERMI NE
LI ME REQUI REMENTS
FORLI ME STABI LI ZATI ON
A-1
APPENDI X B.
REFERENCES
B-1
LI ST
OF TABLES
Tabl e 2-1.
Mi ni mumunconf i ned compressi ve
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
EM
1 1 1 0-3-1 37
9 Apr
84
1 -1 . Purpose and
scope.
Thi s
manual presents cri teri a f or i mprovi ng
the structural
qual i ty and workabi l i ty of soi l s used f or base courses,
subbase
courses, sel ect materi al s, and subgrades f or pavements. I t i s
appl i cabl e to al l el ements responsi bl e f or Army pavement constructi on
at mobi l i zati on f aci l i ti es.
1 -2. Def i ni ti ons. The f ol l owi ng def i ni ti ons are appl i cabl e to thi s
manual .
a. Soi l s. The term"soi l s" ref ers to natural l y occurri ng materi al s
that are used f or the constructi on of al l except the surf ace l ayers of
pavements and that are subj ect to cl assi f i cati on tests to provi de a
general concept of
thei r engi neeri ng characteri sti cs
. Al so i ncl uded
are the materi al s normal l y used f or base courses, subbase courses,
sel ect materi al l ayers, and subgrades. The soi l cl assi f i cati on system
to
be used i n eval uati ng these characteri sti cs i s descri bed i n
MI L-STD-61 9.
b. Stabi l i zati on
. Stabi l i zati on i s the process
of
bl endi ng and
mi xi ng
materi al s wi th a soi l to i mprove the perti nent properti es of the
soi l
.
The
process may i ncl ude the bl endi ng of soi l s to achi eve a
desi red gradati on or the mi xi ng of commerci al l y avai l abl e addi ti ves
that may al ter the gradati on, change certai n properti es, or act as a
bi nder f or cementati on of the soi l .
c. Modi f i cati on. Modi f i cati on ref ers to the stabi l i zati on process
that resul ts i n i mprovement i n some property of the soi l but does not
by desi gn resul t i n a si gni f i cant i ncrease i n soi l strength and
durabi l i ty.
d. Addi ti ve. Addi ti ve ref ers to a manuf actured
commerci al product
that, when added to the soi l i n the
proper quanti ti es, wi l l i mprove the
qual i ty of the soi l l ayer . Thi s
manual i s restri cted to the use
of
portl and cement, l i me, l i me-cement-f l y
ash, and bi tumen, al one or i n
combi nati on, as addi ti ves to stabi l i ze soi l s
.
1 -3. Methods
of stabi l i zati on. The two general methods of
stabi l i zati on
presented are mechani cal and addi ti ve
.
The
ef f ecti veness
of stabi l i zati on
i s dependent upon the abi l i ty to
obtai n uni f ormi ty i n
bl endi ng the
vari ous materi al s. Mi xi ng i n a stati onary or
travel i ng
pl ant i s
pref erred; however, other means of mi xi ng, such as
scari f i e, rs,
pl ows, di sks,
graders, and rotary mi xers, have been
sati sf actory.
a. Mechani cal
stabi l i zati on. Mechani cal
stabi l i zati on i s
accompl i shed
by mi xi ng or bl endi ng soi l s of
two
or
more gradati ons to
obtai n a materi al
meeti ng the requi red speci f i cati on
. The soi l
EM1110- 3-137
9 Apr 84
bl endi ng may
take pl ace at the constructi on si te,
at a central
pl ant,
or
at a borrow
area. The bl ended materi al i s then
spread and
compacted
to requi red
densi ti es by conventi onal means.
b.
Addi ti ve stabi l i zati on. Two types of
addi ti ve stabi l i zati on
are
chemi cal
and bi tumi nous . Chemi cal
stabi l i zati on i s achi eved by the
addi ti on
of proper percentages of cement,
l i me, fl y ash, or
combi nati ons of these materi al s to the soi l
. Bi tumi nous stabi l i zati on
i s
achi eved by the addi ti on of proper
percentages of bi tumi nous
materi al to the soi l . The sel ecti on
and determi nati on of the
percentage of addi ti ve to be added i s dependent
upon the soi l
cl assi fi cati on and the degree of i mprovement
i n soi l qual i ty
desi red.
General l y, smal l er amounts of addi ti ves
are requi red when i t i s
si mpl y
desi red
to
al ter soi l properti es, such as
gradati on, workabi l i ty,
and
pl asti ci ty,
than when i t i s desi red to
i mprove the strength and
durabi l i ty
suffi ci entl y to permi t a
thi ckness reducti on desi gn
. After
the addi ti ve
has been mi xed wi th the
soi l , spreadi ng and compaati on
are
achi eved by
conventi onal means.
CHAPTER2
PURPOSE OF
STABI LI ZATI ON
2- 1
.
Uses of
stabi l i zati on. Pavement desi gn i s
based on
the premi se
that
speci fi ed
l evel s of qual i ty wi l l be achi eved for each soi l l ayer
i n the pavement
system. Each l ayer must resi st sheari ng wi thi n the
l ayer, avoi d
excessi ve el asti c defl ecti ons that woul d
resul t i n
fati gue
cracki ng wi thi n
the l ayer or i n overl yi ng l ayers,
and prevent
excessi ve
permanent
deformati on through densi fi cati on. As the qual i ty
of
a soi l
l ayer i s
i ncreased, the abi l i ty of that l ayer to di stri bute
the
l oad
over
a greater area i s general l y i ncreased enough
to
permi t
a
reducti on
i n the requi red
thi ckness of the soi l and surface l ayers.
a. I mprove qual i ty.
The most common soi l qual i ty i mprovements
through stabi l i zati on i ncl ude
better
soi l
gradati on, reducti on of
pl asti ci ty i ndex or swel l i ng potenti al ,
and i ncreases i n durabi l i ty and
i n strength. I t i s al so common to stabi l i ze
a soi l by an addi ti ve i n
order to provi de an al l - weather worki ng pl atform
for constructi on
operati ons. These
types
of
soi l
qual i ty i mprovement are referred to as
soi l
modi fi cati ons .
b. Reduce
thi ckness. The tensi l e strength and sti ffness of a soi l
l ayer
can be i mproved through the use of addi ti ves and thereby permi t a
reducti on i n the thi ckness of
the stabi l i zed
l ayer and overl yi ng l ayers
wi thi n the pavement system.
Before
a stabi l i zed l ayer can be used to
reduce the requi red thi ckness
i n the desi gn
of a pavement system, the
stabi l i zed materi al must meet
the durabi l i ty
requi rements gi ven i n
paragraph 2- 2 on vari ous types
of addi ti ve stabi l i zati on and the
mi ni mumstrength requi rements
shown i n tabl e 2- 1 .
Tabl e 2- 1 . Mi ni mum
Unconfi ned Compressi ve Strengths
for Cement, Li me,
and Combi ned Li me- Cement- Fl y Ash
Stabi l i zed
Soi l s
aUnconfi ned compressi ve
strength determi ned at 7 days
for cement
stabi l i zati on and 7 or 28
days for l i me or l i me- cement- fl y ash
stabi l i zati on (See chapter
4)
EM
1110- 3- 137
9
Apr
84
Mi ni mum
Unconfi ned
Co
mpressi ve Strength, psi a
Stabi l i zed
Soi l Layer
Fl exi bl e Pavement Ri gi d Pavement
Base course 750
500
Subbase
course, 250
200
sel ect materi al
or
subgrade
EM1110- 3-137
9 Apr 84
2-2.
Sel ecti on
of stabi l i zer
addi ti ve. I n the sel ecti on of a
stabi l i zer
addi ti ve,
the
factors that must be consi dered are the type
of soi l
to be
stabi l i zed, the
purpose for whi ch the stabi l i zed l ayer
wi l l be
used, the
type of
soi l qual i ty i mprovement desi red, the
requi red
strength
and durabi l i ty
of the stabi l i zed l ayer, and cost and
envi ronmental
condi ti ons .
a. The
soi l
gradati on tri angl e i n fi gure
2-1 i s based upon the
pul veri zati on
characteri sti cs of the soi l
that, when combi ned wi th
certai n
restri cti ons
rel ati ve
to l i qui d l i mi t (LL) pl asti ci ty i ndex
(PI ),
and soi l
gradati on
contai ned i n tabl e 2-2, provi de gui dance for
the
sel ecti on of
the addi ti ve
best sui ted for stabi l i zati on. Fi gure
2-1 i s
entered
wi th the percentage
of gravel (percent materi al retai ned
on
No. 4 si eve),
sand
(percent materi al passi ng No. 4 si eve and
retai ned on the
No. 200 si eve),
and fi nes (percent materi al passi ng the
No.
200 si eve)
to determi ne the
area
i n whi ch
the soi l gradati on fal l s .
The area
OA, 2C, 3, etc . )
i ndi cated at the i ntersecti on of the three
materi al percentages
i s used
to
enter tabl e 2-2
to sel ect the type of
stabi l i zi ng addi ti ve
consi deri ng the vari ous restri cti ons and
remarks .
For exampl e, a
soi l havi ng a
PI of 15
and contai ni ng
67 percent gravel ,
26 percent
sand, and 7 percent
fi nes fal l s i n Area 2B of fi gure
2-1.
Tabl e 2-2
i ndi cates that cement, l i me,
l i me-cement-fl y
ash,
or
bi tumen
coul d
be consi dered. However,
the PI of 15
el i mi nates bi tumen, and the
fact that
onl y 33 percent
of the materi al passes the No
.
4
si eve
i ndi cates
that l i me. or a combi nati on
of l i me-cement-fl y
ash wi l l
be
the
better
addi ti ve for stabi l i zati on.
b.
The next consi derati on i n the sel ecti on of an addi ti ve wi l l be
the use of
the stabi l i zed l ayer . I f i t i s onl y desi red to modi fy the
properti es of
the soi l (i . e. , l ower the PI and i ncrease percent fi nes)
so that i t woul d
qual i fy as a subbase or base course materi al , l i me may
wel l
be
the
best addi ti ve. I f, however, hi gh strengths and good
durabi l i ty
are requi red to effect a reducti on i n pavement thi ckness,
the use
of a l i me-cement or l i me-cement-fl y ash combi nati on may be the
best addi ti ve. Actual l y, the best addi ti ve can onl y be determi ned by
studi es as outl i ned l ater i n tti i s manual . The success of addi ti ve
stabi l i zati on
depends, to a l arge extent, upon
attai ni ng compl ete and
uni formdi stri buti on
of the addi ti ve
i n the soi l . Thi s step i s most
cri ti cal when usi ng bi tumens
or portl and
cement as addi ti ves . These
materi al s work wel l i n
coarse-grai ned
soi l s that pul veri ze more easi l y .
General l y, as the
percent
fi nes and the
PI
i ncrease, pul veri zati on
becomes more
di ffi cul t, and i t i s harder to obtai n uni formdi stri buti on
of
the stabi l i zi ng addi ti ve. For these types of soi l s, preprocessi ng
or pretreatment wi th
other addi ti ves may be necessary. For exampl e,
fi ne-grai ned soi l s may be pretreated
wi th l i me to ai d i n thei r
pul veri zati on,
maki ng mi xi ng of a bi tumen or cement addi ti ve more
successful .
U. S . Army Corps of
Engi neers
LEGEND
- ' " - - " - Boundari es between maj or soi l
groups .
- - " " Boundari es wi thi n a maj or
soi l group.
PERCENT
BY WEI GHT, FI NES
(MATERI AL
PASSI NGN0. 200SI EVE)
FI GURE
2- l .
GRADATI ON
TRI ANGLE FORAI DI N
SELECTI NG
A CONLMERCI AL
STABI LI ZI NG
AGENT
EM
1110- 3- 137
9
Apr
84
100
EM
1110-
3-137
9 Apr
84
a
Soi l cl assi fi cati on
corresponds to MI L-STD-619. Restri cti on on l i qui d l i mi t (LL) andpl asti ci ty i ndex (PI )
i n accordance
wi th Method 103 i n MI L-STD-621.
bPI

