AMERICA'S

POSSESSIONS

INSULAR

liY

H.'

FORBES-HNDSAY

PHILADELPHIA

THE

JOHN

C.

WINSTON

CO.

"

"

"

llii\-..S!M.li

William

IIowami

T.l

"

"

"eOicate"

BY

PERMISSION

HONORABLE

THE

WILLIAM

Civil

First

TO

none

whom

In

the

Governor

has

H.

of

the

labored

of

Philippines

more

Cause
the

TAFT

assiduously

Filipino

"

"

PREFACE.

Prior

not

have

American

an

boundfl

of

steamship

been

in
the

this

portnnl
bin

liy this

something

the

hemp.
but

how

and

the

past

of

for
have

form

of

the

anything
made

degree

of

an

and

are.

dawn

an

vast

enterprise afforded

few

years

interest

concrete

and
effort

to

are
answer

by

most

"Are

query:

what

field

the
this

the

islands

question

the

country
get

we

that

us

upon

Philippines
which

him.

which

represent

the

until

that

their

adequate

and

the

fact

im-

an

educate

that

to

of

or

nothing

States,

the

from

little

strange,

play

to

place

have

us

constantly growing

the

the

is not

to

to

Philippines

the

they

endeavor

awake

is beginning

If

few

great

In

into

country

almost

began

savages

than

more

Filipinos

of

naked

not

are

well

this

United

the

of

magazines

are

we

It

destined

is

history

and

lime

Filipinos

which

the

in

in

knew

American

average

country

part

Manila

line

branch

them

to

language.

English

the

newspapers

is

relating

published

that

about

by

mam

upon

Kong.

indeed,

then,

ever-extending

(he

intimate

or,

Islands

The

yet

not

there

States

the

reached

are

Archipelago

Manila.

are

the

to

War
brought us
Spanish-American
Islands,
with
the
relations
Philippine

Kofore

bad

but

route,

Hong

from

and

travel

tourist

United

within

brought

been

never

the
in

firm

the

open

the

of

possession

the

into

passed

been

When

most

within

Only

ports

world.

the

of

Us

her

at

the

of

one

was

earth.

the

have

generation

commerce

wu

of

portions

secluded
present

Archipelago

Philippine

ilio

doors,

rudely

knocked

America

when

1808,

to

great

sibilities,
pos-

conception
for

ican
Amer-

them.
have

evoked

often

people
worth

with

takes

good
?"

some

definiteness.

"

THE

For

have

I
are

opinion
the

the

as

look

Iretter

the

controversial

kind,

for

deficiency

on

from

authority
Pacific.
and

in

clear

and

of

reading
have

and

clear

the
take
to

Bureau

of

this

opportunity

Colonel

Clarence

Insular

Frank

assistance

Philadelphia,

R.

Affairs,

Mclntyre,
in

the

April,

well

of

the

who

in

most

of

policy

to

all

the

the

.1 much
limited

recommend

to

to

the

who

would

Philippines

administration.

the

my

tions
obliga-

Chief

of

Assistant

have

preparation

the

pects
pros-

the

as

islands.

Edwards,
and

most,
fore-

and

necessarily,

their

tracts
ex-

able
Honorthe

as

acknowledge

to

of

direct, logical,

as

extevso

in

the

the

conditions

relations

our

this

remedied

by

strongly
in

of

chapter

those

are,

involved

problems

of

Captain

addresses

idea

the

towards

and

rally
natu-

book

mosl

expression

extracts

with

possessions

Islands,

quotations

the

to

pass

will

recognized
the

of

Philippine

the

is

are

who

fully

insular

our

addresses

brief

few

who

Government

regret, that

have

delivered

unequivocal

American

to

connected

in

addresses

statements

the

War

there

myself

reader,

inserting

on

These

consistent

the

by

Taft,

H.

S.

because

than

expressions

part

public

William

that

such

my

U.

ample

experience

questions

satisfied,

be

may

the

by

qualified

but

some

the

upon

discussion,

polemic

Philippines;

reliable.

much
on

main,

tiuight by

most

avoided

others

been

having

them

have

the

industries,

afforded

information

Department,
regard

in

depended,

of

sources

regarding

statements

my

etc., I

PHILIPPINES

rendered
of

this

the

Chief,
me

uable
val-

volume.

1906.

CONTENTS

PHILIPPINES

TIIH

General

The

Description

Inhabitants

Early

The

17

75

History

110

Passing

of

American

Spanish

Dominion

llil

203

Administration

Commerce

241

Arkicultube

285

Public

323

(Continued)

Agriculture

Lands,

Old

Manila,

Timber,

Minerals,

etc

393

New

and

431

Luzon

The

XIII.

XIV.

Index

463

Visayas

Mindanao

Vital

357

and

Issues

Sulu

491
"-

517

Ml

"

"

ILLUSTRATIONS
THE

Manila

The

Frontixpiew.

Bat

William

Hon.

H.

Highlands

Fating

Cathedral

Hunteb

Head

54

78

110

126

Mestizos

Chinese

Loma

150

Church

The

Young

Office

of

Manila

The

174

Women

Filipina

Idea

190

Justice

214

230

Hemp

Busy

Cleaning

270

2D4

Walk

Farming

in

Threshing
Street

254

Pasio

Abaca

Rope

Dedication.

22

Benguet

Family

Manila

Tapt

of

Visatan

PHILIPPINES

the

310

Philippines

35"

Rice

382

Scene
"

Taal

Volcano

390

"

Primitive

Humble

Antique
A

Transportation

Home

430

Defenses

454

Mestiza

Weaver

Viixaoe

Native

422

462

48G

Scene

Police

510

522

"

GENERAL

DESCRIPTION

"

"

THE

18

The

most

of

3,141

of

that

each;

is

official

recent

islands
number

have

one-half

of

In

the

islands

broadest

are

thus

2.

Marinduque

3.

Mindoro

4.

Paragua,

5.

Visayan

New

islands

the

is, greater
of

majority

the

than

New

York,

territorial
ricti

division,

the

principal

in

Sq.

Miles.

40,1)69
352

3,851
or

Palawan

4,027

Islands.

Masbate

1,236

Samar

5,031

Leyte

2,722

X.V.iUl

Bahol

1,141

243.148

Cebu

1,702

5!I2,'J-17

Negros

4,881

400,

Panay

4,011

743.040

6.

Mindanao

7.

Sniu

4! ":u

30,292

77(1

;::-!.

Archipelago.
Sum,

or

Tawi

Tawi

320

Jolo

232

FEATURKS.

PHYSICAL

The
are

the
of

area

mile

square

Delaware.

Area

Luzon

far

by

States

Island.

1.

and

that

and

chissi

than

aggregate

the

Jersey, Pennsylvania

less

miles;

square
areas

of

total

Three-fourths

Archipelago.

areas

The

gives

enumeration

mmamcd

arc

115,000

combined

the

to

uninhabited.

are

PHILIPPINES.

prevailing physical

mountain

valleys

and

intersected

features

There

forest.

by

numerous

of
are

the

Philippines

several

streams,

broad
but

ex-

"

GENERAL

and

plains

tensive

large

standards

Philippines

lava

beds.

have

termed

beautiful

the

by

which
the

the

of

the

volcanoes,

uberant
ex-

be

can

scenery

of

the

lower

the

in

trees

entire

the

found

world.

evidences

origin,
in

extinct

or

records

having

ten

of

forest, including

of

be

tion
vegeta-

slopes

of

cent,

with

least

at

in

abundance

per

to

barren

even

flourishes

volcanic

everywhere

are

dormant

of

islands.

it is made

species

is

tinental
con-

everywhere

is covered

valuable

most

nor

the

and

seventy

islands

Archipelago

which

hills

About

the

The

almost

covers

of
of

some

but

of

diversity and.

mountains.

surface

little

the

in

vegetation

Very

grand,

fo\md

deserts,

no

with

comparable
be

to

Everywhere
variety.

19

rivers

not

are

The

fairly

DESCRIPTION.

of

activity.
To

such

indented

extent

an

that, although

their

sixth

that

of

the

mainland

coast

line

of

the

latter

Philippine

Islands.

indicate
but

as

few

of

the

absence

lack

the

of

reliable

impracticable
Most

of

portion
of

the

the
of

the

winds.

fact

From

great

there

for

vessels
are

owing
June

to

that

to

the

of

bors,
har-

comparatively

Shoals

buoys

and
;

water

heavy

reefs
and

ages
anchor-

burthen.

during

alternating

character

October

the

the

available

only
the

the

erally
gen-

number

are

of

of

would

deep

many

twenty-

States,

half

channel

render

anchorages
year

than

islands

one

formation

of

and

but

the

United

utility.

lights
charts

the

presence

of

is

area

less

commercial

present

of

is

of

shores

of

Such

matter

the

are

wind

sets

"

THE

20

from

in

the

year

the

southwest,

the

northwest

however,

best

very

the

during

extensive
toward

in

Bohol,

each

of

harbor

capable

the
the

of

remainder

prevail.

monsoons

which

upon

progressing
the

and

execplioiial.lv good

some

Manila,

PHILIPPINES.

There

improvements

Orient.

With

principal

islands

of
idly
rapof

one

of

exception

has

least

at

vessels

iiceommoduting

are

being

the

are,

that

harbors,

completion,

of

of

the

one

est
great-

draft.
There

hundred
of

but

are

from

the

Abra,

miles.

that

the

in

total

miles

and

has
of

the

contained

from

It
and

northwest

of

Cagayan,
of

danao.
Min-

the

carries

here

hundred
ways
al-

cannot

of

one

the
as

although
of

rivers

no

the

greatest
curious

only

one

nine

thousand

deep.

of

of

the

Archipelago,

government

is paramount

in

southeast

the
Its

development.
to

one

width

island

seat

of

Pasig,

Negros,

has

feet

the

are

mentioned

be

chief

there

The

two

Pampanga,

importance

country,

length,

is

population

the

the

length

de

Agnsan,

Luzon,

figures.

Lanao,

twenty

Legaspi.

all of

may

13

Luzon

and

these,

hv
in

It

commerce.

and

economic

gauged
rivers

shortest

Grande

of

length

Grande

Rio

exceeding

However,
be

attaining

the

Rio

Aside

islands

the

feet

the

and

and

Agno

fact,

rivers

miles, namely,

Luzon,

in

three

is

four

since
matters

the

of

greatest
hundred

and
time
area,

length
and

"

21

LUZON.

and
is

range
the

Its

the

Madre,

which,

Sierra
northeast

of

elevation
the

feet,

summits.

few

of

the

on

and

and
is

valley
and

short,

mountain

length

by

in

altitude.

hallos
these
of

into

that

summits

considerable

range

distance

feet.
and

the

the

higher

southward

than

maintains

fifty
to

the

Carathat

so

form

the

length

of

part
sides.

the

ince
provcludes
in-

It

coast.

feet,

and

for

elevation

average
eastward

distance

sidiary
sub-

the

northern

5,000

feet

0,000

north,

the

in

complex

the

miles

cidentals,
Oc-

miles

Madre,

an

the

Caraballos

between

they

sixty

elevations

of

the

at

convert

extends

level

west

This

Sierra

of which

Extending

the

the

of

and

exceeding

as

ary
bound-

hundred

closely following

name,

many

4,000

range

the

junction

basin

Zamlmles
of

this

south,

by

one

On

breadth.

systems

miles.

peaks

3,1)00

comparative

two

in

The

eastern

hundred

one

miles

exceeded

the

of

area

and

mountain

two

Luzon

of

the

Occidentals

The

an

effects

range

from

styled

several
At

is

conglomeration

miles

seventy

embraces

system

the
ranges

covering

Madre

Cagayan,

is

fifty

fifty
Bay.

the

length

by

and

de

stretches

breadth

bounded

of

follows

island,

the

forms

in

commencing

figures being

valley

mountain

Laguna

Sierra

range

Its

its

the

to

fertile

island.

miles

hundred

latter

great

large

two

three

the

This

the

of

dred
hun-

one

principal

corner

coast

eastern

4,500

to

of

course

the

general

breadth

utmost

miles.

unbroken

along

its

thirty-eight

extreme

an

and

miles,

eighty-nine

of

from
one

hun-

"

22

THE

dred

and

flat

fifty

miles

deal

great

is

extremely

At

de

Bay,

the

shores

of

large

mouth

Laguna

traffic

is

along

its

de

carried

de

miles

in

feet

in

height,

gradually
several

are

an

island

feet,
which

have

the
an

been

is

thickly

souls,

the

entire

is

at

stands

Laguna
point

no

the

of

source

Manila.

The

settled.

the

very

and

towns

them

and

lages
vil-

Manila.

mountain

system,

volcanic

AND

peaks

are

or

VOLCANO.

Lake

formations

is

in

world.

the

except

defined

clearly

of

Taal,

miles

seventeen

surrounded,

riin

one

long

by

upon

the

several

the

neighboring

slopes.

Upon

the

edge

of

center

active

volcanic

rises,

to

volcano,

recorded.

character,
a

height

several

Different

of

is

twelve
ern
south-

hundred

which

of

the

It

towards

elevations
in

It

isolated

LAKE

breadth,

by

valley

surface.

crater,

end,

of

water

defined

no

The

valley

between

and

natural

immense

an

of

amongst

Bombon,

curious

most

this

which

and

has

TAAL

Laguna

of

are

on

littoral

its

over

end

of

summits

grouped

population

depth.

Bay

Luzon

scattered

in

streams.

1,750,000

the

body

feet

the

at

Southern

but

shallow

twenty

Pasig,

of

Pampanga,

soil.

supports

southern

large,

than

the

and

fertile,

great,

small

alluvial

is

is

rivers

innumerable

land

the

the

by

by

two-fifths

island.

more

of

about

being

and

Pasig,

and

Gulf,

fronvLingayen

traversed

depression

Agno

PHILIPPINES.

try
coun-

the

lake

and

from

one

sand
thou-

eruptions
theories

of

have

"

"

Thjs

beautiful

These

that

Hhhilanw

of

rich

mineral

from

coffee

mountains

Tyrol,

tl\i'

deposits,
to

Ben"t"kt.

or

climate
a

and

boiisi

temperate
vegetable

equal

K(*iiery
and

products

to

bracing.
ranging

applee.

"

TAAL

been

advanced

by

phenomenon

the

the

the
of

and

"Taal

peak

of

crater

the

to

wholly,

by

Gulf

Batangas

of

island
of

the

the

them,

of

Bulacan;
the

out

entire

boundaries

gradually

During

historic

remarkable

formed

changes

three

on

four

or

recorded

eruptions

notable.

The

Buenuchillo,

this

of

the

parish

its

volcano

Taal,

from

priest

Of

of
the

of

1T54

soil

series

the

and

and

this

level."

have
the
is

at

of
rim

Taal;

the
been

several
the

most

of Father

account

Taal

posits
de-

undergone

craters

new

into

Cavite,

present

has

that

fell

rich

formed

to

and

or

Lake

occasions.

following is

the

leaving

were

the

during

Laguna,

the

not

stratified

of

cone,

cones

raised

times

les3

La

of

inces
prov-

from

ejecta

much

upper

S.,

if

; that

explosion,

an

subsequently minor
was

Gulf

or

Batangas,
that

B.

tremendous

of

extending

more

great

unquestionably,

volcanic

furnishing

now

present

region

most

and

blew

the

that

tuff

the

the

these

in

and

Lingayen

forming

sea,

of

surrounded,

sea

of

that

Caskey,

was

partly
the

action

cone

D.

high

very

of

to

provinces

Rizal,

of

stretch

inner

Taal

activity large quantities

this

of

that

tributes
at-

combined

observations

stood

it

Becker

concludes

H.

and

belief

that

activity;

and

from

originated

the

to

Mr.

Znniga

Doctor

small

prehistoric period,

lake

cone.

the

notes

own

tend

its

is

for

account

to

Father

the

formation

explosion.''

"My

says:

that

cataclysms,

itself

23

Bombon.

volcanic

present

eruptions

VOLCANO.

observers

Lake

opinion
of

collapse

AND

scientific
of

the

expressed

at

LAKE

the

time:

THE

THE

"J i
of

began

of

the

of

the

around

at

them.

suffered
San

scoria;,

the

of

center

which
that

as

also

the

Tanuan

and

totally destroyed

but
the

gathered
"There
of

this

from
was

month

the

this

rain."

till

following

June

of

also

Tomas,

and

ashes

ashes
below

and

was

ria?
sco-

great

so

appeared

on

villages

Taal,

being

near

was

cast,

were

greater
of

10th

less

or

changed,

tensity,
in-

when

July,
as

may

be

words:

single night throughout

till

of

several

wind

rain

the

Bauan,

provinces

stone

the

ince
prov-

ing
neighbor-

rain

volcano

with

continued,

volcanic

of

the

and

because

the

around

the

not

and

viz.,

same

the

Santo

pumice

continuously,
of

nature

the

others

by

eruption

all

Laguna;

and

volcano,

The

of

peared
ap-

numerous

the

of

quantity

by

Up

quantity
of

of

of

almost

for

principal

the

towns

effect

The

sent

was

large

around

did

It

have

the

with

llatangas,

the

and

disappeared,

Kosario,

Luzon.

surface

the

felt

time

1st

ruin

must

towns

a3

Malayan,

also

this

Taal,

well

as

and

time

Bonibon

damage.

great

Pablo

and

of

changing.

Other

distance,

provinces

constantly

the

and

till the

intensity

devastation

of

of

Tanuan,

end

not

the

During

Laguna

Sala, Lipa,

did
time

whom

eternity.

an

villages

anil

were

days
to

EBUPTIOH.

this

eruption

hundred

AN

13th

During

inhabitants,

towns

OF

May

on

the

two

was

the

STORY

December.

aspect

PHIJJITIXI^.

July

10th

in

the

which

whole

flames

"

wanting

were

of

mud

was

have

stained

whole

with

and

25th

the

volcano

the

which

the

in

that

cloud

the

and

of

rain

pumice

our

homes

the

roof,

were

thus
some

for

indeed

as

plants

as

to

that
and

by

fire

this

ashes
and

passed

to

the

the

over

through

of

hail

falling
ground

depth

drying

abandon

to

We

houses.

some

up

of
the

of

copious

break

stones

night

one

destroying
had

the

Over
25th

such

obliged

through

marvelous

same

26th

in

terruption
in-

months.

would

stones

flee

wounded

scoria,

if

the

truly

the

were

we

happened

compelled

thus

half,

that

is

which

without

two

the

of

us,
and

lightnings

The

from

was

if the

as

tempest

It
than

till,

rumblings

continued

more

morning

fear

During
with

for

stones

were

heads.

lasted

smoke

against

forces

smoke.

4th.

December

out,

black

appeared

joined

storm

the

of

September,

horrible

the

of

the

till the

September

its

was

this, there

above

all

cloud

accompanied
till

it

to

flames,

originated

and

date,

tremendous

month,

is

throw

to

of

part

parade

to

that

on

last

this

of

wished

because

and

August

which

fertile

and

flames

not

changed

Ualele,
most

the

and

wind

continued

intensity,

less

or

more

the

was

10th,

would

ink

the

were

July

Taal,

that

called

volcano

The

(hiring July
on

village

district.

of

when

and

there

till

on

town

village

which

went

character

blackly,

so

Sala,

near

black

so

which

in

or

the

over

covered

mud

the

This

mud

rained

it

when

volcano,

noises.

rumbling

not

the

on

25

ERUPTION.

AN

OF

STORY

THE

stones,
on

was

foot
trees

their
ered
cov-

and

and

them.

THE

26

"Tlie

of

again
and

sand, mud,
went

there

loud

forth

the

smoke

large
the

waves;

this

and

but

and

scoria?

trembled,

the

and

of

part

the

chief

the

27th

the

justice

the

that

hour.

in

that
the

lake)

volcanic

by frightful

the

whole

big

and

yet
of

rain

of

the

whole
was

till

noon
after-

the

of

the

covered

on

once

it seemed

of

the

island
with

rumblings

with

night

of

again

to

months

gether
to-

forth

volcano

creased
in-

(that is,
This,

fire.

and

if all

as

thrown

was

activity, accompanied,

subterranean

the

preceding

which

violence

overtaken

together

began
that

names

had

town,

volcano

that

the

moment

said

during

eqiial

not

so

of

erupted

did

fresh

that

province,
the

quantity

been

"Every

island

for

tity
quan-

cause

shook,

houses

disaster
the

the

(November)

had

during

in
of

to

as

to

darken

to

such

lake

the

began

night.

remained

such

vomit

that

still

the

lasted

"Notwithstanding
Us,

the

after

rumblings

as

time

preparation
which

ashes

black

ever.

date,

volcano

same

into

than

of

the
and

the

at

fell

earth

was

and

dense

so

stones

succession

Saints

fire, stones,

which

on

and

All

quantity

15th,

one,

of

forth

greater

"hort.

October

feast

the

vomit

to

in

deafen

atmosphere,
of

began

with

of

months

of

commenced

to

as

vomit

tin?

evening

ashes

continued

volcano

till November

on

vespers,
so

the

On

volcano

This

the

quiet during

November.
the

of

activity

intervals

PHILIPPINES.

as

it

the
creasing
in-

was,

earthquakes,

"

and

town

at,

"Thus

of

line, just

and

darkness,
ashes,

that

of

whole
"The
the

the

leagues
island

than

lasted
so

of

1st

been

left

The
of

this

The

by

of

somewhat

rain

tearing

o'clock

about

places

near

more

ceased

completely
a

up

which

hurricane,

finishing

touches

to

had

that

little

the

in

depth

in

etc., reached

then
the

some

ashes

put

30th.

distant

is

mud,

and

the

the

meter

In

of

mud,

quantities

at

which

the

to

came

disasters

many

of

complete

interruption

morning

volcano.

ing
even-

rain

to

such

in

measured

December,

days,

two

the

Caysasay,
the

began

along

same

in

us

without

on

then

depth

yards.

not

ceased

from

the

three
the

on

means

de

although

and

mud
It

Santuario

four

of

of

rain

it

kept

night

afternoon.

in

one

it

yet

time

same

and

sand,

and

before,

as

the

at

all

the

of

straight

opened

leaving

darkened,

horizon

the

in

crater

o'clock

points

various

in

the

of

morning

been

had

and

the

to

fissure

Between

line.

the

if

the

on

rising

Oalauit

from

as

but

28th,

rise

which

heights

Caysasay.

de

observed

was

island

the

the

their

abandon

to

the

gain

to

Santuario

passed

smoke

29th

risk

any

it and

between

inhabitants

unfortunate

the

caused

27

ERUPTION.

AN

OF

STORY

TUB

standing."

simple
several
and

the

IKicTnichillo

and

pathetic

similar
other

only

narrative

stories

extant

volcanoes;
experience

of

indeed
the

of
of

this
the

this
kind

priest

is

eruptions
was

that

by

no

Father

survived.

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

VOLCANO.

MAYON

With

exception

the

province

of

coast

volcano
to

the

for

height

with

activity

of

7,910

emits

"It

cone

is

continuous

has

been

in

eruption

of

nearly

the

of

Some

fn

lost, and
the

in

volcano

the
At

the

Mayon
At

the

time

natives

from

repopulating

occupied
of

the

and

the

which

destructive,
laid

Manila

are

the

on

by Lcgaspi,
Spanish

has

notably
in

This
the

that

ruins.

and
of
One

has

not

terred
de-

spots.

and

of

of

Daraga.
the

most

of

vicinity

notably

lous.
popu-

often

been

December,
of

of

base

the

have

were

base

same

one

in

sequences,
con-

the

southern

been

always

frequent,

their
lives

Albay,

settled

and

1010

at

conquest

was

district

Earthquakes
very

sites

communities

numerous

Taal,

severely.

time

records

hundred

suffered

the

since

in

serious

have

of

Mayon

years

towns

most
al-

curve

Coronas

twelve

canic
volis

axis."

the

the

says:

crater

occasions

very

instances

present
are

were

about

many

the

between

stantly
con-

beautiful
its

Father

cone

it

meridional
to

rises

Becker

times

countless

islands.

1814

which

Doctor

almost
on

It

perfect

from

the

east

notable

most

almost

an

at

that

these

the

symmetrically

thirty eruptions

1897.

in

and

the

on

Archipelago.

steam.

so

the

is

apex,

world,

infinitesimal,

discovery

the

feet

most

the

in

cone

in

and

the

Mayon,

Albay,

truncated

smoke

possibly

is

of

its

slightly

Taal,

of

the

1045,
most

re-

"

THE

30

navigability ; these

PHILIPPINES.

the

are

the

Cagayan,

and

Agno,

the

Pampanga.
The

Cagayan.
drains

in

from
far

and

sea,

its
as

rafts

its headwaters.

obstruction
these

ample

distant

traffic.

to

to

carries

the

entire

provinces

tobacco,

of

the

to

the

of

Aparri.

traffic

principal

two

navigable,
forty
The

great

central

Lingayen

rises

flows

This

fed

in

points
the

valley

through

of

points, carrying

and

the

and
mouths

of

Cagayan
and

portant
im-

of

the

which

are

other

for

portion

reaches
at

ince.
Prov-

Benguet

the

of

the

Gulf

of

important

considerable

gayan
Ca-

juncture.

northern

Luzon

several

and

river,

mountains
the

through

them

The

extensive

the

of

by

beyond

contributions

miles

ippines,
Phil-

consisting largely

very

of

of

excluded

Isabela

the

by

twenty

the

of

the

serious

stream.

up

produce,

tributaries

from

Agno
It

is

for

one

miles

far

the

is

are

find

native

miles

of

which

often

them

carry

rivers

which

to

from

twenty

the

Vessels

of

port

its mouth

would

impediments
water

at

bar

for

sixty miles

of

of

hundred

two

navigable

most

ing
Ris-

course

of

within

cision),
in-

boundary

northward

is

to

(the

island.

southern

and

travel

Tajo

upwards

It

Like

it forms

entire

hundred

may

the

the

at

source.

one

El

follows

Aparri,

at

as

it

called
of

Sur,

Province,

its mouth

boats

one-fourth

Caraballos

Isabcla

miles

popularly

mercial
com-

burden

of

produce.
The

Pampanga,

which

is

second

in

size

to

the

"

the

as

latter,

Manila

May

The

Pasig

Manila,

lias

boats

the

of

of

is
of

most,
hazard
government

the

city
The
is

and

native

large

of

Bay

river.

the

at

cargo
the

between

traffic

the

be

the

of

resources

them

enterprise,

with

this

will
the

that
the

island

the

railway

under
of

is destined

but

indeed,

has

many,

American
become

haps
per-

One

liberal

to

much

rivers.

Luzon

the

conform

necessarily

of

duce,
pro-

and

facilities

undeveloped.

aid

and

native

descriptions ;

varied

Whilst

islands

the

principal

province

quite

prediction
and

of

to

impassa-

convenient
of

the

to

rains.

transportation

diverted

the

the

afford

of

owing

and

movement

locomotive

hardly

trade,

during

development

direction

of

of

been

have

Archipelago

always

projected

the

general

wealth

and

an

The

width,

and

railroad

of

for

must

of

There

of

will

the

traffic

path

of

enormous

the

to

miles.

mouth

channels

means

with

the

discharges
forming

Bay

cascos,

highways

waterways

the

on

rivers

most

completion

de

eighteen

the

by

absence

economical

to

channels,

depth

inland

total

bility

the

along

lake.

principal

almost

of

several

the

at

carry

the

and

these

branches,

about

of

navigable

Hitherto

the

range

course,

many

considerable

which

city

opposite

an

Laguna

from

runs

is situated

times

all

by

through

distance

Manila

Pasig

pursuing

mountain

same

delta.

extensive

of

and

the

in

source

joined

is

it

which
into

its

has

Cagayan,

31

LUZON.

OF

RIVERS

may

policy

of

capital
one

of

PHILIPPINES

THE

32

the

most

size

in

At

and

prosperous

take

only

productive

present

will

we

with

provinces,
condition

industries

of

anolher

entire

for

thing
months

the

hardly

can

the
in

the

of

haciendas

after

Spain

provinces
their

ceased

the

among

she

It
land

and
of

the

great

is traversed

by

said

are

bels,
Isa-

common

eight

or

derive

to

five

or

some

maining
re-

very
but

companies,
of

monopoly

much

small

then

There

there

valley,
and

is

four

"The

this

the

her
up

tivation.
culfertile.

seven

tobacco

divided

number
and

in

tobacco

Cagayan

and

conduct

to

great

of

their

by

tenants,

land,

own

of
are

the

tobacco
in

now

holders

business

of

the

both

working
valley

the

buying."

is tobacco
The

of

year.

owned

business,

development

corn

the

and

extremely
1001,

tobacco

of

of

in

use

for

year

months

land

to

ticular
par-

more

volume.

exaggerated.

be

crops

large

is

provinces

natives

successful

tobacco

district

for

nomic
eco-

resources

field

main

Taft, writing

IT.

includes

which

the

the

ISABELA.

the

are

capacity

enormous

two

AND

provinces

William

Hon.

of

portion

of

their

to

principal

the

CAGAYAN

The

view

cursory

possibilities,leaving

and

for

special regard

consideration

These

its

world.

the

several

of

regions

district

extensive

important

system
towns

of
in

branches

the

road,

wagon

connecting

provinces.

This

with

the

an

most

highway

ia

"

NORTE.

ILOCOS

of

integral portion

an

from

Aparri

followed
all

is

in

LE

of

its scant

of

bed

this

is

are

considerable

in

hut

Mancayan

the

in

less

side

the

only

other

in

may

produced

about

At
five

one

rugged

which

yields

their

tillitge.

by

barrier

along

is

in

provinces

from

the

prosperity

high grade.

suit
pur-

outlet

two

promising

to

considerable

for

every

and

largely

successful

valleys

by

tural
agricul-

an

future

Lepanto-Bontoc

due

extremely

returns

The

of

the

region which

has

Ahra

on

they

degree

of

most
Al-

VIZCAYA.

the

to

bountiful

river.

resources.

copper

soil

enclosed

even

outlook,

mineral

NUEYA

condition,

mountains,

the

group

AND

Despite

alluvial

population

of

he

paralleled

are

comprise

surface,

its

impassable

the

will

railroads.

island

unfavorable

agriculture.

rich

OC,

backward

province

of

which

new

the

divisions

conditions

character

The

NT

somewhat

of

area

PANTO-BO

provincial

physical

extends

lines.

by telegraph

These

of

which

route

proposed

roads

main

road

trunk

taking

the

of

one

the

ABRA,

Manila,

to

by

the

33

achieve
of

reason

is

their

rich

extremely

time

the

hundred

mines

of

tons

of

metal

annually.

ILOCOS

A
west

narrow

coast

fertile

NOETE,

ILOCOS

strip along
encloses

region,

the
in

SUE

the

above

which

AND

northern

named
extensive

UNION.

LA

portion
provinces.
crops

are

of

the

It

is

raised,

"

THE

34

wheat

including
The

zone.

men

of the

length
with

of

capital
The

of

of

first

fifty

past

the

Norte.

this,

find

Spaniards

of

the

is

line

entire

the

posed
pro-

Laoag,

to

productive

internecine

it under

nineteenth

and

connection

most

by

ing
rais-

extreme

the

and

the

and

market.

that

of

population

its

years

in

forms

brought

the

Whilst

spinning

through

It

one

gressive
pro-

industries

export

an

prevented

was

of

in

Railway

Ilocos

half

moat

chief

occupied

coast

extension

Luzon,

the

commencing

gnpan

of

the

until
the

that

the

progress

districts

in

la-Da

temperate

Philippines.

of

provinces.

Maui

route

the

the
the

amongst

one

are

highway

these

the

the

is

following

of

of

agriculture, fishing,

fabrics

and

in

women

various
is

north

in

which
the

section,

There

products
are

engaged

stock,

weaving

other

industrious

are

live

and

inhabitants

and

the

PHILIPPINES.

fare
war-

subjection

century.

In

increased

several

has

the

fold.

BENGUET.

is

Benguet
"the

hills"

entire
it

the
75"

of

climate

62"

excellent

F.

and

6' F.
and

the

Zone.
the

The

that

to

The

minimum

of

in

altitude
the

what

India.

The

which

gives
of

part

is

temperature
4'

F., giving

is beautiful

The

Manila

northern

maximum
46^

scenery

abundant.

in

English

exceptional

an

similar

Temperate

Americans

the
to

are

has

area

2'

to

and

qualifications

the

mean

water

of the

dis-

"

PANGASINAN.

for

trict
the

by
a

health

The

of

crops

conditions

Zone

Temperate

and

it is

access

to

establish

of

the

railroad

to

the

place.

successfully

are

believed

the

that

favorable

the

to

physical
of

growth

coffee.

The

is

province

have

extension

ready

especially

are

and

tea

the

here,

cultivated

An

afford

will

appreciated

determined

was

Bagnio.

at

Dagupan

it

since

long

were

and

Commission,

sanatarium

from

resort

35

been

found

Oak,

Sudab.

besides

numerous,

natives

by

mines

Copper

Baguio,

at

iron,

and

other

valuable

coal

are

also

trees

are

localites.
and

molave,

narra,

minerals.

Gold,

different

in

in

worked

profitably

and

Tavas,

rich

extensive

of

areas

pine.

PANGASINAN.

is

This

well- watered

in

development
rice,

are

is

several

important

an

and

coast

the

little

of

abundance

at

present.

of

the

has

trade

been

Bulacan

The
of

paid

Pangasinan

enjoy

in

is

the

wood

rich

ucts
prodof

boats

favorable

afford
conditions
and

great

tional
excep-

exist

coffee, but

profitable products
a

practical monopoly

The

Pangasinan,

hundred

two

which

these

province.

prominent
for

for

chief

building

physical

to

Chinese
this

The

indigo, chocolate,

of
is

The

suitable

Superior

cultivation

attention

wine.

industry,

facilities.
for

directions.

and

sugar

of

capable

province

Chinese

Pampanga

element
and

years.
in

minerals.

Its

name

is de-

"

THE

PHILIPPINES

extensive

salt

36

rived
of

from

the

crude
a

mountains

Rich

state

The

has

Gulf

its

The

road

Pangasinan

and

continues

Manila,

at

operating

in

the

Dagupan

on

the

at

the

through

runs

the

ZAM

somewhat

nearly

total

ince
prov-

due

south

about

length being

of

the

The

desirable

coal

mines

Isidro.

forests

crops
in

are

There

of

is

the

is

and

Moro
has

in

time

those
in

iron
of

the

pirates.
combined

which,

San

near

in

the

tains
moun-

south.

The

woods

and

owing
in

promising
by

During
with

and

large quantities along

this

retarded

the

Copper

valuable

constantly enhancing
of

yielding

and

Agno
of

rich
in

of

great

favorable

Archipelago.
at

dition
con-

it offers
more

capable

commodity

development
long

is

the

is found

scarcity,
The

of

unusually

are

This

coast.

soil

cies
tenden-

industrial

under

indications

north

the

the

promising,

operation

are

Amber

gums.

is not

development

circumstances.

turbulent

Although

province
for

with

race

Zambales.

opportunities

most

BALES.

backward

inhabits

of

in

magnetite

miles.

125

for

present

Lingayen.

terminal

and

their

by

copper

iron

termini

one

Igorrotea

exist.

at

of

and

its

of
of

of

to

railroad

only

islands

lodes

known

are

The

deposits.

gold

extract

methods.

pure

to

the

the
the

to

immunity

ing
increas-

value.

province

periodica!
last

the

inroads

century
from

was

gration
emi-

disturb-

"

38

THE

Hon

which

and,

intersected
The

the

facilities

for

it is

forests

and

the

to

in

hundred
worked

its

five

miles

which

also
of

support
There
The

is
soil

the

great
a

is to

staple

crops

is
This

an

makes

The

traffic

of

in
of

the

is

the

to

its

six

them

ing
be-

of
In

in

Seventyboundaries,

distinct

this
the

district.

province.

alluvial

and

producing

any

the

taries
tribu-

its branches

of

products

of

centre

depression, subject
best

of

and

Pampanga

extent

dred
hun-

productiveness

forty

roads

velopment:
de-

power.

within

good

eries
fish-

than

more

great

than

the

the

province.

run

capable

island.

extensive
the

hydraulic

considerable
It

fertile.

and

lation,
popu-

several

one-third

about

the

marked

are

province

more

network

show

There

Pampanga

river.

of

hand,

other

prosperous

embrace

that
a

is, thanks

highly

of

and

steam

Ecija
soil,

the

afforded

formerly

the

years.

factories,

by

Nueva
of

recent

sugar

and

crop,

tillage extends,

as

industries

in

rich

necessary

main

proportion
On

out.

mills

stone

the

is the

which

considerable

mechanical

and

Rice

grounds,

giving

are

with

rice,

disappearing

grazing

occupation

is

it

quantities.

great
are

affords

River

of

irrigation.
in

importance,

greatest

Pampanga

the

cultivation

exported

The

the

railroad.

the

of

for

area

of

is

by

delta

PHILIPPINES.

to

possible paddy-land,

the

where
everyof

the

ince
prov-

inundation.
and

is

de-

"

voted
the

chiefly
principal

30,000,000

Corn

is
tobacco

and

Manila

of

the

market

is

the

and

this

cultivation

the

attention.
excellent

contains

of

part

grain

annually.

considerable

province

greater

Of

exported

are

receives

portion

constitutes

which

district.

quarts

sugar

where

pasture

the

riee,

large quantities,

in

central

The

of

of

raised

of

raising

product

over

of

the

to

the

cattle

the

for

fed.

BUT.ACAtf.

Bulacan
the

embraces
It

Pampanga.

exception

and

well-watered,

the

the

rich

other

minerals,

in

is

east,
the

flat

ful
care-

the

abundance
silver

with

of

some

with

which,

under

and

gold

covered

are

densely

of

inhabitants.

exist

copper

and

(he

on

crops

Tagalog

and

delta

province,

portion

iron,

including

species

found.

are

of

trees

and

commercial

prized

most

by

cabinet-maker.
The

supplemented
It

rail,

and

the

has

native

Bulacan
of

by

ample

Most

cargo
the
has

fabrics.

adjacent
an

and

the

Manila
rivers

good

by

are

ties.
facili-

road,

navigable
roads

wagon

can
Bula-

nect
con-

provinces.

extensive
Its

of

transportation
with

of

boats,

wealth

mineral

communication

steamer.

it with

and

vegetable

great
is

by

small

of

mountains

value,

entire

the

of

part

productive

highly

produces

cultivation

The

greater

The

of

the

amongst

is

district.

populated

Coal,

the

flna

industry
cloth

has

in

the

ture
manufac-

world-wide

"

40

THE

The

reputation.
extracted
.nto

in

of

the

it is

produced

textile

is

is

woven

commands

which

and

Philippines

is

It

pineapple.

silk-like

the

find

since
years

.I*ampim"j;ii li;ivo been

Father

times.

early
found

ago,

the

the

favor

finding

their

rivers

which

countryside

prosperous

Zuniga,
laden

hundred

one

with

reached

inces
prov-

the

Manila

produce

by

of

way

bay.

consolidation

has

formed

the

tobacco.
of

the

The

former

and

district

of

the

land

rice,

are

Rizal.

industries
and

facilities

Morong,
pal
princi-

sugar-cane,
the

are

The
for

Manila,

The

native

quarrying.

exceptional

of

of

mats,

and

province

province

chief

rush

lime,

sugar-making,
course,

the

new

of

products
and

of

capital city,

the

excluding

its

leaf

winch

Europe.
riiibH'fni

of

the

price

from

fibre

beautiful

very

high

from

PHILIPPINES.

com,

ture
manufac-

clothing,
province

has,

distribution

the

and

of
of

output.
iLAGUNA.

