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b) Marginal and crossing ridges bear tremendous tensile and compressive stresses.
c) Axial angle bear tensile and shear stresses on the non-functional side and
compressive and shear stresses on the functional side.
d) The junction between the clinical crown and root during function (especially
lateral excursion) bears tremendous shear stresses, in addition to compression on
the occluding contacting side and tension on the non-contacting side.
e) Any occlusal, facial, or lingual concavity will exhibit compressive stress
concentration, especially if it has an opposing cuspal element in static or
functional occlusal contact with it.
FORCES EXERTED DURING MASTICATION AND THEIR RESOLUTION
Various types of forces are exerted on the teeth during movement of the
mandible and during mastication. Since the tooth surfaces are curved or at an inclined
plane, forces are not only vertical but other types of forces may also be exerted on
these surfaces.
When a force acts perpendicular to a fixed horizontal surface, the resolving
force reacts perpendicular to the surface with an equal and opposite force. In curved
surfaces the resulting forces might not be exerted along the long axis of the tooth. The
reacting force of the incline is neither equal to the applied force in magnitude nor
opposite in direction. There is, therefore, a tendency of the cusp to slide down the
ab
ab
the parallelogram passing through a given point as shown in the figure. The resultant
force is represented by the diagonal line passing through the same point i.e. V
abc.
abc
the
2. NO MARGINAL RIDGE
In this case H2 is missing in tooth B because force 2 is mainly directed toward
tooth A. The horizontal component H2 will drift the tooth A apart and the vertical
components V1 and V2 of both forces 1 and 2 will help the tooth impact vertically. The
vertical force V2 will be more than required and there may be slight tilting of the tooth
B. This will lead to further deteriorate the resolution of forces and lead to further food
impaction.
3.
the forces 1 and 2 act on adjacent teeth causing drifting of both the teeth. The vertical
component of forces will wedge the food in-between the two teeth. Similar effect is
seen when one marginal ridge is higher than the other.
4. NO OCCLUSAL EMBRASURE
In totality the vertical component of forces 1 and 2 will be more concentrated
than horizontal components. Though there may not be any vertical compaction of
food, the continuous impact of higher concentration of vertical component of forces
may lead to changes in alveolar bone after sometime.
Since the beam forms a concave downward curvature between the load and the
fixed end, therefore, by sign convention, this end moment is taken as negative.
By equation R l = FL /8
So R = FL / 8l
and lingually).The fulcrum is at the gingival margin of the preparation. The loading
arrangement is similar to occluso-proximal restorations in posterior restorations.
components. This loading will continue during all centric closures and excursive
movements of the mandible. However, if the incisal angle is intact (class 3), these
displacing forces will be minimal.
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The
problems in cast restorations are also related to movement and rotation of the
casting if the floor is not flat. Additionally, since the depth of the cavity is less and
walls are diverging occlusally, the chances of rotation are higher than for direct
restorations. Such rotational forces are counteracted, to some extent, by adhesive
materials such as composites and glass ionomers.
Class 2 restorations
There are four displacements for a class 2 proximo-occlusal restoration:
a) Proximal displacement of the entire restoration
In analyzing the obliquely applied force A in to a vertical component V and
a horizontal component H, it can be seen that V will try to seat the restoration
further in to the tooth, but H will tend to rotate the restoration proximally around
axis X at the gingival cavosurface margin. To prevent such displacements, selfretaining facial and lingual grooves are necessary, in addition to an occlusal
dovetail.
b) Proximal displacement of the proximal portion
If one were to consider the restoration as being L-shaped, with the long arm of
the L occlusally and the short arm proximally, when the long arm is loaded by
vertical force V, it will seat the restoration more into the tooth. However, the short
arm of the L will move proximally. The fulcrum of this rotation is the axio-pulpal
line angle. In order to prevent such a displacement, proximal self-retention is the
form of facial, lingual and/or gingival grooves are required provided there is
sufficient dentin bulk to accommodate them.
The cement layer results in a more even stress distribution to the root with less
concentrations. 41