20
+
50 -
percent passi ngNo.

200 si eve
4
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
Tabl e 1-2. Gui de for Sel ecti ng
a Stabi l i zi ngAddi ti ve
Area
' Soi l s
Cl ass. a
Type of
Stabi l i zi ng
Addi ti ve
Recommended
Restri cti on on
LL
and PI of Soi l
Restri cti on
on Percent
Passi ng
No. 200 Si evea Remarks
I A SW
or SP (1)
Bi tumi nous
(2) Portl and
Cement
(3) Li me-Cement-Fl y
Ash PI not to exceed 25
1B
SW-SMor (1) Bi tumi nous
PI not to exceed 10
SP-SMor (2) Portl and
Cement PI not to exceed 30
SW-SCor
(3)
Li me
PI not l ess than 12
SP-SC (4) Li me-Cement-Fl y
Ash PI not to exceed 25
1C SMor SC (1)
Bi tumi nous PI -not to exceed 10 Not to exceed
or SM-SC
30 percent by
wei ght
(2) Portl and Cement ----b
(3) Li me PI not l ess than 12
(4)
Li me-Cement-Fl y Ash PI not to exceed 25
2A GWor GP (1)
Bi tumi nous Wel l -graded materi al onl y
(2) Portl and Cement Materi al shoul d contai n at l east
45 percent by wei ght of materi al
passi ng No. 4 si eve
(3) Li me-Cement-Fl y Ash PI not to exceed 25
2B GW-GMor
(1) Bi tumi nous PI not to exceed 10 Wel l -graded materi al onl y
GP-GM
or (2) Portl and Cement PI not to exceed 30 Materi al shoul d contai n at
l east
GW-GC
or 45 percent by wei ght of
materi al
GP-GC
passi ngNo.
4
si eve
(3) Li me PI not l ess than 12
(4) Li me-Cement-Fl y Ash PI not to exceed 25
2C GMor GC (1) Bi tumi nous PI not to exceed 10 Not
to exceed
Wel l -graded materi al onl y
or GM-GC
30 percent by
wei ght
(2) Portl and Cement
---b Materi al shoul d contai n at l east
45 percent by wei ght of materi al
passi ngNo. 4 si eve
(3) Li me
PI not l ess than 12
(4) Li me-Cement-Fl y Ash
PI not to exceed 25
3
CH or CL (1) Portl and Cement LL l ess
than 40 and Organi c and strongl y aci d soi l s
or MH or
PI l ess than 20 fal l i ngwi thi n thi s area are not
ML or OH
suscepti bl e to stabi l i zati on by
or OL or
ordi nary means
ML-CL (2) Li me PI not l ess
than 12
2-3.
Use of stabi l i zed
soi l s i n frost areas.
EM
1110-3-137
g Apr 84
a. Addi ti ves
. Bi tumens, portl and cement, l i me, and combi nati ons of
l i me, portl and
cement, and fl y ash (LCF) are the most common addi ti ves
for use i n
stabi l i zed soi l s .
b.
Li mi tati ons of use. I n frost areas, stabi l i zed soi l usual l y
wi l l be used
onl y i n. a l ayer or l ayers compri si ng one of the upper
el ements
of a pavement systemand di rectl y beneath the pavement
surfaci ng l ayer, where the added cost of stabi l i zati on i s compensated
for by i ts structural advantage i n effecti ng a reducti on i n the
requi red thi ckness of the pavement system. Treatment wi th a l ower
degree of chemi cal stabi l i zati on shoul d be used i n frost areas onl y
wi th cauti on and after i ntensi ve tests, because weakl y cemented
materi al usual l y has l ess capaci ty to endure repeated freezi ng and
thawi ng than fi rml y cemented materi al . Apossi bl e excepti on i s the use
of a l owl evel of stabi l i zati on to i mprove a soi l that wi l l be
encapsul ated wi thi n an i mpervi ous envel ope as part of a
membrane-encapsul ated-soi l -l ayer pavement system. Asoi l that i s
unsui tabl e for encapsul ati on due to excessi ve moi sture mi grati on and
thawweakeni ng may be made sui tabl e for such use by moderate amounts of
a stabi l i zi ng addi ti ve.
Materi al s that are modi fi ed by smal l amounts
of a chemi cal addi ti ve to
i mprove certai n properti es of the soi l
wi thout
si gni fi cant cementati on al so shoul d be tested to ascertai n that
the
desi red i mprovement i s durabl e through repeated freeze-thawcycl es .
The i mprovement shoul d
not
be achi eved at
the expense of maki ng the
soi l
more suscepti bl e to i ce
segregati on. Addi ti onal di scussi ons on
the use of stabi l i zed
soi l i n seasonal frost areas are presented i n
EM
1110-3-138.
c .
Constructi on cutoff dates . For materi al s stabi l i zed wi th
cement, l i me, or LCF whose strength i ncreases wi th ti me of curi ng, i t
i s essenti al that the stabi l i zed l ayer be constructed suffi ci entl y
earl y
i n the season to al l owthe devel opment of adequate strength
before the fi rst
freezi ng
cycl e
begi ns . The rate of strength gai n i s
substanti al l y l ower at 50 degrees F. than at 70 or 80 degrees F.
Chemi cal
reacti ons wi l l not occur rapi dl y for (1) l i me-stabi l i zed soi l s
when
the soi l temperature i s l ess than 60 degrees F. and i s not
expected to i ncrease for 1 month, or (2) cement-stabi l i zed
soi l s when
the soi l temperature i s l ess than 40 degrees F.
and i s not expected to
i ncrease
for 1 month. I n frost areas, i t i s not al ways
suffi ci ent to
protect the mi xture fromfreezi ng
duri ng
a
7-day curi ng peri od as
requi red by the appl i cabl e gui de
speci fi cati ons, and a constructi on
cutoff
date wel l i n advance of the onset of
freezi ng condi ti ons may be
essenti al .
CHAPTER 3
STABI LI ZATI ONWI TH
PORTLANDCEMENT
3- 1.
Stabi l i zati on approaches . Portl and
cement can be used ei ther to
modi fy and
i mprove the qual i ty of the soi l or to
transformthe soi l
i nto a cemented mass,
whi ch si gni fi cantl y i ncreases i ts strength and
durabi l i ty. The
amount of cement addi ti ve wi l l depend upon whether the
soi l
i s to be modi fi ed or stabi l i zed.
3- 2.
Cement content for modi fi cati on of soi l s.
EM1110- 3- 137
9 Apr 84
a. Modi fi cati on of qual i ty. The amount of cement requi red to
i mprove
the qual i ty of
the
soi l through modi fi cati on i s determi ned by
the
tri al - and- error approach.
I f i t
i s
desi red to reduce the PI of the
soi l ,
successi ve sampl es of soi l - cement
mi xtures
must be prepared at
di fferent treatment l evel s and the PI of
each
mi xture
determi ned
.
The
Referee Test of ASTMD
423 and
ASTM
D
424
procedures
wi l l be used to
determi ne the
PI
of the soi l - cement mi xture
. The
mi ni mum
cement
content that yi el ds the
desi red
PI
i s
sel ected, but si nce i t was
determi ned based upon the
mi nus
40
fracti on
of the materi al , thi s val ue
must be
adj usted
to
fi nd the desi gn cement content based
upon
total
sampl e
wei ght expressed as the fol l owi ng equati on:
A=
100Bc
where
:
A= desi gn cement content, percent total wei ght of soi l
B = percent passi ng No. 40 si eve si ze, expressed as a deci mal
c = percent cement
requi red
to
obtai n
the desi red PI of mi nus
40
materi al , expressed as a deci mal
.
b . Modi fi cati on of gradati on. I f the obj ecti ve of modi fi cati on i s
to i mprove the gradati on of granul ar soi l through the addi ti on of
fi nes, the parti cl e- si ze
anal ysi s,
usi ng the ASTMD 422 procedure,
shoul d be conducted on
sampl es
at vari ous
treatment l evel s
to
determi ne
the mi ni mumacceptabl e cement
content . The determi nati on of cement
content to reduce the swel l potenti al of
fi ne- grai ned pl asti c soi l s can
be accompl i shed by mol di ng several
sampl es
at
vari ous cement contents
and soaki ng the speci mens al ong
wi th untreated speci mens for 4 days.
The l owest cement content that
el i mi nates the swel l potenti al or
reduces the swel l characteri sti cs
to the mi ni mumbecomes the desi gn
cement content . Procedures
for measuri ng swel l characteri sti cs of
soi l s are found i n MI L- STD- 621,
Method 101. The cement content
determi ned to accompl i sh soi l
modi fi cati on shoul d be checked to see
whether
i t provi des an unconfi ned
compressi ve strength great enough to
qual i fy
for a reduced thi ckness desi gn
i n accordance wi th cri teri a
establ i shed for soi l stabi l i zati on
.
EM
1110- 3-137
9 Apr 84
C .
Modi fi cati on for frost
areas
.
Cement-modi fi ed
soi l al so may be
used
i n frost
areas,
but
i n addi ti on to the procedures for
mi xture
desi gn descri bed
i n 3-2. a. and 3-2. b. above, cured speci mens shoul d be
subj ected
to the freeze-thawcycl es prescri bed by ASTMD 560 (but
omi tti ng
wi re-brushi ng) or other appl i cabl e freeze-thawprocedures,
fol l owed
by frost-suscepti bi l i ty determi nati ons i n standard l aboratory
freezi ng
tests
.
For cement-modi fi ed soi l used
i n the base course, the
frost
suscepti bi l i ty, determi ned after
freeze-thawcycl i ng, shoul d meet
the requi rements set forth for the base course.
I f cement-modi fi ed
soi l
i s used as the
subgrade, i ts
frost
suscepti bi l i ty, determi ned
after freeze-thawcycl i ng, shoul d be used as
the basi s
of
the pavement
thi ckness desi gn i f the reduced subgrade
strength desi gn method i s
appl i ed (EM1110-3-138) . For mobi l i zati on,
the use of ASTMD 560 may
be al tered to 6 cycl es of 6 hours of freeze/ wet - 6
hour thaw/ dry.
Percentages of stabi l i zer sel ected for use may be
based
on
l ocal
performance
hi story i n l i eu of these tests .
3-3. Cement content for cement-stabi l i zed
soi l . The fol l owi ng
procedure i s recommended for determi ni ng the
desi gn cement content for
cement-stabi l i zed soi l s .
a .
Step
1 . Determi ne the cl assi fi cati on
and gradati on of the
untreated
soi l fol l owi ng procedures i n MI L-STD-619
and ASTMD422,
respecti vel y.
The soi l must meet the gradati on
requi rements shown i n
tabl e 3-1 before
i t can be used i n a reduced
thi ckness desi gn
.
Tabl e 3-1. Gradati on
Requi rements
Type
Si eve Percent
Course Si ze
Passi ng
Base 2-i nch
100
1-1/ 2-=i nch
70-100
1-i nch
45-100
3/ 4-i nch --
1/ 2-i nch
30-90
No. 4
20-70
No. 10
15-60
No. 30
No. 40
5-40
No.
200 0-20
Subbase
3-i nch
100
No
. 4
No.
10
No.
100
No
. 200
0-25
EM
1110-3-137
9
Apr
84
b. Step 2 . Sel ect an
esti mated
cement content
fromtabl e 3-2 usi ng
the soi l cl assi fi cati on.
" Tabl e 3-2 . Esti mated
Cement
Requi rements
for Vari ous Soi l Types
I ni ti al Esti mated
Cement Requi rement
Soi l Cl assi fi cati ona
Percent Dry
Wei ght
GW-SW
GP, SW-SM, SW-SC,