The
shores

of
It

name.

of

the

extends

province

de

Laguna
has

Bay,

from

irrigates

the

whole

of

province

are

good

and

economical

points

communication
on

the

lake

its

via

the

it

The

area.

south
its
oughly
thor-

highways

convenient

Manila

Pasig

derives
which

system

it has

with

and

east

which

river

extensive

an

the

along

from

and
ous
vari-

River.

"

41

CAVITE.

is

Laguna
soil

and

climate
of

plants

land
axe

favor

the

proportion

under

is

and

and

various

quantity

constitutes
The

There

consequence.
in

the

the

from

wine

of

raising

of

of

also

bolos

and

guna.
La-

of

of

industry

an

factories

the

of

Manila

to

trade

hundred
and

variety

great

the

gaged
en-

of

distillation

other

Amongst

cocoanut.

manufacture

in

of
is

oil

tobacco,

shipment

several

are

extraction

the

their

live-stock

its

staple products

Fruits

element

important

an

of

cocoanuts,

cotton,

and

raised

are

large

"

The

vegetables.

tropical

one-fourth

as

cultivation.
corn,

the

exceptionally

much

as

rice,

sugar-cane,

indigo,

An

Archipelago.

all

of

growth

Its

province.

prosperous

the

probably

"

area

and

populous

industries,
deserve

furniture

mention.
li'is

Litgima
forest

or

considerable

no

but

resources,

find

ample

endowment

its
for

scope

busy

of

mineral
will

population

their

in

industry

ways
al-

tural
agricul-

pursuits.

Cavlte
fact
the

that

its

the

'a

deal

great
the

capital,

headquarters

naval
which

upon

it

of

Bay

Manila

the

is

same

name,
The

Philippines.

affords

and

the

the

best

refuge

the

the

from

importance
of

town

of

stands

of

inlet

anchorage

of

is

in

ships during

storms.

severe

The

the

gains

province

bay.

The

has

frontage

inhabitants

of

of

the

thirty
littoral

miles
are

along
engaged

"

42

THE

in

the

extensive

in

the

manufacture

industries

of

salt.

exported

is

also

pursuits

of

cultivation

extensively

are

PHILIPPINES.

in

engage

the

DATA

has

Batangas
a

good

owing

of

system
the

to

is

of

Luzon.

the

The

Rice, hemp,
help
stock

of

is

province
remarkable

Abundance

it
fields

which

of
The

in

great

of

other

good.
offers

Batangas

large.

of

ture
agricul-

Batangas

breed

various

points

whose
and

waters

found

are

diseases.
stands

is but

the

in

Live

facilities

This

district

trade.

At

of

ince
prov-

is very

timber

for

passable
soil, im-

-developed

export
the

are,

population

products

variety

the

and

The

springs

commercial

unusually

are

sugar

properties

districts, and

mountainous

and

celebrated.

curative

efficacious

be

well

mineral

are

the

This

and

extensively,

widely

people.

season.

important

an

raised

being

the

have

swell

coffee

in

islands.

the

and

chocolate,

also

horses

in

to

to

of

output

the

considerable

fertile

most

pastoral

harbors

clay

rainy

in

province

sugar

which, however,

of

of

towns

more

other

one

of

the

and

excellent

many

in

these

AS.

four

or

roads,

wagons

contains
any

NO

all

where

of

number

preponderance

for

than

three

Rice

interior,

large

of

output

Manila.

to

grown

The

fisheries, and

in

rice,

in

for
one

the

ing
marketof

several

profitable

ment
invest-

capital.
population

"

progressive,

almost
and

entirely Tagalog

industrious.

Every

"

is

hut

ilized,
civcon-

"

TAYABAS.

tains
off

one

of

variety

of

act

long

and

the

of

attached

of

in

is

region

since

the

earliest

of

owing

in

Coal
to

is

the

economic

that
the

the

of

almost

forests

value,
the

and

Spaniards

in

and

mountains

difficulty

the

abound

of

any

Island

there

is

are

rich

marketing

Luzon.
and

of

Polillo,
it

of

ground

in mineral
any

its
of

description

variety

good

have

have

upon

transportation
in

few

progress

coast

and

small

which

landed

for

wild

of

region

centuries

serve

ing
be-

ing
averag-

"

six

or

this

Pacific

of

ness,
wilder-

occupies

sort

this

The

by fishing

five

of

and

Principe,

hardly

first

in

difficulties

The

people

in

found

the

cluding
in-

to,

consisting

"

primitive

numbers

and

Tayabas.

of

mainly

of

ing
compos-

annexed

population

mile

The

might

mined.

belief

the

mountainous

subsist

accounts

inhabitants

to-day.

1D02,

Infanta,

was

meagre

square

civilization

elapsed

and

pail

vicinity

the

increase

toward

but

the

inhabitants.
no

The

groat

Its

agriculture

made

the

coast

east

province

tribes,

Tn

hunting.

of

to

one

semi-civilized

the

and

texture

portions, particularly

impenetrable.
about

the

Polillo,

the

with,

extensive

of

turn

women

Commission,

Principe

island

incorporated

towns

the

finest

strip along

districts
the

or

the

Philippine

narrow

the

of

fabrics

winch

hues.

brightest

By

from

looms,

two

or

43

is

but
not

timber

for

the

deposits,

products

will

"

THE

44

hindrance

prove
for

many

Its

the

the

to

has

affords

of

ports

the

in

is

traversed

telegraph

line

which,

southeast

of

to

so

for

slope

the

soil

is

seed

The

in

of

coast

from

which

points,
all

with

and

highway

great

in

Sorsogon

at

the

through
Lucena,

provincial

Santa

Cruz,

character

mgged

inhabitants

ample
The

agriculture.
in

well-watered

is

crops

of

which

its

races,

rice,
of

sugar

the

peculiarly

area,

opportunity

mountain

(er

specialty

of

ranges
whose

tile
fer-

cane,

and

district.

It
stance
sub-

oleaginous

obtained.

forests
as

the

passes

the

Lumbang

is

several

at

commencing

yields large

coffee.

surface.

communication

Caceres,

its

pursuit

to

district

Manila.

affords

the

anchorage

by

.Nneva

Notwithstanding
Tayabas

mountainous

very

water

Luzon,

capitals, Albay,
and

the

Archipelago.

Tayahas

the

good

is

province

of

development

come.

proper

coast-line

and

the

to

years

Tayahas

PHILIPPINES.

well
there

contain

as

gums,

is

wax,
an

variety

great

and

important

of

useful

resinous

trade

export

woods
hard-

substances,
to

foreign

countries.
Indications

parts

of

north

coast,

vicinity
facilities

spot

the

an

of
for

of

coal

province.
contains

been

The

shipping

on

marked

island

veins

Sanguinin

attractive

have

of

its

should

of

make

various

Alabat,

excellent
northwest

in

coal

off

the

in

the

side.

mining

The
at

this

proposition.

"

THE

46

of

tricts
fibre

the

Archipelago.

considerable
which

of

to

numerous

and

distilleries,
tool
The

forests

are

workers

to

coal

the

Near

Sogod

there

and

the

the

great

as

resin, pitch, and

as

one

the

Mambulao,

at

in

from

in

which

1875,
At

assays

the

several

are

layer

of

were

Para-

granite,

is found

In

on

German

natives.

Quicksilver

extensive

worked

are

veins

most

Philippines.

inspection,

coast,

the

of

veins

Caramuan.

northern
an

of

well-known

quartz

ore

ton.

near

is

Australian

hundred

seven

width,

woods

copper

parallel quartz

in

ounces

on

marble

his

by

feet

province

metal

in

in

Drasohe,

of

time

are

Daet,

the

of

suck

and

lead,

rich

worked

and

refineries,

presses,

regarded

reported

the

there

rog

There

inhabitants.

rich

regions

Mr.

coast.

at

twenty

ment
employ-

abundant.

is

silver, iron,

geologist, has

eight

and

auriferous

north

eale

looms,

afford

factories

by-products,

numerous

which,

the

particularly

arc

the

important

being

the

Camarines

Gold,

of

local

makers.

Ambos

the

besides

whilst

guimaras.

mills, hemp

sugar

utility, and
wax,

and

industries

large proportion

the

by

the

of

quantities

Camarines,

sinafnay

mechanical

are

and

Amhos

into

it

variety

Large

is consumed

amount

convert

from

exported

are

PHILIPPINES.

coal

one

thirtyat

Isa-

gold

mines.

similar

to

of

the

product.

In

the

southern

part

mines

of

pit

coal

quarries

are

and

of

vicinity

of

gypsum.

"

The

continuation

forms

the
is

rises

plain.

Albay

in

roads

forming

towns

and

entry

from

of

thirty

the

to

in

the

slopes
good

where

twelve

In

An

shade,

the

averaged

of

the

of

fabrics, cordage,

home

of

tent
ex-

hands

every

admirably

abaca,

it

as

is

ous
mountain-

on

fertile

soil.

Albay

total

hemp

export

which

in

of

in

last

$18,000,000.

of
the

the

the

product

manufacture

etc.

PKOSPEKITV

production

the

with

quantity

consumption

the

moisture

upwards

considerable

devoted

The

of

statement

is

of

plenty

value

of

the

or

of

ports

output

thrives

and

good

important
arc

Albay

plant

one-fourth

is

extensive

the

hy

hemp,

get

may

ample

of

coast

and

changes

of

trict
dis-

east

idea

conveyed

The

it

has

to

Manila.

$1,000,000

Philippines,

addition,

Tabaco

surface

about

years

and

south

the

an

all

hemp

be

may

from

immense

cultivation

drainage,

the

to

islands.

contributes
of

the

The

days.

its

between

Legaspi

alone

Legaspi

Near

waterways

connections

trade

general

beauty

numerous

shipped

this

adapted
called

has

the

to

In

Albay.

solitary

which
is

peninsula

volcanic.

villages.

province

at

and

rugged

the

of

province

Mayon

that

of

of

OF

oil

from

ALB

the

coeoamit

is

an

portant
im-

industry.
As
two

an

index

contiguous

population

has

to

the

provinces
increased

of

prosperity
it

more

may

be
than

Albay
stated

and

that

seventeenfold

the

their
in

"

48

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the
trade

been

has

Native

made

hundred

two

past

the

coast

in

the

and

and

is carried

eastern

to

of

quantities

hemp
increase.

etc.,

craft

of the

hemp

carrying

the

shore

to

are

the

ports,
sea-

shipped.

on

indications

are

commercial

considerable

extent,

gold, silver, and

the

amongst

iron

in

of

summits

the

coast-range.

The

but

is baled

mining

there

trade,

villages along
it

this

great, number

coastwise

numerous

where
Coal

the

in

sails, rigging,

towns.

The

years.

factor

predominating

engaged

from

fifty

boats, including

in

are

and

forests

they

contain

shade

is essential

hemp

plant.

the

to

of

valuable

felled,

only sparingly

he

may

stands

great

since

trees,

extensive

cultivation

successful

of

the

SORSOGON.

the

Sorsogon,

favored

particularly
That

of

in

the

gulf

The
in
the

best

the

The

the

is carried

by

on

of

and

meat

of

Both

The

the
of

and

in

cocoanut,

these

the

is

shores

of

and

populous,

province

harbors.

stands

Sorsogon

one

this

large

its towns,

between

water

the

industry,

hemp

of

is

Luzon,

good

of

matter

Archipelago.

population

expressed.

port

of

district

the

eiiltivated

well

dried

great

in

in

the

which

are

traffic

southernmost

is

largely engaged

production
from

commodities

which
are

of
the

copra,
oil

shipped

is
in

quantities.
presence

of

abandoned

mines

of

gold, silver,

"

RAILROAD

and

iron,

it

with

resumed

be

commercial

the

and

EXTENSION.

and

construction
the

by

effect

immediate

products
ready

it is

Luzon

branch

will

of

the

Laguna

branch

of

de

on

end

of

were

The
the

treble,

limitless
find

to

the

of

the

to

Fabian,

near

Lipa,

the

skirt

to

the

the

will

branch

Dagupan,
and

Southward
to

Santa

Batangas

Laoag.

province,

Bcnguet

lake

Manila-Dagu-

coast

prolonged

Tayabas
of

the

will

and

connect

portion
belt

be

will

Bay,

the

sanatarium.

extension

will

Lucena,

been

and

facilities

extend

San

capital

line

to

along

government,

southern

hemp

the

1005.

almost

where

transportation

from

the

This

tangas.

The

in

double,

to

proposed

run

the

Manila

the

contracts

Commission

be

greatly
for

system,

which

sections

northward

Bagnio,

site

will

only

need

line

to

of

be

i pel ngu

markets.

In
pan

operation

certain

of

commerce

railroad

Philippine

will

people

extensive

Arch

the

of

its

of

welfare

the

by

made

development

general

advanced

might

operations

profit.
KAILKOAD

The

the

former

in

workings

that

believed

is

49

extensive

indicate

coal,

and

times,

EXTENSION.

from
of

town
west

Ba-

shore

of

round

continue
Cruz.

the

Another

province,

with

Bay.
system

southeastern

destined

to

peninsula

traverse

has

the

already

mentioned.

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

MAKINDUQUE.

Marindnque,
miles

square

in

commercial
has

The

the

is the

in

excellent

island

pursued
only

to

Mindoro

lies
It

Batangas.
broadest

middle
In

is

of

Its

the

island

feet.

The

forests

of useful

trees.

by exceptionally great
contain

land.

plain

of

settlements

The
this

central

on

an

the

the

the

of

area

Luzon.

iin

province

about

elevation

of

of

the

portion

of

There
but

the

best

kind

island

are

inland

with

watered

streams,

numerous

the

the

8, BOO

covered

valleys, copiously
and

at

length.

entire

part,

of

3,500

through

runs

its

most

rainfall

coast,

is

long by sixty

traverses

The

description.

try
indus-

island

of

of

miles

stretches

extensive

pecially
es-

has

that
The

range

is, for

every

trade,

and

mainland

attains

range

in

Marinduque

south

has

and

Boac,

MINDOKO.

mountain

island

llalcon

Mt.

OF

and

part,

the

the

from

about

which

export

extent.

hundred

one

of

raising,

immediately

miles.

square

stock

of

important

hemp.

in

istics.
character-

towns,

large

ISUND

circular

population

most

moderate

miles

ten

THE

its

for

considerable

of

almost

its
the

and

hundred

seven

mountainous

and

has

copra,

facilities

distant

in

largest

rice,

is

of

is found

The

respect.

It

part

than
island

an

prevailing

greater

capital,

is

the

Tagalogs

50,000

is

extent,

importance.

and

shape

less

although

few

of
is

ing
graz-

large

civilized

districts

are

"

inhabited

ilindoro

has

land
here

and

there.

had

its

in

about

the

surface

of

but

in

the

The

for

The
the
every

its

herds

The

of

grazing

the
to

cattle

island
the
island

fifteen

supplying

teenth
nine-

the

ernmost
north-

occupies

Archipelago,
longitude.

of

and

tainous,
moun-

portions

and

there

grounds.

grazing

has
for

has

of

of

number

parts

long

its

been

horses

in

the

head
of

Luzon

and

hogs.
since

almost

suffered

rinderpest.
of

course

of

famous

like

Archipelago,
of

cane
sugar-

largely

Masbate,

visitation

ship

chocolate,

increased

but

the

thousand
other

the

broken

cotton,

are

and

recent

will

the

island

axis

watered

occupation,

other

form

southeast

island

industry

American

the

harbors

the

size.

products

hemp.

from

twelve

considerable

staple
and

good

by

BATE.

of

very

and

well-

several

of

streams

i3

west

and

are

of

east

ing
dur-

it.

The

center

Masbate

extensive

There

miles

of

islands,

Visayas.

let
ham-

that

ravaged

MAS

latitudinal

eighty

fact

beginning

dependent
the

the

was

GKOUP

AN

of

province
position

AY

fertile

little

depopulated

almost

VIS

with

Masbate,

are

or

highly

for

to

island

the

at

of

save

due

is

the

who

pirates,

The

Manguianes,

stretches

This

generations

THE

and

of

unoccupied

are

century

tribe

extensive

that

many
iloro

wild

mountaineers."

"savage

coast

the

by

cattle
and

to

year

Manila,
Negros

verely
se-

mally
Nor-

from
sides
be-

with

"

52

PHILIPPINES.

THE

of sugar

manufacture
of

Numbers
the

An

carabao.

numerous

by-prod

the

the

and

island,

and

sacks

inhabitants
of

nets

weaving;

important
palm

llio forests,

fine

is

gold

in

lignite

washed

the

export.

collecting
and

fishing, hunting,

in

of

quality

for

mats

engaged

are

is

industry

from

found

is

the

upon

sands

of

the

rivers.

the

Samar,
in

size

off
of

the

of

of

area

chief

which

from

is

reefs, making
eastern

side.

length,

but

are

Samar

they

native

boats.

improvements,
from
to

the

east

Samar

favorable
of

rice,
to

be

and

rich

to

copra
in

coal

is

with

limited

present
to

of

and

climatic

the

production
The

very

the

cross

the

west

and

other

upon

conditions
of

output

large.

to

railway

directly opposite,

Arehipeiago.

the

is

midway

almost

the

upon

beset

constructed

about

and

islets

and

the

coast

considerable

navigation

be

Physical

coast.

crops

sugar,

said

Julian,

San

Strait

The

of

shallow

with

will

Paranas,

are

staple

that

so

line

the

irregular

with

rivers

very

connection

In

miles

very

fringed

several

all

are

is

an

ten

difficult,especially

has

obstructions,

coast,

and

by

elevations.

great

no

has

having

about

separated

island

approach

rocky

island

it is

broken

extremely

Archipelago,
lies

third

is the

Group,

It

The

there

but

the

miles.

Bernardino.

surface,

Visayan

of

square

Sorsogon,

line

the

islands

5,000

San

of

The

minerals,

all
of

in

the

hemp,

island
but

is
the

"

THE

54

and

breadth

there

is

but

hilly,

undulating,

seldom

feet.

outline

but

The.
the

approach

harbor
in

of

soil

hut

is

careful

by

the

are

north
a

Bohol

coasts

reefs.

The

population

of

is

of

five

native

for

favorable

cult
diffi-

without

or

large

or

simple,

is

four

the

thousand

rendered

island

its

rivers
cargo

industry.

agriculture,

to

produce

is

mechanical

from

of

level,

one

are

by

chief

textiles

land

are

unusually

vegetable

The

tillage.

weaving

of

the

notable

particularly

not

half

are

navigable
is

southern

is

There

are

Nowhere

height

eastern

large quantity

the

of

by

that
The

The

The

consequence.

Bohol

boats.

in

and

miles.

forty

reaching

northern

of

about

elevations.

great

any

island

of

PHILIPPINES.

raised

industries

and

cotton

pineapple

fibre.

Cebu

occupies

members

of

strip

land,

Central
(he

Whilst
in

and

and

mountains

island

and

bisects

of

forms
the

half

hundred

of

this

serious

coasts.

dozen

Cebu

has

easy
no

runs

it

feet,
obstacle

Its entire
cross

forty

in

attains

thousand

It

is

miles

the

length,

Cordillera

length

equal
altitude

it is difficult
to

narrow

entire

almost
an

ern
south-

in

The

Ncgros.

nowhere

range
two

Islands.

Visayan

Bohol

the

position amongst

range

excess

and

the

one

between

lying

of

of

central

of

communication

length only

affords

parts.
much

passage
tween
be-

about

routes.

navigable

rivers.

Its

appropriation

"

"

This

is

The

Visayo.
of

the

same

family

the

type
class.

differs

The

""i

an

very

picture

wlncatal

little

alM-ils

wealthy

and

from

oxelleut

the

Tag.rl
Uhi?:-

"

"

NEGROS.

in

the

railroad

new

from

north
east

coast,

same

coast.

line
the

and

west

Dumanjug

mile,

Cebu

the

and

has

the

hemp,

raises

salt, pottery,

sacks,

Negroa,

of

and

one

island

encircled

by
well

Sibonga,

to

between

coast

deal

and

is

resembles

end

to

end.

broad

adapted

belt
to

in

coast

sugar

islands.

for

local
sugar,

fabrics.

between
Samar

as

Leyte.

is

of

large quantities

several

height,

Negros
of

the

are

embracing
feet

sixty-

Manila

to

large

as

the

port

situated

is

nearly

range,

of

manufactures

Visayas,

It

in

of

and

in

fibre

square

other

rice, mainly

various

the

the

to

is, next

copra

of

Archipelago,

city
It

and

adjacent

average

The

sugar,

thousand

small

any

an

harbor.

somewhat

six

from

have

principal

mountain

exceeding

the

ia, 337
by

mile.

Panay.
form

in

on

the

in

that

which

great

The

and

Argao

or

largest municipality

consumption.

Cebu

the

constructed

few

populous

square

exports
and

on

the

along

embraces

excellent

an

Iloilo,

Cebu

thence

ning
run-

Danao

be

may

unappvoached

Islands,

to

seven

to

Carear,

inhabitants:

density

Philippine

from

most

600,000
a

to

Cebu

there

which

the

is

Cebu

of

line

Barili.

province,

having

from

and

and

islands,

south

island

coast,

The

city

addition

the

across

contemplates

system
the

In

55

peaks
the

traverses

almost

land,

tinuous
con-

which

raising.

This

entirely
is
is

ticularly
parthe

"

PHILIPPINES,

THE

56

principal
has

been

fisheries

industries

Xcijri)?

to

'.

railroad

the

will

only

the

of

process

and
tion.
extrac-

element

from

and

harhors,

the

in

drawing
from

of

of

water

The

Escalante,
the

westerly, following

coast,

its

Pasig

mouths.

their

harbor

the

the

feet

ten

of

most

but

lorchas,

by

miles

ten

run

northeast

good

vessels

of

distance

Steam

years.

important

an

of

deficient

admit

Danao

in

It

Philippines.

island.

navigable

are

arid

the

of

are

tlie

forty

is used

machinery

The

for

here

on

in

industry

that

carried

hydraulic

rivers

of

seat

on

line

coast

Ilimamailan.

to

the

Panay,

with
[i*

its

of

shape

the

along

entire

in

terminating
of

spur

of

rivers

the

lightest

the

but, owing

island
There

coastwise
to

which

the

it

is

of

mountains

from

will
are,
between

nm)
far

not

short
runs

about

the

island,

The
of

its

point

traverses

reaches

numerous

direction.

1 iiulv

corner.

large
by

craft.

running

and,

northeast

the

intersected

the

range

coast

contains

Panay

land,

roads

out

area

west

throws

midway,

half

Samar.

and

Ncgros

In

miles.

seventy-five

triangle

westerly

biniJr.

mil

the

isosceles

south

uiv

of

rough

in

pointing

apex

I-ii^rhs
"-|iiilni"r."l

base
of

the

has

group,

island

westernmost

level

streams.

accommodate

however,
important

difficulty of crossing

eastern

and

tile
fer-

None

of
but

any

fine

many

trade
the

ters,
cen-

moun-

"

58

PHILIPPINES.

THE

in

the

northeasterly
of

towns

but

has

known

exist.

Fine

tonalite, are
been

and

five

southwest
It

miles.
It

tribes.

has

of

worthy

town

of

mainly

The

use.

land

and
in

island

good

be

in

eral
sev-

variety
and

gypsum

and

are

natural

marl
are

gas

UA.

275

The

fair

grazing

twenty-

of

and

the

lumber

to

consist

cloth

for
of

The

grounds.

wild

hardly

industries

proportion

woods,

favorable

of

and

weaving
a

west
north-

entirely by

consequence

and

miles

width

maximum

of

valuable

very

coal

beautiful

almost

contains

sources,
re-

copper,

of

of

name.

stock-raising

would

improved

and

stretcher

trade
the

some

abound

It AG

inhabited

no

and

petroleum

with
is

to

mineral

great

Veins

Palawan,

or

forking

scientifically worked.

marbles,

PA

Paragua,

and

indications

are

quarried.

located,

and

been

not

There

localities.

have

exceptionally

quicksilver, gold, iron,

of

of

Iloilo

Bataan.

have

they

Deposits
to

and

Capiz

island

The

from

direction

local

fertile

forests

physical

ditions
con-

operations

by

methods.

MINDANAO.

Mindanao
a

approximates

to

greatly differing shape.

the

island

of mountains

is very

irregular

skirts

the

whole

Luzon

in

size, but

The

surface

and

diversified.
of

the

east

with
of

formation
A
coast.

range
Min-

"

MINDANAO.

like

danao,
of

the

supplies

draft

six-foot
of

much

go

some

the

as

natives

which

is

above

volcanoes

rise

feet

breadth

the

from

by

its

dividing

two

broken,
The

of

length
part

of

valley,
Bay

the

the
to

of

as

it

Illana,
It
Lake

de

Mindanao
It

gives

distant
is

after
its

three

its

the

almost

is

in

hundred

distance

has

bounded

the

of

passes.
river

the

into
from

steamers

about

in

northern

through

miles
small

quently
fre-

are

easy

the

and

center

discharges

for

rounded
sur-

Agusan

first

passing

name,

navigable

Liguasan,

rises

sand
thou-

two

traversing

and

is

sand
thou-

one

ranges

low

many

and

island,

These

south

extinct

and

ranges

through

Archipelago.

which

headwaters.

far

presenting

Grande

Rio

of

is

the

of

fifty miles,

plains.

great

the

to

lake

valley

island

the

of

detached

succession

surface

Several

The
to

in

On

one

to

Agusan

nearly

The

strong

utility

the

from

native

several

plateau

plateau.

forty

of

length

lake.

mountains.

west

entire

to

light

level.

sea

heights varying

to

of

the

the

above

by

above

abruptly

rises

feet

on

feet

distance

The

Lanao,

Lake

to

great

traffic.

240

with

has
of

are

of

drains

2,200

its shore

channels

course

upper

which

of

Vessels

and

river

receives

course

Agusan

outlet,

The

of

.Bay.

its

farther.

tributaries,

its

from

river

o\'cr

the

mountain

eastern

Agusan

Lutuan

navigate

may

the

northward
in

miles

twenty

craft

mouth

of

great

That,

large valleys.

two

west

the

it Hows

as

its

to

the

to

which

from

miles

contains

lies

Agusan

range,
its

Luzon,

59

the
its
as

thirty

"

60

THE

and

miles,
of

for

rocks

with

which

development
of

prove

of

is

including

like

has

Zamboanga

along

stands

Apo

the

or

Samal,

on

distinctly

wide

from

which

burst

white

sulphurous
when,
shining,

are

vapors

white,
summit
to

at

be

and

fine
of

the

active,

in

10,311

feet

above

the

volcano

small

This
the

volcano.

is

sulphur

the

no

and
whole

record

of

tached
de-

Davao

the

pelago.
Archithe

level

Davao,
be

may

of

cones

seen

sulphur,
of

eruptions
magnificent
mantle

appears

Though
is

there

of

Davao.

from

intermittent

then

covers

there

of

of

peak

growing

cloud

far

in

Gulf

highest

vapors.

sometimes

though
Al-

shores

port

forth

there

indented

penetrating

the

to

with

sunrise,

products,

continued

morning,

space

of

Islands.

the

at

cloudless

forest

southern
is

west

rises

may

course

intricately

and

the

"Looking

the

in

the

coast

the

summit

sea.

for

bays,

hugs

to

the

harbors.

good

volcano,

Its
of

miles

With

undertaking

rich

large

the

sive
exten-

more

Philippine

peninsula,

spurs

thirty

the

mountains

much

an

is not

of

the

percha.

gutta

few

are

About

such

feet

blasting

commerce.

region

several

of

to

half

By

advantage,

most

there

beset,

Mindanao

of

range

is

island

and

higher.

"

freed

anil

of

it

the

the

rubber

those

be

through

coast

inland,

bed

economic

stream

The

miles

its

would

three

drawing

fifteen

channel

the

boats

for

water

PHILIPPINES.

and

Apo
of

cones

sudden

growing
spot,

tacle
spec-

its

of

until

the

even

the

and
is

jet

well

known

eruptions.

"

MINDANAO.

The

volcano-seismic

Apo

active
felt

of

the

the

precedes
With

the
is

which

towns

banks

the

of

considerable

and

about

it is

settled

most

shocks

are

sound

of

about

that

and

the

the

the

areas

mile.
and

coast,

inland

is terra

extensive

million,

square

great

Mindanao

principal

half

upon

rivers
of

portion

all

to

danao
Min-

Paragua,

of

situated

larger

believed

the

rumbling

and

fourteen

mainly

are

often

population

gives only

The
the

has

seismic

Mhnloro

sparsely

most

small

; very

of

exception

It

of

one

shocks."

stronger

the

islands.

daily

not

is

center

Archipelago

if

weekly

61

lakes.

incognita,
practically

are

uninhabited.

Development
of

the

wealthiest

is

reason

to

gold
in

and

the

any

the

islands

believe

other

other

need

island

in

extensively,

but

value
fifth

is

hemp,

amongst

mechanical

great
the

in
the

Except
the

the

various

hemp

limited

industries

arc

stock

of

chief

which

the

sections

way,
not

vegetable
those

spices

Live

quantities.

of

its

abound

Mindanao

producing

for

of

deposits

exceed

to

one

There

forests

and

Philippines.

output

rich
Its

production

the

in

it contains

of

into

Archipelago.

exploitation

in

and

the

hardwoods,

peculiar advantage

varieties

Mindanao

minerals.

desirable

only

of

that

valuable

most

products

transform

might

of
has

of

several

is raised

commercial
island
of

local

prosecuted

ranks

the

pelago.
Archi-

purposes,
in

danao.
Min-

"

62

PHILIPPINES.

THE

SULU.

Sulu,

Jolo,

or

that

name.

Sulu

has

It

is

the

lies

to

incommensurate

and

the

forest

and

is

of

chief

islands

has

miles.

The

Sulu

these

that
limits.

The

They

islands

After

are

the

had

lay

been
six

no

domestic
islands

centuries

these

Malayan

pirates.

forms

treaty

choice

pearls

it

by

less

industries

have

been

the

to

twelve

other

character.

of

the

of

the

boundary
convention

Spain.
hundred.
than

During
a

232

discovered

special

than

square

cession
was

gratuity

fifty

is

part

of

beyond

miles

358

Tawi,

Tawi

made

extra

an

with

simplest

gin
vir-

and

only

group

the

number

Moros,

of

acquired
of

inhabitants

of

hundred

island,
The

were

payment

gaged
en-

commercial

oyster

are

fertile

of

extent

shipment

one

area

extent.

Islands

They

the

and

than

more

Archipelago.

Philippine

the

it

are

of

trees

and

TAWI.

principal
in

The

highly

large

exports

aggregate

an

miles

square

of

of

is

quite

area.

inhabitants

of
in

TAWI

group

Mindanao.

shell.

mother-of-pearl

This

is

trade
the

but

woods,

the

mainly

some

of

group

beautiful,

soil

There

composed

There

cabinet

The

agriculture.

in

of

extremely

proportion

greater

the

insignificant

climate.

splendid

value.

is

of

political importance

its

island

the

island
southwest

and

with

of

has

the

commercial

scenery

chief

favorite

those
many

resort

of

"

The

fauna

of

that
shows

Java

found

of

have

in

the

and

only

neighboring
differences

many

the

there

the

which
but

ANIMAL

The
and

the

large
the

mammals.

in

also

possess

found

the

to

habitat

cat, but

286
in

proximity
*

The
Cochin

Maretie,

any
to

Tra'juhix

in

species
other
Bohol

is
of

birds,

on

Vide,

In

side

one

It
Lucon

is

of

51

et

to

than

not

are

despite

Negros
in

are

Luzon

which

found

be

Balabac

doe.*

Palaouak,

to

to

they

of

Cebu,

and

also

not

larger

only

divisions

although

like

are

Paragua

are

little

exactly

of

peculiar
in

island

animal

island.

Ranchil.

China.

Paris,

curious

form

fauna

two

which

The

species.

of

which

contains

known

Borneon

is

These

Philippines,

only

found

only

birds

state,

There
are

known

of
the

bats.

the

the

timarau

Islands.

in

of

which

The

number

elsewhere

similar
is

of

are

remarkable.

are

Calamianes

are

wild

buffalo,

animals

Porcupines

the

in

distribution

localities.

Mindoro.

deer,

Rodents

remain

very

of

species

restricted

and

is

sentatives
repre-

of

varieties

thirty

which

The

Archipelago

tribe.

antelope

or

three

species

six

be

to

are

LIFE.

of

timarau,

numerous

in

few

carabao,

Borneo

than
but

sembling
re-

islands,

them.

have

least

general

Malayan

species

monkey
at

are

in

from

more

carnivora,

of

two

but

scarce,

the

Philippines,

of

whilst

Philippines,

marked

some

and

the

Malacca
par

on

its
the

and
Alfred

1887.

"

THE

64

there

other,

nine

arc

game

exist

in

birds

as

the

which

makes

home

regarded

with

natives.

Pythons

and

said

are

Whilst

them

The
of

factor

In

of

The

like

of

the

the

in

found
of

lizard

insect

localities
feet.

insects,

life

the

marshy

the

pest

is not

of

some

abundant
few

house

lands,

coast

in

become

they

the

by

many

of

is

and

favor

forty

variety

connection

forests

of

the

quitoes
mos-

most

with

of

as

to

discourage

the

natives.

of

he

are

of

incalculable

the

Borneo,

these

of

the

described
and

commerce

if

important

features

will

Archipelago

abundance
an

those

principal

regulations,

conservative

of

aspects

product

their

form

resemble

The

Java.

harbor

which

economy

flora

the

in

stringent

and

houses

comparatively

species,

commercial

and

of

Archipelago

domestic

general

their

quail.

and

numerous

are

walls

length

are

such

countries.

various

in

be

include

superstitious

great

nothing

and
m

to

about

except

waters

fish

are

There

Indian

East

of

land

small, chirping

the

beautiful,

exceedingly

are

is

sort

are

numerically.

lizards

in

attain

to

there

flies, and,

and
There

its

These

where.
else-

of

species

snipe, plover,

geese,

srmkes,

found

not

hundred

three-

distributed.

widely

birds

Philippines.

duck,

Crocodiles,

of

species

of

Upwards
birds

PHILIPPINES.

investment

flora
where
else-

agriculture.
enormous

tent
ex-

value.
are

matra,
Su-

not

Under
made

of

so

capital

"

66

PHILIPPINES.

THE

for

pines,
this

plant

The

despite

several

has

been

in

raised.

It

Cuban

district

which

is

believed

the

perhaps,

etc.,

the

Philippine

of

output
of

shipped

annually,

most

000,000

cigars.
East

Sugar

is

and

for

in

is

vegetable
which
one

demand

present

the

in

methods.

Abajo

district
of

and

of

leaf

are

100,-

over

China,

Japan,

dried

be
few

in

the

ion,
fash-

the

export
The

year.

trade

and

from

it.

the

island

equal

Ne-

is extracted

sibilities
pos-

under

other

Probably
the

more

greater

which

enjoy

is carried

the
on

countries,
there

is

the

no

of

It

profit.

entire
in

shipped

cultivation

with

to

is

coeoanut,

France

products

of

great.

of

developed

industry

island

product

this

larly
particu-

haphazard

pounds

very

kernel

expressed

the

very

the

of

arc

to

but

.Nevertheless,

extension

an

of

200,000,000

constantly
the

would

excepting,

to

and

Luzon,

part

product

might
of

of

quantities

oil

of

leaf

provinces,

many

greater

the

largo

where

in

conditions

Copra,

with

world,

Spain,

chiefly

is

methods

pounds

it to

go

raised

about,

favorable

of

is

cane

crudest

averages

Vuelta

20,000,000

produced

the

the

by

the

leaf

Indies.

The

gros.

the

These

Pampanga,

in

in

any

the

familiar

improved

with

of

of

variety

with

Upwards

the

valley

that

Cuba.

and

the

regions,
elsewhere.

grown

by connoisseurs,

curing,

favorably

compare

different

is

excellent

an

product,

cultivation,

in

successfully

tobacco

main

Cagayan,

the

not

efforts

is

commercial

supply.
most

At

waste-

"

VEGETABLE

ful

and

unintelligent
the

to

to

accrue

be

retained
is

Mindanao.

time

in
and

The

with

the

the

annual
but

pounds,
owing

the

to

manufacturer

the

allowed

are

which

of

should

of

Mocha

recent

destruction

of

the

in

ably
favor-

Java.

about

of

parts

compares

to

it has

years

and

and

amounted

La-

Batangas,

Luzon,
article!

Philippine

crop

of

provinces

Cavite,

products

in

profits

cultivator.

grown

Tayabas,

67

and

manner

foreign
the

by

Coffee
guna,

PRODUCTS.

At

one

14,000,000

greatly diminished,
plants by

parasitic

insect.

Palay,

rice,

or

of

most

of

the

provinces

food

of

the

natives,

greatly
islands.

in

The

economic
in

devote

their

the

has

more

staple.
of

article
The

should

There

was

from

export

other

and

of

garden

In

mace

field for

in

for

as

the

prodtiction

cannot

less

be
and

when

the

unfavorable

an

inhabitants

Still, it

time

tity
quan-

the

to

districts,

energies

import

chief

produced

many

in

can

denied

raise
rice

of
that

of

more

was

great

products

sesame,

of

note

peanuts,

are

and

chocolate,
ties
varie-

many

vegetables.

Mindanao

cloves,

large

In

is the

consume

necessarily

not

raised

Manila,

vegetable

wheat, indigo,

corn,

It

is

provinces,

crop.

Philippines

islands.

what

be

may

annually
of

hemp

land

quality

the

who

excess

fact

valuable

this

of

significance.

instance

the

good

and
and
the

other

Paragua
spices

extension

of

cinnamon,
grow,

their

and

nutmegs,
there

is

cultivation.

