Stulz Data C Climatiseur Entre Cooling

01/2010
STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE
Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling
01/2010
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
AIR FLOW LEAKAGE
3.
PERFORATED TILES: NUMBER AND OPENING FACTOR
4.
PERFORATED TILES: WITH ADJUSTABLE DAMPER
5.
PERFORATED TILES: PLACEMENT
6.
CLOSE UNUSED UNITS IN THE RACKS WITH BLANKING PANELS TO

AVOID AIRFLOW SHORT CIRCUIT INSIDE THE RACK
7.
AIRFLOW PHILOSOPHIES
8.
RAISED FLOOR HEIGHT
9.
RETURN AIR CONDITIONS
10. CHILLED WATER SYSTEM WATER CONDITIONS

11. STANDBY UNIT OPERATION
12. USE CRAC UNITS WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPRESSOR AND FAN
TECHNOLOGY
01/2010
1. Introduction
This presentation summarises todays Best Practise for data-centre cooling
systems.
It will give you a rough overview about all concerned parts of the data-centre.
This list is not exhaustive, but it will impart the most important matters how to
design, build and run an as energy efficient as possible data-centre.
01/2010
2. Airflow Leakage
Airflow leakages (short air circuit) leads to dramatic inefficiencies
due to air circulation back to the CRAC unit without taking heat from
the computer equipment.
Close all unwanted openings in the raised floor

Close all unwanted openings below the racks
Close all cable cut outs use cable sealings
All gaps (near walls and CRAC units) have to be sealed
01/2010
2. Airflow Leakage
The target is to create an overpressure under the raised floor to
realize an even air supply to all areas of the data-centre.
This overpressure can only be achieved with an as low as possible

amount of unwanted airflow leakage.
A maximum loss of 2 6% of the total

airflow of the data-centre is acceptable.
01/2010
3. Perforated Tiles: Number and Opening Factor

The number of perforated tiles must be in line with:
A) the design
b) the actual / real airflow
Example (Data-centre):
Design airflow: 50.000 m/h, ESP 20Pa
Chosen tile: airflow: 500m/h, 20Pa
Tile number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
100 tiles are required
Actual aiflow: 30.000 m/h,
Tile number to be reduced to 60
Only a raised floor with sufficient

height and perforated tiles
with limited openings allow an
even air distribution !!!
01/2010
4. Perforated Tiles: With Adjustable Damper
Perforated tiles with integral adjustable

dampers can be used to avoid having to
replace perforated tiles with solid tiles.
In this case the number of perforated

tiles can remain unchanged but all tiles
need to be adjusted according to the
actual requirements in the room.
It is also possible to work with different adjustments to vary the amount of
air in different areas of the data-centre.
In any case the static pressure under the raised floor has to be kept at the
design level.
01/2010
5. Perforated Tiles: Placement
Perforated tiles should only be

placed at positions, where cold
air is really required to cool
equipment.
Do not place perforated tiles directly near the CRAC unit; a distance of minimum
2m has to be kept. Perforated tiles near CRAC units can induce warm room air into
the raised floor (negative airflow).
01/2010
6. Close Unused Units in the Racks with Blanking Panels
Recirculation of cooling air

inside the rack leads to
overheating of servers.
Blanking panels installed

in unused areas or slots of
a rack eliminate a possible
internal recirculation of the
hot air.
01/2010
7. Airflow philosophies
A) The old/traditional way:
Uncontrolled placement of
perforated supply air tiles

anywhere in the room
Cold air is supplied in an
uncontrolled way to the low
density equipment
Uncontrolled recirculation
Supply and return air mixing
takes place
NOT RECOMMMENDED
ANYMORE
Very inefficient
10
01/2010
B) Hot Aisle, Cold Aisle Concept:
Hot/Cold Aisle
Concept
Cold supply air distribution only in the cold aisles

Warm return air only in the hot aisles
Open tiles only in the cold aisle
Risk of mixing cold and hot air is high
This risk can be reduced by using suspended
ceilings
11
01/2010
C) Hot Aisle Containment:
Hot Aisle
Containment
Hot Aisle between the racks will be covered on the top and the end of
rack rows
Cold supply will be delivered into the room
Open tiles only in the room
Full separation between supply and return air
The room itself will be at low temperature level
12
01/2010
D) Cold Aisle Containment:
Cold Aisle
Containment
Cold supply air distribution only in the cold aisles