6
SW-GM, SW-GC
GM, SM,
GC, SC,

7
SP-SM,
SP-SC, GP-GM
GP-GC, SM-SC, GM-GC
SP,
CL, ML, ML-CL

10
a Soi l cl assi fi cati on
corresponds to MI L-STD-619 .
c .
Step 3. Usi ng the esti mated cement content, determi ne the
moi sture-densi ty
rel ati ons of the soi l -cement mi xture. The procedure
contai ned i n
ASTMD 558
wi l l
be used to prepare the soi l -cement mi xture
and to make the necessary cal cul ati ons ; however,
the apparatus and
procedures outl i ned i n MI L-STD-621, Method 100, Compacti on Effort
Desi gnati on CE-55 wi l l be used to compact the soi l -cement mi xture.
d.
Step
4. Usi ng the untreated soi l gradati on characteri sti cs,
cement
content, and maxi mumdry densi ty determi ned i n Steps 1, 2, and
3, respecti vel y,
veri fy
the
esti mated cement content usi ng tabl e 3-3 or
tabl e 3-4
and fi gure
3-1
dependi ng upon soi l cl assi fi cati on. I f the
esti mated cement
content fromStep 2 vari es by more than pl us or mi nus
2 percent from
the val ue i n tabl e 3-3 or tabl e 3-4, conduct addi ti onal
moi sture-densi ty
tests, varyi ng the cement content, unti l the val ue
from
tabl e 3-3
or
tabl e 3-4 i s wi thi n pl us or mi nus 2 percent of that
used
for the moi sture-densi ty test . The moi sture-densi ty test wi l l be
performed as
outl i ned i n Step 3.
e. Step 5 .
Prepare sampl es of the soi l -cement mi xture for
unconfi ned compressi on
and durabi l i ty tests at the dry densi ty and at
the cement content
determi ned i n Step 4 and at cement contents 2
5
Note; Base course goes to 70 percent retai ned on the No. 4 si eve.
U. S . Army Corps of Engi neers
Tabl e 3- 3. Average Cement Requi rements f or Granul ar and Sandy Soi l s
Y
00 0
{'
w
Materi al
Materi al
Smal l er
Retai ned on Than Cement Content, Percent by Wei ght
No. 4 Si eve
percent
0. 05 mm
percent 116- 120
Maxi mum
121- 126
Dry Densi ty,
127- 131
pcf (Treated
132- 137
Materi al )
138- 142 143 or more
0- 19 10 9 8 7 6 5
0- 14 20- 39 9 8 7 7 5 5
40- 50 11 10 9 8 6 5
0- 19 10 9 8 6 5 5
15- 29 20- 39 9 8 7 6 6 5
40- 50 12 10 9 8 7 6
0- 19 10 8 7 6 5 5
30- 45 20- 39 11 9 8 7 6 5
40- 50 12 11 10 9 8 6
Tabl e 3-4. Average Cement Requi rements for Si l ty and Cl ayey Soi l s
Materi al
Between
0 . 05
and Cement Content, Percent by Wei ght
Group
Index
0. 005 mm
percent 99-104 105-109
Maxi mumDry
110-115
Densi ty, pcf
116-120
(Treated
121-126
Materi al )
127-131 132 or more
0-19 12 11 10 8 8 7 7
0-3 20-39 12 11 10 9 8 8 7
40-59 13 12 11 9 9 8 8
60 or more -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0-19 13 12 11 9 8 7 7
3-7 20-39 13 12 11 10 9 8 8
40-59 14 13 12 10 10 9 8
60 or more 15 14 12 11 10 9 9
0-19 14 13 11 10 9 8 8
7-11 20-39 15 14 11 10 9 9 9
40-59 16 14 12 11 10 10 9
60 or more 17 15 13 11 10 10 10
0-19 15 14 13 12 11 9 9
11-15 20-39 16 15 13 12 i t 10 10
40-59 17 16 14 12 12 11 10
60 or more 18 16 14 13 12 11 11
0-19 17 16 14 13 12 11 10
15-20 20-39 18 17 15 14 13 11 11
40-59 19 18 15 14 I4 12 12
60 or more 20 19 I6 15 14 13 12
aTaken fromfi gure 3-1
EM
1110-3-137
9
Apr
84
OR
LESS

PERCENT PASSI NG
NO. 200

ORMORE
15 20
25 30 35
40 45
12
11
10
v
6
NOTE: Group I ndex = I ndex a
+
I ndex b.
3- 6
50 55
0
y
\ v
l l ~MQ" ~- PI I O'OR LESS'
12
k l e
ME
75 65 55
45 35
4
ORMORE