"

THE

The

is believed
with

that

be

can

the

camphor

localities, and
be

might

tree

almost

kind

one

been

sound

the

is probable

every

province,
Mining

it

introduced

increased

and

be

soon

available

of

resources

the

has

have

belief

yield

never

terion
cri-

There

industry.

the

will

deposits

satisfactory

that

is

with

the

facilities

development

islands

island,

rich

transportation
the

wealth

each

operations

that

for

however,

working

of

mineral
that

afford

to

profitability

ground,

the

It

another.

or

about

sufficiently extensive
of

will

doubt

no

Philippines.

indeed

and
of

the

certain

in

success.

There
of

thrives

plant

tea

PHILIPPINES.

of

the

large

that

mineral

returns

to

investors.
Coal

in

underlies

been

great

worked

from
with

tradition

primitive
islands,
into

and

Gold

provinces.

and

in

traders,

for

mountain

veins

Rich
worked

to

Iron

natives

valuable

of

copper

very

and

worked
other
metals

the

it

isted
ex-

been

covered
dis-

and

extent
on

several

in

known

had

metal

crude

implements.
are

changed
ex-

Chinese

have

limited

been

doubtless

precious

is abundant

have

ploughshares
other

the

uted
distrib-

it has

was

of

having

is

sections

some

the

earliest

worthless.

to

islands, deposits

It

fashion.
and

excellent

times.

Luzon.
and

the

many

area

from

prehistoric

that

in

silver

in

large

of

part

discovered
over

quality,

varying

to

in
of

the

ner
man-

Lead,
exist

in

"

various

localities, but

widely-distribuled
of

exploration

the

mineral

the

scientific

is

resources

only

just
,

beginning

under

Geological

Survey

the

the

Philippine

of

direction

and

that

of

the

the

United

Mining

States
Bureau

of

government.

CLIMATE.

The

entire

Torrid

Philippine

Zone.

Its

but

tropical,
the

statement

are

there

there

but

in

western

in

Luzon,

Mindoro

east

The

to

is

it is

of

the

and

to

28.5

C.

which

the

last

length

only

the

ous
vari-

the

clitinctly
dis-

are

and

Such

Mindanao,

on

is

the

Panay,

and

three"

and

extends

similarly

and

the

monthly

mean

(3)

July,

between

an

the

between

May,

is

C.

and

three
and

monthly
C.

25

June,

the

ranging

August,

intermediate
26.5

into

January,

temperate,

April,

year,

Not

interior

islands.

in

which

to

coasts

the

divided

December,

dry

March,

in

Leyte,

greatest

oscillating
(2)

eastern

same

popularly

November,

when

the

general

class

larger

the

west.

year

(1)

the

those

Samar,

whose

the

in

amongst

the

particularly

islands

from

island

of

of

of

more

"

other

those

from

coasts

of

differences

conditions

different

is

strictly applied.

great: climatic

matological

ease

be

within

therefore

portions

cannot

islands,

the

climate
are

lies

Archipelago

27.5

February,

C.

20.5

hottest

from

the

perature
tem-

mean

and

September,
period,

seasons:

period
27.5

and

mean

C.

ber,
Octo-

tuating
fluc-

C.

THE

70

The

climate

is

human

hundred
is about
about,

81"
six

greater

of

Pacific,
In

months

the

of

the

The

year.

order

March,

littoral, where

during

June,

of

April,

and

and

the

which

necessarily

valley

of

the

as

the

the

of

of

Bulacan
bos

the

the

with

of

the

exception

Island

Second.
That

the

of

the

Zamhales,
province

is

is

the
the

on

experienced

The

coast

entire

the

of

western

the

part
and

Pampanga
and

Tayabas

south

Pangitsimm

soiitheastern

Sorsogon

great

far

as

of

of

localities

altitude:

unusual

lowlands

of

of

notice

and

the

supports

Am-

peninsula,
northern

part

Panay.

Regions

portion
upon

of

except

plains

coast

the

during

west

the

northern

Camarines;

is

by

Tarlac

of
the

Ecija;

period

temperature.

the

Manila;

portion

Nueva

high

Cagayan

Bay

eastern

affected

of

Regions

seasons

Archipelago

classification, omitting

First.

dry

heat

the

washed

and

greatest

for

in

April

of

May,

following
arc

lasts

season

August.

of

map

Luzon

eoasts

wet

hottest

in

the

on

the

two

average

middle

the

the

July,

thermal

rainy

the

ing
enervat-

heat

mean

The

general

but

an

of

deal

great

on

islands, hut

the

Pacific

The

rains

k'gniriing

months,

reversed.

It

Fahrenheit.

part

the

by

in

is

ture
tempera-

vegetable life,

to

beings.

days

with

snmmer,

There

little.

stimulating

humidity,
to

perpetual

but

varying

PHILIPPINES.

of

of

intermediate

province
and

of

Bataan

Rizal

; the

tempera

Pampanga
;

the

that

uplands

northern

him.

and

of

ders
bor-

can
Bula-

eastern

"

CLIMATE.

sections

of

the

west

the

island

coasts

Third.

of

the

of

the

of

and
of

the

of

Visayas

Mindanao;

the

and

peninsula

of

vicinage
and

Sorsogon
(Samar,

entire

the

Lcyte
of
Sulu

Bohol;

Zamboanga.
The

temperature.

peninsula
the

its eastern

Nc-gros, I'nnay,

mild

province

eastern

of

Hamar,

Celm,

islands);
coast

Manila,

Regions

of

coast

Bataan

71

greater
and

Siirigao

the
;

the

east

part
jacent
adeast

Archipelago,

"

"

"

INHABITANTS.

THE

Characteristics"

Negrito

the

of

gaspi's

The

Philippines
the

of

Opinion

"

Effort

Filipino"
The

Non-Christian

Home

sion
Inva-

Malay

"

Occupation

Modem

Le"

lleeonclie

Estimates

the

of

Differences
The

Malays"

o(

Opinion

The

Mortis

Growth

"

Population.

The

of

the

designations,
to

Barrows

the

"The

but

were

than
in

type

the

Islands

they

were

of
mainland

Malay

from

the

habitat,

theory
but

the

surmise.

and

almost

there

that

as

isolated

no

the

to

New

is

The

and

Islands

resemblance

Guinea

to-day

are

as

inference

the

their
data

completely
they

were

pines."
Philiphas

Papuans
was

cupation
oc-

adjacent

the

to

substantial

Negritos

Andaman

continuous

even

Archipelago
Andaman

the

Their

perhaps

in

little

same

the

to

that

ous,
numer-

the

on

leads

Ocean

once

the

and

more

the

is

people
know

not

of

occurrence

Indian

Doctor

we

if

the

over

little

times

Peninsula

local

30,000.

these

distributed,
the

Malay
the

in

that

and

about

historic

in

widely

now,

scattered

of

origin

even

more

of

Negritos,

various

under

widely

number

the

are

who,

found

says:

unsolved,

islands

mountains,

are

Archipelago

these

of

aborigines

Aetas,

they

Early

Natives

to

"

or

at

Malay

"

An

of

Malays

to

gested
sug-

original
support
savage,
centuries

ago.
(75)

THE

76

They

much

are

descent,

and

exhibit

the

same

are

pygmies

but

of

many

the

and

Their

few

in

although

with

the

live

in

and

such

achievement

consists

easting seed,

without

Their

ground.

kind

infrequently

Not

off

carry
The

the

most,

round
weapons

the

of
of
of

the

of

taking

string
and

the

Negritos

but

the

is restricted

to

reaching
are

the

for

matted

into

and

clear

the

to

bamboo

shelter

plains

and

neighbors.
irreducible

an

consists,

loose
the

dencies.
ten-

leaves.

women

by

nomadic

civilized

of

and

characterized

more

beads

waist

earth
to

and

raids

that

of

the

their

cane

raised

be

agricultural

houses,

of

their

covering;
a

with

build

men

is

failed,
cated.
domesti-

may

trouble

life

make

of

as

izing
civil-

subsisting

utmost

the

of

not

have

been

scratching

in

they

cattle

costume

minimum

Their

have

at

attempts

communities,

lean-to, made

of

is low.

apparently

have

they

consistent

do

They
use

and

vegetables

manner

methods

makeshift

being

unmuscuhir,

individually,

small

effort.

least

They

All

or

instances

fish, roots,

have

men

and

courage

few

They
on

in

collectively

them,

their

intelligence

characteristics.

attractive

but

CHARACTERISTICS.

deficient

are

of

do

They

hair.

"kinky"

with

ill-formed

agile.

Malayan

formation,

height

"

of

black.

quite

are

average

NEGRITO

They

natives

the

cranial

inches

fifty-six

at

them

features,

of

"

supple

than

Negroid

cast

about

darker

the

not

PHILIPPINES.

cloth

knees.
spear,

tied
The

club,

"

NEGRITO

and

like

religion,
forests
who

active

an

and

age
is

deity.

into

the

Malay

vassalage
that

of

the

arrival

aboriginal

of

Their

Negritos

their

in

There
of

Malaya

in

Luzon

lying
live

him

earliest
sion
posses-

their

bers
num-

resistance,

lived

late

period

at

Luzon

hill-

as

there

paying

in

were

as

munities
com-

tribute

to

the

inhabitants.

mixture

resulted

Negrito

undivided

Spaniards,

in

old

forced

until

for

their

for

The

in

and,

the

Tagalogs

Pure-blooded
but

has

newcomers,

Negritos

is

The

mountains.

enough

excite

as

inclination,

him

The

the

death.

and

men,

respect

civilization
the

of

in

spirits,

moon

great

natural

found

great

of

who

of

land.

to

The

for

of

fastnesses

became

have

by

nor

advance

the

affairs

live

in

phenomena

reverence

immigrants
of

natural

They

awesome

The

the

who

belief

in

Their

arrows.

people

apprehension.

originally,

man.

primitive
includes

such

or

an

not

all

interest

of

wonder

principal

of

77

poisoned

mountains,

adoration

their

sometimes

that

and
take

the

with

bow,

CHARACTERISTICS.

number
with

several

are

and
are

ea9t

in

slightlyremoved

is

the

advance

an

still

believed

Malayan
in

hybrid

of
the

Dumagas.
the

vicinity
from

the

be

and

from

occupy

Madre.
of

The

Christian

savage

generally

physical

notable

most

tions,
sec-

decreasing.

has

sprung

They

Sierra

different

natives

races

The

in
to

mental

Negritos.
the

exist

opment.
devel-

union

of
the

these
try
coun-

Dumagas
villages

are

state.

"

THE

78

The

Mangyans,
(he

nearly
of

Paragua.

interior

They
and

with

the

considerable

P.

David

of

exception

derived

are

have,"

he

all

to

in

from
"in

the

the

and

first

the

Tgorot,

Luzon,

and

Christian,

period

of

Far

*The

ines.
aborig-

much

pressed
im-

devotes

of
or

this

later
all

of

of

the

Philippines
that,
tribes

"We

two

all
of

movement

As

any

tribes.

of

of

covered
and

named

Northern

the

The

related

tative
represenbe

may

exploration

but

ing
belong-

closely

mind.

is almost

resent
rep-

immigration,

are

almost

pagan,

which

languages

speak

the

probably

types,

of

with

of

or

head-hunters

latter

type

the

race.

qualities

Muhammadan
latter

the

believes

wave

migratory

the

of

Muhammadan,

tribes,

mountain

accounts

the

the

description

all

stock, and

physical type

the

made

been

to

Malayan

south,

common

of

of

have

Mangyans,

Negritos,

these

and

from
one

tered
bar-

Tribes,

the

earlier

came

is

Chief

Christian,

says,

an

which

have

book

Barrows,

the

whether

islands,

his

non-Christian

of

of

etc.*

customs,

Bureau

the

of

the

parts

form

state

to

of

morality

and

people

the

occupy

primitive

These

appears

portion

Island

produce,

forest

from

who

the

by

in

engage

advance

race,

Miudoro

Christians.

Worcester,

Doctor

of

collect

considerable

their

Negrito-Visayan

entire

agriculture

PHILIPPINES.

present

migratory

by

the

torical
hisof

settlement

East."

Philippine

Islands.

Dean

C.

Worcester.

New

York

"

"

This

structure

with

stately
in

Philippine

cruciform

Manila,

building
fn

the

"

"

poney

ami

i*

thr

forejrromirl
native

beautiful

mo*t

is

naromata,

haekman.

"

"

THE

The

call

the

by

Malay
of

people

brown
bones.
and

They

Archipelago

Mongolian

origin,

the

subjugated

in

in

the

them

ruins

of

the

Later,
following
wherever

temples

Arabs

their

and

seaboard,

Islam.

Brahmanism,

island

trade

in

the

upon

to-day
origin,
Malays
to

in
and
owe

the

Sometime

the

Before

the

proportion
is

every

considerable

Hindu
about

the

of

advance

thia

day

region and,

of

proselyting

numbers

of

of

the

along

the

the

Hindu

people

is

words

peans,
Euro-

supplanted

the

to

reason

of

this

completely

of

lished
estab-

Java.

dwellers

of

dus,
Hin-

present
of

advent

influence

language

there

the
had

great

large

the

and

the

at

custom

guese
Portu-

Traces

upon

converted

the

islands

the

to

the

by

found

particularly

but

of

be

Muhammadanism

trade,

some

invaded

the

invariable

inhabitants,

had

facial

prominent

religion.

began

they went,

to

of

to

of

stature,

arrival

been

some

are

selves
them-

HOME.

the

Brahmin

occupation

the

AT

had

ited
inhab-

seafaring.

to

before

years

and

territory

styled

of

agriculture,

MALAYS

Archipelago

who

Hindu

in

tendency

thousand

hair

the

who

short

were

black

THE

by

all

first, o"

were

and

engaged

displayed

who

Peninsula

with

color,

70

found

Asia

They

Malayu.

HOME.

sea,

reach

to

men,

AT

adventurers,

Portuguese

white
we

MALAYS

of

pation
occu-

traceable

Sanskrit

believe

that

toward

tion
civiliza-

the

invasion.
the

end

of

the

thirteenth,

or

the

"

PHILIPPINES

THE

80

of

beginning
dan

I ho

fourteenth,

Folk,"

"Sea

Archipelago
northwest

of

of

tribes

advanced

Manila

in

low

of

state

(Sea

and

Archipelago
the

pled
peo-

Salat

Orang

and

the

thence

shore

around

Bay.

The

INVASION

OF

the

These

of

occupied
than

and

painted

tattooed
the

of

I heir

Malay
in

bodies

haps
per-

ot

of

scale

ture
cul-

They

lived

were

immigration.
the

and

the

own.

kinsmen.

They

trees.

their

earlier,

an

grade

of

speaking

as

Muhammadan

their

in

houses

root

islands,

race

and

of

lower

the

upon

another

same

tide

one,

much

did

the

descendants

than

more

found

themselves

as

had

the

were

They

type

which

language

PHILIPPINES.

aborigines,

Negrito

physical

same

THE

invaders

Muhammadan

besides

in

like
nest-

and

pagans

ate

meat.

the

At

of

origin
Visayas

still
the

and

some

were

their

very

the

sixteenth

century

element

numerous

Philippines.

probably

hammadans
of

of

beginning

were

tide

in

the

Sulu

Malay

already

was

origin

Mindoro,

to

MAI-AY

dog

the

the

settlement

Borneo

Muhamnia-

of

which

Malayan

to

Mindanao,

to

made

Borneo,

From

development.
Folk)

inhabitants

called,

were

section

by

the

as

these

century

The

wild

predominated

tribes
over

of

the

southern

as

yet

numerically

immigration

had

in
of

the

set

lation
popu-

in
The

weak,
in

gritos
Ne-

Malayan

them

islands.

fairly

the

but

and

the
Muthe

they

"

this

from

began

expedition

of

diary
which

of

several

of

Luzon,

but

found

were

with

stave

off

the

far
The

slaves.

Lozon,

every

year

for

probably
*

the

from

junks

meant

f Some

of

ttie

for

which

ground,

that

belief,

colony

trading

the

sake
of

country
of

alrededor

is

the

del

the

one

sels
Vesand

for

gold

had

departed
told

were

with

the

islands

for

says

Pigafetta,

"is

great,

very

of

been

and

arrival

to

six

traffic

Lechios,"

provinces
Mundo.

by

of

to

which

or

eight

which

China.f

he
At

translation,

Spanish

1399.

Madrid,

sood

their

which

junk

northeast,"

one

Yiaje

Primer

that

been

the

of

heard

their

centers.

there

came

they

food

have

to

parts

of

south

enough

secure

important

before

had

"To

island

go

just

Chinese

centuries.
the

voyagers

Siam

to

the

that

foreign

visited

provisions they

for

seems

and

populous

from

to

Cebu

starvation.

most

thence

able

difficulty

tants
inhabi-

the

despite

and

from

Everywhere

there.

exchange

in

merchandise

of

in

kept

Magellan

of

population,

sparse

of

Archipelngo

the

touch

not

very

offers

of

did

landed

world,"

the

vessels

in

islands

the

lan's
Magel-

they

description

The

island.*

the

around

earliest

the

get

these

Pigafetta

One

voyage

of

whom

when

contact

Samar.

of

with

in

country

boatload

natives

in

''first

this

we

first

the

into

come

numbers.

came

neighborhood

the

to

the

were

newcomers

time

increasing

constantly

81

INVASION.

MALAY

of

the

of

writers

Chinese

there
the

the
does

not

Philippines?
Empire.

appear
at
Mendoza

entertained

century

sixteenth

one

to
time
in

have

been

constituted
his

History

any
a

of

"

THE

82

the

of

island

locality
the

Sulu

with

who

the

On

the

from

moving
and

makes

of

They

the

Negritos,
of

MALAY

three

made

anything

to

In

Legaspi

1565

the

reached

Legaspi
China

the

King
In

said:

"The

blow,

the

almost

renounced

Yoke.

Since

islands

Dutch

Memorable
these

they

the
had

not

forgotten

had
ceased

they

lost
to

them.

Oebu

their

trade

with

from

Panay,

formerly

ject
sub-

them

(1(109),
states

art

shook

off

dominion

them,"

tarily."
volun-

De

Morga
that

without

with

haps
per-

Mexico.

of

were

the

and,

ments
reinforce-

relinquished

almost

since

regarding

conquest

Embassies

life

Chinese

he

islands

hardly

until

Islands"

havinjr
civil

at.

Magellan

fooling,

Islands

until

Philippine

inhabitants

been

added

later

the

"these

of

of

men,

years
to

"The

subjected

Spaniards

three

China

that
anil

his

fifty

that

of

touched

island

maintained
and

states

he

islands

have

the

on

proceeded

then

mention
have

islands
we

landed

him

(158fi)
to

the

information

hundred

one

like

negroes

however,

succeeding

in

despite resistance,

habitants,"
in-

OCCUPATION.

expeditions

settlement

no

seasons

"whose

only

the

and

boat-dwellers,

"are

the

of

Laut,
time

island

must,

several

EARLY

The

who

fell

changing

an

is

they
Samal

of

chronicler,
This

of

present

the

passed

the

inland

numerous

the

at

with

place

to

Ethiopia."

of

the

communities,

place

interest

Mindanao

gypsies,"

region

form

says

of

the

which

the

excited

coast

"sea

conditions.

those

the

same

then,

as

for

pearl fisheries,
to-day,

curious

frequent

bow,

the

celebrated

is

.Spaniards.

in

PHILIPPINES.

the

striking
of

war.

the

and

Chinese

over

these

etc.

"

EARLY

which

was

made

the

and

Luzon

Mindoro

of

base

Panay

in

the

vicinity

of

coast

the

of

retained

in

were

small

of

these
of

is also

town

original immigration
of

the

by
high

as

"The

butungim,

term

Hie

time

continued

beach,
the

high

to
seas

or

ftttluHtmy

became

and

its

Inhabitants.

lend

in

their
of

Junks,

"vaittitam,

these

the

the

still

the

in

applied

As

tiraus.

recent

more

cradle

of

Elisee

Iteclus.

tion
populaeases

as

was

reached

New

as

universally
Malay
tlie

lo

the

blood.

viJIiisTi'K,
on

when

as

Chinese

Malay

served
ob-

was

encamping
life

the
their

some

was

of

same

scribe
de-

would

of

number

mariners,

much

to

of

The

others,

natives

boat,

m-

when

the

name

and

time

was

Slavery
these

amongst

"these

people forming

the

in

Ilocos,

still

used

islands.

and

the

centers

descendants

since

thousand."*

seven

maintained

recalls

in

the

by the

the

barangayes

Seleedo

and

who

indigines,

these

inhabitants

the

says,

word

exact

that

Bay,

thousand

few

known

the

country

however,

chieftains,

were

to

various

fifty

over

only

places

crafts

de

were

largest

Tavera

groups

particular

the

raja.

indicate

to

the

rivers,

and

by

lous
popu-

time

lloilo,

sections,

the

used

craft

appear

of

many

which

haramjaij,

therefore

these

of

title

this

Bicol

independent

Hindu

most

Laguna

scanty,

very

their

groups

in

communities

the

crews

Even

of

under

each

and

were

consisted

small

Pampanga

Ilocos.

inhabitants

souls

around

occupation

The
at

of

and

Bay,

the

effected.

was

Archipelago

Manila

83

which

portions

valleys

from

the

about

not

OCCUPATION.

of

Cebu,

of

MALAY

ing
scour-

with

case

the

the

settlers

every

colony."

The

Earth

York,

1892.

"

THE

84

There
it

different

were

created

was

or

war,

in

and

this

the

the

chief's

the

certain

wife,

of

daughter,

or

from

crimes,

by
chief,

was

times
some-

capital
the

as

ishment,
pun-

seduction

member

leading

debt

the

Slavery

such

loan,

the

of

dwelling

wife.

man

freedom

bis

commutation

penalty, by

for

transfer

forfeited
or

security

as

who

service

masters.

might

lands

the

at

bondage

of

absolute

were

perpetual

their

by

One

Prisoners

ways.

in

creditor

the

upon

for
the

of

into

security.

by looking

of

held

and

condition,

the

purchase,

by

were

case

trespassing
or

secured

entered

of

variety

disposed

be

not

of

degrees
a

Others

sometimes

and

in

persons

"chattels.

might

PHILIPPINES.

of

the

community.
Each

resident,
had

barango.y
the

of

the

Im

ra

or

had

violate

his
of

of

ber
mem-

neighbor's
barangay
Land

inheritance,
all

No

one

another.

acquired

independent

confederation
in

for

chief
the

The

judge

families

chief,
in

mutual

enterprise.

some

common

of

land.

the

the

might

and

in

land

some

of

the

n"ja //.

Occasionally
a

gift,

chief

of

members

boundaries

the

purchase,

instances

the

might

nor

upon

by

pass

might

of

unit,

family

allotment

definite

community

landrights,
encroach

perhaps

or

who

by popular
in
was

all criminal

which
called
trials

would

barangayes
defense,
They

for

or

would

office

raja,
and

civil

or

tion
co-opera-

then

election, usually
that

form

was

create

from

one

hereditary.

dato,

acted

disputes.

as

There

"

86

THE

conducted

on

PHILIPPINES.

system

of
to

perhaps,

better

adapted

the

of

people.

bulk

and

the

which

still

are

(an

old-time

points,

which

in

of

the

the

natives

and

the

fashioned

districts

from

well

of

articles

as

gold, silver,

uct
prod-

the

boats, bringing
as

fairs

different

at

neighboring

loom,

of

some

periodical

Malays)

of

draft

light

field

ornament

of

of

weights

Chinese,

held

was,

condition

standard

the

They

use.

the

their

had

that

kind,

in

economic

from

institution

to

resorted

in

the

They

derived

measures

barter

and

copper,

mother-of-pearl,
Some

three

of

of

the

Their

alphabet

which

were

which

their

by

and

the

first

furtherance

letters,

early Sinhalese,
their

making
valuable

books.

records

deemed

them

the

conversion

of

an

of

burned

imfortunately

were

who

missionaries,

the

to

in

ature.
liter-

primitive

seventeen

the

contained

customs,

of

Like
leaf

palm

doubtless

history

had

consisted

vowels.

the

they employed
These,

tribes

Malayan

ment
impediof

the

islanders.
The
been

idolatrous

an

ordered.

There

of

spirits

of

spirits

to

the

.Malayan

whom

were

on

its
be

lives

intent,
Each

ancestors,

termed

of their

of

the

of

who

exerting

descendants.

recognized

affairs

mimber

occasion.

capable

They

all

of

minor

might,

family

life

have
three
were

gods,

or

be

however,

worshipped

anitos, who
a

to

seems

pagans

polytheism.

malevolent

propitiated

over

tlie

deities, by

supreme

lieved

of

religion

were

the
he-

beneficial

influence

Anito

idols, fash-

"

ioned

from

of

MALAY

various

materials,

home.

every

slain

and

that

he

buried

The

these

be

to

from

funeral

of

ceremonies,

sacrificed, and

were

of

the

the

wildest

The

of

reaching

to

hanging
without

ear

The
upper

below

from

in
and

feasts

food

drink

and

with

it

the

was

erable
consid-

deceased.

sometimes

slaves,
dances

war

of

The
and

wore

the

unlike

and

people

shoes,

or

by

the

and
their

It

go

the
wore

bodies

was

cloth
to

women

barefoot,

slippers.

well-to-do

and

necklaces,
went

time,

which

embroidery,

adorned

that

custom

of

Men

It

present

their

apparel

skill.

great

of

the

cept
ex-

texture.

not

at

was

finger rings, bangles,

majority

finer

garment

It

laces

hair

similar,

was

loins, supplemented

waist.

with
with

women

Filipino

the

the

their

class

which

at

by

to

calamity.

or

and

left

shirt-like

up-country

made

combs

were

cloth

head-covering.

natives

illness

and

wore

loose

decorated

was

times
Some-

pleading

of

priests performed

men

latter

the

by

worn

of

the

consisted

on

character.

costume

that

alive

spirits despatched

property

the

next

noble.

purpose

animals,

order

attendants

living

some

in

were

the

slaves

deceased

their

the

him

dissipate

portion
these

and

ceremonies

to

customary

that

the

to

for

ancestors

remove

The

At

killed

were

master's

them

pleasing

more

slaves

belief

slaves

in

the

ture
furni-

in

retinue

interred

the

of

the

consequence

proper

Visayans
in

of

of

part

number

man

87

were

certain
a

have

occasions

would

OCCUPATION.

A
with

might

world.

the

EARLY

with

anklets.
hut

the

consid-

"

88

PHILIPPINES.

THE

cred

mark

of

distinction

till the

holes

with

point.

The

latter

wild

at

in

out

of

It

of

these

is from

the

to

tain
cer-

among

several

river,

or

thatch,

timber

upon

built

lake,

leaf

palm

height

domesticated

They
but

Moro,

is

applied

were

supports.

hundred

or

feet
shore

the

upon

and

Legaspi

Their

people
dress

is

resembliug

grass

crafty

and

disposition

of

thus

wrote

"These

four

made
raw

and

ill,they

never

them

OF

years'
the

and

the

mental

acteristics.
char-

people

"Filipino"

name

TUB

NATIVES.

residence

in

natives

Malay
but

they

cotton,

go
of

or

Cebu:

barefooted.
a

kind

They

of

naturally

are

islands,

and

if

back.
.

thing.
every-

cowardly

has

one

of

are

understand

and

race,

the
of

silk.

distrustful,
came

vironment,
en-

political condition,

They

religion,

sense.

of

treacherous

to

clothes,

wear

of

are

stock

"representative"

OPINION

after

1565,

the

tian
Chris-

Malayan

same

and

of

Philippines

physical

distinctive

the

the

life

are

body

great

differences

to

diversified

LEGASPl's
In

of

owing

Archipelago,
in

natives

from

are

They
the

the

of

developed

of

that

people

manner

them

incisors

sea.

descended.

have

and

frequently

was

water

and

as

bamboo

considerable

the

the

the

prevails

still

practice

of

houses,

village

file

to

and

teeth

tribes.

Their
erected

and

gold,

the

perforate

to

They

treated
are

"

LEGASPI'S

people
full

extremely

of

No

favors

person

interest.

of

On

he

these

consider

favor

be

must

and

children,

their

for

doing

them.

rob

and

another,
and

when

fields

open

at

it

seek

not

is

for
in

with

relative

his

time

in

house,

his
for

his

slave

from
When

to

another

one

if

between

At
is

few

him.

there

own

some

food
as

even

the

little

the

parents

times

they

need

or

if

even

sell

sity
neces-

meet,

or

see,

rob

native

finished.

who

Thus

do

or

does

seize

in

basketful

that

of

work

idleness

believe

tives,
relathe

another.

one

further

they

or

another

one

any

their
I

eovetousness.

itself

neighbors,

and

possesses

more,

attraction

presents
be

they

natural

occasion

nightfall they

for

have

robbery

they

Any
will

is

to

sn.

Whenever

one

and

brother.

to

brother,

brothers.

when

89

relative

man,

anything

between

"Privateering
for

by

lend

it

him

served

or

children

own

brother

if

repaid double,
or

or

or

tlmt

is

people give

binds

hand,

provides

and

on

law

unless

relative,

and

will

time

other

the

him

supports

that

another

shelters

need,

days,

No

children,

to

parents

NATIVES.

fickle, untruthful,

vicious,

superstitions.

relative,

THE

OF

OPINION

rice
until

their

surpass

these

natives

...

could

be

display
to

them
and
towns

easily
of

good
but

them

they

for

by

kindness,

subdue

foes,

subdued

will
for

other

by

force

perish

they readily
places,

or

if

of

and

treat

and

arms

we

will

abandon

and

the

men

we

undertake

make

lose

their

war

both
houses

precipitately disperse

on

friends
and

among

"

BO

THE

the

and

mountains

One
.

length

of

them

time

has

them.

been

lots

will

and
The

with

the

least

witnesses

in
of

long

the
for

intimate

close

erred

point

of

in

view

unfavorable

to

islands

gift.

idea

their

belief

fanatical

Papal

the

of

was

minds

who

have
with

it

guage
lan-

their

divine
of

be

must

nothing
upon

several
the

vantage
ad-

over

and

differing,

believe

to

easy

whose

ties
opportunishould

inferior,

the

Furthermore,

Spanish

adverse

cated
eradi-

native

is

much

conquerors

mission

their

natives

incomprehensible
an

the

materially

were

the

easily

enjoyed

residents,

possession

other

When

at.

estimates.

and

agreement

to

had

They
and

King

did

entirely

was

right understanding.
in

That

general

conclusions,

their

to

the

as

Indeed,

arrived

reach

observation

forcibly

character

reserve.

Spanish

of

They

know

native

contact

years,

earlier

have

of

times,

contradictory,

that

in

of

been

ever

in

them."

to

deal

later

of

term

often

this

preach

the

one

such

be

who

priests

some

has

will

no

anything,

which

approaching

subject

the

all of

great

presented

doing

early descriptions

taken

and

in

again

if

even

superstitions,

before

have

we

told

tins

down

captured.

or

some

practices,
if

the

is

hold

settle

to

their

plant

to

of

proof

plundered,

killed,
what

of

wretched

see

them

liccn

has

They

casting

in

it takes

believe

easily

can

neglect

which

town

and

uplands,

fields.

PHILIPPINES.

not

them

considered

by
fall
and

right
in

of

with

created

prejudice.

"

LJiGASPI'S

the

During
the

character

extent,
of

the

in

key

Inferring
under

of

of
the

to

of

weak

their

the

of

and

public,

history

will

afford

of

disposition
this

expresses

whom

idea

(1820).

we

have

now

superstitious, cunning,

but

possibly

attributed

and

in

the

Islands"

the

their

private,

bad

number

great

their

to

nevertheless,

are,

considerable

says:
and

civilization,

to

and

tribes,

bo

may

and, excepting
acts

Corny

ers
writ-

flattering light.

dominion

Philippine

he

doubtless

and

traits

present

fluence
in-

recent

government,

de

has

more

always,

Spanish

capacities,

justice. They

is

Christian

defects

of

want

but

91

European

Filipino

anything

credulous

are

of

the

its

consideration,

"They
yet

of

NATIVES.

but

Tomas

"State

the

people

the

to

Filipinos.
his

under

colony

many
the

of

reflection

of

it in

THE

centuries

respects,

many

depicted

have

OF

four

past

character

in

improved

The

OPINION

ignorance,

administration

hospitable

robberies,
revenge,

of

to

gers
stran-

piracies,

harmless

in

and

their

manners.

"Besides
as

will

distance

be

which

to

and

wavering

for

European
spirit

by

seen

of

unceasing

their

they

have

uncertain
their

rivals
the

from

mother

history,
been
nature

the

(to

one

and

dreadful
often

of

the

the

another),

tunes
misfor-

exposed,
regulations

hostility
and

themselves,
dissensions

and,

country

so

government,

inhabitants

lawsuits

the

to

the
as

well

which

of

the
tended
in-

the

litigious
as

this

the

has

"

THE

92

of

been

have

rise

given

PHILIPPINES.

injury

material

most

the

to

colony."

advancing

and

that

tempered

by

years

frequently

with

the

their

it

the

with
is

condemnation

more

of

redeeming

member

of

mention

the

all

at

Filipinos,

decrease

strictures

their

that

noticeable

id

prevail

opinion

dealing

writers

among

FILIPINO.

THE

of

differences

Hie
A]ili(iiii;li

periods

OF

ESTIMATES

MODEKN

features.
C.

Dean

Worcester,

native

obliged

is

and

to

from

ready

with

I
are

some

his

him

kill

his

last

last

pot

of

to

that

believe
often

they

detected
his
He

for

in

this

performance
feels

no

being

from

of

punished
The

offense.
.

the

he
not

was

sense

the

whole

more

they

what

Filipino

is not

out
with-

able
remarkis

them

of

chagrined

that

carried

out.

creditably
and

get

assthetic

the

be

one

simply

guilt

to

of their

When

moral
for

it

exercise

is

and

lie

frequently

unless

direction.

falsehood

share

opportunity

an

whatever,

in

talent

seems

or

On

They

derived

satisfaction

stranger

fairly intelligent,

are

excuse

servants

...

education.
any

tunity.
oppor-

native

rice.

anxious

most

for

fowl

an

our

Philippine

outset

very

The

us.
.

ever

the

get

can

when

works

lie

he

the

follows:

as

whenever

From
stole

philosopher.

rests

present
writes

Commission,

Philippine
"The

at

stand
under-

cannot
to

his

certainly

mind
has

an

many

"

94

is

fearless

naturally

AN

EFFORT

TO

due

in

some

the

with

which

virtues

of

protect ion
"

and

effects

of

to

its

in

degree

under

which

the

Perhaps
native
habit

is his

due

to

impulse,

cases,

any

by

the

where

sense

excuse

for

lain

the

often

truth.

falsehood

hopeless

vices

of

when

the

selfweak

the

be

rest.

able,
attribut-

of

tion
domina-

is

of
a

than

the

confirmed
to

vicious
lies

Filipino
and

always

peculiarity

Orientals.

for

feriority
inthe

in

and

This

to

race

than

forced

purpose,

other

found

extended,

of

The

is contrary
is

subject

centuries.

rather

wrong.

eon-

This

without

and

close

characteristic

calculation.

of

and

may

for

pinos
Fili-

civilization,

conditions

perversion,

Chinese

of

native

artificial,

(if the

treachery

universal

often

justification
priestly

is

the

have

they

sinister

for

safeguards

the

least, to

mental

or

without

of

disregard

spontaneously,

shared

and

most

allow
cases

acquire

deception,

at

are

position

to

characteristics

referred,

centers

tlie natural

adopt

to

have

over-lords.

occupy

OPINION,

the

long-continued

conquerors

prevarication,

Other

as

regarding

the

large

apt

more

to

in

European

doomed
is

we

failure

to

cities

their

is

much,

so

OF

conclusion

characteristics

exhibit

tact

of

which

to

measure

acquired,

who

nothing

DIFFERENCES

differences

character,

of

"

RECONCILE

the

Perhaps
Filipino

admires

and

others."

in

bravery

or

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

In

it is used

some

religious

it, and,
to

is

trine,
doc-

perhaps,
confound

"

THE

the

foreigner,
human

only

it

made

for

is

Western

FILIPINO.

the

in

inherent

standards,

since

their

conflicting principles,

other

with

of

lie

for

the

under

have

men

the

The

certainly

of

hole.

he

is

in

The

his

with

deception

where

when

Oriental

the

merely

the

processes
mental

or

condition

Anglo-Saxon
thought

is

resistless

is

and

such

lies

act

with

and

lied,

vidually
indi-

of

bad

this

the

faith
onization
col-

Spanish
manner

with

deli

his

please

inborn

the
It

innate
his

love

bearer.

comprehension
habit

of

eral
lit-

Iterate

is entertained.

harmless.

of

and

processes

forethought

of

hyper-

slow-blooded

conceive

to

design

to

the

inative
imag-

in

speaks

that

apt

difficult
his

in

mental

ebullition

is

of

marred

frequently

desire

Europeans

hy

story

hyperbole

very

no

generally

things exuberantly

precise

is

expression,

behind

all

eonsequenee

European,

point
view-

nation.

above

thinks

the

and

marked

the
less

not

other

any

Oriental
;

and

that

early conquests

been

invariably

the

verdict

frequently

The

is based

will

hide,

have

conquered,

that

his

hy

judge

from

only

of

measured

race

underdog

saving

allowance

reasoning
one

true

collectively.

is
than

of

is

character

European

The

conditions

and

toward

is

former.

such

white

liars"

sake

the

can

The

impartiality.
are

the

fairly

he

cannot

nor,

this

all,

and

understood,

peculiarities,

people

Asiatics

After

raw.

upon

"all

95

oppressor.

thoroughly

Oriental

an

the

or

nature

Until
is

TRUE

Even
animus
is

often

of

Such
to

directness

tle
suba

the
in

speech.

"

96

THE

Laziness

is another

extenuating
is

people
which

of

Filipino by

the

the

to

himself

to

limited

has

Filipino

had

worthy

betterment
with

the

surely

of
for

the

It

energy.

nations

exhibit
in

to-day,

is

see

other

how

hand

is

political

it

the

could
the

mental

with

material

culture,

and

rather

or

come,

ambition

activity

not

but

during

people

and

that

tion.
exer-

and

ening
quick-

fortunately
a

tropical

characteristic

of

ple
peothe

climes,

and

purpose,
and

the

to

however"

not,

provement
imthe

work;

to

may

of

slight

Hitherto

which

possible

"

temperate

Filipino

beyond

is

tribution
con-

ably
reason-

incentive

for

education,

and

vantage
ad-

advancement

awakening

Western

dwellers
The

of

come,

should

for

opportunity

spread

will

social

the

would

been

of

comfort.

objects

of

with

has

sufficient

habitants
in-

commensurate

ambition

material

to

in

effort

rental,

accomplishment

his

possibilities

his

thus

the

not

With
the

to

in

without

any

all

to

encouraged

taxation,

to

exertion

to

natural

been

is

of

energy

lliaf, increased

Church,

native

difficult

not

stimulus

has

his

in

is

indolence

knowledge

increase

an

The

the

The

the

tropica

the

it

again

by

subject.

which

instances.

measurable

it is

entail

here
I re

with

defect

hut

justly charged,
find

PHILIPPINES.

practical.

