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C y be r P T L e ad e r ::: P T CO M :::
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A lig nm ent
A s sociat ed m ovem ent s a nd a s sociate d r eact ion s
Bala nce
Ba s e of Support (BOS )
Cent ra l set
Cent er of gr av it y (COG)
Cog nition
Com pe nsa tion , com pen sat ory s tra teg ie s
Equilibr ium Rea ction s (ER )
F ac ilita tion
T o ma ke it pos sible
T o ma ke it nec e s sa ry
Let it happen
F unct ion
F unct iona l skills
H andling
Inhibition
K ey point
M otor be ha viour
M otor cont rol
M otor function
M otor lear ning
M otorpla n
M otorprogra m m e
M ovem ent
M u scle t one
Neur om u scular a ctivity
Pa tt ern
Per ception
Pla sticity
Post ur e
Post ur al c ontr ol
Post ur al s et
Pr opriception
Pr oprioceptor
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h ttp :/ / ptc o m .x - y .n e t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Pr ot ective rea ction
Reciproca l Inhibit on
Reciproca l inner vat ion
Recruitm ent
Righting re act ion s
S elective m ovem ent
S pa s ticity
S om a tosen sory
S ta bilit y
S tra teg y
S y stem theor y
Refer ence
1.Alignm ent
-
St at e of being a dj us ted ; a form a tion of a st ra ig ht line ( W eb ster s collegiat e
dict iona ry 1961)

- Ar ra ng em ent in a st ra ig ht line (Hornby 1974)
- T he ar ra ngem ent of body segm ent s (key point s ) in t he sa gitt al, coronal or hor izonta l
pla ne s (Edw ar ds 1996).
T his fit s w ith S ahrm a nn (1992).
-
T he pos it iona l re la tions hip of com ponent pa rt s over the ba se of s uppor t (N DT A
Glos s ar y )
-
Clinica lly
under stood
as
the
dyna m ic
intera ction
of
body
segm ent s
to
ea ch
other (including t he ex trem itie s ) in 3 plane s , produced a s a re s ult of act ivit y of the
neuro- m u sculo- skeleta l sy stem .
- T he ar ra ng em ent of body segm ent s t o one a not he r , a s w ell a s t he position of t he

body w it h r efer ence to gr av it y and the ba se of support . Alignm ent det erm ine s the
con stellat ion
of
m ov em ent
stra teg ie s
that
w ill
be
effect ive
in
cont rolling
post ur e (S hum w a y - Cook, W oolla cutt ' 95)
2.A s s ocia ted m ovem ent s a nd a s socia ted rea ction s

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S im ilar itie s
M u scle a ctivat ion w hich a re in exce s s of thos e nec e s sa ry to per form an a ction (Shepherd
RB .A re spon se . In S tephen son et al, 1988)
Differ ence s
A s sociat ed m ovem ent s
- Reinforced norm a l act ivit y in re spons e to stre s s (S ee S tephen son et al 1988).
- Synkine s ia (phy siologica l) ; a non - volunta ry m ovem ent in a nt par t of the body , a s a
r eact ion of a m ovem ent of other body pa rt s , often beca u se of ext rem e phy sical or
ps ychological condition s (v .Cra nenburg , B .' 89)
- - In the Bobat h Conce pt A M ar e a s s ocia ted w ith the developm ent of a skill or effort .
T he AM dec line w hen a new a ction is lear ned and re - em er ge s w henever m a xim um
for ce , speed of r e spon se or dexter ity a re r equired and w hen a new a ction is being
lea rned. T hey ca n be stopped volunt ar y w hen at tention is ca lled to them .
A s sociat ed r ea ction s
- A R a re pat holog ic al m ovem ent that ar e indica tive of t he pot ential for developm ent of
spa st icit y or the a ccentuat ion of the pr eva iling spa st ic synerg y (Edw ar ds 1996).
-
A R ar e inv oluntar y tonal r eac tion or re spon se s to a stim ulu s t ha t ex ceeds the
individuals inhibitory cont rol (Boba th 1990, Lync h and Gr is og ono 1991 a .o).
- Synkine sia (pa thologica l) ; a non - volunta ry m ove me nt in a n effecte d lim b (or face (AR ))
a s a rea ction of a m ov em ent of other body par t s , (v . Cr anenburg , B. ' 89) beca u se of
a ny phy sical or psyc holog ic al over loa ding (A ns R )
- T he r e sult s of a CNS ' att em pt to reorg anise it self after da m a ge ; t hey a re an act ivit y
dependent
lea rning
proce s s ,
w hen
the
pa tient
a tt em pt s
to
inte ra ct
w it hout
t he
backgr ound of postur al a ctivity and movem ent . A s socia te rea ctions a re patholog ica l
m ovem ent s t ha t a re indica tive of the potentia l for deve lopm ent of s pa st icit y or the
a ccentuat ion of the preva iling s pa s tic syner gy (Edw a rds ' 96)
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the liter atur e different ter m s a re u sed, w hich w e under sta nd t o be synonym ou s :
A bnorm a l pat tern s , a bnorm a l s pa st ic pat tern s , a bnorm a l behaviour (Car r , S hepher d and
A da 1995)
A bnorm a l m ovem ent or m obilit y (Shum w a y Cook a nd W olla cott 1995)
A bnorm a l m u scula r synergie s (T yde sley and Gr ie ve 1996)
S pa s tic syner gy (Edw a rds 1996)
Clinically , w e under s ta nd A R to be t he re sult of t he CNS ' a tt em pt t o reor ganise it self
a fte r da m ag e . T hey ca n be view ed a s a n a ctivity dependent lea rning proce s s w hen the
pa tient at tem pt s t o int era ct w ith the environm ent w ithout t he nece s sa ry ba ckground of
post ur al a ctivity and m ovem ent . T his m ay lea d t o beha vioura l change . Re peat ed a nd/ or
per sistent AR s m ay lea d to t he developm ent of a spa stic sta te .
A s sociat ed r ea ction s tend to be st ereotyped t o the individua l.
3. Bala nc e
- A sen sor y - m otor int erpla y ba sed on dynam ic , a da ptive a lignme nt . Bala nce provide s
t he individual w it h the a bility to m ov e aga ins t and w ithin the for ce of gra vity . T he a im
of bala nce is to m ainta in m idline w hen exte rnal or int ernal force s disturb , a nd to allow
free ex trem itie s (Bobat h 1990, Edw ar ds 1996, Lynch and Grisogono 1991). Bala nce is
pr ovided by the equilibr ium re act ion s (ER ), the righting r eact ion (RR ) a nd t he protect ive
r eact ion s (Boba th 1990, Edw a rd s 1996).
- T he ability to cont rol the cent er of gra vity (COG ) over t he ba se of support (BOS ) in a
given sen sor y environm ent .(Glos s ar y , Neurological Rehabilit at ion 1990).
- T he ability to cont rol the cent er of gra vity (COG ) over t he ba se of support (BOS ) in a
given environm ent ; both sta tionar y (sta tic sta bility ) a nd in m otion (dynam ic sta bility )
(N DT A 1996).
4. Ba s e of Support (BO)
- T he abilit y to contr ol t he cent er of gr avity over the ba se of support in a g iv en
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------sen sor y environme nt . (Glos sar y , Neurological Reha bilit at ion 1990).
- T he surface of t he body , w hich exper ienc e pr e s sure a s a re s ult of body - w eight and
gr av it y , a nd t he pr oj ecte d a re a bet w een them . (Glos sa ry , N eur ologica l Rehabilita tion
1990).
- Clinica lly , the acce pta nce of the ba se of support requir e s that t he individual both can
a da pt a nd move in relat ion to the cont act a rea s . T he BBT A (1994) de scr ibe s this a s a
r ela tion ship through w hich m a n int era ct s w ith a fferent infor m at ion from environm ent .
- T he sm a lle st a rea , enclos ed by t he contac t point s of a ctiva ted body pa rt s w ith their
sur fac e . (K lein - Vogelbach , 1995).
5. Cent ra l set
- T he sm a lle s t a rea , enclosed by t he cont act point s of (a ctivat ed) body pa rt s w ith their
sur fac e .
- Centr al set is the ce nt ra l pr og ra m ming of postura l m ovem ent s (Hora k and Na shner
1986), it is t he feedforw ar d a ctiva tion of ne ur om u scular a ctivity in pr epar at ion for
m ovem ent or post ur al c ha nge .
-
Cent ra l set
me cha nis m s (Hora k a nd Diener
1994): prior exper ienc e , pra ctice and
ex pecta tion.
-
T he abilit y of the CNS to prepa re t he m otor s y stem for upcom ing sen sory in
inform a tion
a nd
the
se nsor y
sy stem
for
upcom ing
movem ent s .(Neurophy siologica l
A ppr oa che s t o higher bra in funct ion s ; Eva rt s et a l ' 84)