PERCENT PASSI NG
NO.
200

OR LESS
REPRI NTEDFROM
SOI L-CEMENT LABORATORY
HANDBOOK (EB052. 06S)
WI TH
PERMI SSI ONOF THE
PORTLANDCEMENT ASSOCI ATI ON,
SKOKI E,
I LLI NOI S.
W
0
z
FI GURE
3-1. CHARTS FOR CALCULATI NGGROUP
I NDEX VALUES
percent above
and 2 percent
bel owthat determi ned i n Step 4. The
sampl es shoul d
be prepared i n
accordance wi th ASTMD 1632 except
that
when more than
35 percent of
the materi al i s retai ned on the No. 4
si eve, a 4-i nch-di ameter
by
8-i nch-hi gh mol d shoul d be used to prepare
the speci mens
. Cure the
speci mens for 7 days i n a humi d roombefore
testi ng.
Test three
speci mens usi ng the unconfi ned compressi on test i n
accordance wi th ASTM
D 1633, and subj ect three speci mens to durabi l i ty
tests,
ei ther wet-dry
(ASTMD559) tests for pavements l ocated
i n
nonfrost areas or
freeze-thaw(ASTMD 560) tests for pavements
l ocated
i n frost areas
(EM1110-3-1. 38) . For mobi l i zati on, the use of ASTM
D 560 may be al tered
to 6 cycl es of 6 hours
of freeze/ wet -
6
hour
thaw/ dry.
Percentages of stabi l i zer
sel ected for use may be based on
l ocal performance hi story
i n l i eu of
these tests.
f .
Step 6 . Compare the resul ts
of the unconfi ned compressi ve
strength and durabi l i ty tests wi th the
requi rements shown i n tabl es 2-1
and 3-5. The l owest cement content,
whi ch meets the requi red
unconfi ned compressi ve strength
requi rement and demonstrates the
requi red durabi l i ty, i s the desi gn cement
content . I f the mi xture
shoul d meet the durabi l i ty requi rements
but not the strength
requi rements, the mi xture i s
consi dered to be a modi fi ed soi l .
Tabl e 3-5.
Durabi l i ty Requi rements
Maxi mumAl l owabl e Wei ght Loss After
12
Wet-Dry or 6 Freeze-ThawCycl es
Type of Soi l

Percent of I ni ti al Speci men
Wei ght
Stabi l i zeda
Granul ar, PI l ess than 10

