Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Outcomes
Carbon Steels
Alloy of Fe and C
Carbon content affects mechanical properties
High C
y High strength
y Low ductility
Processing conditions also affect mechanical
properties
Too many details for this course
Harden when quenched from above 1333oF
Refinery Metallurgy
Carbon Steels
Carbon Steels
Primary uses
Reactor shells for high temperature processes
Heater tubes
Piping
Exchangers
Primary cautions
High hardenability weld cracking
Creep embrittlement
Discussed later
2 Cr-1 Mo
2 Cr-1 Mo
Primary uses
Reactor shells for high temperature processes
Heater tubes
Piping
Exchangers
2 Cr-1 Mo
Primary cautions
High hardenability weld cracking
Temper embrittlement
Discussed later
5 Cr- Mo
5 Cr- Mo
Primary uses
Piping
Exchangers
Primary cautions
9 Cr-1 Mo
Design temperature
9 Cr-1 Mo
Primary uses
Heater tubes
Primary cautions
Stainless Steels
Ferritic
Austenitic
Martensitic
405
410S
Primary uses
Cladding over carbon or low Cr steels
Trays
Exchanger tubes
Primary cautions
885 embrittlement (discussed later)
Potentially low toughness
Weld HAZ
304
18% Cr, 8% Ni
316
Approximately 304 + 2% Mo
317
Approximately 304 + 3% Mo
321
Approximately 304 + Ti
347
Approximately 304 + Nb
High Ni, Mo Stainless
304L
304
304H
316L
316
316H
317L
317
317H
321
321H
347
347H
Carbon is important
Normal and low C material good to 1000oF
H grade materials good to 1500oF
L grades dont sensitize during welding
Discussed later
Primary uses
Primary cautions
Subject to sensitization
May lead to corrosion
Subject to pitting and stress corrosion
cracking from Cl Use care in cooling water applications
Liquid metal embrittlement by zinc
Be careful of galvanized materials
All issues discussed later
Used in
Nickel Alloys
Primary cautions
Some alloys subject to sensitization
Follow suppliers temperature
recommendations
Some alloys embrittle when operated
between 550750oC (10201380oF)
Alloy C-276
Alloy 625
Monel
Alloy 400
Monel or Monel 400 are trade names
70 Ni, 30 Cu
Resists
HCl
HF
Caustic cracking
Monel
Primary uses
HF Alkylation units
All areas where the corrosion rate exceeds
acceptable limits for carbon steel
y Mostly high temperature areas
Crude unit overheads
Linings, rings trays
Hot and or concentrated caustic applications
Monel
Primary cautions
Not resistant to oxidizing environments
Applications over 300oF (150oC) may not be
successful
Highly resistant to but not completely immune
from ammonia SCC
Copper Alloys
Cupronickels
70 Cu, 30 Ni
90 Cu, 10 Ni
Naval Brass
Copper Alloys
Primary uses
Heat exchangers
Use dictated by water side
Use for seawater
Use for untreated fresh water
Copper Alloys
Primary cautions
Ammonia stress corrosion cracking
Cu Ni less sensitive than brasses
Sulfur compounds
May cause excessive corrosion
Water velocity
High velocities, higher corrosion (varies
by alloy)
High concentrations of oxygen/oxidizers
May increase corrosion rates
Titanium
Titanium
Primary uses
Exchangers
May be dictated by water or process
Primary caution
Aluminum Alloys