- T he ac tivat ed s ta te of the CNS , that include s a nticipat ion (A ns R )
6. Cent er of gr avit y (COG)

- An im a gina ry point in spa ce a bout w hich the sum of for ce s a nd m om ent s equa ls
zer o(equilibrium ).(Glos sa ry , N eur ologica l Reha bilita tion 1990).
- COM (v s . COG) : a n im ag ina ry point w it hin t he body a t w hich the tota l bodym a s s is
con sider ed concent ra ted (Com bina tion : Neurological Reha bilita tion ; D . Um phred
' 90/
NDT A ' 96/ An s R.)

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7. Cog nition
- Include s the pr oc e s se s of know ing and under sta nding : a w a rene s s , judge me nt and
decis ion m a king . (Siev , Fr eisht at a nd Zolta n 1986)
- Include s higher level neura l proce s se s suc h a s pla nning , at tention , mot iva tion , and
em otional a spect s of mot or control t ha t under lie the e st ablis hm ent of intent on goa ls
(S hum w ay - Cook , W oollacott ' 95)
T hinking (Luria 1989). St ag e s :
confr onta tion w it h the ta sk
a naly sis of the fra m ew ork a nd t he com ponent s of the ta sk w hich m a y lea d t o a solut ion
choos e a pla us ible solution
choic e of solving m et hod s
oper at ive sta ge
solving the problem
com pa rison betw e en the r e sult s a nd t a s k
8. Com pen sa tion , com pen sat or y st ra tegie s

A re under s tood
as
synonym ou s w it h
' behaviour al sub stitution ' (Shum w a y - Cook a nd
W olla cot t 1995, Held 1987) : a lter na tive behaviour al st ra tegie s a dopt ed to com plete a
t a sk .
9. Equilibr ium r ea ction s (ER) (See Bala nce )
- T he equilibr ium r ea ction s ar e postura l adju st m ent s w hich occur thr oughout da ily life ,
a nd m a y a s such be con sidered a s one w ith r eciproca l inner vat ion (Edw ar ds 1996). T he y
a re c ontinuou s a utom at ic
adapt at ion
of post ur al t one in
r e spons e to gr avit y
and
displa cem ent . Functionally they ma intain post ura l alignm ent , ' pla cing ' , a nd ca nnot be
per form ed volunt ar ily (BBT A 1997). T he ER s ar e alw a y s pre s ent a nd aim t o keep the
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------body st able a s s it ua tion a nd they follow m ov em ent like a shadow .
- A r e spon se that ma intain s the body ' s posture a ga in st g ra vit y in re s ponse t o a n
inter na l or ex terna l st im ulu s . T his aut om a tic re spon se , w hich m a y va ry fr om a s ma ll
im per ceptible tone cha nge to a gros s m ovem ent of t he t runk and limb s , is equal to t he
a m ount of force of the disturbance a nd in an oppos it e dir ection . It is j ust e nough t o
deep t he COG ov er t he BOS (N DT A ' 96 / Ort hopa edic Dictiona ry ' 94)
- Clinica lly w e under sta nd E R a s being synonym ous w it h postura l control.
10. Fa cilita tion

- M ake ea sier ; le s sen t he difficulty . (Ox ford a dva nce d lea rner ' s dict ionar y , Hor nby 1974)
- Is a n ac tive (sen sory - m otor ) lea rning proce s s . T his int era ction betw een the pa tient
a nd t he thera pist m ake s t he per form a nce of funct ion pos s ible a nd ea sier (IBIT A 1996)
- T o bring the pa tient int o a situa tion w hich requir e s a movem ent s tra teg y , a r e spons e ,
w it h optim a l dyna m ic a lignm ent a nd neurom u scula r a ctivity , thereby m a king m ovem ent
pos sible (to ma ke nece s s ar y ) a nd t o a llow m ovem ent t o ta ke pla ce (to let it ha ppen )
(F letcher L. ' 98)
- T he input that a thera pist provide s allow ing m ovem ent to ta ke place w ith a ppr opriat e
r hyt hm a nd coordinat ion . J us t enoug h input is pr ov ided to a llow the pa tient to per form
as
m uc h
of
the
ac tivit y
as
pos sible
a nd
to
m ainta in
continuity
of
m ovem ent .
(H oppenfildt and Zeide 1994: calling this Guiding . Se e NDT A Glos sa ry ).