11
Granul ar, PI greater
than 10
Si l t
Cl ays
aRefer to MI L-STD-619
and MI L-STD-621
.
8
8
6
EM
1110-3-137
9 Apr 84
CHAPTER 4
STABI LI ZATI ON
WI THLI ME
4-1. Stabi l i zati on
approaches
. Li me
can be used ei ther to modi fy
some
of the physi cal
properti es
and thereby
i mprove the qual i ty
of a soi l or
to transform
the soi l
i nto a stabi l i zed
mass, whi ch
i ncreases i ts
strength and durabi l i ty
. The amount
of l i me addi ti ve wi l l
depend upon
whether the soi l
i s to be modi fi ed
or stabi l i zed. The l i me
to be used
may be ei ther
hydrated or
qui ckl i me, al though the preponderance
of
stabi l i zati on
i s accompl i shed usi ng
hydrated l i me, si nce qui ckl i me
i s
hi ghl y
causti c and dangerous
to use. The desi gn l i me contents
determi ned fromthe cri teri a
presented herei n are for hydrated l i me
.
As a gui de, the l i me contents determi ned
herei n for hydrated l i me
shoul d be reduced by 25 percent to determi ne
a desi gn content for
qui ckl i me.
4-2. Li me content for l i me-modi fi ed soi l s .
The amount of l i me
requi red to i mprove the qual i ty
of
a
soi l i s determi ned through the
same tri al -and-error process
used
for
cement-modi fi ed soi l s.
4-3. Li me content for l i me-stabi l i zed soi l s .
EM1110-3-137
9 Apr 84
a. Strength requi rements . To take advantage of the
thi ckness
reducti on cri teri a, the l i me-stabi l i zed soi l must meet the
unconfi ned
compressi ve strengths
shown
i n
tabl e 2-1 as wel l as the durabi l i ty
requi rements i n tabl e
3-5 .
b.
Procedures. When l i me i s added to a soi l , a combi nati on
of
reacti ons
begi ns to take pl ace i mmedi atel y and i s nearl y compl ete
wi thi n an hour,
al though
substanti al
strength gai n i s not refl ected for
some ti me. These reacti ons resul t i n a
change
i n
both the chemi cal
composi ti on and physi cal properti es . Most l i me, when
pl aced i n a water
sol uti on, has a pHof about 12. 4 . Therefore, the
pH
i s
a good
i ndi cator of the desi rabl e l i me content
of a
soi l -l i me
mi xture. The
reacti on that takes pl ace when l i me i s i ntroduced
to a soi l general l y
causes a si gni fi cant change i n the pl asti ci ty of the soi l ;
therefore,
the changes i n the pl asti c and l i qui d l i mi ts al so. become an i ndi cator
of the desi red l i me content . Two methods are presented for the
determi nati on of the i ni ti al desi gn l i me content .
(1) Step 1 . The preferred method
i s
to prepare several mi xtures
at di fferent l i me treatment l evel s
and
determi ne the pHof each mi xture
after 1 hour . The l owest l i me
content produci ng
the hi ghest pHof the
soi l -l i me mi xture i s the i ni ti al
desi gn l i me
content . Procedures for
conducti ng a pH test on l i me-soi l
mi xtures
are presented i n appendi x A.
I n frost areas, speci mens must be subj ected to the freeze-thawtest as
di scussed i n Step 2 bel ow. An al ternate method of determi ni ng an
i ni ti al desi gn l i me content i s by the use of fi gure 4-1. Speci fi c
val ues requi red to use fi gure 4-1 are
the
PI
and
the percent of
EM1110-3=137
9
Apr
84
z
0
r
U
E-+
G
c
x
w
wE~
a
zE-
-F -+
z
0
cr, z
H
wz
z
w
ww
a.
w
w
z
100
3
90
80
TO
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
P.
I . - WET
METHOD
10
20
30
40 50 60
10 20 30 40
P. I . - WETMETHOD
EXAMPLE
1. Enter pl ot wi th Pl
on
top scal e
.
2. F ol l owcurved l i ne down to percent soi l
bi nder
(o/o passi ng No. 40) .
3.
At
i ntersecti on
wi th percent soi l bi nder, move
verti cal l y upward to
the . 1. 00 percent soi l bi nder l i ne.
4. Read the percent l i me represented at the i ntersecti on
wi th the 100 percent soi l bi nder l i ne.
5. F or
soi l havi ng a P1 of 31) and 55 percent soi l bi nder,
the l i me
requi red
i s 4 -
1/4 percent .
Excl ude use of chart for materi al s l ess than 10 percent - No.
40
and cohesi onl ess materi al s (P . I . l ess than 3) .
** Percent of rel ati vel y pure l i me usual l y 90 percent of
more of
CO
and/or
MG
hydroxi des
and 85 percent or more of whi ch pass the
No.
200
si eve
.
Percentages shownare for stabi l i zi ng subgrades
and
base courses where
l asti ng effects are
desi red.
Sati sfactory
temporary
resul ts
are someti mes obtai ned by the use of as l i ttl e
as 1/2
of above percentages. Reference to cementi ng strength i s
i mpl i ed when such terms as "Lasti ng Effects" and "Temporary
Resul ts" areused.
Repri nted wi th permi ssi on fromthe Nati onal
Li meAssoci ati on
F I GURE 4-l .
CHART
F ORTHE I NI TI AL
DETERMI NATI ONOF LI ME
CONTENT
1
4-2
I I
I
ri
F AN
I
I -I -
*EXCLUDEDBI NDERAREA SEI LE SECTI ON, MATERI ALS a
TESTDI VI SI ON,
TEXAS HI GHWAYDEPT.
EM1110- 3-137
9 Apr 84
materi al passi ng
the No. 40
si eve.
These
properti es
are determi ned
frompl asti c
l i mi t and gradati on
tests
on the
untreated
soi l fol l owi ng
procedures
establ i shed i n MI L-STD-621.
(2)
Step 2. After the
i ni ti al
l i me
content has
been esti mated,
conduct a
moi sture-densi ty test wi th the
l i me-soi l
mi xture fol l owi ng
the procedures
for soi l -cement i n ASTMD
558, except
that the mi xture
shoul d be
al l owed to cure no l ess than 1 hour
and no
more than 2 hours
i n a seal ed
contai ner before mol di ng.
Compacti on wi l l
be accompl i shed