He

apparently

incapable

when

and

native

is

very

it

with

is

tained
sus-

ment,
environof

these

difficult

them.

susceptible

concern

of

condition,

centuries

otherwise

no

the

surveys

economic

past
be

one

has

On
to

to

the

guidance

"

TRUE

THE

ia

and

always
the

Unlike
his

against

the

Filipino
much

probably
is

he

and

action,

is told.

It
is

be

may

than
of

workman.
but

he

and

has

imitative

needs

"only

native
to

do

borne

thing
in

Filipino

in

the

the

the

regime,

new

with

its

develop unsuspected
Under

live

in

guidance,
a

useful

unwisely,

impulse,

or

however,

or

and
for

ample

may
want

will

he

even

and
it

factory
satis-

is

true,

degree,
has

declares,

ployed
em-

in

order

It must

place opened

to

afforded

be

the
little

conditions

opportunities,

of

high

the

control,

lacking

tice
appren-

who

encouraging

rational

vantage
ad-

responsibility, initiative,

qualities

and

thoughtless, and,
act

of
the

Under

native

civilization

Spanish

he

as

intelligent

demonstrator.

restricted

cultivation

endeavor.

or

the

that

pean
Euro-

precisely

one

as

borer
la-

extreme

an

and

initiative

capable

in

shown,"

the

as

of

originality,

extensively

well

as

mind

for

scope

labor

as

all

if

the

highly

faculty
be

to

lacks

He

the

do

to

tendency,

into

him

from

likely that,

this

converted

and

deed,
In-

pupil,

hands

refrain

to

thought,

more

of
the

his

mentor.

faithful

in

that,

is prone

taken

and

of

pit

to

European

condemnation

fact

even

is

his

docile

the

the

to

master,
in

is

of

estimate

thinks

never

learn.

to

eager,

humble

and

those

of

due

has

he

powers,

ideas

97

.frequently

and

Chinaman,

mental

own

own

willing,

FILIPINO

good

but

influence,

commit

of

serious

be

guilty

grave

native
he
is

is

crime

will
very

likely

offenses

consideration.
of

may

order.

average

manner,

he

of

on

to
on

dom,
Selhis

own

"

98

THE

initiative.

There

composition,
In

fact

of

his

much

of

almost

he

faults

has

of

life, he

lacks

of

spontaneous

cruel

by

dependent

but

He

bar

displays

buffets

which
the

been
were

his

in

his

becoming

the

of

he

and

suffering
to

entirely

is

of

soldier

Oriental

common

at

trait

and

supine

is

European

dislike

good

he

Filipino

the

capacity
His

feat
de-

accepts
victor

is

inferiority

under

this

lie

ily
is read-

He

Sipahi,

man

affairs

quality

of

as

leadership.

tendency

the

cipline
disent.
pres-

of

durance
en-

equally

submission

to

Fate.

Filipino
in

worth

the

Mora,

the

fighting

hardship

Oriental

common

The

Like

such

but

and

resignation,

to

under

the

of

exhibits

courage.

sense

whose

everyday

order.

by

or

is

deferent,

he

moral

bravery,

Unlike

his

upon

is

have

check,

excellent

an

and

those

superiority

to

the

evanescent

ungenerous.

leadership,

clean

placid

and

makes

the

and

is

Although
in

evil.

There
child

lie

servility,

physical

antagonist.
with

best.

wealth.

or

in

depressed
his

the

self-reliance

deficient

to

of

of

his

or

largely

are

and

in

good,

toward

makeup,

of

vice

development.

resourcefulness

is not
fhe

his

extent

and

ingenuity

mental

been

intellect, station,

led

shortcomings

of
in

not

the

to

easily

and

child

little

comparatively

is

stage

the

training

is

but

infant

an

PHILIPPINES.

is

person

derived

extremely
and

aboriginal

tribes.

and

surrounding-;,

from

certainly

sober,

early

never

lie

Hindu

enhanced
has

the

scrupulously

traits

that

influences,

by
domestic

contact

may
and
with

qualities

"

THE

well

developed.

and

displays

He

to

connection

well-to-do

as

he

kind

Filipino

of

capable
humor,

is

of

He

show.

for

his

feast,

is

his

spend

in

the

last

bearing,

remark

the

on

of

is honest

in

cheap

sense

sociable.

fond

very
of

extent

peso

purchase

is

is

seldom

and

he

and

he

no,

extremely

to

itor.
vis-

the

although

and

him,

improvident

will
or

with

in

little,or

and

genial

the

lessness,
reck-

cock-fight,

trinkets

for

wife.
Whilst

the
of

return,

secure

Filipino

moral

rarely steals,
of

mania

and

is

fie

has

jocular

and

desired.

or

kind,

any

host

accepted,

be

dignified

He

passion.

one.

Gambling

of

makes

never

appreciates

and

his

of

would

long

as

that

command

expected,

return

emotion

sirong

the

proverbial.

servants,

guns,

at

almost

traveler

whatever

is grave

rarely displays

of

carriages,

of

is

Everything

stay.

whoso

is

family

house

monly
com-

kinsmen,

the

rents.
pa-

edged
acknowl-

are

hospitality

will

remuneration

any

The

to

horses,

No
is

His

aged

household

poor

of

cheerfully placed

"

nor

traced.

choose

"

is

heads

Filipino

may

possessesrest-

the

be

to

husband,

for

relationship

three,

or

and

respect

extent.

two,

with

and

of

remarkable

remote

ties

99

father

good

regard

the

includes

too

is

great

Indeed,

FILIPINO.

TRUE

obligations

but

unless

money

service, and,

as

he

may

borrow

demand
a

loan,

although

is not

he

in

of

upon

the

keenest.

him.

repudiates

ception
con-

He

thought

any

consideration

never

his

main,

without

is made
or

the

He
of

will

future

the

in-

"

100

THE

it

debtedness,

the

or

His

suspect

gift,

and

this

with
The

future

the

tribes
Whilst

is not

Western

of

the

the

class, the
that

he

the

man,
China-

of

some

ble
tracta-

innate

sion
aver-

intelligent

more

there

is

ern
East-

no

material

than

do

the

for
tian
Chris-

Islands.

the

have

in

general

tribes

the

developed
the

with

the

to

furnish

and

particulars

variance

of

dices,
by religious preju-

applies

ilusirmfa,
at

are

is

civilization

certain

gente

ence
experi-

more

his

favorable

more

foregoing

in

exceptions

of

Indeed,

Philippine

natives,

Christian

or

his

promise

is

He

hampered

presents

to

with

greater

none

restrictions.

that

conversion

has

civilization;

caste

people

gives
either.

and

former,

latter, and

nor

and
than

Western

to

of

outcome

to

apt

concession,

favorably

compares

Hindu,

the

is

man.

development

than

He

payment,
re-

work.

promised

dull.

behind

enforce

to

the

rather

logical

white

the

or

than

he

Filipino

is

motive

may

the

of

performance

ulterior

an

difficult

frequently

gratitude

of

sense

is

PHILIPPINES.

marked

small

upper

ties
quali-

many

typical Filipino

character.

NON-CIIKISTIAN

THE

Of
the

non-Christian

the

Igorots

are

by

enumeration

They

are

provinces

MALAYS.

far

the

places

distributed
of

Malays,

Luzon

most

them

over

in

various

excepting

The

numerous.

in

of

excess

eleven

stages

Moros,

of
of

the

sus
cen-

183,000,
northern

development,

"

102

THE

maintained,

If

form

of

Trial

by

ordeal

of

the
the

to

who

one

of
them

is

given

mastication

The

Sun

evil
is

is

his

of

and
of

one

subdues

wrong

is

them
a

throughout
with
wrong.

the

these

god

great

of

no

spirits, which
One
says,

who

has

''the

of

all conditions

present

They

civilized

believe

in

the

Tgorots,

virtue

personally

he

the

tion
instiga-

into

had

intimate

of
the

conception
in

the

and

of

at

life ! and

saliva

number

enters

in

the

proverb,

mouth."

conception

quality fully developed

of

least

in

of

After

dry

unless

wrong

ber
num-

each

their

that

maintains

hands

with
a

goes

of

the

believe

They

do

can

has

man

Igorot

An

will.

his

with

accordance

in

brother.

spirits.

sinless

the

exhibits

the

scalps

chew.

to

the

upon

mass

guilty

is

out

spat

the

one

rice

of

take

criminal,

dry

entire

verdict

When

be

to

of

whose

"A

says,

Moon

is

convicted,

is deemed

which

he

least.

mouthful

this

and

judges

the

to

podung,

in

The

accuser.

theft

property.

The

holes

boring

believed

is

persons

practiced.

in

bleeds

other

or

old

members

penalties

cattle,

in

his

of

of

the

affecting

Most

commonly

and

petty

formed

interested.

is

suspect

from

one

is

court

test, consists

bloody

or

is

payable

fine

judicial body

its
cases

matter

barrios

various

all

quently
fre-

are

authorities.

has

of

composite

the

the

decisions

their

American

barrio

dispose

murder.
town

the

to

Igorot

who

men,

from

appeals

made

Every

PHILIPPINES.

him

tions
rela-

right

of
both

in

and

mind

Igorot

fully

and

accord

right

and

male

and

"

THE

female;
the

believe

they

these

for

the

is

canao

occasion

of

point
as

long

is

an

and

as

as

fields

their

will

village

never

the
and

Igorot

he
This

the

human

of

is

eating
Bassi

by

are

almost

no

from

the

this

in

with

guard

its

day,

work

women

mount

being
had

or

share

greater

arrangement
at

wild,

all

the

far

very

Even

Kegritos

course

which

few

whole

beings
dreads

(hey

only

move

than

more

are

men

It

sugar-cane.

who

Igorots,

with

as

the

deer

idle,
origin

amongst

the

paddy

their

arm3

neighbors.

the

Unlike
A

the

and

of

Filipino.

the

hunters,

and

remains.

rice

the

measure.

bead

deal

continue

to

is

It

great

hog,

perform

that

feast

viands

from

by

men

possible

of

Igorot

the

women

the

whilst

against

of

as

the

but

worst

the

Igorots,

the

defensive

the

is

perform

especial delicacy.

produced

races,

it

in

arduous

and

and

carabao,

an

with

abstemious

labor,

and

is

dog

consume*!

Amongst

dance

consumption

fragment

so

savage,

how

authority,

in

Horse,

etiquette

freely

means

of

the

intoxicant

is

those

faithfulness

matter

no

ceremonial

drink.

eaten,

are

task,

by

for

and

meat

It

them

and

honesty

any

103

cheerfully."

tasks

The

in

of

performance

it is made

MALAYS.

NON-CHRISTIAN

eager

does

cross

not

in

stationary

serious

miles

world

to

are

for

are

is

his

with

peopled

with

to

then

site.

For

evil

him,

communal

apply
touch

old

its

decapitate

to

and

reasons,

from

people.

spirits,

and

fore
there-

boundaries.

the
the

western

civilization

munities
com-

of

"

104

THE

the

live

their

The

case

is

who

has

been

has

been

them.

his

and

dies

which

is

that

The

burial

few,

and

such

their

his

one-half

of

flocks

tied

in

of

all
been

for

nine

each

possessions

the

feast

chair

in

his

man

may

to

When

any
and

of

community
the

house

that

thus

be

in

its

Ills

to

of

body

of

partakes

enemy

men

week

his

the

He

two

clean.

During

and

barrios

habitation

by

perism
pau-

years.
and

detailed

up

rich

as

their

time

edible

are

community.

of

is eaten

the

one

this

they

indigent,

by

in

sanitary

thing

aged,

insane

have

personal

no

most

no

man

hut

belonged.

deceased
see

in

keep

and

he

dangerously

confined

herds

is
The

of

reported

community

person

retain

the

cheerfully supported

are

him

are

There

amongst

crippled

under

not
wants

contented.

perfectly

feed

and

poorly
but

conditions,

the

these

even

tendencies.

sedentary

of

but

provinces,

seacoast

They

PHILIPPINES.

lie

the
may

bounty.

deferred

for

months.

THE

The

"Moro,"

word

simply
ethnologic
a

term,

comprehensive

tribes
We
curious

from

of

the

have

their

of

islands,

for

the

used

sea,

in

the

who

mentioned

haunts

original signification
It

generally

designation

already

old

Moor,
Muhammadan.

is

southern

gypsies

EOS.

or

meant

but

MO

the
who

Johore

at

and

Islam.

Laut,

wandered
the

as

Malayan
to

Samal

an

present

several

adhere

is not

those

long
Straits

ago
of

"

THE

Malacca
of

the

to

their

those

Sulu

They

their

ancestors.

roving

and

fleet

of

recognize
whose
tribute

they

absolutely

make

in

the

and

tapioca

man

of

days

of

each

is

them

week

their

selected

when

body

the

how

matter

of

the

him.

Even

placed

in

family,

and

pay
about

and

They

waters.

and

the

among

find

their

main
edible

Ircpang,
Chinese

their

his

chief,
lives

their

his

or

number

the

dead

Bajau
is

work

to

traders,

dies

to

every
two

or

the

water,

sea,

which

he,

how

or

will

ground.

up

is

the

but

bury

has

been
No

cemetery.

they

possessed
broken

one

the

upon

community,
may

and

capitan Bajau.

or

island

burying

boat

Hajaus,

required

they

away

customary

his

the

the

off

dictate,

barter

particular

that

everything

sea

with

wandering

far

one

to

for

some

as

the

is

consign

upon

but

cloth.

general

never

munity.
com-

move

may

upon

fins

community

Despite

dato

lying

of

boat

the

They

stay.

They

sharks'

and

Shiver;7

of

of

be

to

monsoon,

them.

in

seaweed,

their

home

products

subsistence-

Bajaus

their

inhabits

authority

happen

the

or

life

political organization,

the

may

of

comprises

so

of

coast

manner

or

about

southern

family

dozen
no

during

inclination,

for

numbers

found

are

the

the

Each

have

him

to

traffic

maintain

temporarily

shore

Great

Bajaus,
along

and

half

They

as

named

to-day

Mindanao.

105

Archipelago.

descendants,

islands

MOROS.

engaged,
carry

his

Absolutely
interred

and

the

with

pieces

grave.

"

THE

106

PHILIPPINES.
,

The

Samal

stock

though

water,
built

being
The

Samals
who

the

affect

villages

of

Sulu

of

of

of

Samals

gunboa(s
within

sixty

upon

the

Visayan

such

dominant

ple
peo-

Their

hear

from

less

of

the

chief
in

which,

cupation
oc-

some

made

check

to

them.

Up
raids

annual
and

towns

It, is said
than

whose

pirates

against

looting

slavery.

hulk

the

powerless

they

Islands,

dates

expedition

the

Malay

were

ago

religion.

agriculture.

dreaded

to

ers,
broth-

parts

with

little

years

to

beaches.

different

group.

brought

captives

villages

of

form

fishing,

the

were

till

away

and

Spaniards

the

depredations

are

upon

in

foiind

Tawi
is

were

life

their

matter

They

combine

localities, they

it,

same

boat-dwelling

the

are

Tawi

everywhere

until

in

peninsula,

the

the

over

their

despise

Archipelago.

population

live

the

faeirig lm."ad, sandy

Samals

Zamboiingit

The

still

sea,

to

from

abandoned

have

degenerates

are

Large
the

1ml

they

over

descended

are

Tiajaus,

the

as

the

Moros

ing
carry-

that

the

twenty-five

last

years

ago.
For

but

the

is

there

of

upwards
Their
around

most

towns

Davao,
The

great

Lake

in

Lanao.

the

Moros

they

the

have

tipon

Malanao,
interior

clustered

of

about

in

extended

the

coasts,

numbering
Mindanao.
the

district

tribe

numerous

chiefly

opposite
are

the

Another

settled

live

Moros

tribe,

thickly

whence
on

the

95,000,
are

Maguindanao,
tabato,

part

the

district
to

the

is
of

Gulf

the
Cotof

coast.

prosperous

and

happy.

All

their

"

THE

needs,
and

possible wants,

or

the

soil

and

beyond

the

desires

full

of

all

order.

ambition,

be

to

appear

his

does

nor

or

energy.
has

fighting proclivities

not

motes,

of

the

been

outlet

any

for

The

but
is

ground

from
Boat

and

owns

boat

repair

great

and

at

least

of

of

part

often

Even
time

where

them

with

the

the

family

Every
able

are

to

Moro

man

make
passes

of

waters

it.

to

every

inland

the

upon

is done

more

aside

and,

sticks

several.

of

most

ca-

method.

occupation

industry,

and

craft.
his

nothing

the

corn,

satisfactory,

hereditary

boat, and

kind

some

important

an

one

is

rice,

is

vegetables by

pointed

weeding,

building

Moros

with

by fishing,

other

apparently

broken

and

sowing

and

domestic

the

raise

They

potatoes,

simple,

of

are

supplemented

people.

sweet

or

very

can

industries

Moro

Agriculture,

mainstay

the

lakes

rivers.

Another
that

of

forged

industry

the

traders

As

his

does

for

scope

luxuries

simple

extend;

not

effort

little

very

few

sea

activity.
Almost

do

any
of

there

with
and

Moro

exercise

curtailed
his

the

The

easily supplied.

are

stomach

afford

the

107

subsistence

yield

environment
Since

MOROS.

manufacture
obtained

are

into

with

member
craft

of

of
the

/m.s'se.s,bolox,

all

war-like

of

the

and

iron

and

spears,

community.

the

Chinese
which

daggers,

and

smith

an

Aside
weapons,

steel

is

from
the

is

repute

From

weapons.

people,

fashioning

and

consequence

are

knives.

honored
ing
construct-

Moros

show

"

108

THE

little

aptitude,

metal

form

of

firing

kiln.

of

elevated

well.

They
frequent

clean

in
do

nor

extent.

with

Kuranic

he

effected

himself
one,

or

returning
and

are

and

parents

or

their

she

closely

drawn.

comfort
in

may

have

wedded

his

consulted

in

affection

toward

accordance

the

amount

Divorce
a

her

thus

woman

received

receive

family
their

send

may

personal

The

ing
find-

man,

wives,
A

life.

Wives

the

to

an

or

families.
all

not

are

means.

to

takes

very

Filipinos,

bride

all

her

display

the

position,

palm

purchased,

support

during

are

the

to

whatever

husband

his

home

her

are

agreement,

back

to

Moros

are

of

with

withstand

The

by mutual

unable

more,

"Wives

of

near,

with

and

domestic

family

with

commensurate

may

the

to

as

are

type

purpose

polygamists,

license.

paying

covered

shocks.

are

and

fastened

are

waterproof

consider

to

seem

quality

erected

their

surroundings

They

same

suitor

earthquake

their

they

and

thread.

often

walls

of

use

Malayan

and

rude

the

their

answer

cool

and

spinning

ordinary

and

who

serviceable

timbers

houses
are

for

The
roofs

These

about

piles

upon

the

little

suits.
pur-

artisans

without
a

the

in

few

ornament,

weave

Chinese

water.

and

leaves.

the

the

mechanical

produced

know

live

the

over,

of

women

they

Moros

rattan,

is

upon

dwelling,
or

articles

The

but

thein

among

into

dependent,
The

are

pottery

cloth,

for

inclination,

or

There
work

PHILIPPINES.

ings
belong-

from

family
kindly

matters.

offspring.

her

tions
relament
treat-

Both

The

"

110

but

often

not

vested

him,

in

presides

but

involving
by

the

the

to

the

with
default
and

data

of

her

as

adultery

that

imposed

the

to

pay.

the

in

adultery

is

girl
A

convicted
of

amount
the

the

theft

in

striking

thus

illustration

their

his

children.

assault

to

pay
addition

may

is

as

posed
dis-

culprit

is

failure

to

the

her

of

act

and
a

upon

the
to

visiting
Murder

victim
a

her

young

penalty
one

bondage

to

the
is

twice

fine, which

substitute

consigned
of

in

man

twice
it

of

killing

in

custom

fine

case

slave

the

wife

alternative

culprit
is

in

In

court.

and

whilst

him

by

her.
a

ily,
fam-

death.

must

The

the

who

by

to

woman

carnal

thief

headmen.
but

upon

and

punishable

are

jection
sub-

her

or

shared

sell

sentenced

discovering

Incest

paramour.

ject
sub-

or

adjudged

to

manner,

justified by

is

fine,

the

is

alternative

husband

adjusted

is mulcted

is

and

upon

same

same

by
woman

right

is

difficulty

concerned.

woman

the

and

decision

composing

the

of

of

subject

husband,

has

usually

the

cupation,
oc-

peace,

paid by herself,

headmen

husband

is

adulterous
is

payment

convicted

great

and

justice.

punished

An

injured

of

chieftains

fine, which

heavy

the

established

makes

bin:

is

community

and

villages

bondmen,

slavery.

to

war

generally

are

of the

disturbs

rarely

more

of

vetoes

Crimes

in

or

respective

to

land

administration

two

their

he

declares

the

at

All

despotic.

lie

to

PHILIPPINES.

THE

sins

of

the
goes

is enslavement,

of
for

the

generally

his

spring,
off-

life, a
fathers

punish-

"

"

flEAIVIflNTKK.

The

of

is

portrait

Nueva

that

Vizcaya,

head-hunting

is

one

still

of

of

practised

Ifugao.
the

an

few

when

Lgorot
districts

favorable

chieftain

in

which

tunity
oppor-

offers.

"

"

THE

able

by

with

the

to

as

and

with

may

wild

man

he

is

those

the

be

and

of

the

of

service

Slaves

all

in

compelled

live

is

often

treated

labor

onerous

done,

the

and
with

accustomed
In

the

their

of

particular,

the

the

over

hard

no

cotisitlorauon.

condition

not

are

where
in

ing
eat-

ing
liberty, far-

They

slave,

greatest

the

the

Moros

and

non-progressive.

and

write

from

esteemed

the

Arabic

dialect.

The

use

female

temporary

with

of

country

bought

conditions,

same

himself.

in

well

received.

exception

as

and

is

Under

bondsman

life

he

is

has

been

to.

general,

is not

the

improvement

great

well

ter
lat-

as

be

may

house

same

the

court,

benefit

the

the

slaves,

merely

is

some

under

as

circumstances

often

in

with

and,

respects

work

such

of

than

the

debt,

slavery

practically

to

for

The

tribe, or

Such

by

venient
incon-

an

form.

often

more

condition

often

resorted

punishment.

mild

blood.

security

as

table

his

at

the

to

of

division

neighboring

but

consideration

and

it

from

Malay

usually

master

considering

takes

woods,

Very

in

Moros

pure

held

sold.

ever

method

captive

condemned

those

as

Moro

usual

hardly

is

uneconomical

Slavery
slave

the

penalty,

the

to

Confinement

court.

Ill

fine, subject

heavy

M0R08.

They

their
nor

Some

know

few

priests,

or

encouraged

alphabet
Kuran

illiterate,superstitious,

are

is
very

in
an

the

have

hut

pand'das,
amongst

of

of
its

to

of

abstract

doctrine

read

learning

them.

expression

object

little

learned

They
a

Malay
tion.
venera-

and

are

"

THE

112

submissive

only slightly

their

^Nevertheless,

civilizing

to

of
in

the

in

(Certainly

of

rest

language
for

the

his
of

righteousness

THE

of

the

rapidly during
the

to

recent

Philippine
426.

Of

with

OF

this

number

of

March

exception

of

the

of

or

those

ing
Accord-

so.

was

enjoyed

while

people.

multiplied

have

2, 1903,

6,987,686

wild

had

people equally

of

population

total

civilization,

of

consisted
the

on

be

belief.

years

the

census,

as

POPULATION.

hundred

past

to

severe

must

Philippines

the

as

of

comes

convinced

equally

religions

Archipelago

degree
647,740,

their

All

it

allowance

anil

own,

as

accustomed

is

vert.)
sub-

to

them

when

with

dition;
tra-

or

disdain.

but

ture
cul-

interests.

opposition

which

some

GROWTH

peoples

The

it,

were

history,
their

with

true,

writing

and

domineering,

natives

rior
supe-

Moros

characterizes

proselyter dealing

with

fanatical

of

arraignment,

make

can

would-be

other

serious

Pi,

reduction

(4)

basis

unquestionably

is

the

all

the

their

Pio

their

fanaticism;

and

and

prove

that
to

father

priests.

Philippines,

(2)

character;

reverend

upon

which

opposition

independent,

haughty,

the

the

is,

it

as

will

opinion

substantial

The

look

their

of

Reverend

in

the

their

(3)

to

Order

their

by (1)

such

The

them.

Jesuit

influenced

influence

t.iieir customs

expressed

1901,

the

to

religion,

for

jealous regard
bar

PHILIPPINES.

the

The
of

the

7,635,able
consider-

remainder,
civilized

foreign

ple,
peo-

birth,

"

114

PHILIPPINES.

THE

and

movement

from

the

wild

The

Relation

King

in

which

In

islands

all

that

at

the

first

the

occupation,

home

rogroiwiori

not

of

Father

that
In

in

the
the

1735

Zimiga
the

the

large
and

islands

nineteenth

conditions,

due

to

of

the

world,

commerce

multiplication

of

the

the

the

the

of

the

of
of

trade

only

but

actual

ret-

of

of

but

people.

population
account

historian,
837,182

population

the

conquest,

the

Franciscan

had

the

of

not

from

opening

tection
pro-

Thus

increase

greatly

their

merchants

Spanish

contained

century

of

discontinuance

the

the

estimates

the
all

trol.
con-

300,000

policy

and

learn

we

Antonio,

the

by

checked,

before

expected,

San

1S00

In

be

to

was

country

countries.

existed

conditions

such

military

prohibited

by

tion
popula-

fifty years

colonies

them,

effected

had

which

Under

other

tributos,

exceed

and

the

to

population

much

development

was

under

actuated

foreign

commercial

Spaniards

figures,

the

not

hundred

with

with

Philippines

trade

did

Spaniards,

trading

the

166,003

total

the

including

two

their

toward

of

territory

Malays,

During

was

the

time,

Each

submitted

total

probability

Muhammadan

at

for

067,612

of

and

approximate

in

querable
uncon-

family.

reported

give,

the

encomiendas.

Encomiendas,

de

1591,

would

to

and

go rots,
in

aside

population,

tribuio

one

souls

four

included

was

represented

reckoned

"hole

mid

Xrgritos

Morns,

family

the

eventually

at

souls.

1,561,251.

improved

of

the

country

marked
In

nomic
eco-

effect
1845

to

in

Fray

"

Manuel

POPULATION.

OF

GROWTH

THE

published

Buzeta

the

from

Philippines,"

entitled

work

notable

and

Historical

which

the

Statistical,
'"(.liMignipliicjil,
of

115

Dictionary
is

following

tracted
ex-

have

"We
the

already

political

tributes,

the

this

in

2,062,805;
"Various

1833

the

1840

year

compared

was

reported

182

souls
1

to

been

that

in

in
the

Buzeta's
more

the

1845

the
at

the

the

doubled.

1812

1817

to

which

five

1.7

of

rate

of
that

years

souls

of

1840

of

gain

the

In

cent,

per

283
five
had

year,

3,488,258."

was

have

doubt,

837,-

Philippines

per

population
No

seen

the

those

years.

the

of

have

that

represents

Manila

3,209,077

we

to

in

and

de

as

that

were

and

the

Quia

appear

epoch

ness
exact-

2,593,287,
The

it would

number

enumeration

in

whose

population

population

fifty-eight

than

the

hundred

one

in

that

so

in

for

1820

population

earlier

proportion

in

3,153,290.

1735,

the

of

increasing

In

has

in

and

have,

we

presents
with

since,

years

so

3,

cent,

per

of

ayuniamiento

2,106,836.

to

vouch, give

population

the

population

2,052,992;

to

which

data

and

as

1815

1818

eannot

we

of

in

the

1,741,034;

was

in

312,251

increasing,

was

souls

of

number

and

of

state

the

presented

souls

excellency,

population

1,933,331;

to

the

of

years

century,

Philippines

to

of his

order

by

Manila,

1808

according

this

of

1,522,221

provinces,

and

published

the

last

the

in

first

the

of

conditions

twenty-five

of

and

century

past

how,

seen

elapsed
of

had

the
as

since

islands

complete

by

THE

116

census

figures
at

that

as

would

the

loss

cattle

of

all

and

by

here
in

equal

the

at

of

and

does

and

favorable

proved
by

by

hundred

and

leaps

together
A

cheered
is

added

Population

no

half

the
way

factor

American

the

eager

and

the

of

here

can

all
in

as

go

these
the

pines.
Philip-

the

mental

upon

aspiring,
then

consideration,

utmost

deep

than

despondency

wisdom

Government

ambitions

up
ditions
con-

opportunities"

enemy
is

Given

commerce,

hopeful,

be

and

ese
Japan-

population,

that

also
it

gains

deadlier
There

melancholia.
of

than

has

If

people.

believe

depends

by increasing

there

and

the

of

attitude

deal

great

the

instances,

realized

be

may

people

illusory.

seem

historical

bounds.

building

of

to

prosperity

scarcely

generations
resources

clusion
con-

Philippine

hope

political conditions,

"the

that

The

not

prolific stock, expanding

smallpox

multiplying

few

national

time,

present

of

serious

most

( 'hristian

people.

course

numbers

the

been

industry,

of

says

power
of

race

the

perhaps

visitations

is that

any

in

and,

Barrows
at

than

have

of

ion

the

1897,

in

people

dostruct

dreadful

shows

the

year

war.

homes,

arived

be

exceeded

of

taken

larger population

latter

Doctor

population

and

influences,

to

Up

the

effects

cholera.

been

1003
shown

Since

to

of

of

have

present.

subject

PHILIPPINES.

in
to

of

this

the

meet

tentions
in-

more

race."

"

EARLY

HISTORY.

"

"

EARLY

The

of

Discovery
Dominion

the

HISTORY.

Philippines

The

Chinese

Tlie

"

Internal

"

and

State
to

into

At

the

at

the

of

the
the

The

the

and
Good

discovery

had

"When

was

and

all

the

America

in

the

the

Asia

by

Indian

rights

western

half

been

and

Cape

Following
all

Pacific

the

ward,
east-

the

of

turned

were

tically
prac-

eastern.

way

of

in

bull,

giving

Ocean.

eyes

the

and

had

exploration

adventure,

their

settling

to-day,

in

the

of

papal

two

were

hemispheres,

two

sighted

the

trading

issued

those

navigators

to

of

hope

lands

reached

Balboa

given

Manila

midst

respective

heathen

and
of

Take

the

recognized

Portuguese

Hope

Come

Portugal,

in

the

into

those
nil

and

had

world

as

they

geographers
west.

Sixth

the

of

the

Upon

century

and

their

Portuguese

path

sixteenth

Spain

to

as

Spaniards
to

the

the

In

the

same

tempts
At-

"

Spaniards

British

The

rivalry

their

dividing

1494,

Attacks
The

Moros"

of

disputes

Friars

Natives.

the

Alexander

and

the

powers,
of

Church

of

the

"

Traders"

discoveries.

frequent

of

With

height

Pope

Chinese

of

Dutch

Japan

of

beginning

extensive

to

Christianize

maritime

great

Services

Important

Influx
Contact

Conflict

Tower
"

The

Uprisings

"

Eci-'lesiaKlical

the

"

Colony"

Spanish

Dissensions

"

of

Growth

"

of

Inception

Invasion

ardent

the

world's

toward

fresh

spirits

the

centive
inof

(119)

120

THE

both

nations

the

became

setting

favored

the

owed

had

they

as

In

the

truth,

sailors

the

as

same

were

such

Hernando
a

de

distinguished

under

the

Asia,

and

took

belief

of

oceans

in

gained
a

the

with

the

and

was

wide

determination

project, Magellan,

of

his

name,

was

to

ordered

give
to

him

the

to

he

Later
which

this

confirmed

the

between

seek

he

served

On

which

toward

He

Moluccas,

returned

man

expedition

islands.

to

sailor

Malacca.

the

to

investigations tending
his

of

and

his

noble,

and

field.

in

siege

he

Portuguese

soldier

other

and

Columbus.

existed

globe,

of

tion,
investiga-

navigator,

information

passage

ad-

PHILIPPINES.

expedition

Ternate

that

in

of

captains

scientific

Albuquerque

part
the

discovered

As

himself

famous

accompanied

he

THE

due

native

love

sea

and

and

parts.

sheer

for

Genoa.

Their

English

ilagliallanes

extraordinary

had

OT

mathematician

practical

of

the

of

mainly

gold.
by

they

Portuguese

were

Magellan

DISCOVERY

ocean

Chance

native

for

desire

moved

as

THE

of

by

or

to

actuated

many

age,

it

greed

seldom

were

venture,

and

vast

enough

to

discoveries

.Spanish
zeal

religious

to

instance

owed

formerly

the

strangely

of

course

continent.

and
this

in

success

the

reach

American

Spaniards,

their

should

they
the

follow

to

eager

until

sun

lay beyond

which

PHILIPPINES.

casion
oc-

his

two

great

Europe

sessed
pos-

it.

Whilst

suing
pur-

the

execution

to

the
wars

familiar
in

of
form

Africa,

"

122

THE

death

to

the

by

1520,

the

found

itself

in

broad

expanse

1521,

arrived

south

ratified

it
A

ocean

at

the
of

he
the

by
few

and

tan

in

probably

by

April,

with

and,
island

ancient

of

his

poisoned

the

of

the

March,

and

of

laya.
Ma-

the

of

Mac-

wounded,

was

on

petty

to

Chief,

Island

brilliant

most

off

just

accompanied

died

in

the

continued

he

and

ended,

of

one

savages,

16th

the

to

followed

arrow,

Thus

1521.

ally

new

counting
ac-

across

Magellan

that

affray

headed

Compact

afterwards

now

desertion

with

.Blood

and

fleet,

and

Magellan

treaty

Horn

Limasagua,

of

cipline
dis-

November,

The

the

on

Leyte.

days

the

Ocean.

shipwreck

made

expedition

war

of

of

of

Cape

others, cheerfully

end

where

26th

rounded

Pacific

sails,

the

the

had

and

commander,

the

On

the

three

to

Cebu,

of

expedition

for

the

orders

restored.

was

reduced

PHILIPPINES.

the

27th

skirmish

lives

of

the

age.
On

the
in

Elcano,
all
anchor

September,

command

in

the

of

In

reached

Hope,

thus

time.

In

created

by

token

which
from

Spain

way

the

to

circurtdedit
the

East

had

the
of

the

the

in

consist

Cape
for

earth
his

of

Two

me.

search

started

of

east

three

Philippines,

achievement

royal patent,

representing

expedition,

he

returning
by

Sebastian

"Victoria,"

Magellan's

from

of

Juan

1522,

circumnavigating

Primus
went

the

of

port

before.
had

motto:

of

remained

that

years

6th

of
the

family
globe
more

spice

cano
El-

Good
first
arms,

with

the

tions
expedi-

islands

dur-

"

IXOKPTTON

the

ing

little

beyond

King

of

an

five

soldiers

and

noble

him

such

Miguel
and

in

his

these
all

by

heathens

the

and
the

the
clerical

five

and

King

the

force.

of

Andres

was

friars

of

de

brought

order.

into

division

of

never-ending

conflict

between

the

Ur-

spiritual

This

in

pendence
inde-

his

the

to

the

degree

lie

might,

Spaniard

jection
sub-

authority
the

ing
dur-

Philippines

regime.

INCEPTION

expedition

November,

field,

functionaries

Spanish

THE

The

who

by

committed

was

expedition.

foreshadowed

occupied

priest, and

fitted

experience,

certain

particular

missionaries

of

civil

with

with

expedition

representing

be

pared
pre-

hundred

the

Legaspi,

of

be

to

four

of

wide

task

might

but

Austin

an

as

of

Christianize

Mexico

with

de

became

accordance
of

command

man

the

In

them

Lopez

He

Governor

The

religious

strong

and

object.

manned

Legaspi,

care

that

territory.

expedition

an

the

and

territory

daneta,

to

ordered

delegated

Under

of

subdue

and

birth

was

To

ambition

sailors.
to

of

man

the

that

their

upon

guese,
Portu-

the

cause,

tendencies.

instructions

given

was

was

with

ships

without

proselyting

Mexico

royal

of

rancour

not

Spain

Philippines

up

in

of

and

possessed

the

the

123

they accomplished

lint

encroaching

were

convictions

DOMINION.

Charles,

King

increasing

Philip

in

SPANISH

complained,

Spaniards

of

of

reign

who

the

OF

OF

left

1564,

SPANISH

Navidad

and

in

DOMINION.

in
the

Mexico

following

on

year,

the
on

21st

the

"

124

PHILIPPINES.

THE

of

27th
landed

islands,

subdued

were

the

by
In

1570,

in

point

the

well

was

Dola

of

having

received

of

to

appear

as

have

them.

Bombon,

reducing

the
of

province
The

but

to

and

that

of

the
of

invaders
idea

of

North

than

that

of

the

Maharatas

American
men

probably

combining

for

less

than

mutual

of

island,

subdued

the

be

were

surprise,

found

in

the

political organization
ancient

clans

of

land
Scot-

all

resembling,

for

in

Hindustan,

or

The

chief

one

in the

excite

to

Indians.
any

district

Spaniards

may

at

with

Manila.

hundred

the

confederation
of

lie
to

is

into

the

to

returned

no

out
with-

independence

path.

had

Soliman

chieftains

entered

islands

He

Lakan

Raja

populous

few

some

Raja

These

was

most

and

natives

fighting
was

called.

explanation

the

no

the

his

these

conquer

extensive

more

in

which

with

that

fact

tribes

sufficient

nephew,

proceeded
the

Batangas

ease

able

of

one

at

opposition.

their

then

Island
invaded

landed

chiefs,

treaty

been

local

then

and

Salcedo

Lake

his

the

to

time

without

surrendered

resistance

reinforcements,

probably

the

was

this

to

up

by

it

comparative

Salcedo,

Manila

and

Tondo,

Maynila,

Juan

not

of

neighboring

with

received

Saleetlo

Bay

the

death,

Spaniards.

grandson,

Spaniards.

the

by

pacified

Legaspi,

had

of

some

and
of

which

Luzon,

and

handful

his

despatched
of

This,

Magellan's

of

anniversary

Cebu.

at

ease

the

April,

one

could

defense

that

greatest

ber
num-

to

oppose

thousand,
does

stance,
in-

and
not

the
the

seem

"

OF

INCEPTION

experienced

never

in

fighting,

the

repaired
the

the

to

island

the
de

to

one

his

to

his

wisdom

under

Manila

Pasig

was

erected

houses

first

eral
Governor-Gen-

Negritos

retiring

and

into
and

in

by

been

speedy

de

very

pacification

great

measure

their

in

left

the

Goiti,

the

the
of

name

refused

hands
the

were

of

Rajas

As
of

Tondo

the

submission,

rule,
native

Spain.
simply

before

independence

companied
ac-

of

King

idly
rap-

Macstre

they

fastnesses

the

the

followers.
in

mountain

retaining

by

armed

was

proceeded

occasion

one

expeditions

invariably
the

had

Luzon

Martin
than

their

govern

life

due

subjugating

territory
to

succeeded

humanity.

more

with

conquered

have

asp

capital

and

was

the

and

doubtless

was

of

On
in

The

Leg
the

the

and

died

country,

Salcedo

Gampo.

the

Legaspi's

and

process

caciques

Legaspi,

Lavezarcs.