The cold aisle is separated from the hot aisle
Warm return air only in the hot aisles
No risk of mixing cold and hot air
The room itself will be at high temperatures
13
01/2010
Debate: Hot aisle or cold aisle containment ???
Keeps the hot air in a confined area.
Keeps the cold air in a confined area, no need

to cool the entire space.
The room outside is cold.
Floor space around the cold aisle is warm.
Servers are stable and can be operated

for an extended period in case of loss
of airflow.
Disadvantages:
Overall stability can be increased.
Air balancing can be difficult if CRACs are

sequencing and the raised floor pressure is
changing.
Disadavantage:
In case of power outage the cold aisle is

exposed to high threat due to loss of airflow .
Hot Spots in the cold aisle disappear.
CRACs have to be calculated carefully

to deal with the high return air
temperatures.
Control of supply air temperature with DX-units

only possible to a certain extend.
14
01/2010
E) Room Supply, Direct Rack-Out Return Concept:
Room supply,
Ducted return air
Cold supply air enters the rack through the room

Warm return air leaves the rack through a duct and suspended ceiling
Full seperation of hot and cold air
The room itself will be at low temperature level
15
01/2010
F) Close Coupling of CRAC units and Racks on Supply and Return Side:
Ducted Supply and

Return Air Concept
Cold supply air into ducts fitted to the supply air side of the racks
Warm return air through ducts fitted to the exhaust side of the racks
Open tiles only in the area of supply air ducts
No risk of mixing cold and hot air
16
01/2010
Summary:
Target of all these various possibilities is the complete separation of warm
return air and cold supply air

This separation leads to an increased temperature difference between
return and supply air temperature of the CRAC unit
A high temperature difference increases the efficiency of the CRAC unit
and therefore the efficiency of the data-centre in general
What kind of separation can be used in a data-centre is depending on the
situation and used equipment
The highest level of efficiency is reached if each m of circulating air takes
the design amount of heat from the IT-euipment
17
01/2010
8. Raised floor height
The raised floor height has got a

major influence on the efficiency
of the whole data-centre !
Tile number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
The required free height is

depending on room size, heat
density and number and position
of instaled CRAC units.
A certain obstacle free area is
required for a proper supply of
cold air to any area of the room !
Rule of thumb:
The higher, the better !
18
01/2010
9. Return Air Conditions

The leading and most important temperature
is the air entering the IT equipment (server).
According to the new ASHRAE environmental
envelope supply air temperatures up to 27C
are possible. That would lead to return air
temperatures of approx. 37C.
35C
8K
27C
Please note: A low return air set-point does not

cure problems with heat load. It is the other
way around: The lower the return air set-point
the lower the usable cooling capacity of the
unit. Furthermore the operating costs are
increasing.
High return air temperatures and lower return

air humidity do not change the content of
water in the room. The risk of ESD is as low.
19
01/2010
9. Return Air Conditions

Advantages of high return air temperatures:
(1) CW-units: High return air temperatures are leading towards higher
water temperatures (with same sensible cooling capacity). The
starting temperature of the free-cooling is much higher.
(2) CW-units: To get the same cooling capacity with high return air
temperatures and high water temperatures the airflow of the unit can
be reduced. Lower airflow leads to lower fan power consumption and
a lower noise level.
(3) DX-units: Higher return air temperatures are leading towards higher
evaporating pressure. With constant condensing pressure the delta
between evaporating and condensation pressure is reduced. The
compressor power consumption is decreasing. Furthermore the fan
speed also can be reduced.
But please be aware that too high evaporating pressure can damage
the compressor.
20
01/2010
10. Chilled Water System Water Conditions

Heat loads in data-centres are nearly all
sensible cooling load with only a small latent
cooling load due to fresh air ventilation.
In accordance to the increased return air
temperatures the chilled water temperatures
can be increased as well.
Chiller efficiency will be increased due to increased evaporating temperature.