- A bio- (sen sory - m otor )ps ychosocial pr oc e s s betw e en t her apis t (a nd/ or other per son s )
a nd pat ient , to m ake the perfor m ance of funct ion pos sible and ea sier
(IBIT A
' 96
A DA PT . Ana R .)
IBIT A m em ber Lynne F let che r ha s m a de the follow ing m odel (per sonal com m unicat ion ):
11. T o m ake it pos sible

- M aking m ovem ent pos sible by im proving a lig nm ent and neurom us cula r act ivity
12. T o m ake it nece s sa ry
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- Br inging the pa tient into a s it ua tion w hich r equire s a m ovem ent str at egy , a r e spon se ,
for exa m ple in st anding ; by br inging t he pa tient ' s cent re of g ra vit y tow a rd s the edg e
a nd out side the ba se - of - support through optim a l dynam ic alignm ent a nd neurom u scula r
a ctivity , t he reby m a king m ovem ent nec e s sa ry .
13. Let it ha ppen
- Allow ing movem ent to ta ke pla ce , for exa mple let the pat ient t ake the s tep a s a
pr otective str at egy
T o ma ke it nec e s sa ry a nd Let it happen a re the pr oce s se s of fa cilit at ion .

- Providing input t o m ake m ovem ent ea s ier (N DT A Glos sar y 1996)
- T re atm ent t echnique s tha t incr ea s e t he pa tient ' s a bility to m ove in w a y s j udged to be
a ppr opr iat e by the clinicia n . (Louise Rut z - LaP it z .Ref ?)
14. Function
A bility - and psychosocial level :
T he w hole orga nism s com plex beha viour a im ed at the perfor m ance of a beha vioura l t a sk
(H eld 1987). Recov ery of funct ion is define d a s a gr adual retur n of a specific function
a fte r a n init ia l deficit t ha t is obse rved after CN S dam a ge .
S par ed function : the a bs enc e of deficit s after CN S dam a ge , or le s s deficit than norm a lly
ob served .
Is her e defined a s a g oa l dire cted act iv it y in w hich a per s on r elat e s to the environme nt
in a va ria ble a nd e fficient m a nner (IBIT A 1996)
T hose act ivit ie s identified by t he individual a s e s sentia l to support phy sical, socia l a nd
ps ychological w ell being a nd to crea te a per sona l sen se of m ea ningful living (Glos sa ry
Phy sica l T hera py 1997)
Orga n level :
Clinically , w e under st and funct ion a lso to r ela te to m u scle function, tonu s , recr uitm ent
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------order , alignm ent a nd t he a bilit y t o be select ive in m ovem ent (see M ot or behaviour , Cra ik
1991).
15. Functiona l skills

T he ability to a ccom plish nece s sa ry da ily act ivit ie s . (Glos sar y , Neur ological Reha bilitat ion
1990)
16. Handling
- In this conte xt r efer s to phy s ica l cont act w ith the client ' s body to guide (fac ilita te )
dir ectly the m ove me nt a nd postur al adapt at ion to a m ore norm al pa tte rn . U sually refer s
t o functiona l m ovem ent pa tter ns u sed in daily life . (Glos sa ry , Neurological Reha bilit at ion
1990)
- Phy s ica l conta ct w ith the client ' s body t o guide direct ly the m ovem ent a nd post ura l
a da pta tion t o a mor e norm a l pat tern ; u sual refer s to functional m ove me nt pat tern s u sed
in da ily ca re (Neurolog ic al Rehabilita tion : D . Um phr ed ' 90)
- U sing the ha nd s in such w ay s a s t o nor m alise t one and fa cilita te nor m al m ovem ent
(Da vie s P . ' 98)
- U sing the ha nd s (and or other body pa rt s ) to s us tain t he per form a nce (A ns R .
17. Inhibition
- T he regulat ion / m odific ation of CNS a ctivity (Broda l 1998) due t o specific inhibitory
neurotr an sm itte r s .
Post syna pt ic inhibit ion : w hen a ne ur on inhibit s another by incre a sing the thre shold for
post synapt ic depola risat ion .
Pr e synapt icinhibition : inhibit ion throug h ax o- a xonic syna pse s w here by the pr e synaptic
bout on is inhibite d in it s relea se of excit ator y tr an sm itt er sub st ance s .
Recurr ent
inhibit ion
: via
the
Ren sha w
cell
(inhibit or y
int erneuron ), w here by
m otorneuron m a y be m odula ted by higher center s (Cor ticospinal sy st em ), the a gonist a nd - m ot or - neur on, t he a nta gonist - and - m otorneuron s , other Ren sha w cells a nd Ia
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------inhibit ory inter ne ur on s (fr om the m u scle spindel).
-
T he
regulat ion
m odific ation
of
CNS
a ctivity
due
to
specific
inhibitory
neurotr an sm itt er s ; t ha t m ea n s post s yna ptic , pr e synaptic and recurr ent inhibit ion (Broda l
' 98)
- T he pre vent ion of non appropria te r e spon se s w hich int erfer e w ith norm al func tion ; this
is a chieved t hr oug h the m odulation of t he m otor output by var iou s me an s of int era ction
betw een the client , the ther apist a nd the env ir onm ent such a s beha viour al m odifica tion,
cognitive c ontr ol, ha ndling , positioning , splinting , (IBIT A ' 97)
- Pr oviding input to pr event or r educe inc or rect or unde sired c om ponent s of m ovem ent
(N DT A g los sa ry )
18. Key point (of control)