Philippines

and

ing
Learn-

Luzon,

Manila

built,

was

foreign

1896.

commanding

Philippines,

the

de

in

forces
declared

fort

1571,

of

The

of

the

Spaniards.

of

useful

church

August,

Guido

and

of

with

contests

Rebellion

his

hard

or

possession,

or

in

was

of

Colony.

the
In

Tagalog

success

constructed,
for

the

until

of

of

it

Spaniards

opposition,

acquisition,

unless

125

the

Indeed,
serious

any

their

Philippines,
enemies,

DOMINION.

entertained.

been

have

to

SPANISH

the

which

vaders
in-

they

to-day.

Shortly

after

made

Legaspi's occupation
a

weak

effort

to

wrest

of

Cebu
the

the

tuguese
Por-

possession

"

128

PHILIPPINES.

THE

from

but

him,

from

disturbed

not

when

by

formidable

that

Ma
of

band

invasion

by

Sea

and

From
of

Luzon

by

idea

with

Ma

fleet, of

board

on

four
this

vessels

had

been

appear

to

the

have

Chinese
resistance

any

took

refuge

been

carried
a

in

body

fled under

the

arrived
of

the

The
who

at

the

of
the

attack,

fresh

Chinese

proceeded

for

but

in

the

landed
to

burn

The

the

the
the

Chinese
Salcedo

and

nese
Chiguard
van-

newed
re-

had

the

charge

picked

men,

him.

hundred

city

have

arrival

wore

the

that

defenders

whom

meanwhile

fifteen

city

opportune

reinforcements

the

until

probably

later

to

of

not

the

they

Spaniards

was

of

before
that

sailors.

The
it

the

days

committed

was

and

Manila

several

would

troops

Two

and

men

them.

impression

with

Manila

defense

but

of

junks, having

war

gale.

fort, which

November,

Bay

confines
to

conquest
conceived

In

after

the

offered

army.

an

by

China

Empire.

easy
and

the

surprised,

assault

by

small

of

destroyed

was

in

landed

was

within

the

himself.

fighting

been

the

men

well-equipped

force

were

of

appeared

the

of

towns

them

powerful

infested

white

thousand

of

portion

hundred

sixty

1574,

occurred.

of

learned

he

Hung

Chinese

yours

coast

displacing

of

Li

1574,

few

for

the

traders

until

commander

had

plundered

Chinese

the

of

who

were

INVASION.

the

was

corsair*

Spaniards

interference

CHINESE

Hung

the

foreign

THE

Li

time

before

storming

the

"

"

Chinks*.

The

which
i

Chinese

bamboo

quarter
is

Mestizos.

in

floated

showing

Bmom'io.

to

market

on

the

the

mam

canal.

"

"

THE

fort.

The

latter

and

Here

the

the

inflicted
Li

Ma

Hung

Manila,

He

the

natives

he

offered

houses
For

to

he

and

in

months

the

but

at

two

hundred

and

hundred

well-armed

upon

length

Li

hopelessness

his

where.
elsetill

which

the

the

take

to

he

for

debarked.

and

The

Chinese,

Spaniards,

pecting
ex-

erected

slip

behind,

and

fight, fled
that

collected

and

from

with

laid

held

took

river

his

leaving

these

teen
six-

but

it.

to

with
the

his

of

no

the
portunity
op-

This

of

part

further

It
are

an

fleet.

major

mountains.

refugees

For

realizing

advantage

the

the

and

siege

out,

of

artillery, came

these, having
to

force

men-at-arms

natives,

of

out

undisturbed,

were

having

situation,

his

believed

by

Hung

necessitated

for

retreat

coast

up

and

vessel

settlement

manoeuvre

troops

their

the

Agno,

fifty Spanish

Ma

of

to

great

settlement

invaders

Salcedo,

Chinese

time

some

with

pagoda.

some

the

the

peace

time,

attempt

make

opposition,

no

left

up

along

his

took

in

the

northward
of

for

curred
oc-

them.

upon

to

mouth

fighting

repulsed
them

hand

enclosure.

balance

abandoned

now

distance

short

loss

sailed

at

the
were

determined

but

arrived

in

followed

heavy

the

into

as-

of

hand-to-hand

Chinese

Salcedo

slaughter.
and

result

Chinese

shower

broke

stockade

The

of

cover

length

the

than

more

desperate

with

127

culverins.

under

at

most

.Eventually

no

few

furicmsly

grenades

INVASION.

was

with

strengthened
saiilted

CHINESE

is

centive
inally
gener-

descended

"

THE

128

the

large part

in

of

Pan

PHILIPPINES,

Chi

numerous

the

the

have

inception

colony

the

with

one

in

officers,often

of

Order

was

and
with

the

regard

to

the

and

code

excellent

These

they

were

been

different.
and
it

remained

of

to

observed,
The

entire

ill-adapted
so

of

to

the

of

the

was

the

Philippine

conditions

to

the

last.

must

of

all

their

ing
vacillat-

Government
be

cult
diffi-

conducive

less

political

of

Mexico

system

the

one

of

work

would

it

affairs

termed

laws,

applied

tins

Spanish
and

of

destroyed

newly-acquired

colony

the

to

the

growth

in

prosperity
Spanish

of

condition'

generation

The

Add

and

scenes

friars

retarded

Philippines

the

infrequently

not

policy

imagine

the

another

natives.

ill-advised

to
to

of

worse,

with

influence

of

stantly
con-

were

ecclesiastical

disgraceful

antagonism

those

and

tended
con-

selves.
them-

among

authority

civil

in

culminating

toward

and, what

the

of

Supreme

the

last

rule

Spanish

perpetually

the

respective

between

jealous

The

Orders,
and

another

dispute

the

dissension

Governor-General,

religious

Questions

acts.

ince
prov-

tration
adminis-

orderly

internal

the

began

The

and

the

of

characterized

always

Philippines.

Court,

the

DISSENSIONS.

the

with
of

which

of

rots

gasman.

INTERNAL

Almost

no-Igo

and

mercial
com-

country.

governed

an

"le Indias.

Leyes

Islands,

and

been

have

justice

by

was

had
very

some
cumber-

conditions,

and,

Corruption

entered

indeed,
into

"

ECCLESIASTICAL

branch

ever}'

the

and, although
to

the

prevent

they

the

not

were

of

with
but

obtained

the

the

during

the

and

of

by

turers,
adven-

little

check

officials.

failures

difficulties

natural

measures

islands

the

and

shortcomings

problem,

devised

dishonesty

tht;

early date,

an

avoided

frequently

contending

which

authorities

exploitation

upon

129

from

government

home

were

placed

was

the

of

POWER.

of

These
a

of

ment
govern-

mental
experi-

an

results

of

the

system

tenure

of

the

islands

entire

by Spain.
Civilians

and

of

regardless
the

and

pleasure

their

labor.

Slavery
and

uprisings,

that

in

he

which

the

Spanish

constantly

twenty

all

of

led

weakness

lay
to

of

Spaniards,
by

the

frequent

to

after
less

fruits

opposed

was

at

of

death

the

pacific

than

state

them.

in

the

Government.
to

natives

the

ECCLESIASTICAL

chief

paid

made

it

of

or

Spanish

the

abuses

in

The

classes

terests
in-

own

natives,

them

years

were

THE

Philippines

consideration
the

from

other

left

OF

the

maltreated

and

islands

their

writs.

royal

prohibiting

that

so

GROWTH

the

and

practiced by
decree

the

Perhaps

law

of

rights

extorted

These

governor.

Legaspi

and

was

royal

the

encomevderos

their

of

of

prohibitions

alcaldes

consulted

missionaries

them;

POWER.

in
the

friars

the

undue
and

Valuable
their

power

Spanish
deference

their

and

interests

concessions
in

rule

the

by
were

islands

"

was

of

ever

the

the

on

until

tenure

officials

other

grievances

of

Legaspi's

of

Jesuits,

and

members

the

of

islands.

quarrels
The

From

them

of

secular

poor,
no

than

but
from
in

to

Orders
devotees

short

while

entering
the

by

representation
their

between

sensions
dis-

but

them,

only

the

to

They
for
to

and

them
the

received

they

exempted

Pope

and

had

take

until

places

their

invariably

their

keep

became

monastic

to

temporarily,

provided

be

and

poverty

condition

allowance

the

Recoletos

minimize

to

territory

communities.

sufficient

Franciscans,

all, the

had

coming
in-

the

being opposed

turn

the

frequent.

hut

could

the

and

(he

in

prevent
the

of

with

difficulty, in

sought

was

latter

necessity,

native

more

that

the

to

already

vowed

were

clergy

the

in

nevertheless

friars

life.

less

or

dividing

were

last

and,

which

It

hard

and

came

friars

first

their

tion.
considera-

who

However,

Order

others

by

the

strove

more

each

country,

received

Order,

were

Dominicans,

and

Madrid,

at

to

affairs

state

good-will

redress

Augustin

Orders.

with

in

seldom

them

they

other

succeeded,

the

permitted

their

ready

support

Governors-General

upon

expedition,

Philippines,

the

with

against

Members

of

the

were

influence

office

depended

met

complaints

they

increasing
of

had

always

government;

with

the

arid

increase

national

interfere

in

PHILIPPINES.

THE

130

arrived

maintenance
in

was

ordinary

recipients

of

fort,
com-

tions
dona-

large bequests,
become

rich

so

landed

"

ECCLESIASTICAL

In

1601,

the

wealth

notorious,

the

King

proprietors.
become
Auditor

make

to

refused

friars, however,
and

the

him
usual

with

the

all

Pope

the

to

the

The

subject

them

prevented

looking

local

persuading

their

Christian
for
other
later

the

dying

from

in

King

to

obliging
houses

from

administration

time

was

their

little

will

their
to

the

the

the

to

from

cease

the

to

domestic
of

then
decrease

the
vice
ser-

learning

natives

fees

and

sacrament;

perceptible

repeated

property

pretext

thing
anyests.
inter-

mandates

to

enter

Neither

to

general

as

was

seldom

front

friars

charging

of

abuses.

there

of

the

tive
respecand

Orders

solid

the

litigation.

response

women

under

much

In

men

doctrine;

well-known

and

as

ordered

of

order
of

their

settled,

various

heeded

were

A3

amenable

were

of

never

invasion

the

authority

they

opposing

an

municate
excom-

disapproval

superiors

the

authorities.
the

complaints

clergy;

like

decrees

Royal
the

from

to

combatted
the

to

was

between

formation,
in-

any

dropped.

disputes

numerous

The

Auditor

the

was

the

the

investigation.

had

that

point

differences

the

them

by

The

the

successfully

except

of

cause

matter

maintained

They

control

no

ceased

ing
hav-

property.

threatened

that

friars

Orders.

of

he

movements

the

1653

bishops.
to

unless

friars

commissioned

give

to

the

of

their

on

Archbishop

ecclesiastics,the
Tn

of

report

131

POWER.

from
at

nor

in

any

these

practices.

"

THE

132

The

of
the

conflicts

constant

Church

State

and

plunged
It

his

duties

depend

of

fearlessly

and

their

circumstances

and

in

Spaniard
afterwards

Manila

his

sanctuary

de

Corcueva,

the

occasion

for

and
churches
the

of the

Finally

under
a

the

the

violent

The

strong

populace

Archbishop

to

of

fine

coalition

and
of

seri-

STATE.

century

female

and

The

ernor,
Gov-

dragged
This

closed

his

to

the

enlisting
In
and

in

ernor
Gov-

all

side.

Governor

preach

waa

the

view

slave

be

to

between

latter

upon

trivial

most

executed.

with

them

most

the

him

dispute

the

pain

the

convent.

caused

upheld

Jesuits

by

in

city, doubtless
of

the

forbidden

place

So

between

seventeenth

publicly

Archbishop.

sympathy

instance

and

asylum

the

murdered

sought

Hurtado
from

of

was

considered

they

AND

or

time.

any

involved

CHURCH

middle

the

at

from

never

influence

what

arose

perform

people,

the

differences

soinel.iines

OF

Toward

that

often

power

of

archy.
an-

might

clerical
him

against

prerogatives

civil

the

in

at

upon

to

He

obedience

ecclesiastics

the

were

the

impartially.

and

exerted

be

viceroy

to

indeed,

bordering

for

officials,when

to

jealous

condition

and

loyalty

and,

government,
a

representatives

the

perpetual impediment

impossible

was

subordinate

be

it into

upon

liable

between

were

administration

times

to

PHILIPPINES.

this
were

public

any

excommunication.
clerics

was

formed

"

THE

134

of

term

of

the

office

then

led

refusal

continued

order

where

of
he

died

of

The

-to

the

of

With
1678

the
the

inflict
of

of

Governor's

offense,

the

penance

but

the

He

years.
the

to

of

tender

office

by

Salcedo

the

representatives

if

unsatisfactory,

their

have
came

own

in

way

properly

Juan

afresh,

out

Archbishop.
the

term

the

upon

Nargas

office, Fernando
of

dungeon,

predecessor,

they

broke

of

public

seized

was

for

the

of

approval

Mexico.

to

of

of

in

vengeance

troubles

the

the

within

Church.

the

banishment

his

old

festival

brought

into

cast

with

not

or

assumption

the

and

in

them

Governor

He

simple,

the

whether

the

havior,
be-

functionaries

Governor.

peace

by

province

with

He

good

by ordering

the

like

with

The

privation

Oficlo

allowing

the

prisoner consigned

preserve

matters,

the

Sa.n

Church

method

in

the

successor,

contrived

all

ship

comply

of

indiscretion

extreme

The

Manila.

Poblete.

Inquisition

suffered

board

on

mercies

of

the

from

event

ill-fated

affairs.

appointments

promise

of

Church,

the

against

Church

him

This

it.

the

of

power

King,
by

of

to

between

this

at

civil

in

to

upon

death

the

joy

his

expel

friction

the

celebration

full

relating

interference

the

Archbishop

return

until

exhibited

the

to
to

but

in

of

Governor

allowed

was

(Poblete)

decrees

royal
the

contested

(1663-1608),

Archbishop

persistent
certain

PHILIPPINES.

was

de

de

in

Nargaa
culminated

and

the

Upon
cleric

former

protected
Bustamente,

piration
ex-

sought

in

to

expiation

by

his

from

cessor
suc-

the

Archbishop.

"

CONFLICT

OF

CHURCH

Governor-General
serious

but

branch

every

issued

it

Chinese

that

who
the

mob

cut

down.

the
with

Meanwhile

father's

any
ever

and
in

of

the

of
kind

in

of

punished

relief
for

son,

he

where
until

the

attack

Orders,
upon

lowered
of

their

the

friars,
faced

boldly

he

denied

shot

was

palace,

an

the

and

he

was

dragged

was

his

to

siiffering was

him.

lie

died

in

day.

same

Bustamente's

the

the

fire

of

enlist

to

Governor

agony

turn

ensued,

riot

guards

it missed

being

assistance,

in

alleviation

water

even

evening

but

gun,

the

ers
follow-

of

crucifixes

The

rioters.

his

each

in

who

sought

The

grievances

and

mob

upraised

nothing

permitted,

the

Governor.

Dying

jail, where

led

ported
sup-

attempted

imprisoned.

of

cluded
in-

was

Court,

friars

ruption.
cor-

which

other

Prelate

Priests

the

had

when

with

course

Archbishop

the

the

Jesus,

the

headed

stable

said

of

before

arms

the

is

of

palace

of

Supreme

was

residents.

except
the

the

against
former

the

which

The

of

warrants

and

and

was

take

to

foot

on

lection
col-

It

seamed

set

royal

the

moneys.

was

was

the
in

daring, step

ecclesiastics, who

judge

public

officials

Executive.

of

reforms

government

civilian

the

the

of

arrest

of

conspiracy

high

against

the

discovered

having

institute

to

135

management

extremely

of
A

by

the

disposition

righteous,

in

in

determined
and

STATE.

Bustamcnte,

irregularities

treasury,

AND

he

murders

who
and

lay

had
thrown
for

and

into

hours

expired.
other

to

come

No

his
the

without
one

crimes

was

com-

"

136

mitted

on

of

affair,

the

this

the

nine

permitted

was

after

years,

The

strife

with
of

succeeding
died

brought

As

head
de

the

of
Busfor

position

promoted

was

in

to

them

at

is

the

See

the

clergy,

fell

complete
in

of

be

no

that

were

of

short,
the

of

(he

chief

about
of

adopted
frequently

the

the
for

was

Philippine

impartial,

time

clearly

and

and

of

their

fundamental
the

in

characterized

by

There
and

Madrid,
of

execution

the

was

it.

to

intentions

legislators

tor
fac-

colony

applied

the

but

lish
estab-

classes,laymen

good

the

fairly.

performance

of

that

of

nor

all

authorities
blame

student

the

of

maladministration

doubt

to

shame

and

grief

reliable

Spaniards

government

terms

said

arc

apportion

to

of the

But

whom

ecclesiastical

chronicles

woefully

the

during

conflicts.

and

wholly

motives
measures

civil

command

duty.

the

system

the

and

fact

the

continued,

RESPONSIBLE.

difficult

never

records

of

MEASUliES

extremely
data

of

these

in

State

peace,

three

consequence

between

is

and

of

Governors,

upon

history

the

the

Fernando

retain

Church

intervals

UNWISE

can

of

to

he

which

between

brief

only

have

the

death

instigator

Mexico.

in

The

the

chief

assumed

Archbishop,
upon

and

tamente

the

Indeed,

occasion.

Government

the

it

PHILIPPINES.

THE

manitarian
hu-

but

their

signs
de-

utmost

unwisdom.

"

SERVICES

The

by

condemnation

of

IMPORTANT

What

the

would

them
labored

hard

zeal

for

and

in

the

and

is

his

from

fellows.
the

rioters

in

in

the

the

upon

his
hand

of

solitary
;

braving

reckless

of

amongst

savages,
We

days

much

friar

for

with

forgive
the

sake

the

of

the

cast

of

century

and

but

memory

look

wilderness

tho

and

for

shack

their

priest
of

missal

dangers,

inhabiting

pampered
the

howling

unfamiliar

thought

most

disgust

back

crucifix

the

bravery

of

mob

ligious
re-

of

natural
a

age
cour-

story

to

their

evangelization

thousand

no

and

The

with

with

they

admitted

characteristic

life, cheerfully

his

can

be

must

penetrating

mission

and

misapplied,

considered

to

they

that

devotion

well

were

out
with-

conversion

sometimes

turn

tained
at-

That

indisputable;

was

Philippine

fervent

the

priests leading

it

Manila,

and

them,

testimony

we

of

for

they

which

been

achieved.

questioned.

When

history

upon

what

has

to

religion

touching

picture

due

wonderful

he

self-abnegation

of

of

of

cannot

Taal

if

sincere,

pursuit

of

is

THE

progress

been

natives

promotion

duties

padre

mainly

they displayed

that

of

tempered

he

services.

OF

effectively

the

by

the

inestimable

have

not

of

moved

were

is

and

civilization

should

friars

degree

islands

137

FRIARS.

SEEVICES

noticeable
in

TY1E

the

their

of

recognition

THE

in

OF

his

of

fare.
wel-

later

pioneer

prototype.
It

must

not

be

supposed

that, although

the

priests

"

THE

138

in

the

On

the

of

and

capital
lot

the

of

or

of

under
the

He

white

and

climate
an

credit

were

not

and

danger:

on

in

priest
in

and
found

time

the

of

their

institutions
of

the
The

their
cause

friars

severities

the

stress

their

The
trials

in

greatly

never

full

to

lack

a.

ing
understand-

of

time

than

invading

an

frock

of

most
fore-

been

More

friar's

has

one

enemy,
been

ever

eruptions, earthquakes,
found

being
have

in

always

them

charitable

members

of

fire

always

Numerous
owe

is

flocks

have

Volcanic

have

posts.

their

they

the

front.

epidemics

and

was

encouragement.
to

seeing

them.

contrary,
and

decency.

his

it

was

stretch.
of

to

those

not

and

with

deserted

fallen

has

at

there

sionary,
mis-

from

of

greatest

that

before

never

the

the

volunteers

was

relief

to

class

eager

friars

months

environment,

the

what

The

the

and

diet

of

ready
of

to

weeks

entirely strange

the
of

for

the

allowance

His

civilization, often

from

or

ohliged

demands

the

more

years,

field, was

ease.

devoid

displayed,

charge.

supply

to

off

man

his

of

was

scarcely differing

under

cut

was

he

ously,
luxuri-

one

majority

the

into

conditions

was

For

ability

coming

sufficient

barely

the

to

natives

the

comforts.

even

after

friar

of

life

lived

parishes

richer

average

the

less, according

live

the
the

contrary,

pleasure,

PHILIPPINES.

to

made

and

the

steadfast
educational

Orders,

notable

at

and

tain
cer-

contributions

science.

frequently
of the

protected

encomenderos

the

and

natives
the

civil

against
power.

"

SERVICES

In

the

earlier

amicable

days

with

the

the

aid
Some

writers

been

of

of

The

of

power
the

its

of

force

and

though
adapt

make

such

began
desire

to

had

become

been
to

the

the

but

the

supported
like

man
Fore-

life in
for

War

put

had

always

ignorance,
had

in

in

the

he

was

quite

conditions.

for

basis

before,
festations
maniwas

of

order

anachronism.

an

fail.

to

There
new

the

much

sundry

independence.

to

of the

owed

existed

itself

ing
wan-

them,

began

formed
never

friar

only

end

an

enlightenment

had

the
the

the

rapidly

was

among

changed

that

of

education

willing,

have

Suez.

good

exhibit

for

He

himself

of

which

as

old-time

had

number

morality
im-

to

allowance

small

religious unity

the

he

with

for

the

several,

familiar
to

superstitious

for

place

things.

of

priests,

now

abling
en-

without

doubt

no

who,

growing

the

of
no

the

spirit,

fluence
in-

in

upon

Those

east

friars

the

spread

and

which

led

the

to

national

factor

is neither

elass

are

celibates

With

and

Political
a

the

pec

most

their

pretend

of

cases

Spanish-American

control.

influence
of

ex

voluntary

natives

is

comparatively

before
their

There

the

of

be

and

country

they

probability.

nor

tropics, might
frailties

the

which

Younghusband,

arid

body

in

indictment

evidence

chief

the

on

force.

priest*,

justified

sweeping

hold

to

universal.

is

the

was

expatiate unnecessarily

the

almost

charge

parishioners,

commanding

of

by

natives

139

generally

were

their

Spaniards

of

FRIARS.

THE

they

with

terms

the

OF

Even

unable
The

to

very

"

140

forces

that

The

we

their

the

of

story

of

the

which

the

close

trade

He
in

General
where

Spanish

sixteenth

well

was

despatched

by
the

way.
this

ambassador,
A

JJautista

fellow

build
A

secured

priests
a

to

church

near

Portuguese
for

many

his
of

treaty

new

sail

hands

suite

Japan,

to

the

and

was

and

nobles

upon
and

despatched,

Pautista
included
was

for

indefinitely

chants,
mer-

down

proselyting

commerce

the

Philippines,

went

Pedro

permission

remain

for

to

Governor-

effected

of

Fray
and

the

Japanese

purpose

for.

ambassador

embassy

was

all

Emperor

maintained

long
an

an

expedition

the

provided

priests.

with

ship

occasion

of

party

of

Japan.

the

and

treaty

second

for
sent

set

admire

illustration

of

century

received

representatives

but

and

Luzon,

severely

JAPAN.

had

people

turn

accompanied

on

the

commercial

conversion

CHRISTIANIZE

into

prosecution

striking

ation.
cre-

them

must

we

the

in

own

how

matter

no

finds

TO

with

relations

Manila.

the

of

led

acts,

attempted

whose

Japan,

but

displayed

ATTEMPTS

At

often

friars

his

of

were

resultant

courage

convictions,

the

the

judgment,

condemn

splendid

likn

against

of

of

errors

may

the

operated

fanaticism

serious

in

PHILIPPINES.

THE

was

pointed
ap-

three

other

entered

himself
in

tinctly
dis-

was

Japan

into

and

and

his
to

Osaka.
settlement
years

of
at

traders

Nagasaki,

had
where

been

they

tablished
es-

had

"

142

of

Numbers
in

landing

issue

to

who

all

might
of

forfeiture

the

missionaries

convey

Governor

deterred

Not
Orders

the

the

to

to

into

them

Following
for

Manila

would-be

of

sailed

at

wrecked

was

Manila

for

interposed
missionary
after

and

the

and

and

subscribed

was

another

party
occasion

this

On

had

than

ever

the

vessel

distance

from

but

at

but

before

from

that

authority
the
the

same

to

it could
time

further
Thus

direction.
friars

Japan

proceed

with

sail

strictly

against

Philippine

Christianizing

physically impossible

landed

Ilocos.

and

endeavor

smuggle

stake.

shipping

prepared

in

of

heads

thus

were

number

of

and

enterprise

of

to

large premium

friars

Japan.

purpose,

power

project

of

coast
next

same

decline

the

before, embarked,
the

forty years'
the

was

his

paid

at

greater

interfered

Governor

the

it

the

to

was

had

priest

Archbishop

$10,000

purpose

upon

large junk

the

of

disaster

time

to

death

martyrs

one

and

vessels

priests

met

thirty-six priests,

country

of

number

Ten

the

death

and

vessel
a

this

the

difficulties

these

carry

afterwards

shortly

of

penalty

to

was

prohibition.

Japan.

Emperor

which

and

killed

were

in

Japan,

by

bought

crew

owners

their

added

she

priests

ship

to

the

length

carry

the

they

more

or

years

that

imposing

any

led

This

come.

At

edict

an

twenty

despite

discovered.

forced

for

succeeded

traders

of

guise

and

Japan,

continued,

whenever

upon

the

in

priests
in

influx

the

in

PHILIPPINES.

THE

only

doned
abanwhen

it.

"

DUTCH

ATTACKS

UPON

THE

COLONY.

DUTCH

ATTACKS

UPON

THE

COLONY.

the

sixteenth

century

Spain

During

and
Dutch

of

secured

rich

in

attack

to

Moluccas.
the

Dutch

and

of

the

the

Dutchmen

Spaniards

had

iards
Span-

fitted
in

images

and

carried

out

the

to

him

several

and

relics

exhorted

prevailing

days

procession
the

the

populace

In

this

the

superstitious
in

previous
exposed

through
did

cupation
oc-

armament.

an

which

the
much

against

the

battle

public

view

city.

The

to

to

ings
fail-

Saint

aid

promised

and

The

meanwhile

dream

weak

Japanese

and

prepare
of

the

enemy.

booty.

and

were

vessels

the

and

to

losses

recent

unusually

Chinese

to

pretend

to

to

(1609-

entrance

several

were

passed

For

in

of

Silva

the

owing
of

advantage

appeared

holy

the

the

time

off

immense

enabled

age

enemy.

clergy

occasionally

de

Juan

that

path
an

took

the

of

withstand

months

were

Governor
of

the

ish
Span-

settlements

absence

the

secured

and

Mark

eastern

the

hand,

anchored

to

in

lay

several

The

for

to

Dutch

collision.
the

and

time

Philippines

condition

no

traders

the

happened

It

forces
in

wait

other

from

squadron

by shipwreck

and

the

Governorship

Bay.

naval

in

mies,
ene-

"

During

Manila

On

prize.

in

lowing
fol-

the

bitter

about

waters

lay

of

were

Mexico,

Philippines

the

expeditions

ldlfi)

the

from

galleons

treasure

half

constantly

They

Spain.

first

Holland

were

infested

privateers

possessions

and

fleets

their

the

and

143

to

dispel

dread.

"

144

THE

iSilvn

De
the

the

the

The

and

person

force
the

of

of
line

The

of

of

the

Dutch

their

ships

value

of

In

and

the
in

held

Chinese

of

the

and

it

about

to

the

conducted

on

did

not

boarded

and

Chinese

gained

with

their

until

formed

wares,

Justed

for

six

defeated,

three

of

to

the

of

into
were

before

of

driven

out

was

the

by

later.

TRADERS.

of

Chinese

their

junks,

from

commerce

Chinese

their

of

the

the

the

for

them

sufficient

it

hands

the

years

measures

by

but

Formosa,

encouraged

save

made

Philippines

development

board

and

the

they

dealings

pillaged

Saint

on

merchandise

CHINESE

the

Legaspi

this

precaution

and

fell

twenty

passed protective

been

to

large

which

that

fight,

island

OF

view

islands

to

into
in

with

fought

was

from

1642

INFLUX

fallen

captured.

was

Spaniards

upon

who

With

decisive

Spaniards,

eight ships

destroyed,

the

settlement

the

upon

command

together

completely

were

were

1626

Dutch,

the

available

fierce

$300,000

neglected,

the

Hondo

Playa

After

day.

hours,

have

took

the

of

event

must

thousand,

upon

everything

battle.

Battle

Mark's

all

one

natives,

the

Governor

embarked

number

in

Manila

Dutch,

hands.

risk

to

fight, and

impending

their

determined

had

victory by

PHILIPPINES

traders

benefit.

vious
Pre-

traders
and

had

that

even

being occasionally
In

natives.

confidence

to

come

the

of

the

close

time

the

ashore
sixteenth

"

INFLUX

they

century

As

the

large

each.

which

nondo.

for

provided
market

the

them.

in

In

middle

the

Chinese

who
The

settlers.
was

of

With

traders

view

to

of

thousands,
followed.
it

cepcion
Spaniards
about

ten

thought

of

the

to

order

of

of

slaughter

to

this

but

all

had

pretext

for

original
the

they

themselves

that

of

probably

in

the

de

intention
who

would

lence.
violery
artil-

turning

restrained

were

fore
be-

Chinese

act

an

Juan

Chinese,

large

danger

number,

of

formed.

the

killed

were

Dutch

of

been

enemy,
to

the

of Manila

midst

incited

of

the

internal

great

iards
Span-

invasion

their

opinion
the

the

residents

ties

no

the

been

loss

the
in

the

Mongols

thousand,
the

of

were

quarter.

In

had

was

Parian,

from

expected

made

the

center

centnry

Formosa

whom

Parian

the

Bi-

outgrown

by

threatened

disposing

was

upon

the

presence

with

of

the

This

that

the

arrival

of

sixteenth

wrested

Mongols

the

the

by

by

of

celebrated

demolished

apprehension

increased

body

of

had

above

room

larger

the

was

was

I860.

alarmed

were

This

had

much

large

section

Chinese

cupied.
oc-

Manila

with

the

in

was

they

in

dwelling

and

which

place,

land

Alcayceria.

the

This

the

them

15S0

when

another

Government

the

in

145

merchants

with

shops

on,

Alcayceria,

or

Chinese

opened

Later

for

rent

called

of

was

TliADERS.

provided

was

square
It

the

of

Government

building,
a

CHINESE

paying

were

numbers

the

grew,

OF

assault
la

Con-

of

the

numbered

by

the

inevitably

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

146

for,

ensue,

and

the

as

of

commerce

have

not

historian

the

Chinese
In

subsisted."*

which

conducted

was

industries

these

addition

by them,

of

"without

says,

Manila

to

could

the

trade

foreign

all the

in

trade

dominions

almost

were

the

the

ical
mechan-

hands

of

the

Chinese.
In

1G03
It

that

led

that

tlie

this

of

from

the

occasion

arrived

for

as

no

the

they

and

of

one

Spanish

General

"Historia

the

threatening

hundred

14

Vols.

Manila,

of

Chinese

in

the

1788.

"!e

artillery

Philippines

Of

led

by

Juan

Conirix'ion
1638

at

their

looked

themselves,
raise

to

the

picked

an

tifications
for-

frightened

houses

de

hauled,
over-

carry

to

city.

haste.

were

Manila

burning

troops

in

in

menace

Philipinas.
Dela

to

the

tions
prepara-

feverish

Finally

by

On

from

proceeded

city.

hostilities

began

suburbs

and

were,

the

with

whom

mandarins

two

departure

Chinese

cited
ex-

incursion.

ordered

were

as

with

ambassadors

and

had

periodical nightmare

their

cause

appear

colony

when

as

The

it would

Rung's

arms

preparations

outside
Chinese

Ma

pushed

natives

constantly.

doubt

was

After
were

but

curred.
oc-

true

Spaniards

reached

was

drilled,

these

the

Philippines

defense
were

weapons

Li

China.

and

upon

of

crisis

the
of

Emperor

time

in

Troops

of

Chinese

the

Mongol

invasion

Chinese

the

the

learn

to

affair,

of

growth

apprehensions

fear

this

appalling

rapid

of

uprising

impossible

seems

to

the

the

serious

in

the

body

ex-governor-

la

c-siinuites

Conriipcion.
the

number

33,000.

"

INFLUX

which
with

his

Chinese

proceeded

They

scattered.

It

Chinese
and

in

only

had

lost
In

it

who

time

and

as

killed

of

the

of

of

were

the

to
so

*The

York,

1639,
and

Orientals

the

large

their

clude
ex-

date

the

signified

thousand

tion
inten-

enforced

was

residents,

and

for

excluded.
the

invaders,

British
of

numbers

where

to

by

expulsion

great

and

evaded

or

joined

Chinese

them

retained

Spaniards

the

were

country.

"Except

says:

Western

only
had

natives

the

Before

rigidly

provinces

Foreman*
score

of

two

consequence

in

control

do

order

were

the

In

occurred,

expel

was

baptized,

The

so.

1763

sand
thou-

eighteen

of

to

decree

became

newcomers

In

long

utterly

uprising.

Chinese.

this

against upwards
a

of

outbreaks

resolved

non-Christian

do

and

and

miles,

thousands

after

was

execution

to

city,

the

lives.

their

number,

victory,

one

finally repulsed

for

this

similar

1660,

1755

its

in

this

were

upwards

slain

quelled

all
of

they

that

hardly

the

to

147

them,

by

pursued

said

were

again

were

which

were

is

Elated

lay siege

to

in

struggle ensued,
fled.

life.

TRADERS.

against

sent

was

escaped

and

CHINESE

OF

Asiatics,
merchants

neither

compete

Philippine

the
in

the

them.

and

Islands.

The

may

Foreman,

be

F.

R.

sire
de-

nor

this

at

cannot

remained

tact, energy,

Chinese

John

who

Archipelago.

They

the

and

Europeans

Chinese

knowledge,

with

successfully,

few

day

considered

G.

New

1899.

148

THE

boon

to the

and

scarce,

to

the

the

other

useful

juice

from

sugar-cane

iron.

tbc

things,

introduced

They

vertical

with

sugar-mills

people

of

them,
of

try,
indus-

saccharine

wrought
the

colony

first

and

crushers

stone

who

amongst

of

working
the

barrassed.
em-

trade,

extraction

into

more

the

taught

the

and

kinds

much

notions

They

all

be

would

trade

really

first

work.

of

import
are

their

many

labor

and

Chinese

natives

them, living

and

export

fruitful

and

without

commodities

The
gave

for

colony,

dearer,

much

PHILIPPINES.

iron

boiling-pans."
The
shows

that

the

last

Chinese,
tbc

and

the

natives

them.

Spanish

From
the

1763,

year

hundred

have

time

and

fifty

tolerated,

although

by

despise

the

the

regarded
race,
to

of

history

colonists

as

learned

from

years

come
unwel-

an

example

time, especially

to

feeling against

them

ways
al-

were

has

since

run

very

high.
the

During
Chinese

Christianity

made

with

and
in

the

at

few

some

form

them

native

have

contracts

Chinamen,

recognition

public

married

of

status

of

Many

have

and

Government

Important

the

century

improved.

much

was

adopted

nineteenth

of

the
have

women.

times

have

been

received

decorations

and

titles.
Their

of

enactment

many

by

the

have

steadily

exclusion

law

numbers

wily

the

ways

of

Oriental.

evading
That

in

which

the

increased
the
have
influx

the

since

eighteenth
been
has

tury,
cen-

devised

continued

"

150

THE

the

in

for

lacked
of

armed.

from

in

and

force

of

part

and

men,

desirable

depredations
of

coast

of

which

of

dered
plun-

before

any

principal
who

captives

were

sometimes

were

particularly

as

not

Spaniards
were

Some

succeeded
never,

of

the

that

at

great
to

in

garrison
All

the
of

the

made

tacked
at-

were

tained
main-

was

these

ures
meas-

and

scourge,

that

hand.

upper

nominal

task

tions
expedi-

gunboats

subdued

however,

all

the

They

suppress

getting

chiefs

them.

expense.

introduction

remit

to

Countless

sea.

ment
Govern-

essayed

governor

by

sequence,
con-

reduced

the

constrained

of

in

were

so

The

some

depopulated

poverty,

against

at

the

Visayas,

marauders.

ineffectual

until

the

inhabitants

once

and

Mindanao

proved

in

opment
devel-

traffic.

inter-island

their

these

the

impeded

almost

succeeding

land

on

in

of

despatched

were

Moros

who

The

regarded

were

than

suppressing

was

was

towns,

again

these

severe

abject

more

Each

taxes.

it

all

condition
was

of

of

and

especially

were

islands

coast

spot.

seriously

towns

and
to

Archipelago

sea

the

were

they

prizes.

These

the

the

lation
popu-

Muhammadans,

Among

priests

and

at

consisted

slavery.

by heredity,

ships

upon

were

reach

booty

into

white

effects

could

their

carried

and

the

junks,

war

burned,

punitive

of

They

from

of

portion

incursions

their

their

man

freebooters
No

the

swooped,

piratical expeditions.

to

men

sea-faring

well

free

of

organization

never

were

PHILIPPINES.

the

the
The

iards.
Span-

submission

"

"

is

This

with

an

port-like
of

hai'd

of

one

eye

to

defense,

windows

fighting

churches

tlie

us

may

thick

and

in

that

the

Tagiilog

originally

were

be

walls.

imm

seen

It

the

the
was

IjuiIi

high
scene

Rebellion.