The higher the chilled water temperature the earlier the starting temperature
of the chiller free-cooling.
The balance between cooling capacity of the CRAC unit and chiller efficiency
has to be evaluated.
21
01/2010
11. Standby Unit Operation

Fan laws dictate that air volume is directly proportional to fan speed and that fan
power is a cube of the fan speed.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Airflow
Absorbed Power
1/2
Airflow
Airflow
1/8
Absorbed
Power
Absorbed Power
22
01/2010

Therefore, by running the stand-by CRACunit at reduced air volume the overall
fan power is greatly reduced.
Example:
4x ASD1900CW at 26C/40%
Water 10/15C
Airflow: 3x 39.000 m/h

Fan power = 3x 12,6 kW = 37,8 kW
Lpa,2m = 3x 71,6 dB(A) = 76,4 db(A)
Standby
3x 146,8 kW = 440,4 kW net sensible

Lpa,2m = 4x 62,7 dB(A) = 68,7 db(A)
=> Energy savings:

16,6 kW x 8760h x 0,13 = 18.904 /year @ 0,13 /kWh
23
01/2010

Advantages of Standby-Management:
Reduction of fan power consumption

Reduction of noise level
Increase of net sensible cooling capacity
And: even more energy can be saved if net sensible cooling
capacity is kept constant:
Lpa,2m = 4x 61,5 dB(A) = 67,5 db(A)
=> Energy savings:

19,0 kW x 8760h x 0,13 = 21.637 /year @ 0,13 /kWh
24
01/2010
12. Use CRAC Units with state-of-the-art Technology

EC fan technology:
Advantages:
1.
Lower power consumption due to better overall degree of efficiency
2.
No in-rush current, speed is ramped up, never draws more than full load amps
3.
Low vibration reduced sound level
4.
Long maintanance free operation due to direct drive technology
5.
Scalable air flow easy adaptation on requirements on site
25
01/2010
Example:
Munich airport data centre, source:
600 m data centre, 75 server cabinets arranged in 3 rows

5 CRAC units (4+1), each 32 kW cooling capacity
Changes (Best practise only):
installation of hot aisle/cold aisle containment

re-routing cables inside the racks
reconfiguring of floor tile layout, sealing of raised floor
installation of 1U blanking panels at the front of the racks
installation of ventilated front doors
increasing of room temperature to 28C (supply air = 22C)
=> Due to these changes the power consumption of the CRAC units are reduced by 35%.
=> Cabinet temperatures are reduced by 4C extended lifetime of servers and more reliability.
26

Stulz Data C Climatiseur Entre Cooling

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01/2010

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

AIR FLOW LEAKAGE

PERFORATED TILES: NUMBER AND OPENING FACTOR

PERFORATED TILES: WITH ADJUSTABLE DAMPER

PERFORATED TILES: PLACEMENT

CLOSE UNUSED UNITS IN THE RACKS WITH BLANKING PANELS TO

RAISED FLOOR HEIGHT

RETURN AIR CONDITIONS

10. CHILLED WATER SYSTEM WATER CONDITIONS

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

Close all unwanted openings in the raised floor

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

This overpressure can only be achieved with an as low as possible

A maximum loss of 2 6% of the total

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

3. Perforated Tiles: Number and Opening Factor

100 tiles are required

Actual aiflow: 30.000 m/h,

Tile number to be reduced to 60

Only a raised floor with sufficient

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

4. Perforated Tiles: With Adjustable Damper

Perforated tiles with integral adjustable

In this case the number of perforated

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

5. Perforated Tiles: Placement

Perforated tiles should only be

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

6. Close Unused Units in the Racks with Blanking Panels

Recirculation of cooling air

Blanking panels installed

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

perforated supply air tiles

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

Cold supply air distribution only in the cold aisles

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

STULZ THE NATURAL CHOICE

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

Cold supply air distribution only in the cold aisles

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling

Keeps the hot air in a confined area.

Keeps the cold air in a confined area, no need

The room outside is cold.

Floor space around the cold aisle is warm.

Servers are stable and can be operated

Overall stability can be increased.

Air balancing can be difficult if CRACs are

In case of power outage the cold aisle is

Hot Spots in the cold aisle disappear.

CRACs have to be calculated carefully

Control of supply air temperature with DX-units

Best Practice - Data Centre Cooling