Name: LEPASANA, MICHAEL CLYDE S.

Date: OCTOBER 9, 2020

Course and Year: BSES SCIENCE 3B Schedule: TTH 1:30 – 3:00 P.M.

Activity No. 7
Chi-Square and Binomial Probability

Objectives: To analyze genetic data using simple statistical tool

Instruction: Read carefully each question. Solve the problems, give the correct and answer and show
your solution using extra sheets of intermediate pads. Please box your final answer.

1. A plant breeder observed that for a certain leaf trait of maize that shows two phenotypes (phenotype
1 and phenotype 2), the F1 generation exhibits 200 plants with phenotype 1 and 160 with phenotype 2.
Using two different null hypotheses and chi-square analysis, compute if the data fits (a) a 3:1 ratio, and
(b) a 1:1 ratio. Show your solution.

GEVIN:
Phenotype 1 = 200 plants
Phenotype 2 = 160 plants

REQUIRED:
Right proportion of the following:
(a) a 3:1 ratio, and (b) a 1:1 ratio=?

SOLUTION:
A. Null Hypotheses: The phenotypic ratio is 3:1. Therefore there is no significant difference between
measured and values predicted.

Alternative Hypothesis: The phenotypic ratio is not the same with 3:1 ratio. Therefore there is a
significant difference between the measured values and values predicted.

CALCULATING THE DATA:

Phenotype 1 Phenotype 2
Observed(o) 200 160
Expected(e) 270 90
Deviation(o-e) -70 +70
Deviation2 (d2) 4900 4900
d2/e 18.15 54.44
x2 =Σd2/e=72.59

Degree of freedom:
n=2, then 2-1=1
Probability using Chi-square value:
P < 0.005
Conclusion: Based on the acquired data above the null hypothesis rejected. There is a significant
difference between the measured and values predicted thus, there are other factors other than chance
that results to this deviation.

B. Null Hypotheses: The phenotypic ratio is 1:1. Therefore there is no significant difference between
the measured and values predicted.

Alternative Hypothesis: The phenotypic ratio is not the same with 1:1 ratio. Therefore there is a
significant difference between the measured values and values predicted.

Presenting the data:

Phenotype 1 Phenotype 2
Observed(o) 200 160
Expected(e) 180 180
Deviation(o-e) +20 -20
Deviation2 (d2) 400 400
d2/e 2.22 2.22
x2 =Σd2/e=4.44

Degree of freedom:
n=2, then 2-1=1
Probability using Chi-square value:
0.05 < P > 0.025

Conclusion: Based on the acquired data above the null hypothesis rejected. There is a significant
difference between the measured and values predicted, there are other factors other than chance that
results to this deviation.

2. Tall, yellow-flowered Chrysanthemum sp. is mated with short, white-flowered variety. Both are true
breeding. All the F1 plants are backcrossed with the short, white-flowered variety. This backcross yields
190 tall, yellow; 201 tall, white; 174 short, yellow; and 177 short, white plants. Do the observed data fit
the genetic hypothesis of 1:1:1:1 segregation using chi-square test? Show your solution.

GEVIN:
Tall, yellow=190
Tall, white=201
Short, yellow=174
Short, white=177
REQUIRED:
Is observed data fit the genetic hypothesis of 1:1:1:1=?

Tall, Yellow Tall, White Short, Yellow Short, White

Observed(o) 190 201 174 177
Expected(e) 185.50 185.50 185.50 185.50
Deviation(o-e) +4.5 +15.5 -11.5 -8.5
Deviation2 (d2) 20.25 240.25 132.25 72.25
d2/e 0.11 1.30 0.71 0.39
x2 =Σd2/e= 2.51

Degree of freedom:
n=4, then 4-1=3

Probability using Chi-square value:

0.05 < P > 0.1

Conclusion: The data reflected above shows that the null hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant
difference between the measured and the values predicted, which means the phenotypic ratio 1:1:1:1 fits
the data observed.

3. Cystic fibrosis is inherited as a recessive trait. If two normal, but heterozygous individuals marry, what
is the chance that: a). One of their three children will be affected? b) What is the probability that four of
their six children will not be affected? c) Of four children, the order will be: normal boy, affected girl,
affected boy, normal girl? Clue: use only the binomial probability if order is not specified for various traits
among children.

1/2 C 1/2 c
1/2 C 1/4 CC 1/4 Cc
1/2 c 1/4 Cc 1/4 cc
Parental Generation: Cc x Cc

PR: 3/4 normal: 1/4 Cystic Fibrosis

Let p be “normal” and q be with “cystic fiber”

A. Probability that one of their three children will be affected=?

(p+q)3 =p3+3p2q+3pq2+q3
Probability = 1 - p3
= 1 - (3/4)3
= 37/64 = 58%
 B. Probability that four of their six children will not be affected=?
(p+q)6 =p6 +6p5q+15p4q2+20p3q3+15p2q4+6pq5+q6
Probability = 15p4q2
=15(3/4)4 x (1/4)2
=1215 / 4096 =30%

C. Probability of children in order: normal boy, affected girl, affected boy, normal girl=?
Probability= (3/4 x 1/2) (1/4 x 1/2) (1/4 x 1/2) (3/4 x 1/2) = 9 / 4096