i n accordance
wi th MI L-STD-621, Method 100,
Compacti on
Effort
Desi gnati on CE-55.
The moi sture-densi ty
shoul d be determi ned
at l i me
contents equal to
desi gn pl us 2 and
pl us 4 percent for the
preferred
method and at desi gn
pl us
or mi nus 2 percent for the
al ternate method.
I n frost areas, cured speci mens shoul d be subj ected to ASTM
D 560 (but
omi tti ng
wi re-brushi ng)
or other appl i cabl e freeze-thawprocedures,
fol l owed
by frost suscepti bi l i ty
determi nati ons i n standard l aboratory
freezi ng
tests (EM
1110-3-138) . For mobi l i zati on, the use of ASTM
D
560 may be al tered to 6 cycl es of 6 hours of freeze/wet -
6 hour
thaw/dry. Percentages of stabi l i zer sel ected for use may
be based on
l ocal performance hi story i n l i eu of these tests
. For l i me-stabi l i zed
or l i me-modi fi ed soi l used i n l ower l ayers
of the base course, the
frost suscepti bi l i ty, determi ned after freeze-thawcycl i ng, shoul d meet
the requi rements set forth for the base course (EM1110-3-138) . I f
l i me-stabi l i zed or l i me-modi fi ed soi l i s used as the subgrade, i ts
frost suscepti bi l i ty, determi ned after freeze-thawcycl i ng, shoul d be
used
as
the basi s of the pavement thi ckness desi gn i f the reduced
subgrade strength desi gn method i s
appl i ed
.
(3)
Step
3.
Unconfi ned compressi on tests shoul d
be
performed at
the
desi gn
percent
of maxi mumdensi ty on three speci mens for each l i me
content
tested.
The
desi gn val ue woul d then be the mi ni muml i me
content
yi el di ng the requi red strength. Procedures for the preparati on
of
l i me-soi l speci mens are si mi l ar to those used for cement-stabi l i zed
soi l s
wi th two excepti ons. After mi xi ng, the l i me-soi l mi xture shoul d
be
al l owed
to
mel l owfor not l ess than 1 hour or more than 2 hours;
after
compacti on, each speci men shoul d be wrapped securel y to prevent
moi sture
l oss and cured i n a constant
temperature chamber at
73
degrees
pl us
or
mi nus 2 degrees F for 28 days
. For mobi l i zati on, the requi red
curi ng of the sampl e may be reduced to
7
days
at 140 F. as an
approxi mati on of the 28 day soi l
strength. Cauti on must be taken,
however,
si nce certai n pozzol ani c
reacti ons may occur at hi gher test
temperatures
whi ch woul d not be dupl i cated
at constructi on
temperatures
.
I n
addi ti on, the rel ati onshi p between age,
temperature,
and strength
i s not the same for al l l i me-soi l
mi xtures . Procedures
for conducti ng
unconfi ned compressi on tests are
si mi l ar
to
those used
for soi l -cement
speci mens except that i n l i eu of
moi st curi ng, the
l i me-soi l speci mens
shoul d remai n securel y wrapped
unti l testi ng.
(4) Step 4.
Compare resul ts of the
unconfi ned compressi ve tests
wi th the cri teri a
i n tabl e 2-1
.
The
desi gn l i me content must be the
4-3
EM1110- 3-137
9
Apr
84
l owest l i me
content of speci mens meeti ng the
strength
cri teri a
i ndi cated.
4-4.
Li me and other addi ti ves . I f l i me i s
used as a
prel i mi nary
addi ti ve to reduce the PI or al ter the gradati on of a soi l preparatory
to the
addi ti on of the pri mary stabi l i zi ng agent
such as
bi tumen or
cement,
then the desi gn l i me content i s the mi ni mumtreatment l evel
that wi l l achi eve the desi red
resul ts .
For nonpl asti c and l ow-PI
materi al s i n whi ch l i me al one general l y i s not sati sfactory for
stabi l i zati on,
the addi ti on of fl y ash may be needed to produce the
necessary
reacti on.
CHAPTER
5
STABI LI ZATI ON
WI TH
LI ME-CEMENT-FLY ASH (LCF)
5-1. Reacti on
wi th
soi l s .
Stabi l i zati on
of coarse-grai ned soi l s
havi ng l i ttl e
or no f i nes
can of ten
be accompl i shed by
the use of the
LCF combi nati on.
Fl y ash
i s a
pozzol ani c materi al ,
consi sti ng mai nl y
of si l i con and
al umi num
compounds
that, when mi xed wi th l i me
and water,
f orms a
hardened
cementi ti ous
mass capabl e of obtai ni ng
hi gh
compressi ve
strengths .
Thus, l i me
and f l y ash i n combi nati on
can of ten
be used successf ul l y
i n stabi l i zi ng
granul ar materi al s
havi ng f ew f i nes
si nce the f l y ash
provi des
an agent wi th whi ch the l i me
can react .
I n addi ti on
to l i me and f l y
ash, a smal l amount of portl and
cement
i s
al so added
to accel erate and
i ncrease strength gai n.
ASTMC 593
provi des
gui dance i n the
sel ecti on of f l y ash.
EM1110-3-137
9 Apr 84
5-2.
Sui tabl e materi al s . Types
of materi al s sui tabl e f or the
LCF
stabi l i zati on
are coarse-grai ned
soi l s havi ng no more than 12 percent
of the
materi al passi ng the No.
200 si eve. I n addi ti on, the PI of the
mi nus
40 f racti on shoul d not
exceed 25 .
5-3. LCF content .
ASTMC 593 shoul d be used f or the determi nati on of
mi x proporti ons of the
LCF except that i n addi ti on to l i me and f l y ash
as i ndi cated i n the
procedure, about
1
percent Portl and cement shoul d
al so be added f or strength. Mi ni mum
unconf i ned compressi ve strength
requi rements are i ndi cated i n tabl e 2-1 .
I f test
speci mens
do not then
meet strength requi rements, add cement i n i ncrements of 1/ 2 percent
unti l strengths are adequate. The total quanti ty of addi ti ves shoul d
not exceed 15 percent by wei ght .