- A rea of input fr om w hich the thera pist m ay contr ol the sequence of m ovem ent and
may
fa cilit at e
or
inhibit
re spon se .
T he se
may
be
proxim al
of
dist al,
a re
inter cha ngea ble , and m u st be adapt ed to the pa tient ' s rea ction s . (Hoppenfeld and Zeide
1994)
- Pla ce/ a rea from w hich t he thera pist provide s input to fac ilita te or inhibit m ovem ent :_
m a y be pr oxim al or dista l
m a y a s sist w ith dis socia tion of t otal pat ter ns
m a y a s sist w ith volunt ar y a nd se lect ive m ovem ent s
is inter changea ble
m u st be adapted to t he pat ient ' s r eac tion s
contr ol m a y r equire cha nging of key point s
T he key point s ar e not point s , but ar ea s . T he nam e is therefor e m islea ding . S hould w e
t her efore sugge st a new nam e : key ar ea s of funct ional unit s (of control)?
19. M ot or behaviour
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(Norm a l) T he pr ope r s equencing
and ten sion deve lopm ent by
the m u scle s , t he
nece s s ar y intra lim b and int erlim b joint e xcur sion a nd s equencing , a nd a dequa te torque
developm ent . T he se subsy st em s w ork toget he r t o produce an efficient and accur ate
m otion of the body to com ple te a ta sk s ucc e s sfully . Such a m ode l a s sum e s inta ct
sen sa tion a nd unim pa ired cognitive a bility (Cra ik 1991)
- M ulder a nd H oc hst enba ch (1998)
T he inter ac tion bet w een percept ion , a ction a nd know ledge
A pr oblem solving a ppr oa ch
T he outcom e of solut ion s for t he problem s w hich appear in the continuou s cha nging
environm ent a nd w hich a re dyna m ic , alw ay s ta ilored to the a ctual require me nt s .
20. M ot or contr ol
- T he a bility of the cent ra l nervou s sy stem to cont rol or dir ect the neurom otor sy st em
in purposeful m ovem ent and post ur al a dj us tm ent by
s elec tive allocat ion of m us cle
t ens ion a cros s appropria te joint seg m ent s (Glos sa ry , Phy sica l T hera py 1997).
- T he ability of the centra l ner vous sy s tem to r egulat e a nd / or direct m u sculoskelet al
sy s tem s in pur poseful a ct s . (Glos sa ry , Neurolog ica l Rehabilita tion 1990)
T he act ivity of non - hiera rc hica l, self- orga nis ing sy ste m , dr iven by m ultisen sory input .
T he inter ac tion of m otor proce s se s w it h cognit iv e a nd per ceptua l pr oce s se s .
T he inter ac tion bet w een t he environm ent al contex t a nd t he sta te of t he orga nis m w hich
sha pe s t he out put .
21. M ot or function (m otor control a nd m otor lear ning )
- T he a bility t o lea rn or dem ons tra te the skilful a nd efficient a s sum pt ion , m aintena nc e ,
m odifica tion and cont rol of volunta ry post ure s and m ove me nt pa tte rn s .
F ine : refe r s to re la tively delica te m ove me nt s , such a s u sing a fork a nd tying a shoela ce .
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Gros s : refer s to la rger - sca le m ovem ent s , suc h a s a s sum ing a n up- right position and
ca rr ying a ba g (Glos sa ry , Phy s ica l T hera py 1997).
22. M ot or lea rning

-
T he
acquisition
of
skilled
m ovem ent
ba sed
on
prev iou s
ex perience .(Glos sar y ,
Neur ologica l Reha bilitat ion 1990)

-
set of pr oce s se s a s sociate d w ith pr act ice or e xper ience lea ding
to relat ively
per m anent cha ng e s in the ca pa bilit y of producing skilled a ction (Glos sar y , Phy s ica l
T her apy 1997).
A dyna m ical (non- linear ) a nd pr oblem solving a pproa ch.
T he
lea rning
of
solut ion s
to
m otor
problem s , w hich
im plica te s
optim al
sen sory
inform a tion, va ria bilit y of pra ctice a nd simila rity betw e en t he contex t of tr aining a nd the
contex t of applica tion.
- Shum w ay - Cook , W oollacot t (1995)
T he study of the acquisition a nd/ or m odifica tion of m ovem ent .
A s et of proce s se s a s sociat ed w ith pra ctice or exper ie nce lea ding t o re la tively perm a ne nt
cha ng e s in the capa bility for producing skills act ion .
It em erg e s from a com plex of per cept ion - cognit ion - act ion proce s se s .
Involve s the s ear ch for a t a sk solution , w hich em er ge s from a n int era ction of the
individual w ith the ta sk and the environm ent .
23. M ot or plan
-
Involve s t he select ion , sequencing a nd delivery of m otor progr am m e s t o a chieve
intended beha viour (M a r s den 1984).

- A t erm from m otor cont rol t heor y im plying t he ba s ic com ponent s of mot or c ontr ol
including m ot ivat ion , m em ory and prepar ator y a ctivity (NDT A glos s ar y ).
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- A mot or pla n can be considered the concept ua liza tion of a m otor a ction.
24. M ot or progr am m e
- A group of m us cle com m ands that a re str uct ured before a m ovem ent sequence is
init iate d, a nd
that
a llow s
the ex ecution
of the w hole
sequence
uninter rupted
by
per iphe ra l feedba ck ( M a r s den 1984 r efer s t o Keele 1968).

- T he ter m m a y be u sed t o identify a centra l pat ter n gener at or (CP G), that is , a s pecific
neura l circuit like t ha t for genera tion w alking in the ca t . In this ca se , the t erm
r epre s ent s neur al connec tion s t ha t a re st ereotyped and ha rd- w ir ed. T he te rm is also
u sed to de s cribe higher - level hiera rchically orga nize d neura l proce s se s that stor e the
r ule s for ge ner at ing m ovem ent s so tha t ta sk s ca n be perfor m ed w it h a va riet y of
effector sy st em s (Shum w ay - Cook a nd W olla cott 1995).
-
term
from
mot or
cont rol t heor y
encom pa s sing
the execut ion
of plan s . T he
com ponent s of mot or pr og ra m s include initia tion , ex ecution a nd t erm inat ion of t he m ot or
a ction (NDT A glos sa ry ).
25. M ovem ent
- T he re s ult of a flex ible s y stem , continuou s inte ra cting w it h the environm ent ; a s y stem
w her e m otor , sen sory a nd cognitive proce s se s int era ct in or der to find the m ost optim al
solution s to pr oblem s (M ulder , H oche s tenba ch , ' 98)
Volunt ar y : m ovem ent
tha t
is
initiat ed
by
decision
to
act
(eg .
Prem edit at ed,
ps ychologically in stiga ted, direct ed) (M a rt in 1977)