"

"

BRITISH

THE

while

conducted

were

twenty

of

years

1762

It

Admiral

under
command

of

anchored

in

ashore

to

refused.

demand

about

siege

the

first

by
assault
was

and

of

the

given
at

this

week

five
in

city

and

by

the

time.

of

three

the

with

was

time

the

at

eighty

pieces
three

numbered

soldiers,

European

the
the

upon

the

defenders

beaten

the

terms

the

through
troops

following
who
of

with

back

was

this

inforced
re-

whom

tions
posi-

with

loss

province.

entered

day

ing
Dur-

British

the

and

were

troops,

upon

British

Archbishop,
the

commenced.

were

dispersed

vessels

city

native

columns

the

British

attack

They

By

sent

were

city, which

force

from

thousand

made.

in

squadron

Manila

hundred

year

Sipahis.

of

of October

up

British

landed

natives

5th

the

the

bombardment

and

of

soldiers

fifteen

were

the

the

to

Draper

officers

of

and

that

British

two

surrender

thousand

The
and

hundred

seamen,

Troops

the

six

General

garrison

artillery, whilst

and

an

the
entire

of

thousand

with

Bay

of

September

troops.

Manila

The

consisted
of

the

pines.
Philip-

despatched

was

in

Cornish,

last

France

against

war

fleet

arrived

the

the

of

paigns
cam-

MANILA.

declared

British

Philippines.

TAKE

several

during

occupancy

BBITISH

England

and

Spain,

Mindanao

Spanish

THE

In

in

151

and

independence,

actual

retaining

MANILA.

TAKE

the

On
walls

Manila

was

acting-Governor
capitulation

the

"

Archipelago

entire

of four

the

named

fled

and

raised

guerilla

which

to

the

of

in

was

some

of

and

the

he

affected
Simon

and

de

carried

on

islands,

the

than

more

in

was

In

the

the

unchecked.

of

administration

of

of

ness
lawless-

provinces

effects

year

condition

necessarily

before

years

where

and

evacuated

something
Luzon

rampant

native

1764.

of

period

day

Court,

in

Bulacan,

natives

British

disturbance.
was

Supreme

Archbishop.
the

occupancy,

extreme

the

of

the

the

The

upon.

Salazar, escaped

among

until

indemnity

an

Governor-General,

they did early

British

of

Province

troops

the

judge

and

agreed

was

action

war

During
of

Anda

the

ignore

Anda

de

himself

proclaimed
to

dollars

capitulation

Simon

boat

surrendered

was

of

millions

before

PHILIPPINES.

THE

152

It

violent

this

turbance
dishad

government

subsided.
The

most

notable

Ilocos

Sur

under

Silan,

sacked

made

Silan

the

manifesto

which

he

was

Captain-General

was

His

conveying
the
to

King
have

friars

declared
of

the

Alcalde.

Silan

his

acknowledgment

of

England,

appointed

him

of

city

held

were

and

sent

the

Alcalde

at

district

Vigan
for

Jesus

and

and

the

British

de
was

ransom

issued

that
to

himself
Manila

sovereignty
Governor

Nazareth

of

messenger
of

in

pillaged.

was

Vigan

that

of

rising
Diego

one

neighborhood

headquarters

his
in

The

the

was

leadership

the

surrounding

the

and

affairs

Christian.

native

and

taken

these

of

of

seems

Mayor.

"

164

THE

ber

of

and

riots

PHILIPPINES.

rebellions

in

different

of

the

of

the

parts

isbiid.

UPRISINGS

The

period

entire

Archipelago
and

of

for

the

of

of

There

the

for

service

military
without

the

friars

and

of
These
a

led

similar

into

the

to

1622

seems

native

the

natives

of

the

and

before
in

1744

in

that
to

by

the
lie

to

1896.

island

of

the

same

tyranny

the

powers

be

priest
unburied

confined

had
until

is

of

of

at

his

ordered
it

tide

of

broke

burned

eral
sev-

damage
A

island

the

of

Bohol

They

subdued.

were

provinces.

rising

inflicted

otherwise

himself

natives

the

of

movements

in

missionaries.

they

occasioned
to

caused

outbreak

pulsory
com-

tration
maladministhe

gradually

Ta^alog

churches

rising

ernment
Gov-

conduct

the
in

the

and

the

minor

the

to

and

many

in

resistance

towns

been

through

for

taxation

officials

minor

tion
conscrip-

lal"or

Church

exactions;

character

rebellion
In

their

Spanish

causes

the

be

may

encomiendas;

turbances.
dis-

these

to

important

; enforced

to

causes

led

most

remuneration

contributions

different

in

numerous

that

of

system

movements

gravity

were

discontent

the

occupation

less

or

Amongst
mentioned

Spanish

more

of

NATIVES.

by revolutionary

islands.

spirit

the

THE

marked

was

uprisings

parts

OF

upon

serious

more

said

to

priest

who

magistrate

have
rogated
ab-

and
It

pleasure.
the

body

decomposed.

of

The

"

brother
the

of

latter,

the

in

priest

THE

OF

UPRISINGS

man

named

and

raised

revenge

NATIVES.

155

killed

Dagohoy,

of

standard

the

revolt.
A

number

large
and

rebel,

thirty-five

found

Leyte
when

it

became

reinforce

before

troops

service

of

local

the

at

decided

to

press

rebels

killed

priest

before

they

been

with

the

murdered

panga

of

an

they

and
and

order

insurgents

and

Albay

killed

Butuan.

to

cut

formed

broke

timber

for

the

three

bodies

the

The

churches

only

leader

rose

had

their

natives

revolt

for

; in

Mas-

priest

was

assassinated

was

lost

into

provinces

officer;

1660

was

was

the

natives

Spaniard

result

other

Europeans
In

Pangasinan

the

Spanish

several

to

Samar

people,

own

extended

of

outbreak
until

his

the

1649

several

This
not

and

Sumoroy.

bvirned

of

Zamboanga

and

named

hills.

some

In

in

Cebu;

the

1649

reason.

Island

Caraga

by

of

riots

same

bate

to

and

difficulty

betrayed

The

in

took

native

Cebu

vessels

In

The

1622,

of

natives

Arsenal.

in

forty

with
restored.

under

pardon.

Governor

be

uprising
a

the

Governor

serious

crushed,

for

Cavite

dered
surren-

insurrection

an

against

troops

full

for

Government

followers

could

peace

Governor-General
into

receiving

necessary

the

his

and

scene

the

send

to

the

joined

independence

time

necessary

of

the

was

its

which

Dagohoy

condition

on

to

it

Finally

natives

maintained

during

years,

frequently
them.

band

the

disaffected

of

as

lives
of

the

in

Pamresult

Government.

The

aggregating

upwards

"

THE

156

of

thousand

ten

"King"
rebel

armed

and

enabled

followers.

of

armed

at

all
In

1823

named

officer
and

the

other

several

outbreaks,

and

Island

was

killed

in

What
in

A
in

Arsenal

to

as

this

signal
failed.

For

and
from

and

several
the

by

capital
and

Cebu
the

of

it is

of

scenes

Governor

prisoners

Creole

the

1827
were

the

Cavite

affair.

_N

said,

egros
the

to

the

on

but

three
native

country.

the

native

They

took

through

for

the

The

other

ernor's
Gov-

mutinous

in

troops

their

by

plicated
im-

was

possession

the

of

the

plices
accom-

affair

priests

and

laymen

victims

had

for

plan

soldiers

this

native

occurred

misunderstanding

some

uprising

clergy
The

Insurrection

supported

be

to

alleged complicity

Burgos

island

State

of

portion

Manila,

the

routed

were

seize

to

rising due,

the

as

expecting
in

account.

is known

1872.

and

troops

headed

In

1844

of

employment
private

in

the

uprising

troops,

the

long
Ma-

thousand

forty

of

attempted

of

recruits.

hanged.

Government.

towns

the

until

insurgents

leaders

native

of

violent

forced

The

Novales,

subvert

with

detachments

their

body

hand

formidable

this

vessels.

and

points

field

for
of

body

every

the

several

sent

from

take

to

Against

Spaniards
flotilla

in

came

declared

with

him

of

leadership

the

province

furnished

Reinforcements
was

under

men

Ilocos

Malong.

chief

PHILIPPINES.

were

Doctor

operation
co-

soon

Joseph

were

executed

were

banished

made

themselves

"

UPRISINGS

odious

the

to

of
which

their

would

the

the

native

Cavite

the

required
to

to

NATIVES.

of

enactments

have

appears

THE

clergy by

Spanish

incumbencies

There

the

OF

monastic

be

outbreak

demanding

the

Council

friars

to

the
of

retire

forcement
en-

Trent,
from

life.

evidence
with

157

that
a

view

the
to

friars

gated
insti-

inculpating

priests.

"

"

THE

PASSING

OF

SPANISH

DOMINION.

"

"

162

THE

had

Freemasonry
about

The
to

ten

Roman

been

Catholic
and

Insular

lodges
and

izations,
of

the

those

exiled,

of

radical

more

mostly

the

the

Their

lose.
from

its

the

inciting

In
severe

tyrants,

the

who
civil

power,

In

order

masons
Free-

friars,
the

1896

the

in

people

their

but

the

and

the

mined,
deter-

lives

pines
Philipfound

to

It

Rebellion

ably
prob-

Katipunan
members.

Tagal

each

Tagals,

were

redeem

fifty thonsund
in

1896
to

reverse

often

the

was

and

the

movement.

measures

the

of

and

1895

of

societies,

nothing
"to

was

the

insurrection

Out

working

had

who

and

executed,

independent

the

pin
or-

antagonism

Cavite

this

all

political

extra

those

the

of

most

body.

purpose

factor

of

backbone

of

men,

about.

numbered

of

of

republic."

communistic

opposed

predecessors, culminating

ranks

desperate
to

of

outbreak.

into

the

of

members

The

in

turned

Masonic

its

than

Katipunan.

soon

number

grew

KATIPUNAN.

majority

pines
Philip-

everywhere

THK

account

Cavite

Freemasons

incurred

The

on

memkn's

were

thus

priests.

the

to

OF

is

the

to

the

Church

HIKTII

The

introduced

before

years

societies,

secret

PHILIPPINES.

acted
caused

the

authorities
the

suppress

effect:
in

to

that

adopted

the

capacity

of

the

deportation

The

detectives
of

most

with

Katipunan,
intended.

the

great

cisely
pre-

friars,
for

the

numbers

suspects.
Without

entertaining

the

sentiment

of

patriotism

"

PATRIOT

THE

the

in

broader
attachment

strong

be

native

whoever

has

and

163

evinced

always

short

penalty,

no

than

severe

"The

the

exile

was

and

deported

spot,

there

time

by

Such

to

of

from

his

the

Kizal

him

of

all

education,

*The

the

hero

Inhabitants

some

of

the

and

not

of

be

of

the

the

after

for
the

Philippines.

pines,
Philip-

the
His

boy

had

N.

year

father,

anxious

and

acquiring

F.

death,

friars.
about

able

facilities

lawless

ultimately

born

was

especially

could

Province.

Laguna

possible

dence,'
resi-

exile

system

and

of
was

means,

the

pardon

patriot

machinations

in

law.

'forced

of

this

deportation,

Calamba,

of

PHILIPPINES.

of

Mercado

indefinite

one."

victim

Eizul,

was

of

Filipino

afford

THE

suffered

result

at

OF

notable

persecution

Jose

some

PATRIOT

most

who

bribing

unhealthy

an

termed

money

family

process

death
as

expense,

and

for

without

the

or

probably
cost

that

was

authorities

home

and
own

involved

without

THE

1865,

his

the

to

euphoniously

heavy

personal

from

torn

distant

punishment,

obtained

The

be

arbitrary authority,

caused

always

to

at

in

priests

denounced

to

reside

to

sometimes

either

best-founded

the

the

against

be

some

and

greatest

natives

liable

filibuster,

York,

soil

displeased them,

matters,

Tagal

more

says:

of

complaint

as

the

PHILIPPINES.

village.

Sawyer'"'

and

THE

the

to

could

death,

as

sense,

OF

to

eral
lib-

displayed

Sawyer.

New

1000.

"

164

THE

unusual
of

Jesuits
of

of

and

talent

the

Manila.

at

of

from

socialistic
the

at

land

time.

deeply

from
at

the

Government.
exhibition

of

of

which

unattractive

in

Spanish

the

class

Upon

of

the

and
which

publication

was

return

of

their

doubtless

these

to

the

works,

up

to

the

bored
har-

Spanish

act

was

an

he

years

came
beof

the

from
to

support

he

Germany
me

books

practices
political

in
posed.
ex-

novel

written

were

widely

read

odium

in

further

in

depicted

were

worst

lished
pub-

tangere,"

amongst
them.

islands, shortly
Rizal

then,

view.

another

The

ance
deliver-

prosperity

in

"Noli

and

have

to

freedom

Philippines

held

its

ready

in

native

Xeither

was

stay

by

his

of

early

its

of

concern,

future

object

and

of

voluntary
his

man
Ger-

institutions

against

he

lines.

were

those

appear

upon

followed

was

similar

his

the

that

light

This
somewhat

that

entitled

priests

on

in

Rizal's

romance

the

But

friars, and

Doctor

an

the

having

During

last

depended

movement

any

his

he

something

friars.

Eizal

degree

various

at

problem

the

versity
Uni-

Later

constant

the

loyalty.

Philippines

domination

Rizal's

thoughts

convinced

firmly

and

condition

does

Indeed,

the

imbibing

of

time,

secured

pervaded

upon

treasonable

any

the

of

thraldom

later

any

Paris

unhappy

subject

pondered

nor

that

The

the

was

he

ideas

the

to

Philosophy.

without

not

instruction

sent

he

and
in

the

was

which

studies

universities,
the

He

Medicine

his

prosecuted

under

application

Madrid,

Doctor

PHILIPPINES.

after

excited

the
the

"

THE

enmity
of

title

PATRIOT

of

the

the

Dominican
in

of

the

of

of

their

friars, and
At

depended

and

Europe,
chief

families

the

of

Calamba

1893

Kong

with

He

Rizal

the

took

to

his

to

that

return

some

he

to

such

his

and

the

notice

rented

from

in

Hong

would

have

the

at

(lie

is

It

the

discovered

that

seditious

Consul,

hardly

he
the

probable

would

have
less

and

that
aa

that
tured
ven-

probable
tionary
revolu-

luggage

his

the

confidence

with

capital

However,

of

Spanish

in

profession.

assurance

he

included

charge

his

immediately

was

Custom

House

proclamations

ficers
of-

amongst

effects.
Uiznl

of

they

the

guarantee

openly

had

to

without

following

Philippines

safety.

land

upon

of

the

literature.
arrested

returned

residence

his

up

through

personal

without

holdings

safety

his

relatives

evicted

received

have

Governor-Genera],

might

the

intention

to

appears

lie

He

his

were

from

that

country.

absence

of

order.

religious
In

his

during

compensation

or

the

cipal
prin-

"expulsion

Rizal

to

most

estates."

their

patent

leaving

upon

of

and

The

the

was

confiscation

self
him-

society,

Freemasons.

program

which

disposition

secret

the

allied

also

similar

were

it became

length

lands

He

Filipino.,"
which

disputing

certain

to

of

166

by

town.

patriots

members

article
the

native

"Liga

the

body

Order

his

other

founded

PHILIPPINES.

ecclesiastical

they occupied
with

THE

OF

was

"enforced

tried

and

residence"

sentenced
at

to

an

Dapitan,

indefinite
on

the

term

north

"

166

of

shore

Mindanao

the

His

Rebellion

broke
a

their

memories

yet

not

time

eould

masses

His

the

in

Spain
In

view

Rizal

the

at

of

carried
Blanco

Minister

of

recited
Dr.

to

place

the
been

the

Jose

four

years

of

which

we

in

the

are

secret

the

been

now

the
Rizal.

excited

shipped

was

he

of

Cuba.
in

is, in

the

deploring,
societies

which

and

similar

for
the
His

exile

have

real

terest
in-

Peninsula

conduct
in

as

during
has

Dapitan

because

extravagant
neither

strain

Government

opinion,

my

in

the

the

to

with

you

that

note

Governor-

War

benevolence,

with

to

from

to

disposal

has

and

he

were

leaves

he

associated

way

who

in

pardon

had
was

of

juncture

of

recommend

and

that

letters

They

doctor

exemplary,

upon

over

and

Minister

Rizal,
at

hold

influence

it is well

events

the

"I

his

exile

possible opportunity.

Colonies.

that:

his

there

as

authorities

had

Aguinaldo

this

at

the

as

and

great

to

Rizal

and

view,

whose

capital

succeeding

to

of

name

Emilio

as

the

proceeded

relaxed,

public

earliest

army

worthy
no

of

himself

volunteer

than

commendatory

General

and

countrymen,

been

the

apprehension

to

his

the

have

presence

the

go
tor.
doc-

array

an

he

this

Filipino

no

and

to

chance, just

affections.

into

come

this

at

and

tioned
peti-

permitted

Ere

rather

he

1896,

as

unfortunate

with

strenghtened,

be

granted,

out.

power

July,

Government

was

arriving, by

become

In

"

to

the

serve

request

Manila,

had

Island.

Governor-General

and

Cuba

to

nor

PHILIPPINES.

THE

in
been

the
he

more

is

in

attempts

conspiracy
formed."

"

THE

PATRIOT

THE

OF

PHILIPPINES.

167
.

Had

he

Rizal

wished,

Singapore

his

as

have

might

left

at

steamer

fellow-patriot Rojas

and

companion

the

did.
his

Upon
and

confined

had

been

arrival
in

the

Spain.

the

jurisdiction.
of

the

of

head

the
of

under

was

Rizal
the

on

martial

character,
his

the

physically

was

active
the

part

charges
Rizal

The

in

the

The

close

was

at

was

country

he

rel"ellion,it
have

been

carried

of

was

The

the

and

had

him
is

been
years
to

have

difficult

who

out

virtually
and

the

that

it

taken
to

any

how

see

less,
Neverthe-

sentenced
on

ducted
con-

eloquence.

substantiated.
and

mony
testi-

flimsiest

by Rizal,

five

for

court-martial

ability

upon

convicted

was

execution

year

that

impossible

could

the

at

the

rebellion.

refuted
with

fact

for

before

prosecution

defense

prisoner

and

and

amply

was

own

Considering

recalled

Polavieja

Government

audition

the

by

and

prevented

law.

of

charges

Insular

humanity

have

been

party.

hastily brought

was

adduced

state

Insular

whose

in

closely

the

to

least

Rizal, had

ecclesiastical
the

Rizal,

over

at

relentless

authorities

1890

Blanco,

would

of

the

handed

was

Charges

his

by

to

year

time

justice

murder

judicial

behest

the

this

By

him

cabled

of

close

prisoner,

state

sense

and

arrested

was

Montjuieh.

of

against

friars,

At

guarded

the

fortress

formulated

enemies,

and

the

Rizal

Barcelona,

at

to

last

be

day

shot.
of

the

1896.

death

of

Rizal

was

one

of

several

similar

acts

"

168

in

which

better
a

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

of

their

of

profound

more

THE

In

August,
burst

Tagal

the

bad

Of

the

the

but

former

of

circumstances

operations
several

months
Meanwhile

the

most

In

of

took

place

the

rebels

the

established

Cavite,

important

center

of

the

November

Blanco

the

his

force, which

to

operations,

ten

but

headway

the

had

meantime

he

had

good

which

been

the

which
first

few

rebellion.
of

use

the
in

the

became

rebellion.

and

from

the

brought

was

his

headquarters

received

thousand,

these

around

the

of

their

and

confine

the

during

making

were

to

city,

inception

command.

Under

forced

of

up

In

of

troops

Manila

in

were

was

defense

his

at

of

Governor-

European

province

to

his

General

They

respite.
Imus,

the

the

doubtful.

was

tent
discon-

of

outbreak

the

Blanco,

hundred

latter

following

of

hundred

seven

skirmishes

fire

auxiliaries

the

the

to

time

General

fifteen

only

loyalty

REBELLION.

the

native

than

Filipinos

smouldering

At

created

Burgos.

I.

the

flame.

thousand

six

Rebellion,

General,
and

TAG

1896,

into

Doctor

the

get

themselves

affair

the

upon

to

upon

The

vengeance.

of

hatred

brought

impression

execution

the

even

Iheir

and

judgment,

harvest

copious

allowed

priests

he

recalled

made

prisons

Spain

European

began

to

before

against

of

any

the

Manila

ditions
adtingent
con-

extend
siderable
con-

rection.
insur-

were

"

THE

170

Manila.

of

in

and

had

contrived

sent

against
the

the

him.

was

of

following

the

rebellion

Pangasinan,

spread

Zambales,
General

account

of

health

failing
Primo

General

In
in

1.

the

Expulsion

of

of

townships

as

and

Insular
2.

the

the

Parliamentary
toleration

hers,
"1.

and

and
4.

friars
in

Insular

Restitution
to

default

them

in

up

the
of
to

of

and

retired

on

taken

was

proclamation

as

and

restitution

the

follows

friars
held

equally

scow,

the

to

have

propriated,
ap-

them,

by

between

as

Peninsular

priests.
to

religious

administrative

Equality

chiefs

demands

which

concede

all

had

circulated

freedom

of

economic

Cuba,

to

of

the

press,
with

common

between

pay

lar
Peninsu-

servants.

townships,

public

has

autonomy.

and

all

finding

laws

sects,

treatment

civil

she

as

us,

representation,

of

two

Tarlac,

place

incumbencies

secular
must

his

friars

lands

episcopal

Spain

and

south.

provinces

Ecija,

their

the

dividing
well

the

Polavieja

rebels

forth

set

was

the

the

lie Rivera.

July, 1897,

which

force

Spanish

of

over

Nueva

Meanwhile

few

Eulacan

from

army

junction

the

of

joined by Aguinaldo

rebel

Ilocos.

by

the

half-

and

Pampanga

now

the

Immediately
of

of

Cavite

body

withstand

Tie

remnant

area

raised

provinces
to

in

operations
had

Llaneras

thousand

with

the

During

named

caste

PHILIPPINES.

lauds
or

such

auction

appropriated
the

to

owners;
in

original
the

small

owners,

State
lots

by

of

or,

is to
a

the

put

value

"

THE

within

the

reach

the

years,

banish

to

the

as

Abolition

5.

all

of

same

of

the

citizens,

and

legal

whether

Peninsular

or

the

Penal

The

that,

to

the

December

chiefs,

of

the

that

the

The

of

that

their

the

and

surrender,

latter

at

least

Pedro

insurgent
three

over

and

of,

or

have

and

Pedro

A.

The

dispute.

was

have

must

it

with

the

have

only

were

highly
been

porting
pur-

claimed

persistently

seems

bad

from,

extract

general amnesty
and

The

anything

always

or

signed,

was

Spaniards

copy

insurgents

reforms

that

the

consideration

monetary

conceded.

in

Spaniards

The

compact.

to

Aguinaldo

published

never

literal

the

rebels,

remain

In

resort

Captain-General.

charging

matter,
be

with

Emilio

the

agreement

whilst

to

the

for

ernor
Govany

named

Biac-na-bato

the

the

to

Eilipino,

between

mination.
ter-

make

to

extending

de

of

to

decided

representing

this

in

Pado

attorney

as

insurgents,
faith

well

as

indefinitely.

out

Rivera

1897,

14,

failed

hold

pourparlers

months

terms

civic

clear

negotiations

open

After

Paterno,

persons,

prospect

more

rebels

employed

lie

Paterno,

it

least

at

General

diplomacy,

other

measures

all

the

without

on

the

if
could

dilemma

four

for

under

made

day

even

they

chiefs.

unjust

equality

Insular

dragged

Each

this

all

as

powers

Code.

conflict

headway,

authorities'

Well

Filipinos;

four

lands.

State

Government
as

within

payable

present

against

as

171

REBELLION.

TAGAL

one

tained
mainditions
con-

ble
proba-

promised

"

172

to

THE

them.

this

It
have

treaty

hypothesis

of

part

the

the

The

compact,
of

leaders

embarked

many

executions

States

in

23d

fleet

defenses

of
of-date

land

and

succeeded

to

which

other

April,

as

of

amount

leaders

insurgent
of

followed

the

those

who

surrender

STATES.

haste
known

was

and

In

1898.

feverish

in

were

as

were

with

to

be

to
a

of

useless.

withstand
at

the

Hongkong.
deficient

their

mounted

ment
compleout-

were

Material

the

United
tions
prepara-

lamentably

rust.

and

the

Manila

short

were

and

instalment,

total

Spain

lacking

was

the

UNITED

such

defective

Rivera

thirty-four

place.

batteries

encrusted

be

27th

persecution

between

city

and

guns

mines

proved

in

of the

The

state.

the

on

One

the

rebellion

THE

of

made

American

their

ing
keep-

and

and

that

took

declared

were

The

the

WITH

the

on

broken
in

arms

of

wholesale

part

was

all

was

taken

War

the
their

to

concerned

Hongkong,

one-fifth

WAB

their

up

Aguinaldo

about

received.

ever

of

divulge

having

equally

for

promised,

money

and

gave

1897,

representing

likely

most

advantage

not

Spaniards,
were

The

Governor-General

the

to

of

originals

it secret.

insurgents

December,

had

the

the

dared

they

that

details

that

clause

which

and

be

to

the

that

light.

the

seen

inserted

followers,

of

never

leaders

fact

singular

appears

cunningly
rebel

is

PHILIPPINES.

for

hand

torpedoes

on

August!,

who

Governor-General,

issued

structing
con-

had
bom-

"

WAR

bastic

WITH

as

declared

by foreigners

citizens

sought

shall

they
of

wives'

your

the

that

property
for

provision

of

any

and

covetousness

will

suffice

bringing
The

Montojo,

of

of

them

the

fleet

squadron

the

vessels

no

was

doubt

have

been

shelled

they

would

most

and
either
for

but

Cavite

possession
that
out

the
of

assuredly

was

of

the

of

but

have

they

o'clock
or

been

every

Manila
and

evacuated

but

and

might
in

were

disabled.
of

arsenal

tho

Admiral

under

surrender

Spaniards
Manila,

three

at

point

destroyed
the

progress."

the

eleven

by

of

found

bravery,

utmost

terminated
ex-

first, and

Spaniards,

demand

refusal,
took

Americans
is

The

Cavite.

who

Bay

round

ranged

patriotism

and

the

petrate
per-

instead

Manila

May

wickedness

America

civilization

of

not

people

the

entered

as

shall

they

and

North

cost

appropriate

or

valor

abase

the

at

accumulated

has
!

gressors
ag-

fathers,

your

their

of

morning

Dewey's

with

life

outmatched,

their

Admiral

There

natives

displayed

completely

met

the

of

peninsula

one

and

Spanish

honor,

your

punish

of

passions

No

of

"The

inspired by

because

the

on

lustful

age.

crimes

American

o'clock

the

the

to

to

old

your

cipline."
dis-

nor

apprehensions

tombs

industry

your

cences,"
excres-

"manned

he

to

declaration

daughters'

and

the

social

instruction
the

the

llieir

gratify

not

the

squadron

assuring

profane

not

"ali

lull

to

this

with

shall

of

neither

possessing

lie

characterized

he

their

173

STATES.

which

composition

ami

UNITED

in

proclamation

Americans

the

THE

that

massacred

the
forts.

easily
case

by

"

THE

174

the

bodies

insurgents, large

in

on

to

hold

of

PHILIPPINES

all

operations

with

the

into

falling

in

was

the

him

from

now

landed

Aguinaldo

laid
blockaded

until

arrival

the

of

sorties

from

the

American

communication.
were

almost

were

taken

and

deputies
the

the

18th
a

collected

and

conclude

Upon

the

Upon

providing

Washington.

formed

This

for
a

the

the

12th

the

treaty

night

numbers

June

two-

of

the

rebels,

summoned
called

was

istered
admin-

body

maintained
of

peace

of

the

order,

August,

appointment
of

side
out-

of

what

island,

from

Spaniards

A^guinaldo

Government.
of

off

large

middle

forcements,
rein-

repel' all

the

possession

month

congress

taxes.

Protocol

the

that

large portion

to

in

of

the

By

with

to

city

and

and

months,

provinces

defeated

in

was

Revolutionary
a

and

to

the

everywhere

Luzon

the

on

In

troops

American

the

three

the

and

arms

generals

cut

other

rebel

contrived

force
to

prisoner.

of

thirds

For

with

with

whilst

ployed
em-

Dewey

he,

thousand

port.

and

from

Admiral

supplied

the

Manila

American

usefully

and

Manila,

succeeding

the

be

might

and

Aguinaldo'

case

Spaniards

insurgents,

to

in

enemies.

thirty

siege

squadron

the

Hongkong

With

ammunition.

their

Aguinaldo

controlling

brought

leaders,

of

of

city

troops

rebels
the

tusk

preventing

hands

that

Ik'Jicving

the

difficult

the

neither

Throughout

least
in

had

overpower

them.

lay

hemmed

whom

Dewey

to

nor

the

not

commanders

had

Admiral

capital

the

conflict

for

sides,

of

was

same

1898,

of

missioners
com-

signed
date

the

"

"

Thiw

".ostium'

two

typirail

sire'

of

thp

better

full-blooded

class.

Tagals*
The

portraits

in

the

a.rt."

universal

those

of

school-teachers.

"Goog

"

WAR

made

Spaniards
lines

the

of

forces

sea

the

the

of

of

included

Previous

the

to

commander

would

Liter

days

into, by

the

jurisdiction
whilst

control

of

the

convened
Paterno
and

the

was

Ocampo

elected
were

respectively.
Congress
every

imposed

able-bodied

the

the

the

President

elected
One

compulsory
Filipino

over

retained

tricts
disunder

temporary
and

Pedro

Deputies

first

the

decrees

age

A.

Legardo
and

military

ital
cap-

Congress

September.

Vice-President

the

entered

was

remained

the

and

of

fell.

Manila

Government.

for

of

the

surrcmnding

government,
15th

troops

and

Americans

island

Malolos

insurgent
on

the

ican
Amer-

his

city,

after

pelago.
Archi-

the

that

the

Revolutionary

selected

there

capital

and

of

rest

tion
capitula-

the

force

which

Manila

the

Aguinaldo
of

of

terms

over

of

provisional agreement

before

Philippine

enter

in

continued

was

cruiser

Aguinaldo
to

rhetorical

the

the

upon

permitted

prohibition
few

attack

upon

eral
Gen-

articles

of

instructed
be

not

The

surrender

attack

between

German

co-operation

and

Jaudenes,

aboard

land

surrendered

negotiated

were

ing
fight-

combined
the

Manila

fighting.

the

the

American
fierce

vigorous

General
fled

of

with

made

mid-day

and

cessation

the

Americans,

army,

having

hours

day

175

the

upon

some

the

capitulation

Greene

Augusti

and

STATES.

force

following

About

of

terms

in

the

insurgent

city.

the

city

On

UNITED

attack

an

without
ensued.

and

THE

WITH

of

service
of

tary
Secrethis
upon

eighteen.

"

176

THE

Aguinaldo

the

their

The

that

its

of

cession

the

The
and

ratified

Spain

their

by

agreed

Archipelago

in

Article

000,000.

abandonment

and

the

property

affect
law

the

to

the

in

civil

rights

the

of

Article
Peninsula

or

has

the

ceded

applies

same

in,

in

every
9

montlis
the

holders

of

the

abandoned

or

rights

that

resident

and

way

of

or

or

sort

any

ments,
establish-

other

any

acquire goods,

territories,
properties

of

and

viduals
indi-

whatsoever."

"Spanish
in

to

no

custom

private

legal right

any

in

by

corporations,

"the

that

shall

goods
or

pine
Philip-

receiving $20,-

accorded

the

of which

Spain

abandons,

go

from,

those

away

later.

stipulated

nationality

recites
and

to

few

States

Treaty

rights

respective
1898,

declares

the

States

December,

of

cities, public

collectively -which
or

United

ecclesiastical

or

of

day

the

cession

provinces,

be

follow

or

the

by

of

peaceful

wonld

United

consideration

and

gress
Con-

this

peace,

the

Paris

at

10th

to

of

PARIS.

governments

cede

to

of

treaty

between

the

on

of

Philippines

OF

signed

commissioners

allowance

an

States.

peace

was

simo
Generalis-

confidently expected

the

TREATY

of

treaty

Spain

and

of

United

THE

and

proceedings

pending

the

to

of

position

members

independence

provision

the

$25,000

expenses.

indicate

that

in

of

salary

for

$50,000

retained

was

with

PHILIPPINES.

subjects

born

in

territories, the
or

cedes,

territories

and

may

the

eignty
sover-

remain
still

hold,

"

TREATY

THE

in

either

right

sell, or

to

produce.

is

which
of

been

as

the

to

lands

stolen

from

its

or

follow

to

laws

with

whom

ing
affect-

have

to

of

the

the

the

had

United

action

the

ultimate

the

disposition

of

of

the

had

the

as

firmly

had
enemy
arch-

many

years

powerful

no

American

ernment
Gov-

intimation

of

authorities

in

had

lands

Their
for

the

for

them

given

owners.

of

friars'

Treaty

protested

struggled

States,

the

were

natives

support

with

anger

of

terms

friars

rightful

they

and

Americans

which

their

grief

the

The

ever.

the

appeared

right

the

as

estate,

the

the

the

Apparently

to

real

the

have

learned

Filipinos

entrenched
title

also

comprehend

to

Paris.

of,

well

as

foreigners."

easy

the

rights

professions, subject

or

all other
It

shall

177

PARIS.

property

dispose

They

trades,

their

their

case,

OF

yet

as

been

given.
The
with

the

turn

they

had

no

of

they

Government

1897,

struggle
in

their

There
to

and

it must

ground

for

had

received

($400,000)

as

had

been

that

they anticipated

no

suppose

doubt
was

that

assured

they might

to

from

the

of
for

and

had

the

American
who

speak
the

look

that

discontent.

husbanded

someone,

authorized
had

Government,

Hongkong

that

confessed

condition

operations supporting
is

be

their

carefully

disgusted

thoroughly

were

events,

little

which

money

in

leaders

insurgent

been

Junta
for

Spanish
surrender
the

expended

the

had

reason

American

Patrmtica
the

future

invasion.

they
for

The

in

independence

"

THE

178

of

the

Philippines
the

wresting
of

the

action

the

in

the

of

should

be

not

of

of

the

have

that

at

the

did

hardly

not

this

of

been

arms

and

it

leaders

done

it is

could
to

That

the

of

had

ican
Amer-

lack

for

naval

victory,

after
the

the

rival
ar-

ary
revolution-

in

the

tion
reduc-

holding

the

island

already

the

Plulippim'hi

visit

the

people

that

both

the

been
the

they
their

idea.

sacrificed

it

But
and

fifty

of

the

the

continued
"

lay

to

contest

thousand

can

justice
of

manded
dethe

Had
and

Agiiinaldo

authority

country

ernment
Gov-

rebellion.

Filipino

induced

rule

the

recognition

that

with

American

policy

probable

to

the

either

in

of

continuance

substantial

have

submit

possession

well

that

and

Government.

they

is

to

entertain

the

companions

been

than

and

prompt
services

have

questioned

be

the

by

to

independence

would

friars,

in

them

order.

misfortune

greater

of

assistance

afterwards

granted

time

valuable

in

rendered

Even

America,

tenants
lieu-

vessel;

unable

the

from

and

maintaining
To

of

estimated.

lightly

city

his

that

quite

advantage

afforded

and

employing

months

Bay,

reinforcements

forces

and

take

to

troops

Admiral

services

three

Manila

in

in

The

campaign.

lay

by

war

and

arms;

insurgents during
fleet

Agiiinaldo
American

an

with

ensuing

expoctatirma

strengthened

bringing

in

success

The

Spain.

were

in

them

supplying

from

Manila

to

the

islands

American

follow.

to

Filipinos

Dewey's

in

PHILIPPINES.

down

his
their

American
for

contest

in

which

lives

"

is

"

THE

their

to

not

Congress
is

Islands

have

this

and

been

without

but

former,

ill-advised

Filipinos
is

impossible

immediate

of

the

to

outbreak.

undue
is

of

The

little

the

in

attacking

or

few

parts
was

that

the

the

the

able
"The

Philippine

tamely

time3

at

and

arrival

the

surgent
in-

of

the
that

1899,

the

of

opposition

It

began.

responsibility

but

aggravation,

for

the

accused

insurrectos

difficulties.

armed
of

Imperalism

American

side

the

for

war

jungle,

overwhelming
broke

Aguinaldo

the

of

guerilla

mountains,

1902,

and

extreme

maintained

of

the

other

the

tion
ques-

consequence.

subjugation
under

the

to

as

self-government

Government

Each

precipitancy

charges

February,

States

determine

to

Philippine

States."

armed

hopeless

there

by submitting

of

until

not

United

the

for

the

time

the

and

of

the

friction, bordering

between

was

of

United

the

serious

from

it

is

addressing

President,

advocates

mode
to

rupture,

troops

truth

the

by

that

and

"Mr.

incapacity

made

been

open

upon

and

179

Hoar,

people

the

resistance
had

said:

the

establish

debate,

There

the

which

by

PARIS.

Senator

subject,

degradation

which
in

the

on

could

their

OF

discredit.

mode

one

TREATY

back

recently
Islands

has

The

on

at

the

only

capture
and

large

to

in

of
though
al-

ferent
dif-

Philippine

mission
Com-

the

11th,

September

existing
ceased

and

resistance,

remained

certify

troops

retreating

pressed,

the

Archipelago,

plished
accom-

native

years,

numbers.

bodies

to

The

when

of

was

and

insurrection
a

condition

of

of

"

180

PHILIPPINES.

THE

and

general
therein."

complete
At

outline

which

the

system

We

shall

taking

of

been

gain

and

present,

the

idea

of

the

of

extent

the

in

iards.
Span-

the

task

Government

American

islands,

the

sketch

to

under

some

the

to

established

well

be

administration

thereby

over

the

to

up

it may

point

presented

was

upon

this

has

peace

ment
achieve-

its

difficulties

be

to

yet

overcome.