I n f rost areas, the LCF mi xture
shoul d meet the
wei ght l oss cri teri a speci f i ed f or cement-stabi l i zed
soi l s . ASTMD 560 shoul d be f ol l owed
except
that the speci mens shoul d
be compacted i n accordance wi th the procedure descri bed i n MI L-STD-621,
Method 100, Compacti on Ef f ort Desi gnati on
CE-55 .
For mobi l i zati on, the
use of ASTMD 560 may
be
al tered
to 6 cycl es of
6 hours of f reeze/ wet -
6 hour thaw/ dry. Percentages of stabi l i zer sel ected f or use may be
based on l ocal perf ormance hi story i n l i eu of these tests .
CHAPTER6
STABI LI ZATI ONWI THBI TUMEN
6- 1 .
Types of bi tumi nous- stabi l i zed soi l s.
a. Sand bi tumen. Ami xture of sand and bi tumen i n whi ch the sand
parti cl es are cemented together to provi de a materi al of i ncreased
stabi l i ty.
b. Gravel or crushed aggregate bi tumen.
Ami xture of bi tumen and a
wel l - graded
gravel or crushed aggregate that, af ter compacti on,
provi des a
hi ghl y stabl e waterproof mass
of subbase or base course
qual i ty.
c . Bi tumen l i me. Ami xture of soi l , l i me, and bi tumen that, af ter
compacti on, may exhi bi t the characteri sti cs of any of the
bi tumen- treated materi al s i ndi cated above. Li me i s used wi th materi al s
that have a hi gh PI , i . e. , above 10 .
6- 2. Soi l gradati on. The recommended soi l gradati ons f or subgrade
materi al s and base or subbase course materi al s are shown i n tabl es 6- 1
and 6- 2, respecti vel y.
Tabl e 6- 1. Recommended Gradati ons
f or
Bi tumi nous-
Stabi l i zed Subgrade Materi al s
Si eve Si ze

Percent Passi ng
3 i nch

100
No. 4

50- 100
No. 30

38- 100
No. 200

2- 30
6- 3. Types of bi tumen.
Bi tumi nous stabi l i zati on i s general l y
accompl i shed usi ng asphal t cement, cutback asphal t, or asphal t
emul si ons . The type of bi tumen to be used depends
upon
the type
of
soi l to be stabi l i zed, methods of constructi on,
and weather condi ti ons.
I n f rost areas, the use of
tar
as
a bi nder shoul d be avoi ded because of
i ts hi gh- temperature
suscepti bi l i ty; however, materi al avai l abi l i ty may
requi re the use of
tars i n nonf rost areas. Asphal ts are af f ected to a
l esser extent
by temperature changes, but a grade of asphal t sui tabl e
to the prevai l i ng cl i mate
shoul d be sel ected. As a general rul e, the
most sati sf actory resul ts
are obtai ned when the most vi scous l i qui d
asphal t that can be readi l y
mi xed i nto the soi l i s used. For hi gher
qual i ty mi xes i n whi ch a
central pl ant i s used, vi scosi ty- grade asphal t
cements shoul d be used. Much
bi tumi nous stabi l i zati on i s perf ormed
i n
pl ace wi th
the bi tumen bei ng appl i ed
di rectl y on the soi l or
soi l - aggregate
systemand the
mi xi ng and compacti on operati ons bei ng
conducted
i mmedi atel y thereaf ter
. For thi s type of constructi on,
EM
1110- 3- 137
9 Apr
84
EM1110-3-137
9 Apr
84
Tabl e 6-2
.
Recommended Gradati ons f or
Bi tumi nous-Stabi l i zed
Base
Si eve
Si ze
1-1/2-i nch
1-i nch
3/4-i nch
1/2-i nch
3/8-i nch
No. 4
No
. 8
No
.
16
No. 30
No. 50
No. 100
No. 200
U. S. Army Corps of
Engi neers
and Subbase Materi al s
1-1/2-i nch
Maxi mum
1-i nch
Maxi mum
3/4-i nch
Maxi mum
1/2-i nch
Maxi mum
100 -- -- --
84
+
9
100 -- --
76
+ 9 83
+
9 100 --
66
+
9
73
+
9 82 + 9
100
59
+
9
64
+
9 72 + 9
83
+
9
45
+
9
48
+
9 54
+
9 62
+
9
35+9
37+9 41+9
47+9
27+9 28+9
32+9
36+9
20+9 21 +9
24+9
289
14
+ 7 16
+
7
17
+
7
20

7
9 5
11 +5
12+5
14+5
5
+2 52
5+2
5+2
l i qui d asphal ts, i . e. , cutbacks
and
emul si ons,
are used. Emul si ons
are
preferred
over cutbacks
because of
energy
constrai nts
and pol l uti on
control
efforts. The
speci fi c type
and
grade of
bi tumen wi l l depend on
the. characteri sti cs of the
aggregate,
the type
of constructi on
equi pment, and cl i mati c
condi ti ons.
General l y,
the fol l owi ng types
of
bi tumi nous materi al s
wi l l be used
for the
soi l gradati on i ndi cated: ,
a. Open-graded
aggregate.
(1)
Rapi d- and medi um-curi ng
l i qui d
asphal ts RC- and MC-70, 250,
and 800, and
MC-3000.
(2) Medi um-setti ng
asphal t
emul si on MS-2 and
CMS-2-
(3) Tars RT-1 and
RT-2.
b. Wel l -graded
aggregate wi th l i ttl e
or no materi al passi ng the
No
.
200
si eve.
(1)
Rapi d- and medi um-curi ng
l i qui d asphal ts RC-250, RC-800,
MC-250, and MC-800.
(2)
Sl ow-curi ng l i qui d asphal ts SC-250 and SC-800.
(3) Medi um-setti ng and
sl ow-setti ng asphal t emul si ons MS-2,
CMS-2, SS-1, and CSS-1.
(4) Tars RT-1, RT-2, RT-3, and RT-4.
c. Aggregate wi th a consi derabl e percentage of fi ne aggregate and
materi al passi ng the No. 200 si eve.
(1) Medi um-curi ng l i qui d asphal ts MC-250 and MC-800
.
(2) Sl ow-curi ng l i qui d asphal ts
SC-250 and SC-800.
(3) Sl ow-setti ng
asphal t emul si ons SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, and
CSS-1h.
(4) Medi um-setti ng
asphal t emul si ons MS-2 and CMS-2-
(5) Tars RT-3, RT-4,
RT-5, and RT-6.
d.
Unbound aggregate.
The si mpl est type of bi tumi nous
stabi l i zati on i s
the appl i cati on of
l i qui d asphal t to the surface of an
unbound
aggregate road. For
thi s type of operati on, the sl ow- and
medi um-curi ng
l i qui d asphal ts
SC-250, MC-70, and MC-250 are used.

Tar
types RT-5 and RT-6 may be
used i n nonfreezi ng cl i mates
.
EM1110- 3-137
9 Apr 84
EM
1110-3-137
9
Apr 84
Mi x desi gn.
Gui dance f or the
desi gn of
bi tumi nous-stabi l i zed
base and subbase
courses i s contai ned i n
EM1110-3-131
and EM
1110-3-141.
For subgrade stabi l i zati on,
the
f ol l owi ng equati on may be
used f or
esti mati ng the prel i mi nary
quanti ty of . cutback
asphal t to be
sel ected:
p =