W illed: volunt ar y
m ov em ent
is
w hich
con sciou s
cont rol
is
u sed
t hr oughout
the
per form a nce and in w hich a tt ent ion is const antly u sed t o cor rect t he e volving m ovem ent
(S chenkm a n and Bute r 1989). It is a fee dba ck a ppenda nt a ctivity . Clinica lly it m us t a lso
hav e a st rong elem ent of fee dforw ar d; planning the nex t t rial in r e spon se t o feedba ck ?
(W e do not se e volunta rily and w illed a s the sam e . Volunta rily is rela ted t o the goal of
t he act ion , w hile w ille d is rela ted to t he com pone nt pa rt s of the m ovem ent , ie . T he
pr oce s s .
T he level of concentra tion and c on sciou sne s s in moving com ponent pa rt s is therefor e
differe nt .)
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------A utom atic : volunta ry m ovem ent tha t is car ried out w it hout con sciou s a tt ent ion to the
evolving m ovem ent .
T he se m ovem ent s do not requir e consc iou s a ttention to sen sory feedback a nd m ight u se
pr eprogr am m ed sequence s of m usc le a ctivity . Autom at ic m ove me nt s genera lly appear to
lea rned (Schenkma n a nd Buter 1989).
26. M usc le tone

- N ot proper ly defined in the lit era ture . It is de scr ibed a s the rela tionship betw een the
t ens ion a nd the length of a m u scle , ie . A s the de gree of stiffne s s (st iffne s s contr ol)
Incre a sed st iffne s s lea ds to incre a sed te nsion (Brodal 1998).
- T he force w ith w hich a m u scle r e sist s being lengt hened , that is , ist st iffne s s ; both
neura l (re flexe s/ m u scle s pindle ) and non - neur al (c ros s - bridge s bet w een m u scle fiber s )
m echa nism s cont ribute to m u scle tone (S hum w ay - Cook , W oolla cott ' 95).
- T en sion or re s is tance in a m us cle that m a y be pr e sent is re s ting m u scle s or m a y be
t he re sist ance to pa s sive e longa tion or st ret ch (Hoppenfeld , Zeide ' 94)
- T one : t he re sist ance t o pa s sive elongat ion or str etch of a mu scle . (Dor la nds M edical
Dictiona ry 1981)
- T onu s : the slight cont inuous contr act ion of m u scle , w hich in skelet al mu scle aid s in
t he m aintena nce of pos ture (a nd in the ret ur n of blood t o the hea rt ).(Dorla nd s M e dical
Dictiona ry 1981)
- Postur al tonus : increa sed a ctivity in m usc le s t ha t a ct in m ainta ining the body up
a ga in st gr avity (S hum w a y - Cook and W ollacot t 1995).
- T ens ion or re sist ance in a m u scle t ha t ma y be pre sent in re st ing m usc le s or m a y be
t he re sist ance to pa s sive e longa tion or st ret ch (Hoppenfeld & Zeide )
27. Neurom us cula r (neur omot or ) a ctivity

- Al m ovem ent is neurom ot or a ctivity (nor m al or not ).
- A goa l or ie nt at ed sen sory - m otor act iv it y . Norm a l m ovem ent depends on a n int act
neurom u scula r sy s tem . Norm a l m ovem ent is char ac terized by coor dinat ion , efficiency and
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------not m or e effort t ha n nece s sa ry in r ela tion to the funct iona l goal (under s tood from
Boba th 1990, Edw a rds 1996, Lynch a nd Grisogono 1991).
28. Pat tern

- A set or a rr angem ent (T a ber ' s Cyclopaedic M edica l Dict ionar y 1994).
- T he w a y in w hich s om et hing develops , is ar ra ng ed. (Hornby 1974).
- Sequence s of s elec tive m ovem ent s . In a n appropria te alignm ent (Boba th ' 90)
-
Functiona l coupling of g roup s of m us cle s such tha t t he y a re c on st ra ined to a ct
t og ether a s a unit (synonym : coordina tive st ructur e s ). (S hum w ay - Cook and W ollacott
1995). (S ee syne rgy ).
- Clinica lly w e under st and ' pa tt ern s ' a s the or ganizat ion of m us cle a ctiva tion (r ef. T he
r ecruitm ent principle ); sequence s of selective m ove me nt per form ed on a ba ckg round of
st ability . T he se a re dyna m ic , changea ble a nd va ria ble in rela tion t o the per form er , the
environm ent a nd the goal. ' P att ern ' ca n therefor e be de scr ibed a s a functional unit of
neurom u scula r act ivit y .
29. Percept ion

- Im pr e s sion , ana ly s is ; hypot he s is a s to m ea ning , com pa rison betw e en the hypothe sis
a nd t he rea l obj ect .(Luria 1989)
-
T he
a ctive , goa l- or ienta ted
sea rch
for
infor ma tion
that
is
body - r elate d/ interna l
(propriocept ive , visual, ve stibular ) a nd environm ent - rela ted/ exte rnal (audit or y , olfa ctory ,
haptic a nd visua l). (M ulder and Hoch stenbach 1998)
- T he inter gr ation a nd int erpr eta tion of inc om ing sen sory infor m at ion . (Shum w a y - Cook? .
F rom Louise )
- T he ability to int erpr et sen sory m e s sa ge s from t he inter na l a nd ext ernal environm ent
such t ha t the sen sa tion m ake s sen se . (Siev , freishta t a nd Zoltan 1986)
- P sycholog ica l proce s se s that e ncom pa s s m ea ning by relat ion pa st experience , m em or y
a nd j udgem ent to t he sen sa tion s exper ience (M ontgom ery , Ste p Confer ence ).
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pla cing
- T he a bility to autom at ically follow and suppor t any m ovem ent w hen be ing m oved: the
a utom atic ' ta ke - over ' of a ctivity , the autom a tic a nd act iv e contr ol at ev ery sta ge of a
m ovem ent . (Bobat h 1990).
- Clinically , pla cing is u sed in both a s se s sm ent a nd t rea tm ent t o explore the pa tient s
a utom atic r e spons e to being m ove d. Placing requir e s that the pat ient ' s cent ra l ner vou s
sy s tem is able to receive and re spond to som a tosen sory inform a tion .
30. Pla sticity

- T he a bility of st ructura l (ana tom ica l)and functiona l (phy siolog ic al0 change s . It m ea ns
both the goa l- dir ected and spont aneou s flex ibility of m oving w ithout lear ning pr oce s se s
a nd t he goal- orienta ted cha nge s in m ovem ent a s a re sult of expe rience a nd exe rcising .
It im plica te s (v . Cr anenbur g , 1989):
T he pos sibilit y of m ot or developm ent .
Lear ning and m em or y .
A natom ica l
reg ener at ion
aft er
da m age
becau se
of
c ollat era l
spr out ing
and
dener va tion - hyper s ens it ivit y .

