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Keywords:
Knowledge rule
Classication
Remote sensing image
Texture feature
Shape feature
Land cover
a b s t r a c t
This paper deals with the limitations of visual interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images
and of automatic computer classication completely dependent on spectral data. A knowledge-rule
method is proposed, based on spectral features, texture features obtained from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix, and shape features. QuickBird remote sensing data were used for an experimental study of
land-use classication in the combination zone between urban and suburban areas in Beijing. The results
show that the deciencies of methods where only spectral data are used for classication can be eliminated, the problem of similar spectra in multispectral images can be effectively solved for the classication of ground objects, and relatively high classication accuracy can be reached.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Land use/cover is the most outstanding characteristic of landscapes on the earths surface, and so it has become a major part
of studies of global change. At present, remote sensing technology
is one of the most important techniques for the acquisition of land
use/cover data. Previously, visual judgment was the main method
used for the extraction of information from remote sensing images.
This method has a relatively high accuracy but its efciency is relatively low. The main methods for the automatic extraction of remote sensing information are supervised and unsupervised
classication. However, in the presence of spectral confusion
caused by ground objects, it is hard to acquire classication results
with high accuracy.
In the past few decades, a variety of classication algorithms
and theories of images have been proposed, but the accuracy of
the classication of remote sensing images was not ideal. Many
studies have shown that the accuracy of classication of remote
sensing images cannot be effectively increased by improving the
recognition algorithms previously used. Therefore, exploration of
new methods is required, for example by developing image-understanding techniques characterized by articial intelligence (Favela
& Torres, 1998) or diagnostic expert systems (Gamanya, De Maeyer, & De Dapper, 2007; Huang, Jensen, & Mackey, 1996).
0957-4174/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.09.019
3648
Fig. 1. A multispectral image after fusion. This image was obtained by the fusion of
multispectral band and panchromatic band through principal component analysis
(PCA). This remote sensing image was acquired in July, 2004.
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Fig. 2. Spectral response curves of typical ground objects. Horizontal axis represents the four spectral bands of Quickbird imagery: blue: 450520 nm (band1), green: 520
600 nm (band2), red: 630690 nm (band3), near infrared: 760900 nm (band4). Vertical axis indicates the spectral reectance values of seven typical features corresponding
to four spectral bands. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Table 1
Analysis of texture features of typical objects.
Ground-object type
CON
ENT
ASM
HOMO
Building
Road
Forestland
Farmland
Standard water body
Nonstandard water body
Shadow
130.312
47.506
32.309
12.977
11.810
13.102
1.482
193.977
120.761
107.950
54.187
41.986
3.433
5.005
96.560
47.265
32.193
11.940
11.012
3.274
1.357
67.713
136.634
146. 526
199.536
214,971
242.448
260.269
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p) (where p and a are the perimeter and area, respectively), shadows and nonstandard water bodies that are polluted or where a lot
of hydrophytes grow can be differentiated according to Rule 10.
These rules are:
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Fig. 3. Classication map. It is the land-use classication map extracted by knowledge rule established in this study. The total accuracy is 90.91% and kappa coefcient is
0.8341.
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Building
Road
Forestland
Farmland
Building
Road
Forestland
Farmland
Standard water body
Nonstandard water body
Shadow
Total
Production accuracy
180
5
4
1
2
6
41
2
0
0
5
2
190
2
3
1
0
3
51
1
0
0
0
0
73
2
1
1
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
198
49
201
55
79
90.91
83.67
94.53
92.73
92.40
Total accuracy = 90.91%, kappa coefcient = 0.8341
Shadow
Total
Use accuracy
1
0
0
1
2
26
1
31
83.87
2
1
0
0
3
2
39
47
82.98
195
50
202
57
78
32
46
660
92.31
82.00
94.06
91.07
93.59
81.25
84.78
(3) The classication method described in this paper can effectively increase the classication accuracy of ground objects,
and could provide theoretical bases and approaches for
autoimmunization of land cover. The method is expected
to be applicable to a wide range of high-resolution remote
sensing images from different data sources, with good prospects for the study of land cover in a wide range of situations
and the extraction of detailed information for analysis. In
this paper, spectral, texture and shape information were
used to establish knowledge rules, but if more geographic
information can be comprehensively used, the classication
accuracy will be increased further. With the development of
remote sensing technology, comprehensive analysis of multigeographic information will become a trend in the development of the classication of remote sensing images in
the future.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the Evolution mechanism research of wetland landscape based on spectral characteristics project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
40771161) and the National Science and Technology Planning of
the 11th Five-year Plan Task (Project No.: 2006BAJ05A03). The
authors are highly grateful to Wang Zhicheng, Cai Simin and Yuan
Hui from China Agricultural University for data processing.
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