THE

The
of

FORM

SPANISH

OF

head

supreme

of

commission

was

who

justice

and
its

upon

any

hand,

unless

these
the

tenure

malfeasance

the

For

officers

of

years

many

executive

ment
govern-

influence

considerable

will
of

of

remove

any

the

of

the

the

to

civil

governor-general

suppress

officials.
was

three

de-spotis
will,

at

On

the
in

exercised

priests,
likely

was

with

official

islands.
were

powers

office

endeavored

invested

was

from

person

with

the

might

He

he

over

with

the

any

civil

actions.

expel

of

exercised

decide

administer

of

The

exercise

to

and

examine,
to

part

administration

him

appointed."

formed

always

powers.

if

governor-general.

company

governor-general

The

so

in

be

may

judiciary

the

the

"hear,

to

justice,

criminal

Spanish

suit, and

criminal

civil, or

the

authorized

Legaspi

judicial functions,

and

of

Philippines

the

ADMINISTHATION.

to

the
be

the
The
years,

and

other

ance
accord-

eral's
governor-gencut

short,

dishonesty
term

with

of
a

and
and
office

salary

"

182

THE

takes

no

the

There

is

of
the

of

account

more

until

PHILIPPINES.

next

in

rule

restraint
their

for

act

exercising

taxes

which

their

by

alcaldes,

of

amounted

much

sought

the

appointment.

who

relinquish

and

projects

found

an

of

Royal

and

in

up

this

salary

$3,000

Governorship."

additional
tribute.

source

Silver

of

the
to

for

The

the

of

alcalde

1840,
of

for

that:

Brigadier
their

alcaldes

scarce

inas

paid

were

in

of

much

as

office

in

tives
na-

however,

fee

pursue

being

salary

sum,

grade

profit

the
them.

nearly

stated,

medium

the

it

high prices

to

operations

with

the

tives'
na-

never

forced

with

to

Mazorca

candidates

are

it

and

annual

the

was

the

made

Nevertheless
after

of

dt; comerclo"

upon

From

like

not,

indulgence

carried

the

greater

fruits

transactions

and

usually

was

the

wrath

had

"indnllo

monopoly

upwards.

salary.

"There

the

alcaldes

alcalde

entire

the

the

all

the

to

restriction

deducted

were

dulto,

eral
sev-

the

because

They

This

virtual

and

year

right

but

of

office

$300

as

conduct

The

them.

upon

trading.

natives,

to

to

only

they enjoyed
of

to

the

inhuman

the

predecessors,

privilege

of

that

kmivkidge

succeeded

were

placed

was

intended

occurs."

thing

victims

deer

were

ALCALDES.

less

was

toil,but
or

they

tributes.

encomenderos

whose

if

same

tlir

fell

encomenderos

THE

The

the

sntisfnotion

miserable

than

when

year,

some

the

them

the

hopes
often

collection
in

the

in-

"

THE

terior

the

natives
in

grain,

accepted

at

an

value

made

These

the

honest.

knowledge,
fit

are

of

say

hands

the

and

Tomas

thing

sailor,

or

an

alcalde,

of

his

In
on

in

the

of

part

hands

the

of

Alcaldes-

The

capacity
the

of

of

out

this

of

ores,

for

Judge.

who

The

was

trading

but

the

ministration
ad-

remained

situations

of

order

an

made

Judge

sions."
pas-

exercised

libretto

issued

forces

his

to

ecutive
ex-

times
some-

condition

the

but

future

The

protest

the

provinces

anomalous

Alcalde-Mayor

capacity

May

functions.

material

Governor.

of

sons
per-

into

but

officials

or

lackey,

of

guide

any

quite

counsellor

any

rule

is

transformed

prohibited

civil

be

all

Captain

Government

any

of

furnished

opera.

or

the

to

Governor's

without

Decree

judicial

arising

in

province,

Royal

or

and

understanding,

and

have

barber,

Administrator,

1844

the

and

had

It

deserter, suddenly

populous
rude

see

trusted,
en-

training,

no

ernment
gov-

were

order

admissible.

to

of

necessary;

common

central

brutal,

"In

are

low
be-

difference.

Comyn

islands

services

the

justice

de

these

alcalde

much

to

often

alcaldes:

in

the

functions
of

make

to

very

the

of

ignorant,

the

special

or

profit

1810

Province

This

accounting

administration

In

to

of

in

generally

were

Chief

and

whose

to

men,

following

produce.

personal

and

never

obliged

arbitrary appraisement

actual

authority

other

or

183

frequently

were

payment

the

ALCALDES.

might
a

comic
in

his

himself

supported

the

"

184

and

Governor,

the

back

matter

the

upon

only

was

to

of

the

1886,

Alcaldes

arid
check

the
to

the

them

force,

it

and

persons

suspect,

within

the

was

and
the

the

duty

by

tion
restric-

tary,
Secre-

to

act

aa

to

offender,
of

his

and

control

cause

with

the

of

but

before

and

he

the

seizure.

police magistrate.

arrest

He

the

of
of

of
was

duties

could

he

the

move
re-

police

suspicious

bound

was

the

direction

constabulary.

chief

of

expected

was

charged

was

A3

law-breakers,

days

he

authorities,

his

pleasure.
dis-

Governor

was

performance

proper

discretion.

of

representative

the

edicts

local

at

three

powers

and

order

or

the

styled

was

duty

was

He

municipal

petty

his

effected

Each

who

of

GOVERNORS.

enforce.

for

visit

and

duties.

; whose

Guard

responsible

was

Governors

Governor

of

Civil

reform

PROVINCIAL

and

Judge.

superior.

Provincial

publish

the

possession

could

important

most

his

upon

in

he

assistant,

Governor-General

the

the

judicial
an

whose

maintenance

of

to

with

THE

The

whom

Civil

report

titulary proceeding

official

of

referred

for
and

circumloeu

upon

central

authority

Governor

much-needed

provided

was

the

composite

appointment
of

central

the

to

Alcalde-Mayor

this

complainants

In
the

of

result

put

the

to

taken

was

The

actions

The

list of

appeal

an

Manila.

in

authority

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

to

bring

judicial authority
The
He

Governor
could

had

dispose

"

THE

of

minor

and

eases

and

$60,

PROVINCIAL

in

offender

impoae

might

default

of

undergo

to

GOVERNORS.

185

fine

he

payment

imprisonment

not

exceed

to

order

might

exceed

not

to

for

the

the

thirty

days.
The

Governor

and
mines

responsible

was

telegraph;
;

public

and

and

the

collection

of

taxes

permitted

to

ice
serv-

forests

lands, woods,

education, health, charities,

works,

postal

prisons

and

lic
pub-

and

agriculture

industry.
The
in

Governor

the

and

municipal
his

allowed

Mayores

these

mainly

Governors

their

took

greatly
the

their

the

of

Governor

tersigned
coun-

word
not

was

the

A lcal.de

emoluments

any

s-

yond
be-

the

of

the

some

their

that

of

Loss
the

the

in

death

but

of

scope

the
of

influential

Few

the

first

pended
de-

conformity

might

personage

action

office,

and

downfall

of

tion,
administra-

his

friars

office
or

In

of

it

betterment

peaceful

retention

goodwill

was

qualities.

circumstances.

found

ministry,

negative

interest

by

Governor

Alcalde-Mayor,

indeed,

restricted

wishes.

desire

of

and,

perhaps

upon

change

the

Provincial
the

over

active

an

Governor

and

with

nor

the

account

on

provinces,

place,

or

conditions

improvement

great

prefixed

which

percentages

enjoyed,

be

stipulated salary.

Under

was

the

provincial'
to

The

signature.

formerly

his

was

of

any

who

hand

any

His

required

were

Secretary,

his

to

have

funds.

public

accounts

by

of

disposition

"Intervine."

not

was

of

follow
a

to

patron,
make

"

186

THE

place

for

term

of

that

favorite.

his

schemes

to

would

his

of

his

and
been

has

and

bridges

down,

it

so

money

out

selling

the

each

of

against
to

way

there

the
was

cholera

time

of

have
year

that

was

in

1882

refused

by
of

that

the

the

central
the

roads

for

broke

bridge

made

even

There

"Caja

need,

in

was

da

by
but

by

Com-

the

this

ple
peofound

misappropriated.
1887

his

moneys

community

ferry.

and

tricts
dis-

whilst

contributed

the
told

$300,000

by

the

termed

tax

Province,
been

epidemic

stress

such

Government
of

fund,

and

Batangas
must

to

sinking

says

Banan,

local

Manila

Foreman

the

establish

to

the

by

ince,
prov-

least, have

officials
If

of

his

in
at

and

cessor.
suc-

control

no

All

provincial

and

his

by

on

purposes,

misfortune

municipality
a

other

that

assurance

within

pigeon-holed.

the

right

munidad,"

aid

of

remained,

the

works

Manila,

to

to

were

witnessing

derived.

were

remitted

estimates

of

raised

public

upon

they

He

large part

in

earnestly

province.

had

revenues

expected

his

carried

he

be

the

to

as

very

the

be

said,

diverted

and

plans

of

even

would

public

which

government

himself

or

should,

however,

were,

up

of

expended

hardly

satisfaction

been

which

from

the

work

disposition

could

devote

efforts,

interrupted

the

it

uncertainty

improvement

have

As

its

the

seldom

such

life

would

for

fruition

With

official

Governor

PHILIPPINES.

parish

him

paid

that

into

parish alone, yet

Government

of

priest

although
this

fund

financial

during

the

year.

"

To

which

served

Dak

and

decent

from

was

be

transacted

in

I first visited

Calamba

in

for

and

1880,

had

headmen

to

Antique

Province,

Either

some

their

therefore
walls

of

until

1887,

per

foof,
and
all
any
In

in

the

wet

of

in

season

prahu

the

them
or

in
years.

for
ing
thatch-

half

all but

the

was

stone

it continued
a

tion
por-

restored.
the

are

villages, quite
for

only

back

in

times
because

too
to

travelers
at

sixty

conveyance

simply

of

authorized

certainly

many

capital

of

So

buffalo

highways

This

away.

serve

on

of

headmen

expense

while

connecting

season

pa^enger

wet

be

to

of

the

Government

roads

Philippine

kind

journey

the

cent,

ruin

rotted

building

the

to

the

lieu

fifteen

during
or

shore)

commenced

was

structure.

utter

horseback,

on

the

from

the

to

the

went

had

Bay

Buenavista,

pity's sake,

there

knowledge

my

Hall

unfinished

when

to

finished

remainder

the

this

twenty

half

do

house.

in

Town

for

the

saved

"As

the

into

business

sugar-store

de

convenience,
half

of

in

been

Governor's

Lagnna

years

Jose

left
one

own

over

San

and

style

the

had

villages

some

official

the

(on

meet

In

In

municipal

fourteen

Tribunal.

good

the

which

of

hut

by, lapsed

gone

and

Hall

often

others,

all, and

at

'Tribunal'

Town

was

dilapidation.

Tribunal

no

whilst

generations

of

slate

"The

of

purpose

leaves,

palm

187

wayfarers,

for

buildings

wretched

Foreman

double

the

Bungalow

bamboo

to

further

quote

GOVERNORS.

PROVINCIAL

THE

pass

time,

any

of

cent,

per

bad

on

for

state

with

have

made

the

highroad

safety.
a

sea

near

"

the

become

had

coast

the

reduced

highways

in

annum

their

fifteen

those

who

"The

$120,000

"As

salary

to

of

and
a

matter

Governors

were

Of

preferred

class
and

and

retically
theo-

were

ments.
improve-

the

only

cash

the

local

in

road-making

redemption
of

the

Chief

of

sum

in

mending

fact

but
tax

to

the

staff

by

their

employment

of

press
to

the

swell

of

corresponding

and

District

Manila
labor

chiefs

and

local

for

classes

central

misery

forty-eight

subordinates.

laboring
the

Works

Public

Provincial

urged

often
the

by

of

non-technical

eighty-two
of

Inspector

aided

$G,500,

encourage

improvements,
the

for

provided
a

labor

payment.

obligation

showed

1888

ceptions)
ex-

days'

labor

employed

be

in

by

This
the

certain

fifteen

needy

most

days.

used

to

Archipelago.

whole

technical

not

be

to

the

for

Budget

repairs

(with

labor

the

to

public roads,

of

prohibiting

State

the

redeemed

supposed

much

expended

owners

resident

or

redeem

of

vehicles

that

so

clods

persons.

give

to
or

paid by

with

sun

baked

the

dust

existed

adult,

thousands

"It

for

the

season

preservation

law

male
had

give

the

non-official

by

"Every

the

adamized
mac-

serviceable

over

to

property

curious

traffic

less

or

more

money

although

course

dry

of

want

only

the

the

Private

pass.

and

per

In

and

roads

tbern

time

and

for

mended

could

track

drainage,

buffalo.

by

transport

mud

and

stone

to

PHILIPPINES.

THE

188

to

pay

coffers,

gardless
re-

discomfort

"

Tuk

One

the

in

of

scholars

Hie

municipal,
and

native

Young

(irimary
teachers

Idea.

school?

who

oi

ore

Manila,

wit!;

instructing

English.

"

"

MUNICIPAL

and

loss

of

trade

disposal

of

the

There

was

some

and

laborers'

use.

of

wood

for

How

the

other

laborers'

the

and

centres

whom

there

From

the

namely,
and

his

other
and

in

The

was

were

the

of

The

and

towns

headman

was

the

local

armed

municipal

and

the

for

each
unit.

popular

of

called

bolos

of

due
of

The

was

or

lances,
firearms.

to

vincial
Pro-

the
in
of

their
taxes.

effected

hamlet,

barangay

la-

r.uadril-

affairs

payment

taxes

barangay,

and

order,

and

carried

responsible

Governor,"

chiefly against

with

the

vote.

chosen

were

police

condition

of

headmen,

or

constables,

or

centers

collection

of

log

delay."

maintenance
town,

were

for

immediate

the

the
of

body

Gobernadorcillos

respective

pair
re-

Woods

"Petty

or

important

Governor

of

officials

the

generally

more

the

necessitated

by

alguaciles,

For

protection

there

leros, who
but

the

officers.

the

cut

months*

elected
local

petty

lieutenants,

for

?
have

many

Gobernadorcillo,

minor

drones,

the

body

this

alone

To

by

for

hands

principales,

its

twelve,

were

ment,
pay-

OFFICIALS.

had

township

without

Inspection

MUNICIPAL

Each

away

would

service

of

cost

implements

rotted

had

public

the

the

transportation

the

find

with

and

for

found

the

at

sufficient.

defray

to

be

could

which

communications

Forests

and

carts,

bridge

which

pay

alone

not

could

labor

But

was

these

189

interior.

from

must

one

buffaloes

the

Governor

if

; or,

in

fund

no

materials

OFFICIALS.

by

which

consisted

of

"

THE

190

from

forty

For
the

the

headman

The

held

of

the

office

and

both

be

of

the

on

liable

that
The

excuse

the

in

his

but

when

referred

to

town,

aspect

they

were

Peace,

who

was

their

the

but

His

be
of

it could

goods

were

returns,

into

prison.
disputes

assumed

directly responsible

the

legal

Justice

to

tendant
at-

quency
delin-

petty

local

the

for

his

in

cast

these
the

duties.
of

admitted

shortage

as

penalties

desired,

would

of

taxation

account

and

disposed

Gohernadorcillo

arising

up

failing, he

recourse

of

headsman.

make

to

deal

collection.

from

on

was

sdcopes

recognized

was

seldom

his

of

exempt

duties

was

of

part

sold

be

to

No

methods

and

sdcopes.

great

performance

its

failure,

avoided.

and

Chief

hereditary,

nature

upon

the

were

the

of

taxes

proper

in

termed

were

responsible

for
was

unpleasant

who

Barangay

remuneration

not

the

permitted

asaiatant,

The

and

of

was

was

son

his
aa

fiftyfamilies,

to

payment

latitude

PHILIPPINES.

of

the

Provincial

Judge.
The

salary
of

which,

duties,

himself
The
on

by

office
that

natives

so

that

carried

very

incurred

he

illegal

without

Under

fell

he

account

from

Gobernadorcillo

course,

which

his

of

was

regard

the

forced

any

the

title of

frequently

the

actual

penses
ex-

to

of

recoup

townspeople.
and

"Captain,"

sought

profit

month,

per

performance

from

it the

to

of

often

exactions

with

short
in

was

$2

was

that

by

wealthy

might

be

rived
de-

it.
this

system

of

administration

five

or

six

"

MUNICIPAL

furnish

would

Spaniards
European
attached

civil

servants

all

offices

to

therefore

was

looked

his

upon

reform

of

this

should

the

have

been

in

of

excess

term

of

cases

they paid

the

corruption
be

pervading

Governments
of

'caidas.'

would

the

So

for

value

1884)

salary

of

the

in
and

of

its

universal

most

ments
emoluthe

was

that

it

came

Foreman
chief

Luzon

judge,
who

Provincial

Island

much

lates
re-

persons,

different

so

in

the

appointment,

other

the

for

that

course.

and

that
quently
Fre-

salaries

provincial

funds

accumulations

administration

table

tened
fas-

works.

fact

for

of

who

for

on

fees

the
and

"*

literally

employed
call

the

the

proportion

General,
the

much

*Caidas,
term

at

(before
so

their

despite

matter

"met

discussed

openly

basis

as

of

nephew

with

annually.

patron

he

Spain

large premium

regarded
that

the

this

in

results

parasites

public

of

The

improvement

to

aggregate

considerable

to

to

the

to

Spaniard,

immediate

the

the

plunder.

pilfered

applied

office,and

remitted

or

and

retired

its

of

country

officials
far

number

but

the

for

any

of

one

system

circumstance.

than

field

effect

The

that

less
a

salariea

extreme,

from

as

The

small.
the

no

not

fact,

In

the

upon

benefit

did

increase

to

in

of

complement

province.

very

native

191

entire

were

position

1886

respect.

was

of

no

official,the

Every

the

economical

derived

taxpayers

OFFICIALS.

by

"droppings."
the

Spanish

Tills
officials

was

to

the
denote

expressive
what

we

"rake-offs."

"

192

THE

The
the
a

office

of

taint.

fact,
the

equal

to

down

and

sum

every

writes:

for
in

Finally

he

with

draft

If
us

hope

The

the

that

it

is

he

when
made

alleged cruelty

himself

by peculation

his

at

wit's

ends

clandestinely.
Captain

army

with

an

man
Fore-

office."

fur

was

an

which

to

over

purchase

to

he

left, but

lacks

anything

only

in

understatement

than

the

an

lady

quite recently

Captain

story

$30,000

of

never

turned."
re-

truth

let

of

the

involved.

sum

Worse,
the

the

$35,000,

Europe.

on

send

to

the

individual

same

enriched

that

and

the

pay

chased
purister
min-

great

been

ill-gotten gains

resolved

Hongkong

of

of

notoriety

colony

his

remit

to

has

have

to

have

term

who

practically

himself,

to

the

to

extent

an

bribes

his

refers

Spanish

to

of

General

such

wife

undertaking
year

is

said

the

reported

world-wide

another
to

from

accept

an

"A

himself

how

was

commonly

was

undoubtedly
he

"Wejder

says:

honest

what

to

from

free

not

was

referring

appointment

too

paid

Governor-General

Sawyer,

proven

price

PHILIPPINES.

however,
civil

shameful

departments
venality

court

supreme

to

the

of

Audencia
of

the

the

ized
character-

administration

judicial

branch
of

was

from
the

the

peace.

AUDENCIA.

established

was

president,

Governor-General;

of

that

provincial justice

THE

The

corruption

that

three

office

in

1584.

being

auditors,

or

filled
associate

It

by

sisted
con-

the

jus-

"

PHILIPPINES,

THE

194

sirable

In

influence.
curtailed

From

time

to

and

composition
not

that

power.

time

there

have
of

1844

instituted

status

of

in

each

category
and

next,
for

had

office

for

royal

jurisdiction
instance

devolved

continued
first

of

to

and

took

cases

arising

came

under

upon

exercise

instance,
such,

and

made

their

was

held

tho

alcaldes-

matters.

All

the

Some

exercising

of

first

of

Courts
the

criminal

the

of

nary
ordi-

governors

territories, except

jurisdiction

ity
author-

judge

functions.

all

tions
func-

composite

an

required.

was

their

of

vided
prounless

had

thereafter

similar

of

eligible

It

or

the

to

were

by

alcalde.

an

and

service

alcalde

the

functions

cognizance

the

years'

year9,

judicial

of

alcaldes

promotion

performed
and

the

ores,

the

justice.

1860

governors

within

for

be

ten

of

been

to

time

qualification

decree

restricted

was

for

separated,

were

mayores

it is

qualification

Three

of

post

similar

had

the
that

might

law

which

the

decree

royal

highest grade

the

person

which

the

By

in
From

the

to

practiced

required
of

appointment
no

which

alcaldes-may

classes.

was

members

that

he

three

into

the

reform

officials.

divided

were

Audencia

provinces.

these

in

changes

EF.FOKMS.

noticed

of

judges

or-

govern

erably
consid-

consider.

already

have

been

the

INADEQUATE

We

decree

royal

year

functions

to

necessary

that

functions
and
such

ecclesiastical

civil
a3

au-

"

THE

thorities,

They

other

or

involved

in

the

of

purpose

judicial
given
first

1870

the

The

peace.
or

academic

title,or

persons

the
the

entire

and

down

rule,

the

observed

forms

by

in

litigation indefinitely,
of

lawsuits,

periods,

and

to

Among

other

the
the
of

ignorance
the

proper

of
of

judges
mode

of

of

given

to

and

or

stances
circum-

to

the

the

codes

if

greatly

terized
charac-

were

calculated

to

the

to

confinement

impartial

civil

of

literally,

not

These

in

and

Spaniards,

closely,

add

eignty,
sover-

prolong
expense
for

and

long

speedy

justice.
which

causes

troubles

justice

Spanish

were

Spain.

prevent

of

administration

the

including

keep prisoners

to

of

court

professional,

of

proceedings

many

position

courts

followed

law,

was

were

some

end

judicial system,

criminal

the

of

judges

district

appointment.
the

to

into

district

"whose

the

justice

district

judges

had

those

warranted"
As

of

for

Each

municipal

wno

to

the

provinces

of

judicial

positions

lawyers,

the

districts.

each

which

pesetas.

divided

each

and

in

administration

audencia,

an

audencias.

SYSTEM.

municipal

and

instance,

the

of

the

cases

1,000

JUDICIAL

decree

royal

195

and

civil

all

exceeded

THE

SYSTEM.

special courts,

judgment

gave

interest

JUDICIAL

and
the
h'rst

calculated

were

of

expenses

all

atcaUU-s-mayores,
instance,

procedure,

as

of

these

the

to

ment
aug-

litigants
and
law

officials

of
and
were

was

many

the
ap-

"

THE

196

pointed

as

of

and

judicial

forth.
had
the

and

clerks,

fees

deal

great

in

connection

at

hand

of

with

and

courts

of

the

for

experience

alcaldes'

courts
to

on

goes

think

that

say

that

the

Audcncia

honor

is

the

were

the

the

and

whose

of

of

these

taken

always
and

the

reach

ties
opportunithe

courts

and

the

was

abogado,
in

juez,
that

showing

but

words.

empty

from

were,

corruption

courts

the

to

Yamcns,

other
were

"was

compares

alcaldes'

each

dignity

records

and,

redress

Escribano,
with

result

dishonest

Chinese

point

gants
liti-

the

earliest

times

of

the

as

Manila.

The
.

"bad

fiscal, vied

them

of

none

the

The

exceptional,

were

and

official

as

entirely beyond

Sawyer,

culminating

of

auditor,

be

to

those

to

had
upon

for

appeal

fiscales

obstructions

by

to

set

judges,

extortion,

legal

Filipino.

average

and

courts

pay.

and

an

as

instance

the

to

many

made

already

compensation

resorted

always

expensive

so

of

almost

separation

as

municipal

able

the

the

remuneration

corruption

unscrupulous,

to

for

and

willing

were

and

additional

such

and

first

secretaries,

all,being dependent

at

of

salaries,

small

after

functions

judges

I ho

for

or

reasons,

until

executive

Again.
very

political

for

proficiency,

but

reason

any

rule

PHILIPPINES.

of

one

long-continued

and

courts

their

only equaled
and

Foreman

which
which

it

under

any

safe

their

each

other

to

methods

tortuous

tardiness

cite

under

came

is

by

their
assert

civilized

The

infamy."

of

personal

government

not

procedure

action.

of

instances

could

of

venality

yer
Saw-

deferred

observation
have
in

the

tice
jusand

occurred
world.

"

TAlilll.NKSS

THE

In

Direct

and

the

of the
and

left

the

1896

the

islands

Scotch

identify

cited

Juan

de

like
he

the
la

Cruz

waa

been

and

judge

ten

never

prisoner
released

lie

been
was

if

the

in
mitted,
com-

he

his

could
arrest.

have

may

awaiting
when

dead.

was

after

tried.

ing
await-

witnesses

not

asked

years

judge

prisoners

crime

tho

time

prisoner,

have

may

by

another

many

the

at

had

who

went,

as

least,

at

one,

engineer,

Philippines
was

and

the

the

of

some

tinued
con-

year

down

set

was

Meanwhile

after

So

Juan

judges

inspect

to

guilt.

court.

still

and

came

Juan

year

tho

and

state

his

to

depositions taken,

Year

in

jail.

forthcoming,

before

away

nearer.

came

trial."

his

In

no

after

year

their

"Judges

came

Audencia

had

passed

Cavite

in

strongly

brought

not

was

prison.

trial

and

arrested

waa

not

waa

pointed

years

in

lodged

him

examined

prisoner

Filipino,

and

against

were

months

but

Cruz,

circumstances

Witnesses

the

la

murder

of

evidence

although

but

de

I'Mi.tCKSfil-W.

LEG

OF

Juan

charge

l.KGAL

TARDINESS

1888,

Upon

OF

died

judgment,
rebela

or

occupied

Cavite.
In
of

1884,

committed

from

band

Englishman

an

number

several

in

Sawyer,

"Year

prison;

pirates
the

and
after

judges

raided

the
of

province

murders.

captured

were

in

of

plantation

of

Twenty-six
lodged
year
came,

in

jail.

passed,
stayed

and

Tayabas

still

To

their

quote

they

their

mained
re-

term,

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

19S

and

promoted,

were

In

sentenced.

never

this
.

of

some

others
I

was

of

them

died

in

prison

prisoners

adviser

legal

was

of

one

litigant

into

and

suspense
it

given

bad

was

the

was

supposed

If

always

the

case.

had

case

Civil

into

Code

hard

be

criminal

Criminal

under

the

Laws

the

Roman

Law,

the
or

the

suit

in

the

that

Indies,
the

in

or

Novisima

the
ried
wor-

horrible

it

question
the

in

found

to

was

issue

at

whole

given
to

was

sentence

affair.
under
it

convert

apparently

flaw

licitors,
so-

often

judgment

when

could

of

as

the

reopen

often

and
Code

of

be

judgment

defect

and

was

way
case,

the

to

tried

been

might

kept

the

gent,
Re-

day."

process

When

when

settled,

lie concocted

birth

get. it executed

then,

Queen

money,

and

years.

to

Even

his

health,

for

doubt

under

or

of

of

was

procurators,

sluggish

fleeced

was

to

the

than

calamities

worst

notaries,

and

state

as

win

could

the

Between

man.

the

civil,

or

the

the

King's

criminal,

leas

of

trial

ago

by

young

the

year

sentence

no

Whoever

barristers,
courts,

the

retained,

Philippines
befall

of

the
No

years

"

says

but

pardoned

were

occasion

Foreman

ders;
mur-

still

few

the

the

prison,

in

advanced.

...

on

of

date

sentence.

further

pronounced.
surviving

were

Laguimanoc,

died

Laguimanoc,

no

men

...

visited

again

prisoners
nine

their

the

had

prisoners

awaiting

were

later

the

visited

after

years

these

still

1889

five

was

but

went,

settled

could

be

discovered,

the

Siete

Partidas,

Mecopilacion,

or

"

de

nanzas

mentions

Foreman

Company

and

uncertainties

civil

courts.

"The

doubt

Jurado

bail.

He

they

of

the

after
Mr.
I

$4,000

for

his

court

this

Jurado

firm,

goods
firm's

Bank

had

to

firm

The

which

case

time

on

parole

given

they

all

were

went

accidentally

at

met

to

his
in

favor

and

to

on

fight

his

by

Jurado

sued
for

coffers
of

sum

eral
sev-

were

cash

was

the

premises,

each

brother

case.

sentences

Years

party.

appeal
his

really

but

Several
of

fraction

open

Bank

house.

quashed

Spain

him

and

stored

forced

arrested,

nominally

was

were

the

from

and

Bank

the

ond
sec-

Goods

year.

only

was

by judicial warrant,

transported

on

of

post

was

liquidation

damages.

released

seized

were

His

worth.

documents.

official

deteriorated

into

manager

of the

the

the

for

shortly

but

worth

during

sealed

prisoner

in

on

certain

Telegraphs,

for

years,

of

his

original

Bank

Bank

delays

1884.

the

course

from

litigation, and

actually

due

the

advances

exchange

genuineness

circumstances

once

of

year

dismissed

arrived

their

these

in

imprisoned,

was

pending
of

the

was

Chief
as

firm

Shanghai

...

to

Mr.

the

by

the

in
make

to

In

acceptance.
reason

agreed

Jurado

litigation

upon

entered

was

had

Bank

imported

be

to

attendant

Suit

and

illustration

an

as

of

case

Hongkong

the

versus

and

celebrated

the

Corporation,

Banking

the

reopened."

be

could

case

which

forth, by

so

Orde-

Orders,

Eoyal

and

(Jobierno,

buen

199

PROCESSES,

fueros, Decrees,

Antiguos

the

LEGAL

OF

TARDINESS

to

Madrid.
In

1891

(a lawyer)

in

"

200

the

the

judgment

the

Manila,

made

his

refusal

the

safes.

retained

especially
went

Q.

Madrid

to

C.
the

the

offices

good

solicited.

For

that

the

by itself, or

by

charter

own

Manila

at

Happily

It

it may

appears
was

to

dilemma.

Bank

could

proxy,

now

that

Bank

the

Half

to

dozen

be

after

finally settled

all
out

of

the

who

British

times

Madrid

futile

side
or

to

were

placed

in

tended
con-

appear

under

its

established

in

the

over

reopened

regarded

vise
ad-

to

appealed

that

be

finally settled, but

( 1809)

Bank

heard,

ground

right

no

the

on

other

be

not

lawyer,

was

The

on

had

be

was

in

the

legal

all, etc.

supposed

was

Minister

time

open
week.

Hongkong

Ambassador

our

long

it

from

Prime

of
a

awkward

most

case

The

Later

case.

Manila

to

over

Bank.

the

push

on

On
to

for

Spanish

slaught
on-

Bank.

there

vain

in

called

proceedings

the

reputed

to

sent

was

of

another

Court

sent

in

and

again

was

of the

was

labored

stage

one

funds

claim

fortnight

and

The

mechanic

man

when

pending

the

in

given

Bank.

up

so

This

At
,

do

to

the

on

'be

the

me

$935,000,

to

that,

yet

deliver

to

manager

after
waa

case

was

would

sum

years

told

amounted

then

that

Still

brother

The

Bank

for

thence.

the

Madrid.

in

street

against

PHILIPPINES.

THE

as

case

again.

closed

litigation

ever."
for-

this

court.

"

"

AMERICAN

The

Central

ADMINISTRATION.

Government
and

Justice
"

Service

System"

of

Communication"

Means

"

"Sources

of

"Bonded

Indebtedness"

Islands

"

Revenue"

Model

"

Administration
The

of

Census

etc.

of

the

American

the

Commerce

Health,

Navigation,

Proclamation

of

Education

Foreign

The

vincial
Pro-

Authority

Legislative

Governments"

Municipal

Civil

Filipinos

and

Manila

"

Philippine

Census

ods
Meth-

"

Followed"
Great

Novel
of

Scope

"The

of

self-government.

wc

-must

follow,
to

"The

In

ia

is

continued

at

it

the

of

the

to

science
which

duty

mighty

it

but

pay,

trust

rather

ia

of

policy

conduct

to

poor

the

mitted
com-

will

we

be

period

that
of

by

it

for

of
the

ernment
Gov-

their
this
in

will

Spanish

condition
basis

American

rule

our

hoped

McKinley

and
set

characterize

economic

President

Philippines
of

best

the

and

but

will

the

to

to

and

political

in

path

to

sentiments

standard

high

Even

train

the

is

but

exploit,

to

to

recreant

not

noble

toward

haa

Agents-

right,"

expression

The

Census

ua.

these

gave

educate,

to

be

or

not

ours,

This

question

what

are

civilize,

to

of

Census.

Philippines

develop,

do

Experiences

the

ever

people.
platform

the

pelago,
Archi-

do

ao.

the

sovereignty
the

islands

forded
af-

of

acquirement
( 203

204

THE

enlightened

independence
if

time,
of

that

have

reformation

been

had

The

it is

have

have

they

their

been

and

tion.
administrathat

unquestionable
with

beneficent

state

already

has

American

long

the

to

country

content

every

their

of

course

which

under

it

Furthermore,

liberty

the

advancement

upon

would

in

is

secured

Filipinos

not,

brought

and

bestowed

of

the

they would

ever,

There

government.

upon

believe

to

reason

ideas

PHILIPPINES.

action

less

much

than

pinos
Fili-

the

that

gree
de-

which

experienced.

most

by
that

have

freedom

with

good

for

the

that

and

quixotic theory"

the

"brown

the

white

brother"
is

the

upon

of

more

ing
exercis-

of

the

an

"impossible

scheme

pines
Philip-

of

placing
with

political equality

upon

the

tion
asser-

Filipinos

policy

that

; and

ernment
Gov-

the

upon

capable

are

is founded

Filipinos

American

the

to

they

effect;

the

rests

granted
than

man

of

observers

foreign

they

extensive

indictment

severe

ill-advised

and

bound

result

to

disastrously.
Whether
at

of

these

benevolent

that

we

will

they

worst

mis

should

dealings

be

with
or

against

us.

One

that

the

the

present

time

errors

judgment.
of

natives

is

should

conditions

of

outcome

thousand

that

times

be

dispute,

display

American

in

our

accusation

an

should

beyond

Filipinos

the

over-indulgence

than

unfairness,

tell, but

can

been

Better

convicted

thing

alone

have

to

prove

the

oppression,

if

are

of

established
and

that

ineptness

guidance

and

is,

under
con-

"

INSULAR

trol

their

ADMINISTRATION.

for

incapacity

205

will

self-government

be

lutely
abso-

proved.
the

By
into

effect

came

March

Commission

Let

the

us

from

what

States.

be

Tafl

The

President,

time

weni

Islands

Philippine

by

McKinloy,

the

tration
adminis-

civil

dates.

done

been

in

which

Paris,

United

which

has

inhabitants

these

the

for

five

of

years

and

islands
American

:*

rule

"Peace

has

been

period

during

subject

to

THE

the

little
and

and

the

extending

in

1900.

This

Elihu

Root,

The

as

(No.
of

the

304,
Bureau

in

paper,

of

of

are

-eighth
Insular

War,

organizing

ing
perfect-

instructions

from

dated

has

rrsnmc

April 7,

been

of

Congress),
Affairs,

efforts

first

prepared

was

toward

document

which

statements

Fifty

under

not

for

The

directed

work

Secretary

following

was

administration

preparation

were

contained
state

any

Archipelago

government.

this

at

Spain."

military

civil

in

AND

Commission

President

report

of

term

accomplished

Taft

of

than

area

the

GOVERNMENT

establishing
the

centuries

and

islands,

larger

sovereignty

the

was

the

to

over

the

CENTRAL

During

restored

and

degree

greater

the

territory

see

the

appointed

1900,

of

of

of

of

Treaty

7, 1899,

was

March,

their

the

possession

in

of

terms

by

eharacter-

ument
Doc-

Senate

printed
dated

Hon.

from

1004.

"

206

PHILIPPINES.

THE

ized

by

eminent

authorities
of

example
of

rights,

distribution

checks
in

judicial,

and

It
of

system

meeting

It

was

masterly

of

adapted

and

to

field.

the

This

after

which,
is

moving

wonder

with

especially for,

it.

The

of

first

the

the

to

upon
as

will
the

and

the

the

Commission

follows:

of

the

law,

work

in

the

has

period,

as

excite

to

the

the

of

time

being,

the

action

of

the

rules

raising

in

the

the

executive
upon

were

powers

viously
pre-

To

conferred

were

the

tion
separa-

government,

authority.

this
of

given

was

denned

of

machinery

legislative authority

making
for

the

process

judicial

was

world,

of

acquainted

powers

by

"Exercise

include
effect

of

the

the

created

courts

scope

for

perience
ex-

are

military

legislative

Commission,

The

the

governing

who

functions

continued,

was

powers;
the

in

the

innumerable.

civic

effectively

in

nation

constructive

all

ministrative,
ad-

Philippines

brief

of

step

various

centred
latter

for

and

admiration

the

of

amazingly

smoothly

and

of

people

Charta"

code

statutes

the

effective

groundwork

an

so

of

self-governing

the

made,

activities

up

beheld

ever

solving problems

summing

"Magna

furnished

the

visions,
pro-

constitution,

ready

all

and

wants

was

laws

covering
and

civilization

fect
per-

guarding

administrative

powers,

balances,

document."

single

of

nearly

most

jurisprudence,

law,

organic

"the

as

ferred
trans-

sion.
Commis-

conferred
instructions

legislative authority
and

of

orders, having

revenue

by taxes,

"

INSULAR

and

of

expenditure

establishment
the

of

islands;
efficient

an

and

other

military

governor

rules

orders

or

From

the

mission
been

have

in

interest

before

which

have

views.

have

been
have

passed
the

the

was

the

1901

effected

the

appointed

Commission

transfer

islands.

over

The

its

to

bills

express
for

voted

upon,
of

of

and

statutes.

the

inception,
one

ments
amend-

and

effect

every

of

and

follows:

to

all
Hon.

and

Governor,

as

committees

called

and

extension

created

general

mission
Com-

which

ceived
re-

Congress.

authority

were

the

of

the

Corahave

of

by

and

force

statutes,

further

by

executive
of

was

approval

the

enactments

and

debated

the

2133

of

Matters

been

following

year

by

character."

their

afforded

had

the

legislative opportunities

publicly

enacted

In

been

which

provide

to

discussed

have

ment
establish-

for

nature

bills.

been

Ordinary
have

During

of

natives

amendment

when

form

lishment
estab-

governments,

legislative sessions
and

secure

and

and

competent

public,

the

civil

to

system

the

throughout

organization

legislative

the

been

printed

of

now

outset

public

their

of

islands

departmental

of
is

the

organization

and

matters

appropriation

system

the

the

courts;

municipal

all

of

educational

service

the

funds

establishment

civil

207

imposts

public

an

the

of
of

and

duties,

and

customs,

ADMINISTRATION.

civil

the

government

pacified

the

William

H.

executive

separate

assigned

of

Commission

to

Department

members
of

the

inces
provTaft
partments
deof
In-

"

208

THE

Dean

terior,

C.

Worcester;

Luke

and

Police,

and

Justice, Henry

E.

the

three

de

the

Tavera,
The

Benito

The

Department

weather,

The

the

of

lands

public

light-houses,

the

bureaus

of

storage

and

The
the

public

of

libraries

of

public
and

rights,
copy-

laboratories,

Police

insular

and

treasury,

banking.
directs

the

insular

tor,
audicold-

revenue,

banking,

coinage

and

justice.

