What is a Gene?

A gene is the basic unit of inheritance.

Gregor Mendel, 1865. Experiments in Plant Hybridization.

Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brnn, 4:3-47

Probability

# of times outcome is expected/ # of opportunities

Given as a fraction, percentage, or proportion of 1
Using a fair die, the chance of rolling a 1 is 1/6, 16.7%, or .167
Product Rule: The probability that two independent events both occurring
is the product of each event occurring separately.
Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling two 1s is
1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36 or 0.027
and
Sum Rule: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events will
occur is the sum of the probability of each event.
Using a fair die, the chance of rolling either a 2 or a 3
1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3 or 0.333
or

Product Rule: The probability that two independent events both occurring
is the product of each event occurring separately.

1/36

Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling two 1s is

1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36 or 0.027

Sum Rule: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events will
occur is the sum of the probability of each event.

1/36
1/36

Using a pair of fair dice, the chance of rolling a 2 and a 3 or

A 3 and a 2 are 1/36 + 1/36= 2/36 or 1/18

You are playing backgammon and your

opponent has you on the ropes.
However you can knock him off the
board with a role of a ten.
What is the probability of rolling a ten
with two die?

The seven phenotypic pairs studied by Mendel

Gamete
specialized haploid cells that function during reproduction

Egg

Sperm

Plants: Egg is located in Ovule

Sperms cells are located in Pollen

Cross-pollination and selfing are two types of crosses

Figure 2-12 part 2

Figure 2-12 part 3

Yellow trait is dominant
Green is recessive

Figure 2-12 part 4

Figure 2-12 part 5

Figure 2-12 part 6

Figure 2-12 part 7

Figure 2-12 part 8

Figure 2-12 part 9

Figure 2-12 part 10

Figure 2-12 part 11

Figure 2-12 part 12

Figure 2-12 part 13

Figure 2-12 part 14

Figure 2-12 part 15

Test Cross
Punnett Squares

Table 2-1

These data are pretty darn close to the expected 3:1, but are they close
enough to support the hypothesis?

2 (chi-square) Test
Goodness of Fit

2 = (0bserved-Expected)2/Expected
Class

Observed Expected

(O-E)

(O-E)2

(O-E)2/E

round

5474

5493
(75%)

-19

361

361/5493
= 0.065

wrinkled

1850

1831
(25%)

19

361

361/1831
= 0.197

Total

7324

7325

2 =

0.262

Degrees of Freedom = # of independent variables

i.e., # of groups -1

Probability

2 Distribution - degrees of freedom

2 = (0bserved-Expected)2/Expected
Yellow X Green
Test the Hypothesis that it is a Test-Cross

Class

Observed Expected

Yellow

105

Green

95

Total

200

(O-E)

(O-E)2

2 =

Degrees of Freedom = # of independent variables

i.e., # of groups -1

(O-E)2/E

2 (chi-square) Test
Important considerations:
* the P value is the probability of a deviation at
least as large as what was found. A p of 0.05 means that 1 in 20 times,
you may find a deviation this large or larger not never.
* having passed the test means that the results are
consistent, not that the results prove the hypothesis.
* Since the chi-square value is related to 1/# of
expected, the test becomes more accurate
with larger numbers.

Mendels First Law of Inheritance

1)Recessive trait present in F1
hybrid -heterozygotes. One
maternal copy and One Paternal
copy.
2) Recessive trait in progeny was
same as in grandparent.
3) Traits found in a 3:1 ratio in F2
generation
Begins to differentiate Genotype (internally coded trait) from Phenotype
(outwardly manifested trait).

Figure 3-3 step4

Forked-Line Diagram for

Gamete Frequencies
Gamete
Y

1/2

1/2

Frequency

RY

X =

Ry

X =

rY

X =

ry

X =

1/2
RrYy
Dihybrid

r
1/2

Y
1/2

y
1/2

2 (chi-square) Test
2 = (0bserved-Expected)2/Expected
Phenotype Observed Expected

(O-E)

(O-E)2

(O-E)2/E

Round,
Yellow

315

313

0.013

Round,
Green

108

104

16

0.154

Wrinkled,
Yellow

101

104

-3

0.087

Wrinkled,
Green

32

35

-3

0.257

55566

556

2 =

0.511

Total

Df = 3

Data are consistent with Independent Segregation

Rules of Inheritance
1) The units of inheritance (genes) come in pairs.
Each gamete will get only one of the two units of
inheritance . The progeny then gets one maternal
and one paternal copy.
2) The segregation of one gene pair is most often
independent of the segregation of another gene
pair independent assortment.