- Neuropla s ticit y : the adapt ive phenom ena that occur in neur al tis sue w hen st ructura l
cha ng e s coincide w it h functiona l m odifica tion (Bishop 1982).
-
Neur opla sticity is a concept ba sed upon the CNS ' a bility to a da pt , r ebuild and
r ecorga nize it self, in r e spect of both it s

m olecula r from (ana tom ic al st ructur e (, a nd
function .
F orm a nd funct ion a re int err ela ted a nd inter dependent (K idd et a l 1992).
- Ana tom ic al and electr ophy siolog ica l c ha nge s in the centra l ner vou s sy st em . (Glos sa ry ,
Neur ologica l Reha bilitat ion 1990)
- T he a bilit y to show m odificat ion or cha ng e . Short - t erm pla sticity refer s t o cha nge s in
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------t he efficiency
or
"st rength " of synaptic connections . S truct ur al pla st icity
refer s to
cha ng e s in the or ga niza tion and num ber s of syna ptic connection s (S hum w ay - Cook ,
W oollacot t 1995)
31. Pos ture
- In t he str icte st se nse : the position of the body or body pa rt in r ela tion t o spa ce
a nd/ or ot he r body par t s . F unctionally , t he anticipa tion of a nd re spon se to dis pla cem ent of
t he
body ' s
center - of - m a s s (- gra vity ),
and
t he
ba se - of - support (Glos sa ry ,
Phy sical
T her apy 1997).
32. Pos tura l cont rol

Regulat ing the body ' s posit ion in spa ce for the dua l purpos e s of s tabilit y a nd orientat ion
(S hum w ay - Cook a nd W olla cott 1995).
A da ptive M odifying sen sory and m ot or sy s tem s in r e spon se t o changing t a s k and
environm ental dem a nd s .
A nticipat or y Pr etuning sen sory a nd mot or sy st em s in ex pecta tion of pos tura l dem a nd s
ba s ed on pr evious expe rience a nd lea rning .
- Is a m ult idim en sional ta sk, w her eby the CNS m u st a s sure a specific r elat ion ship
betw een the cent re of gr av it y of the body a nd t he ba se of support (Ber gland 1994).
- Include s CNS proce s se s for the m odificat ion of sen sory infor m at ion and m otor a ctivity
t o cont rol the post ur e of the body in rela tion to the e xter na l (eg . gr avit y , ba se of
suppor t ) a nd t he int ernal env ir onm ent (forc e s ). (H ir schfeld 1994).
- Clinica lly w e under sta nd pos tura l cont rol a s synonym ou s w ith equilibr ium rea ction.
33. Pos tura l set

- Adapt at ion of body/ post ur e w hic h pre cede m ov em ent . A llow s of s mooth , econom ical
m ovem ent (Bobat h.1990) (S am e a s centr al se t or ant icipa tory postura l control.)
- A postura l s et is a position or postur e of sym m etr y or a lignm ent of key - point s from
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------w hich a norm a l per son evolve s a m ovem ent or sequence s of s ele ctive m ovem ent .(BBT A )
1. Either up a ga in st gr avity ag onistic act iv it y ,
2. or w it h gra vity a s sisting t he movem ent let ting go of t he ag onistic a ctivity a nd is a
founda tion cont rol for selective m ove me nt .
- Clinica lly , w e under sta nd t he te rm to r efer t o the rela tion ship bet w een ne ur om u scular
a ctivity , a lignme nt , gr avity and the ba se of support .
- M ay be included under anticipa tory pos tura l cont rol.
- T he rela tion ship betw een neurom us cula r a ctivity , gra vity , biom echa nica l fa ctor s a nd
t he BOS .(no reference )
34. Propriocept ion

- T he pr oce s s of g etting inform a tion from deep, periphera l recept or s (m u scle spindle ,
Golgi t endon org an , joint re ceptor s )(Cra nenburg ,v .' 89; Neurol. Reha bilitat ion , Um phred
1990)
- T he rece ption of st im uli from w ithin the body (eg . Fr om m u scle s a nd tendon s ),
include s position
se nse (the aw a rene s s of t he j oint s at
re st ) a nd kine st he sia
(t he
a w a rene s s of m ovem ent ) (Glos sa ry . Phy s ica l T her apy 1997).
35. Propriocept or
- A rece ptor t ha t r e sponds t o s tim uli origination w ithin the body it self, re s p. those
r e sponding to pr e s sure , posit ion , or str etch . F or ex am ple : m u scle spindle s , Golg i tendon
org an s , P acinia n corpus cle s , a nd labyrinthine rece ptor s . (T a be r ' s Cyclopedia m edica l
Dictiona ry 1974).
36. Protect ive rea ction

S ee Ba la nce .
- T he pr ot ective rea ctions a re act iva ted w he n the ce nt re of gr av it y is displaced out side
t he ba se of support and w hen the Er s a nd RR s ar e una ble to rega in bala nce (Edw a rd s
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------1996).
T hey inc lude pr otective r eact ion s of the ar m s and st epping rea ctions of t he leg s a nd
involve s the acquisition of a new ba s e - of - support (BBT A )
- Clinically w e under s tand the se m ovem ent s to have elem ent s of both re act ion a nd
st ra tegy .
- Re spon se by the body w hen other ba la nce (equilibrium ) rea ctions have fa iled .
Occur s in the dir ection of t he distur ba nc e or stim ulu s .
Is ne ce s sa ry beca us e the c ent re of m a s s (COM ) ha s m oved out side t he ba se of support
(BOS )
If succe s sful, re sult s in a new BOS w hic h is a ppropr ia te to t he changed COM .
Rea ction (v s . Refle x )
-
A ction re sulting fr om ; in re spons e to a
stim ulu s
(T aber ' s Cyclopaedic M edica l
dict iona ry 1974).