(100
-
S)

g 100
where:
p
a
c
S
0. 02(a)
+
0. 07(b)
+
0
. 15(c)
+
0. 20(d)
percent cutback asphal t by wei ght
of dry aggregate
percent of mi neral aggregate
retai ned on No. 50 si eve
percent of mi neral aggregate passi ng
No
.
50 and retai ned
on No. 100 si eve
percent of mi neral
aggregate
passi ng
No.
100
and
retai ned
on No. 200 si eve
percent of mi neral
aggregate
passi ng No. 200 si eve
percent sol vent
The prel i mi nary quanti ty of emul si f i ed
asphal t
to
be used i n
stabi l i zi ng subgrades
can be determi ned
f romtabl e 6-3. The f i nal
desi gn content of
cutback or
emul si f i ed asphal t shoul d be sel ected
based upon
the resul ts
of the Marshal l
Stabi l i ty test procedure
(MI L-STD-620) .
The
mi ni mumMarshal l Stabi l i ty
recommended f or
subgrades i s 500 pounds. I f a soi l does
not
show
i ncreased stabi l i ty
when reasonabl e amounts of bi tumi nous
materi al s
are
added, the
gradati on of the soi l shoul d be
modi f i ed or another type of bi tumi nous
materi al shoul d be used. Poorl y : graded
materi al s may be i mproved by
the addi ti on of sui tabl e f i nes contai ni ng
consi derabl e materi al passi ng
the
No
. 200 si eve. The amount of
bi tumen requi red f or a gi ven soi l
i ncreases wi th an i ncrease
i n percentage of the f i ner si zes.
Tabl e 6-3. Emul si fi ed Asphal t Requi rements
EM
1110-3-137
9
Apr 84
U. S .
Army
Corps of
Engi neers
Percent
Passi ng
No. 200
Pounds of Emul si fi ed Asphal t
per 100 Pounds
at Percent Passi ng
No. 10 Si eve
of Dry Aggregate
Si eve 50 60 70
80 90 100
0 6. 0
6
. 3 6. 5
6. 7 7. 0 7. 2
2 6
. 3
6
. 5
6
. 7 7 . 0
7. 2 7. 5
4 6. 5 6. 7 7. 0
7. 2 7. 5 7. 7
6 6. 7 7 . 0 7. 2 7. 5
7. 7
7
. 9
8 7. 0 7. 2 7 . 5 7. 7 7. 9 8. 2
10 7. 2 7 . 5
7 . 7 7. 9 8. 2 8. 4
12 7. 5 7. 7
7 . 9 8. 2 8. 4 8. 6
14 7. 2 7. 5
7. 7 7 . 9
8. 2 8. 4
16 7. 0
7 . 2 7. 5
7. 7 7. 9 8. 2
18 6. 7 7. 0
7 . 2 7. 5
7. 7 7. 9
20 6. 5
6. 7 7 . 0
7. 2 7. 5
7. 7
22 6. 3
6
. 5
6. 7
7 . 0 7. 2
7 . 5
24 6. 0
6
. 3
6. 5
6. 7 7 . 0
7 . 2
25 6. 2
6. 4
6. 6 6. 9 7. 1
7. 3
A-2. Apparatus.
e . Bal ance .
f .

Oven.
g. Moi sture cans.
A-3. Procedure .
e .
APPENDI XA
PH TEST TODETERMI NE
LI ME REQUI REMENTS
FOR LI ME
STABI LI ZATI ON
A-1.
Materi al s . Li me to be used f or
soi l stabi l i zati on.
a . PH meter (the
pHmeter must be equi pped wi th an el ectrode havi ng
a pH range
of 14) .
b.
150-mi l l i l i tre (or l arger) pl asti c bottl es wi th screw-top l i ds .
c . 50-mi l l i l i tre pl asti c beakers .
d . Di sti l l ed water that i s f ree of C02.
a.

Standardi ze the pHmeter wi th a buf f er sol uti on havi ng a
pH
of
12. 45.
b . Wei gh to the nearest 0. 01 gramrepresentati ve sampl es of
ai r-dri ed soi l , passi ng the No. 40
si eve and
equal to 20. 0
grams
of
oven-dri ed soi l .
c . Pour
the soi l sampl es i nto 150-mi l l i l i tre pl asti c bottl es wi th
screw-top l i ds.
d. Add varyi ng percentages of
l i me, wei ghted to the nearest 0. 01
gram, to the soi l s. (Li me
percentages of 0, 2, ' 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10,
based on the dry soi l wei ght, may
be used. )
Thoroughl y mi x soi l
and dry l i me .
f . Add 100 mi l l i l i tres of
di sti l l ed water that i s C02-f ree to the
soi l -l i me mi xtures .
g.
Shake the soi l -l i me
and water f or a mi ni mumof 30 seconds or
unti l
there i s no evi dence of dry
materi al on the bottomof the
bottl e .
h. Shake the
bottl es f or 30
seconds every 10 mi nutes.
EM1110-3-137
9
Apr 84
EM
1110-3-137
0 Apr 84
i . After
1 hour, transfer part of
the sl urry to a
pl asti c beaker
and
measure
the pH.
j . Record the
pH
for each
of the soi l -l i me
mi xtures.
The
l owest
percent of
l i me gi vi ng
a pH
of
12
. 40 i s the percent
requi red to
stabi l i ze the soi l .
I f
the
pHdoes not reach 12
. 40, the mi ni muml i me
content gi vi ng the hi ghest
pHi s requi red to stabi l i ze
the soi l .
r Gover nment
Publ i cati ons .
Depar tment of
Defense.
MI L-STD-619B

Uni fi ed Soi l Cl assi fi cati on
Systemfor
Roads, Ai r fi el ds,
Embankments and
Foundati ons .
MI L-STD-620A

Test Methods for Bi tumi nous
& Noti ce 1

Pavi ng Mater i al s .
MI L-STD-621A

Test Method for Pavement
& Noti ce 1, 2

Subgr ade, Subbase, and Base
Cour se Mater i al s .
Depar tment of the Ar my.
APPENDI X
B
REFERENCES
EM1110-3-131

Fl exi bl e Pavements for Roads,
Str eets, Wal ks, and Open-
Stor age Ar eas .
EM1110-3-132

Ri gi d Pavements
for
Roads,
Str eets, Wal ks, and Open-
Stor age Ar eas .
EM1110-3-138

Pavement Cr i ter i a for Seasonal
Fr ost Condi ti ons .
EM1110-3-141

Ai r fi el d Fl exi bl e Pavement .
EM1110-3-142

Ai r fi el d Ri gi d Pavement
.
Nongover nment Publ i cati ons
.
Amer i can Soci ety
for Testi ng and Mater i al s (ASTM),
1916 Race
Str eet, Phi l adel phi a,
PA 19103
C 593-76a

Fl y Ash and Other
Pozzol ans for
Use wi th Li me.
D 422-63

Par ti cl e-Si ze
Anal ysi s of Soi l s.
(R 1972)
EM
1110-3-137
9 Apr
84
EM
1110-3-137
9 Apr
84
D423-66

Li qui d Li mi t of Soi l s .
(R 1972)
D
424-59

Pl asti c Li mi t
and Pl asti ci ty
(R 1971)

I ndex
of
Soi l s .
D558-57

Moi sture-Densi ty
Rel ati ons of
(R 1976)

Soi l -Cement Mi xtures .
D559-57

Wetti ng-and-Dryi ng Tests of
(R 1976)

Compacted Soi l -Cement Mi xtures .
D560-57

Freezi ng-and-Thawi ng Tests of
(R 1976)

Compacted Soi l -Cement Mi xtures .
D 1632-63

Maki ng and Curi ng Soi l -Cement
(R 1979)

Compressi on and Fl exure Test
Speci mens i n the Laboratory.
D1633-63

Compressi ve Strength of
Mol ded
(R 1979)

Soi l -Cement
Cyl i nders .