-
Var iable , a ut om a tic , volunta ry m u scle re spon se to a (sen sory ) s tim ulu s (M ag nu s :
m idbra in)
-
Reflex : a
st ereotyped, non - volunta ry
m u scle
re spon se
bra inst em ), m odulat ed by higher centr e s , depending
to
s tim ulu s
on t he t a sk
(M a gnus :
and t he contex t
(S hum w ay - Cook , W oollacott 1995/ P .55)
37. Recipr oc al inhibition

- T he inhibition of anta gonis t by ex citat ion of the a gonist (Broda l 1998).
38. Recipr oc al innerva tion

- T he ha rm oniou s inter play betw een a gonist s , a nta gonist a nd synergist s t o coordina te
m otor act ivit y in a n effective , sm ooth a nd r hyt hm ica l m anner w ithout m ore effor t than
is requir ed by t he ta sk (W ar w ick a nd W illia m s 1973, Boba th 1990, T ylde sley and Grieve
1996, Edw a rds 1996).
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Reciproca l inner va tion is by som e aut hor s ca lled reflex m odula tion, a nd de scr ibed a s a
st ret ch reflex being elicite d in a m u scle w ithout inhibit ion of it s a nta gonist . T his is
functionally a ppr opriat e w hen a gonist s a nd anta gonist s ar e r equired to co- c ontr act t o
st abilize a joint (Broda l 1998).
39. Recr uit m ent

- T he a bilit y to ac tivat e m or e and mor e m ot or unit s and va ry t he im pulse fr equency of
t he m otor neur on s (Br odal 1998). T he size pr inciple (Hennem an ) sta te s that sm all m otor
unit s (t onic ) a re recr uited before la ger m otor unit s (pha sic ) (Broda l 1998, Rot hw ell 1995,
H ennem a n and M endell 1981).
- Clinica lly , t his implie s that st ability is a pr erequisite for m obilit y/ m ovem ent .
- A gra ded incr ea s e in r e spons e to a s tim ulu s w hich ha s a con st ant inten sity , but
pr olonged dura tion (Dox et al.1979).
40. Righting r eac tion s (RR)

S ee Ba la nce
- se quence s of se lect ive m ovem ent in pat ter n in r e spons e to displa cem ent . F unctiona lly
t hey a llow t he los s a nd reg aining of m idline throug h t runk righting , head righting ,
st epping rea ctions a nd protec tive exten sion of the upper lim b. Com ponent s of the
r ig ht ing rea ction s ca n be per form ed volunta rily (BBT A 1997).
- T he righting r ea ction s ar e a ctiva ted on displa cem ent of the body ' s cent re of gr av it y
out side it ' s ba se of support (Edw a rd s 1996)
- Clinica lly w e under sta nd the RR s a s visible m ovem ent of the body seg me nt s in
r ela tion to each other a s the rela tion ship bet w een the centr e of gra vity a nd the
ba s e - of - support change s . T his inc lude s m ovem ent w it hin a position; changing fr om one
post ur al se t to a not her a nd encompa s s e s the a cquisition of a new ba se of support w hen
a ppr opr iat e . Exa m ple s : turning round in sitt ing , st anding a nd supine , s ta nding t o s it ting
v .v , supine to s it ting v .v , stepping .
41. Selective m ove me nt
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Selective m ean s ?chosen ' (W ebs ter ' s Collegiat e Dictiona ry 1916).
- Clinically ?s elec tive m ov em ent ' m ean s isolat ed, chos en m ovem ent of one j oint or
seg m ent ba s ed on st abilit y through a ppr opr iat e m u scle a ctivity .
42. Spa sticity
Not proper ly defined in the liter at ure . It is de scr ibed a s :
A syndr om e ' (Brow n 1994, Br uke 1988)
A st ate ' (T oft 1995)
T he re sult s of a de velopm ent (Broda l 1998, Ca rr , S hepher d and Ada 1995, Stoke s 1998).
- M ost a ut hor s re la te secondar y m u scular and connect iv e tis sue cha nge s t o spa sticity
(Br odal 1995, Brow n 1994, Car r , Shepher d og A da 1995, Given , Dew a ld og Rym er 1995,
Gold spink og W illia m s 1990, H ufschm ide og M aurit z 1985, O ' Dw yer , A da og Neilson
1996, T oft 1995, T a rkoni og S ahga l 1987).
- Is a pa rt of a syndrom e that m ea n s cha nge s in t he supr a spina l a nd s pina l r egulat ion
of m ove me nt :
m orpholog ica l cha ng e s : colla ter al s prouting a nd dene rva tion - sen sitivity .
m echa nica l cha nge s in m u scle (contr ac tile and non - cont ra ctile elem ent s ) (v . Cr anenbur g
1989)
-
A m ot or dis or der char ac terized by a velocity - depe ndent increa se in tonic str etch
r eflexe s
w ith
ex ag gera ted
st ret ch- r eflex . Spa sticity
is
tendon - j er ks ,
one
re sult ing
c om ponent
of
the
fr om
upper
hyper - excita bility

m ot or - neur on
of
the
syndrom e
(S hum w ay - Cook a nd W olla cott ).
43. Som at os ens or y

- T he ter m som a tosen sory inc lude s , s trictly spea king , a ll sen sa tions perta ining to the
body (s om a ) (Broda l 1998). Fr om all sen se or ga n recept or s : skin, j oint , m us cle s , int erna l
org an s , t he ret ina , t a st ebuds , inner ea r .
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------44. Sta bility (v s . Equilibrium )
- st at ic sta bility : A phy s ica l ter m : at re st , in a st at e of bala nce , sta te r e sult ing from
for ce s w hich ba la nce ea ch other (Hor nby 1974).
- Dynam ic st ability : Re sult s w hen a se gm ent or a set segm ent s ar e m ore dependent on
m u scle s tha n on j oint st ructure s for m a inte na nce of int egrit y . ( Norkin a nd Lev angie
1992).
- Clinica lly , m a ny thera pist s under st and ' sta tic ' t o m ean ' fixed ' , ster eotyped . In re la tion
t o post ur e a nd ba lance the a bility to hold a position r equire s cha nge s , a da pta tion s in
neurom u scula r act ivit y a nd is therefor e phy siologica lly dynam ic .
- Sta tic equilibrium : T he a bility of a n individua l t o adju st to displac em ent s of his or her
COG w hile m a int aining a cons ta nt BOS (N eur ol. Reha bilita tion , Um phr ed 1990)
- Dynam ic e quilibrium : T he ability of a n indiv idua l to a dj u st to displa cem ent s of his or
her COG by appropria tely cha ng ing their BOS (Neurol. Rehabilita tion , Um phred 1990)
45. stra teg y

- A pla n for a ction; an a pproa ch to orga nizing individual elem ent s w ithin a sy s tem into
a l collect ive st ructure (S hum w a y - Cook and W ollacot t 1995)
- Fixed set of m usc le s contra cting w ith a pr e sent sequence a nd t ime of c ontr act ion
(N eur ol. Reha bilita tion , Um phr ed 1990)
46. Sy st em s theory
- A theory de scr ibing m ovem ent s em erging a s a re sult of an inter act ion am ong m a ny
per iphe ra l a nd centr al nervou s sy st em com ponent s w ith influence changing depending on
t he ta sk. (Glos sa ry , Neurolog ic al Rehabilita tion 1990)
-
S y stem s m ode l/ a ppr oach : a cyc lica l fra m ew or k for under st anding post ur al control
w hich
include s
(1)
environm enta l
stim uli,
(2)
s ens or y
r eception ,
per ception
and
org anisat ion , and (3) m otor pla nning , execution a nd m odificat ion (Neurol. Reha bilit at ion ,
Um phre d 1990)
- Sy s tem s a pproa ch: the foundat ion for m a ny clinica l applica tion s ; it im plicat e s , that
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------m ovem ent ar is e s from t he intera ction of m ult iple pr oce s se s , including (a ) perceptual,
cognitive a nd m otor proce s se s w ithin the individua l, and (b) inter act ion s betw een the
individual, t he ta sk a nd the envir onm ent (Shum w a y - Cook, W oolla cott 1995)
47. Reference s no.16, 28, 36 need mor e pr ecise r efer enc ing
- Ber gland A . P sotura l kont roll. Bev egelsen s skygg e F y siot era peuten 1994; 15: 18- 24
- Bishop B . Ne ur al P la sticity Phy sical t he ra py 1982, 62; 10: 1442- 1451.
- Bobath B. Hem iplegia 3r d edition , 1990 Heine ma n .
- Broda l P . T he Ce nt ra l N ervou s Sy s tem . S truct ur e and Function Oxford univer sity
Pr e s s 1988.
- Brow n P . Pa thophy siolog y of sta st icity J . of Neurol. Neurosurge ry a nd P sychiat ry
1994; 57: 773- 777.
-
Bur ke D. S pa st icit y a s an Ada pt ation t o Pyra m ida l T r act Injur y I Advance s in
Neur ology : functiona l Recover y in Neurological Dis ea se : W ax m an SG , Ra ven Pre s s 1988;

47: 401- 423.
- Ca rr JH , Shepherd RB , Ada L. Spa sticity : Re sea rch finding s and im plica tions for
inter vent ion P hy siothera py 1995, 81; 8: 421- 427.
- Cra ik RL . A bnorm a litie s of m otor beha viour In: Cont em pora ry M a nag em ent of M ot or
Contr ol Problem s . Pr ocee ding s of the S tep Confer ence 1991: 155- 164.
- cra nenburgh B . v . Inleiding in de toegepa ste neur ow et ens cha ppen 1:3. Edition 1989
- Cra nenburg h B. v . Inleiding in de toegepa st e neurow e ten schappen 2:3. Edition 1989
- Dorla dn s Illu stra ted M edica l Dictiona ry 1981. Publisher a nd editor ? (BBT A 1997).
- Dox I, M e lloni BJ , Eisner GM . M elloni ' s Illu str at ed M edica l Dict iona ry T he W illia m s
& W ilkin s Cl., Baltim ore 1979.
- Edw a rd s S . N eur ologica l Phy siot her apy , a problem ba sed a pproa ch 1s t Edit ion 1996.
Churc hill Living stone , Edinburgh .
------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Given JD , Dew ald J PA , Rym er W Z. J oint dependent pa s sive stiffne s s in pa retic a nd
contr a - lat era l
lim bs
of
pa tient s
w it h
hem ipar etic
stroke
Journal
of
Neurolog y ,
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C y be r P T L e ad e r ::: P T CO M :::

St at e of being a dj us ted ; a form a tion of a st ra ig ht line ( W eb ster s collegiat e

dict iona ry 1961)

T he pos it iona l re la tions hip of com ponent pa rt s over the ba se of s uppor t (N DT A

- T he ar ra ng em ent of body segm ent s t o one a not he r , a s w ell a s t he position of t he

post ur e (S hum w a y - Cook, W oolla cutt ' 95)

2.A s s ocia ted m ovem ent s a nd a s socia ted rea ction s

A s sociat ed r ea ction s tend to be st ereotyped t o the individua l.

me cha nis m s (Hora k a nd Diener

1994): prior exper ienc e , pra ctice and

movem ent s .(Neurophy siologica l

A ppr oa che s t o higher bra in funct ion s ; Eva rt s et a l ' 84)

6. Cent er of gr avit y (COG)

NDT A ' 96/ An s R.)

8. Com pen sa tion , com pen sat or y st ra tegie s

' behaviour al sub stitution ' (Shum w a y - Cook a nd

10. Fa cilita tion

(H oppenfildt and Zeide 1994: calling this Guiding . Se e NDT A Glos sa ry ).

11. T o m ake it pos sible

T o ma ke it nec e s sa ry a nd Let it happen a re the pr oce s se s of fa cilit at ion .

15. Functiona l skills

int erneuron ), w here by

18. Key point (of control)

(Norm a l) T he pr ope r s equencing

and ten sion deve lopm ent by

s elec tive allocat ion of m us cle

22. M ot or lea rning

ex perience .(Glos sar y ,

Neur ologica l Reha bilitat ion 1990)

Involve s t he select ion , sequencing a nd delivery of m otor progr am m e s t o a chieve

intended beha viour (M a r s den 1984).

per iphe ra l feedba ck ( M a r s den 1984 r efer s t o Keele 1968).

cont rol t heor y

the execut ion

Prem edit at ed,

ps ychologically in stiga ted, direct ed) (M a rt in 1977)

26. M usc le tone

27. Neurom us cula r (neur omot or ) a ctivity

28. Pat tern

Functiona l coupling of g roup s of m us cle s such tha t t he y a re c on st ra ined to a ct

29. Percept ion

a ctive , goa l- or ienta ted

body - r elate d/ interna l

30. Pla sticity

reg ener at ion

spr out ing

dener va tion - hyper s ens it ivit y .

r ecorga nize it self, in r e spect of both it s

"st rength " of synaptic connections . S truct ur al pla st icity

center - of - m a s s (- gra vity ),

T her apy 1997).

32. Pos tura l cont rol

33. Pos tura l set

34. Propriocept ion

se nse (the aw a rene s s of t he j oint s at

a w a rene s s of m ovem ent ) (Glos sa ry . Phy s ica l T her apy 1997).

36. Protect ive rea ction

A ction re sulting fr om ; in re spons e to a

(T aber ' s Cyclopaedic M edica l

dict iona ry 1974).

st ereotyped, non - volunta ry

bra inst em ), m odulat ed by higher centr e s , depending

(S hum w ay - Cook , W oollacott 1995/ P .55)