Public

Instruction

instruction, public

museums,

prisons,

Justice

internal

other

works,

except

gineering
en-

survey,

constabulary,

Finance

of

embrace-!

transportation,

public

corporations,

bureau

fisheries,
and

geodetic

of

insular

Department

bureaus

and

coast

immigration,

the

bureaus

patents

and

ice-plant, banks,

and

currency,

the

and

customs

controls

inter-island

of

Department

are

corps.

and

all

Pardo

H.

agriculture,

construction

and

bership
mem-

government

Interior

ethnology,

buildings,

the

Luzuriaga.

the

o'f Commerce

inland

and

T.

appoi'tionmenl

the

marine-hospital

of

struction,
In-

President,
to

service, government

Department

The

dose

of

following

post-offices, telegraphs,

than

and

forestry, mining,

public

bureaus

Finance

Public

the

added

were

duties

quarantine
the

of

namely,

T.egarda

in

and

Filipinos

administrative

health,

of

Department

Commission,

distributed

of

of

Alosos.

distinguished
of

Idc

Commerce

Department

time, by appointment

same

of

Department

Wright;
C.

Bernard
At

PHILIPPINES.

includes

charities,

statistics, public

rec-

"

230

the

Pursuing
of

for

The

the

the

the

to

the

thirty-four

Christian

of

is

Manila

provincial

The

popular

and

The

of

of

council,

chosen

to

those

held

certain

who

(b)
peso

money),

or

The

real

own

is

now

or

who
those

each

the

annual

to

the

fifty

of

cents

of

taxes

(c) speak, read,

is

13,

those

500

pesos

American

thirty
and

tended
ex-

1898,

Crown;

value

posed
com-

pality,
munici-

franchise

August

to

is

municipal

of

Spanish

to

equivalent

and

The

the

property

who

by

suffrage regulations.

electors

prior

under

pay

elected

are

municipality

years.

(")

charter.

or

more

write

lish
Eng-

Spanish.
municipal

closely

resembles

whilst

the

expenses

who

city

GOVERNMENTS.

qualified

two

offices

and

pesos;

for

serve

to

llu:

by

the

to

the

special

liberal

president, vice-president

that

officials

MUNICIPAL

administration

America.

applied

the

palities
munici-

in

been

under

under

AND

PROVINCIAL

has

municipal

exercised

vote,

into

provinces, except

incorporated

and

political unit,

townships

system

general

governments.

is divided

the

to

the

present

(ho

islands

similar

very

Up

of

territory

entire

instructions

passed

provincial

of

made

was

the

in

Commission

organization

municipality

down

laid

policy

President,

the

act

(a

PHILIPPINES.

THE

Federal
in

the

of

government
that

of

the

city

Government
latter

case,

the
of

pays
in

the

city

of

Manila
but

Washington,
one-half

former

of
the

the
con-

"

PROVINCIAL

of

tributioii
than
of

the

General

three-tenths.
three

members

of

the

of

with

is

Special

needs

districts
with

charged

of

making

as

it

of

the

such

municipal
before

acted

being

the

aggregation

of

officers
the

namely,
and

first three
of

the

form

the

buildings,
It is the

is

of

duty
year

the

governing

each

to

responsible

for

administrations,

in

the

and

provincial
of

the

towns

proper
he

provinces

may

consists

that

(except

in

supervisor

of

in

conduct

The

functions

collection

to

remove

of

tary
secre-

these,

and

municipal

his

bined),
com-

; of

the

governor

some

are

supervisor,

board.

the

istrative
admin-

larger

roads, bridges,

of

for

government

include

supervision

the

of

former

providing

treasurer,

construction
and

Board

the

to

prosecuting- attorney

the

and

matters

Christian

and

treasurer

provincial government

taxes,

twice

province

governor,

fiscal,or

the

citizens,

Municipal

law

provincial

each

of

its

submitted

thirty-four

The

offices

and

municipalities

the

for

Advisory

upon.

several

organized.

cases

be

The

important

general provincial

divisions,

five

Ail

for

investigating

the

to

the

by

Commission)

of

duty

necessary.

Advisory

au

city.

municipality

legislation must

Under

were

the

the

the

suggestions

deem

may

of

approval

(appointed

of

consent

pino)
Fili-

the

also

member

one

the

eleven

the

Board

body

of

be

with

Governor,

more

consists

must

is

no

Board

whom

of

There

consisting

Governor,
each

the

Commission.

Board,

is

Municipal

(one
by

211

Government

The

appointed

of

GOVERNMENTS.

any

of

public
officers.

make

province.
the

the

visits
He

municipal
municipal

"

THE

212

officer
all

for

the

The

works

counsel

the

the

supervision

for

the

is

governor
of

The

law

filled

are

the

this

Americans

time

be

238

It

wisdom

to

people
twelve

the

of
is

and

the

of
thousand

posed
com-

in

civil

the

to

and

fiscal

sion.
Commis-

Philippine

of

governors

elected

offices

the

supervisor

subject

duly

are

the

the

"

Filipinos.

filled

are

by

86

much

in

of
the

natives

structure

to

to

Commission.

Spaniards.

of

local

to

ment
govern-

accustomed,
in

the

the

Commission

form

the

capable

and

the

the

were

share

Filipino

municipal

under

part

working

and

provincial

possible

honest,

system

and

provincial

very

greater

promise

The

as

which
them

giving

of

nearly

as

the

branches

on

convention

secretary

the

of

provincial

municipalities

of

acta

natives,

conform

administrative

retain

all

that

similar
was

of

public

each

for

The

are

positions

all

gineer,
en-

fiscal

and

treasurer

provincial

noticed

governments

by

the

of

provinces

and

will

of

by appointment

remaining

It

biennially

that

civil

The

board

by Americans)

Christian

The

them.

the

to

of

of

province.

positions

and

At

the

of

the

counsellors

tilled

(usually
service

elected

the

province.

and

in

be

execution

governing

municipalities

town

accounts

must

the

with

the

the

who

collects

treasurer

to

audita

and

supervisor,

charged

and

due

those

treasurer,

is

provincial

remits

taxes,

official.

as

The

cause.

municipal

PHILIPPINES.

whilst

administration
officials.

satisfaction

Amongst
municipal

of

the

upwards

officials

there

"

ADMINISTRATION

have

been

and

no

of

case

The

against

with

consistently
Philippine

which

the

the

large

very

the

shall

who

is

an

of

the

guet,

five

body
U.

Paragua,

though
be

S.

of

filled

for

the

municipal

possible

to

and

approximates,

that

which

whom

will

be

assimilated

it

and

posed
well-dis-

ure
meas-

the

which
as

are

they

closely

Christian

as

vincial
pro-

provinces

under

the

to

Ben-

any
all

these

however,
in

urer.
treas-

it would

extend

to

system

obtains

and

by

Consequently

The

torney,
at-

namely,

part

in

governor,

Vizcaya,

most

present,

schools,

Nueva

positions

by appointment.
governed,

are

the

the

to

secretary,

provinces,

for

self-government.
and

of

in

ends

these

allowed

Army,

tbe

justice

to

is

the

to

Moros,

of

deeply ignorant tribes, to

impracticable,
of

the

consists

"Mindoro,

inhabited

are

applied

and

part,"

ia

possible,

as

system

remaining

Bontoc,

Lepanto

baa

province

of

engineer, superintendent
The

office

of

far

as

discretion

That

officer

misconduct

Moro

policy

and

of

of

oath

"customs

take

measure

legislative:council.

the

general

Datos,

Moros

the

preserve

the

213

president.

to

Islands,
of

authority

of

of

designed

JUSTICE.

instances

violation

administration

especially

few

remarkably

established

been

OF

rapidly

as

inces,
provas

ditions
con-

established

by

justify.

ADM

complete

legislative

IN

IS

TEAT

I ON

judicial system

enactment

OF

JUSTICE.

has

throughout

been
the

Archipelago.

"

214

New

of

codes

be

criminal

with

enacted,

and

of

pertain

church

individuals

the

of

purpose
of

the

fifteen

of

first

these

There

the

which

whom

the

auxiliary

There

consists

which

are

registration,

court

and

of

is

the

authority

tributed
dis-

are

is

of

the

the
a

peace

made

in

registrars

of

to

each

Supreme
of

for

appeal

that

of

the
and

peace

municipality.

each

deeds

Manila.

three

the

of

appeals,

customs

the

in

islands

justice

is

fill vacancies.

to

is

to

of

members,

Provision

into

there

assigned

is vested

seven

of

divided

district

the

to

judges

court

justice

of

judge

of

There

States.

for

government

each

in

additional

supreme

United

inal
crim-

courts."

is

four

Filipinos.

are

private

to

the

Archipelago

appellate jurisdiction

Court,

the

the

and

three

are

The

from

of

instance.

districts

and

ercise
ex-

judicial districts,
of

court

of

powers

giving

union

the

on

prosecutions

control

to

the

compromise

extortion,

branch

territory

and

codes

existing

Spain,

the

such

use

and

follows

as

The

to

or

the

of

judges,

control

to

blackmail

judicial

of

shortly

procedure

restrictions

rigid

the

right

executive

The

the

by

prosecution,

'"simplifying

sovereignty

state,

discretion

of

will

procedure

provisions

the

to

and

effect

those

and

of

law

the

eliminating

which

an

PHILIPPINES.

THE

for

court
each

of
of

land
the

provinces.
The

attorney-general

general

Filipino,

divided

between

the

and
two

is

an

their

American,
assistants

the
about

solicitor-

equally

nationalities.

"

"

district,

From

hearing
the

Ktcreotnaplt

betorti

prisoner
Copyright,

justice

by

guarded
by

of

Underwood

the

in

peace

native

country

constabulary.
Underwood,

N"*

Y"k

"

"

SERVICE

CIVIL

The

of

natives

to

the

with

the

in

central
a

all

provinces,

It
the

the

was

hill

civil-service
the

secure

solely
one,

the

the

on

by

of

ground

successful

service

and

by

the

head

of

reach

and

selection

any

of

the
the

within

merit,

efficient

in

system

promotion

competitive
the

offices

Commission

the

provide

to

elective

and

act-

of

purpose

technical

come

to

With

Manila.

special

positions

government

civil-service

the

of

scope

the

and

professional knowledge,

appointed

at

requiring

and
that

acquiring

been

have

tensively
ex-

services

essential,

in

government

few

Filipinos

not

was

it

first

the

municipal

them

by

numbers

of

exception

and

United

the

by

employ

English

made

large

positions
the

of

Philippines

From

to

provincial

progress

knowledge

States

Commission.

knowledge

the

in

United

practicable

the

in

where

the

Service

found

been

has

made

United

the

of

marines

given

honorably

to

next,

and

is

preference

and

are

throughout

Civil

States

chief

islands,

the

Examinations

also

and

The

and

positions solely

government

soldiers, sailors,

discharged
States.

to

selection

the

for

provides

merit.

of

basis

the

civilians

of

promotion
on

bill

service

civil

215

SYSTEM.

and

of

passing

which

would
officials

civilian

would

permit

examination,
discharge

important

of

enter

to

his

department

any

duties

of

the

government.
The
and

of

Annals

Social

the

Science,

American

May,

Academy
1902,

contained

of

Political

the

lowing
fol-

comment:

"

THE

21G

"It

is hard

to

could
than

be

merit

that

here

this

the

opinion

from

Manila

In

States

of

that

Whilst

of

world

Philippine
The

to

that

her

service

working

of

adoption

in

occasion

reform

Indian

here

repeat
that

much
inas-

cutta
Cal-

from

came

unreasonable

nor

consummation

come

may

free

from

it

to

the

might
that

in

practices

more

truth

such

of

department

pertain

equal

prediction

the

it
the

tices
prac-

been

part

those
Islands.

Philippine

no

United

than

have

be

may

corrupt

administrations

most

to-day

is true

were

and

spoil

the

civil

its

to

impossible

no

more

it that

with

ago

in
the

led

foregoing
is

to

this

years

the

the

there

common

this

beget

remembered

former

perfect

Government

branches

of

plete
com-

Washington."

to

support

affirmed

its

of

improper

it is not

that

expect

on

beginnings

London,

to-

be

not

to

sure

successful

which

our

inefficiency

methods

the

was

India

may

be

the

upon
of

remnants

established

it

expressed

the

as

she

the

will

competitive

in
It

with

It

and

commission

England.

to

tried

action

is

way

by

establishment

the

pines
Philip-

better

any

Philippines

home.

home,

at

the

from

before

possessions
system

flow

at

first

the

the

established

reflex

contrasted

when

corruption

England

in

system

results

The

of

in

puth

provisions

home

at

system

its

upon

Commission.

Government

of

government

our

excellent

Philippine

good

how

see

started

the

by

PHILIPPINES,

stated
of the

prevalent

ten

ized
civil-

than

in

Islands.

following

table

shows

the

distribution

of

"

CIVIL

the

Scouts,

Philippine
the

of

of

various

the

217

however,

not,

hody

which

States,

the

of

employees

Members

United

does

It

positions.

government

SYSTEM.

SERVICE

the

nor

is

ment
establish-

the

unskilled

numerous

departments

Philippine

on

include

Commission
...

of

Justices

the

Supreme

Court

Judges

of

the

Courts

Judges

of

the

Court

of

Customs

Judges

of

the

Court

of

Laud

Instance

First

of

16
...

Justices

Civil

the

of

Service

and

General

the

Officials

Provincial

Municipal

I 'residents

Municipal

Counselors

Municipal

Secret,*)

Philippines

Total

1,777

80

rios-Trcasurers

School

Teachers

English

1,000

1,000

Total

Municipal

Government..

Jus-

1,898

of

Teachers

Auxiliary

(Mayors)

Total

Municipal

registration

Provinces

of

Governors

Other

of

Peace

Appeals..

Police

Constabulary

345

345

"

218

THE

The

duty

and

for

the

facilities

and

the

Americans

work

About

about

maintains
schools.

secondary

conducts

number

is

also

for

the

merchant
other

FILIPINOS

of

provision

for

Filipinos

in

its
to

terms

the

afforded

knowledge
their

year,

various

the

which

people

time

upon

may

their

in

for

will

nila
Maand

daily.

useful

continuous
number

to

with
be

sent

period

of

four

advanced

colleges
for

and

acquiring
themselves

This

of

to

are

receive

and

facilities

return.

the

adults

accordance

Filipinos

they

be

schools

10,000

In

schools

widest

for

certain

remain

to

cluding
in-

school.

officers

made

of

100

and

STATES.

States.

than

partment
de-

the

government

to

as

Commission

education

which

in

UNITED

United

each

during

THE

in

and

school, primarily

facilities

recorded

parting
im-

institutions,

Night

is

the

fewer

instruction
be

the

not

America

years,

IN

enactment

the

educating

afford

centers

in

schools

nautical

marine.

attendance

average

An

of

1,000

latter

agricultural

an

well-equipped
purpose

and

primary

addition,

and

palities),
munici-

present

technological

school
a

the

inter-island
and

of

trade

In

by

former

At

2,000

general

department

the
the

lo

children.

the

natives

teachers,

English

of

classes

instructing

by

on

3,500

as

of

knowledge

by

instances

some

is carried

engaged

are

There

in

educational

providing

is assumed

Filipinos

instruction.

public

38

of

expense

(augmented

government

of

riHLIPPINES.

will
any

and

privilege

is

"

OF

EDUCATION

extended
will

suhniit

years

the

civil

the

government
its

at

the

the

in

expense

is

will

of

"that

and

the

have

the

of

States,

but

conditions

the

return

dissemination

for
under

time

spent

otherwise

obligations.

or

of

these

of

information

beneficial

most

of

term

serve

length

it

enjoy

examination

appointment

United

free

is

who

educational

competitive

least

at

219

those

the

upon

the

expected

islands

them

and

for

benefaction
It

that
of

the

to

service,

FILIPINOS.

condition

completion

the

upon

four

the

upon

THE

and

people

to

by

far-reaching

effect."
It

is

impossible
without

colonial

has

that

the

involved

in
has
the

expended

only

educational

have

been

in

The

the

same

system

of

education,

necessarily
ment
Govern-

of

and

sums

tributed
con-

provinces
of

account

Education

the

to

amount

and

Philippines.

Bureau

addition

all

abroad.

risks

the

municipalities

of

tively
compara-

American

in

the

the

educated

the

clusion
con-

some
trouble-

most

is

the

pursue

pesos

purposes.
on

of

year

different

expenditures

received

policy
to

fiscal

have

one

liberal

2,4;i8,185

by

404,731

who

determined

last

population

who

is

the

been

native

those

that

However,

experience

number

particularly

sanguine

The

of

small

this

to

qualification.

governments
element

In

subscribe

to

the

in

for

Spanish

1894

was

pesos.

complete
which,
avoids

by maintaining
the

has

currency

fluctuations

fixed
which

been

medium
were

lished,
estab-

of
such

change,
ex-

"

220

THE

detriment

grave

in

value

and

bronze

coins

the

There

piece.

is

States

this

for

of

the
an

of

the

Philippines

of

the

silver

islands

effected

was

ever-changing
of

rate

of

the

several

Posv.al

the

to

the

the
and
rency
cur-

ations
fluctu-

trade

influences

of
of

ever-changing

an

of

facilities.
the

islands.

the

United

with

money

and

The

been
mail

extended
is

orders

are

rate

has

which

of

entirely

postage

part

every

between

the

The

regularity.

proved

than

more

to

carried

and

promptness

districts

There

COMMUNICATION.

has

System

offices

outlying

The

OF

Archipelago,

issuance
the

nomination
de-

exchange.

MEANS

The

as

the

the

regime

and

serve
re-

paper

McKinley.

varying

well

gold

bearing

subject

as

United

preserving

in

pesos,

Rizal,

the

by

of

market,

currency

1.

Spanish

bullion

These

distinctive

was

one-peso

the

to

to

ten

Jose

the

During

Rve-centavos

certificates

and

of

vignettes respectively

of

ceniavo.

have

five

the

purpose

silver

of

two,

Washington.

the

islands

The

of

ranges

to

value

ratio

the

consisting

currency

one-half

convertible

maintained

parity.

coin

silver

and

system

piece

and

The

days.

decimal

nickel

one

in

currency
is

also

fixed

former

ten-centavo

of

coins

have

the

upon

from

in

trade

to

is based

coinage

PHILIPPINES.

200
is

great
laek

boon

to

banking

post-offices in
the

same

as

in

States.

extensive

telegraph

and

telephone

systems

"

222

PHILIPPINES.

THE

In

perity.
promise
the

be

to

hands

the
a

source

of

the

of

profit

his

in

and

is

the

step

in

and

that

important

the

for

thought

that

purchase

of

the

and

tenant

the

results

the

lands

the

in

the

local

of

centres

the

friars

in

islands

and

year,

with

and

the

division

and

the

Church

the

Roman

of

and

we

agrarian

Philippines
the

will

have

obstacles

of

use

of

in

the

hope

thereof,

were

rian
agra-

of

of

the

ernment
gov-

friars

facilitate

greatly

number

of

from

land

the

that
of

question

the

Orders

belonging

part
of

year

the
in

the

to

Philippine
decade

friars

the

in

the

completely

removed

from

government

with

which

good

coming

and

the

out

between

improvement

been
to

terial
ma-

political question

Americans,
control

to

proceeds

reasonably

may
and

tend

the
for

of

rapidly diminishing

the

of

prophesy

cannot

growing

adjustment

the

Church

church,

among

is

the

insular

The

adjustment.

the

the

elimination

but

cannot

be

but

to

be, doubtless, litigation

the

but

question

satisfactory

will

islands

relations

entirely

us

disturbance

landlordism
from

to

the

of

cannot

way

important

rid

There

questions.
and

will

adjustment

their

negotiations

most

We

provincial governments.
that

of

political

these

people

which

Church,

benefit

of

the

readjustment

Catholic

says:

form

of

Taft,

Governor

matter,

1!)03,

year

rehabilitation

the

Roman

this

to

report

"It

the

both

to

lands

State.

Referring

to

these

Commission

to

the

islands

and

ing
assum-

confronted."

"

INVESTIGATION

I'xtensive
islands
and

been

been
of

mass

forests

in

timber

and

fields

coal

their

have

and

The

by

stations

rinderpest

of

the

number
sold

to

disease

to

draft

the

years

ago

restore

to

important

and

the

profitable

agricultural college
notable

scientific

work

under

in

on

the

the

than

view

hiseel
was

to

of

ducing
pro-

tions
condi-

alleviate

earlier

the
of

years

imported

cost.

ment
move-

which

some

bids

blight,

formerly

Negros
native

is

which

enterprise.
of

to

ing
carry-

the

to

industry,

commercial

education

of

means

chiefly carabao,

what

island

farms

of

to

the

less

coffee

islands

by

government

at

collapsed
the

order

animals,

farmers

scientific

purpose

with

during
the

of

diseases.

especially adapted

rehabilitate

to
ten

of

cattle
the

In

results

laboratories,

serum

for

partment
de-

resource

model

taken,

breeding

occupation,

the

chief

and

other

Philippines.
from

American

were

and

in

favorable
In

corps

steps
and

animals

losses

heavy

and

operation

experiments
farm

great

in

laws

the

of

mineral

striking utilitarian

Experimental

is

The

and

is

competent

stamp

farm

wealth

enacted.

establishments

has

reports.

enormous

which

niosl.

established,

out

information

government

been

the

bureaus,

appropriate

surveyed

have

quarantine

on

an

agriculture,

assistants.

stock

contain

been

produced

been

of

of

resources

valuable

form

223

vegetable growth.

have

inhabitants,
been

have

to

development
of

of the

the

the
the

by

extremely

prove

valuable

to

conducted

published

The

of

investigation

has

RESOURCES.

OF

fair
very
The

doing

farmers

to

agriculture

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

22-1

tariff

The

of

submission
the

regulations

and

importers

of

draft

the

With

view

islands

placed

those

which
those

of

the

duties

shall

shall

government

exported
the

During
the
per

cent.,

in

1903.
have

favor

the

first

to

of

the

five

customer

of

in

1899

tration
adminis-

increased
to

period
a

balance
of

passage

the

etc., enabled

displace
of

they

event

the

the

United

Philippine

150

$66,000,000

depression

that

leaving

customs,
to

hemp

upon

the

Philippines

during

The

for

Philippine

American

agricultural

islands.

tonnage

treasury

the

in

cles
arti-

on

States.

the

$33,000,000,

provides

also

duties

islands

$25,000,000

to

that

act

United

Suites

Philippine

years

of

immediately
chief

the

the

and

than

cent,

per

further

export

United

advanced

relating
States

the

Despite

000,000

of

have

An

25

into

United

also

the

refund

commerce

from

the

islands;

to

of

Philippines
to

products

other

were

the

the

the

in

the

regime,

States.

and

Philippines,

fact,

Spanish

imports

on

remitted

of

the

reduction

tariff

from

in

United

tne

collected

be

benefit

in

of

luxuries)

upon

during

for

the

coining

as

the

of

development

figures, lower,

allows

Dingley

all

rapid
(except

low

force

from

dues

duties
at

in

Congress

States

the

prevailed

of

and

and

to

COMMERCE.

to

import

been

the

legislation

Manila

of

exporters

FOREIGN

that

proposed

the

the

after

only

States.

United

or

adopted

were

the

from
of

ports
ex-

$12,trade
of

act

the

in
gress
Con-

United

Kingdom
Islands,

"

NAVIGATION,

SOURCES

The

chief

from
is

internal

;
all

on

of

total

of

Harbor

been

the

of

the

and

under

for

$6,000,000
increase

greatly

to

enable

to

discharge
the

during

the

in

An

medium

from

the
at

all

efficient

carried

An

gulfs

have

States
of

appropriation
is

shelter
seasons

that

of

upon

heavy

designed

of

whereas

ships frequently

coastguard

at

extensive

United

Manila

opportunity

out

and

and

the

lighterage,

bay, incurring
favorable

of

accommodation

of

monsoons,

the

awaiting

cargoes

$37,516,076.

harbors

of

five

aggregated

points,

harbor

the

vessels,

without

days

the

penditures
ex-

first

revenue

other

Survey.

June

the

the

been

officers

Geodetic

the

that

and

have

important

more

completed

Coast

the

expenditures

Iloilo, and

Cebu,

tax

ending

year

During

occupation

and

stated

$15,326,125,

improvements

surveys

fiscal

$14,262,503.

$49,915,944,

be

land

whole

industrial

an

arts

may

the

to

American

Manila,

and

the

self-supporting.

for

amounted
to

years

nearly

is

of

cent,

per

including

It

etc.

revenue

1903,

30,

80

receipts,

customs

are

trades, professions,

service

The

revenue

revenue,

registration taxes;
postal

EEVENOE.

approximately

derived

tax

OF

sources

which

ETC.

HEALTH,

lay

port,

service

and

breakwater,
the

docks,

formerly,
for

demurrage,
to

to

several
whilst

unload.

has

been

estab-

"

226

PHILIPPINES.

THE

with

Hshed,

purchased

ones

the

of

matter

encountered
the

health

when

active

of

opposition,
for

and

the

and

vigor

compulsory

the

islands,
death

factor

in

health

to

cope

with

tested

by

the

cholera

wide

the

of

energetic

of

board
the

fact
of

excess

serious

the

this

its

have

established

the

At

maintained.

sanatarium

has

and

been

recuperation

of

an

civilians

affected
of

efficient
in

and

means

and

by prompt
in

be

less

than

of

judged

the

from
in

dispensaries,
auxiliaries,

appropriate

by

over

considerably

were

Benguet,

established

out

towns

Hospitals,

their

of

severely

operations
may

great

board

was

the

the

occasion

pesos.

and

wards,

is

of

expenditures

1,000,000

the

eradicated

was

the

to

important

knowledge

any

with

Owing

broke

Nevertheless,

attack

on

detention
been

or

magnitude

health
that

aid,

of

which
of

Manila

of

an

emergencies

Many

ures
meas-

applied

be

ability

epidemic,

plague.

action

The

year.

The

1902.

the

checking

natives,

health

to

cases

many

results.

ceased

has

of

States.

smallpox, formerly

rate.

medical

without

were

in

area

in

been

remarkable

most

United

the

the

have

provinces

vaccination,

of

scourge

of

improvement

the

of

of

condition

and

part

In

difficult

the

the

to

the

new

government

and

by

indifference

upon

different

the

presented

transferred

spite, however,

In

the

serious

most

are

government.

sanitation,

the

problems

islands

Philippine

and

of

one

many

the

the

by

of which

fifteen

vessels,

seventeen

the

quarantine
the

ice
serv-

highlands,

for

government

soldiers,

As

so-

"

journ
those

in

time

Manila

is

commercial

of

elevated,

the

Pasig

them

to

by

of

has

remedied
in

which

widened
have
fine

by
of

represented

city.
will

The

of

electric

antiquated

department

maintained

transformed

into

ample

supply

of

which

miles

by
first-class

up-to-date

wholly

fire

adequate
ings
build-

native

huts,

Spanish

days.

solved

the

widely- straggling

power

the

deficiency

has

operates

and
and

of

proved.
im-

entirely

an

of

tern.
pat-

and

market

marts

the

been

latest

The

in

were

bridges

was

of

the

addition

the

Manila

forty-five

of

have

increased

aggregations

light

of

an

of

Modern

trading

corporation

The

and

installation

transportation

supply

been

rule

the

system

The

paved.

bridge

has

the

rains,

improved

double

the
the

road

of

heavy

extension.

displaced

problem

be

and

formerly

accommodation.

sewage

electric

will

that

upon

which

and

been

Its

based

during

supply

course

have

great

government

streets,

Spanish

destitute

system,

with

States,

islands.
is

The

water

Tinder

been

good

believed,

is

central

the

of

graded,

The

An

of

seat

submerged

the

United

it

administration

frequently

the

to

equally

institution.

Washington.

across

results

money,

centre

municipal

made

and

the

(.:ffc(.'ti:d
by

city

transfer

following

saving

produces

Benguet

at

this

railroad

the

pality.
munici-

to

inadequate

Spaniards

has

department,

apparatus.

The

fire
been

with

city

an

is

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

excellently policed by
of

Americans.

and

The

botanical

finances

utmost

the

debt

disposed
United

and

as

the

in

of

of

the

of

by

States
of

the

the

islands

been

land

improved

aside

set

the

for

Under

and

$20,000,000.
islands,

the

table

Character

of

This

of

rates

received

premiums

the

tions
obliga-

present

the

was

by

payment

The

so

Crown

Spanish

the:

has,

been

$40,000,000.

purchase

and

debt

appear,

the

with

managed

funded

may

was

Philippine

following

been

The

statement

islands

of

have

economy.

profit.

them

upon

the

of

source

paid

have

supervision

INDEBTEDNESS.

skill

paradoxical
a

the

garden.

The

far

of

plot

BONDED

the

under

public parks

and

enlarged,

natives

interest
shown

are

Loan.

Interest.

Premium.

First

issue

Second

certificates,

one-year

issue

$3,000,000

$120,000

certificates,

one-year

$3,000,-

000

120,000

Bonds

for

the

purchase

of

friar

280,000

Distributing
the

its

of

net

funded
of

cent,

the

the

debt
the

islands.

is reduced

charge

is

customs

No

of

period

charge
interest

of

premium

redemption

interest

The

67,200

lands,

$7,000,000

over

$75,390

$224,410,

ten

3.1
the

upon
a

friar
years,

to

receipts,
other

the

per

530,370

lands
the

net

for

government
of

the

principal
in

about

the

nual
an-

cent.

rate

country

bonds

2.25

per

revenue

world

can

"

230

PHILIPPINES.

TUB

The
act

an

taking

of

of

greatest

the

respect

one

the

undertaken

was

in

approved
whenever
and

the

have

been

of

work

of

gress
Con"that

provided
shall

have

complete

and

than

more

act

an

which

1902,

general

established

in

was

The

with

insurrection

existing

condition

1,

1903

achievement.

accordance

July

of

and

importance

extraordinary

an

Census

Philippine

ceased
shall

peace

therein

the

dent,
Presi-

....

being

upon
of

the

Philippine
relating

name,

age,

Commission;

such

in

the

English

information,
and

and

and

The
forth

in

"That
of
and

of

two

years
census,

complete
the

United

peace

States

after
in

of

of

native

or

eign
for-

dialect

or

guage,
lan-

ownership
and

such

island,

civil

each

division,
deem

may

OF

far

so

as

sary."
neces-

CENSUS,

the

census

was

set

words:

following

the

the

OBJECT

political object

chief

other

or

said

inhabitants,

each

commission

such

POLITICAL

make,

statistics,
for

separately

sus
cen-

enquiries

attendance,

social

municipality,

President

the

native

school

industrial

homes,

province

Spanish,

by

its

and

tribe, whether

or

in

in

take
all

order
taken

census

of

report

race,

literacy

or

other

full

shall
be

to

shall

population

sex,

born,

of

Islands

practicable,

as

thereof,

Philippine

the

to

satisfied

case

with
shall

the

completion

such

of

continued

tion
publica-

of

condition

recognition
have

and

the
in

general

authority
the

terri-

"

"

].\l

Thin

or

i*

and

pii-uu-u
for

abaca,

one

of

(Jcpit'fs
sliipiue.ni

the
many

various

lln'

insular

propn
at

icsael*

rat

Ci:bu.

thai

I-

ion

til

Jn

plv

between

the

Manila

hemp,

background
the

capita!

porta.

"

"

CENSUS

said

of

tory

OF

PHILIPPINE

THE

islands

non-Christian

other

inhabited

not

satisfied

being

election

for

of

assembly

the

Islands,

the

which

conferred
of

said

islands

of

and

the

Philippine
of

consist

be

to

the

less

not

shall

as

be

50,

vested

nearly

the

the

convened
heretofore
in

Mores,
in

Said

said

that

other

or

Commission
shall

assembly
100,

Commission

practicable

as

all

legislature

than

more

pine
Philip-

Philippine

have

Philippine

nor

by

in

eral
gen-

popular

power

by

Assembly.
than

to

Commission

the

"

apportioned

provinces

shall

inhabited

not

houses

two

as

legislative

Philippine

tribes,

consisting

known

mission
Com-

call, a

delegates

assembly

the

said

shall

territory

be

said
all

non-Christian

said

shall

the

on

of

or

President

direct

Commission

of

Moros,

shall

choice

people

organized,

part

the

After

Assembly.
and

thereof

call, and

to

by
the

tribes,
.

upon

231

ISLANDS.

bers,
mem-

among

according

to

population."
The

little

were

oven

such

as

reliable.

highly

would
on

object

conscription.
with

unpopular

misinformed

the

that

agents

the

experience

account

of

However,

the

the

the

from
was

similar

to

They

the

form

basis

It
American

or

for

therefore,

who

obstructed
to

was

be

pected
ex-

Government

difficulties,if

Commission

and

complete

were,

masses,

recently disturbed
the

being

enumerators.

of

ment
Govern-

Spanish

enumerations,

mere

far

very
main

and

under
than

more

were

Their

taxation

and

effected

censuses

state

boldly

not

of

greater,
the

try.
coun-

essayed

the

"

232

THE

task, voluntarily

increasing
the

elioosing

outcome

was

home

It

and

the

MODEL

also

was

Hia

in

the

document

the

of

in

matter

the

the

in

autonomy
actual

Philippine
government.

Kinlcy

has

President
in

accordance

justification

Commission

with

of

with

self-government

to

of

the

public
like

ox

the

aim

tended

and

of

people

of

partial

of

the

the

the

self-

of

Mc-

President

and

the

to

government.

science

late

7,

autonomy

electors

the

Mo-

April

followed

by

Commission

instructions, gradually
the

factor

of

of

qualified

learning

his

iatory
concil-

President

provincial

the

and

way,

people

complete

sincerely adopted

Roosevelt;

government,
of

policy

place

to

potent

style

lias

Islands

are

dence
confi-

right

instructions

municipal

The

the

the

policy

his

matter

the

quoting:

the

experience

of

ready

in

to

for

worth

Philippine

Islands

been

effective

most

in

been

pessimists

occasion, simple,

pattern

with

the

of

predictions

this

it is well

of

and

Commission

unquestionably

Philippine

people

By

is

announced

the

1900,

the

appealed

accordance

Kinley,

The

accomplishment.

always

upon

As

Filipinos
"In

has

when

which

the

PROCLAMATION.

logical, was

result.

also

though

islands.

Taft

proclamation
and

the

thorough

Filipinos

the

of

in

its
for

triumph

Governor
in

for

refutation

complete

arduous,

erately
delib-

and

magnitude,

its

most

effective, method

moat

at

PHILIPPINES.

to

islands,

tend
ex-

was

"

234

THE

The

proclamation

same

"census

as

and

day,"
in

simultaneously

AMEMCAN

had

It

tain,

of

method

and

had

Its

people.
Bureau

force,

with

defined

lack

of

was

overcome

serious

very

provincial

diagrams

of

the

distance
of

area

of

of

municipal
the

"such

other
"

barrio

the

by

Congress

merators
enu-

division

of

equally

from

the

and,

Under

the
as

statistics

first
in

of

the

palities
munici-

mate
approxi-

authority

add
of

or

the

possible,

might,
to

ships
town-

barrio

main
if

the

difficulty

respective
and

the

the

This

their

sired
de-

clearly-

into

presidents

decided
the

and
the

maps.

information"

Commission

visors,
super-

encountered

government

municipality.

of

collect

to

the

to

Here

location

relative
each

Oriental

an

corps

these

was

municipal

any

addition

districts.

the

showing

hensive
comprethan

to

the

and

obstacle
or

most

districts, having

by requiring
return

to

seat

required

enumerators'

and

in

Chris-

American

enumerators,

limits,

geographical

the

efficient

intelligence

supervisors'

well-defined

the

applied

special

also

It

into

country

is

required,

sufficient

statistics.

the

specially appointed

special agents,

began

Archipelago.

adopt

which

been

operation

work

with

more

ever

the

dealing

to

much

2, 1903,

FOLLOWED.

in

taking,

which

the

METHODS

peoples,

census

extant,

of

part

determined,

civilized

or

(late

that

upon

every

March

appointed

CENSUS

been

method

PHILIPPINES.

be
to

to

lect
col-

deemed
the

data

schools, agri-

"

NOVEL

EXPERIENCE

culture, manufactures,

that

the

of

the

Census

The

of

of

tribes

Mindanao

of

officers

of

the

in

it

army.

the

taking

Americans,

were

progressed
attacked
waa

opposition

no

accepted

the

total

to

American

and
advisable

the

with

census,
the

far
wild

employ
gaged
en-

persons
whom

of

and

men

118
native

40

The

Three

and

as

to

of

Chinese.

of

of

other

7,627,

native

the

that

presidents

number

was

hut,

significant

as

the

toward

The

suioorhly.

ladrones,

by

thought

census

employed

were

was

and

this

as

the

Moros

Census

Japanese

women,

and

the

7,642

ing,
bank-

States.

provinces

Amongst

and

of

wide

as

United

graph,
tele-

fishing, mining,

inquiry

municipalities

possible.

as

the

235

AGENTS,

insurance,

almost

was

of

governors

couneilinen

of

extent

Philippines

Twelfth

railroad?,

transportation,

express
so

CENSUS

OF

work

where
every-

enumerators

were

this

exception,

and

the

attitude

Government

fact

of

there
be

may

the

masses

represented

as

by

Commission.

NOVEL

The

EXPERIENCE

the

said:
count

one

wild
"The

and

tribes.

hundred,

The

of

many

The

Igorots

beyond

CENSUS

AGENTS.

the

are

Supervisor

ten;

after

and

beyond

system

to

slow

very
that

them

adopted

of
to

it is

agents

census

instructive, especially

pvehensilile figure
into.

of

experience

interesting

OF

in

which

by

me

was

and

is

to

do

tens

many

they

with

Vizeaya

move,

hundred

one

dealing

Nueva

so

was

an

never

send

not

up

to

incomenter
enumer-

"

236

THE

ators

and

wanted,

we

and

family.

notches

bundle

to

women,

one

the

Mores

for

of

considerable

in

order

to

of

the

the

when

spoke
of

intention
of

had

at

that
and

cut

readily
Another

opened

said

dress

all

report

his

he

like

them

hair.
the

had

white

make

to

the

from

Moro

give

to

him

in

not

even

every

his
taining
obtax

and

somewhat;

leave

all

people,

that

ened
brightwanted

we

folks

and

wear

shoes

the

tions
ques-

He

that

on

of

seemed

objections.
feared

and

minor

it

any

not

were

people

the

of

putting

up

the

Reassured

information

we

of

purpose

to

of

"

that

of

to

basis

off their

gave

him

customs

and

wanted

we

to

once

he

One

him

that

necessary

was

with

from

the

stated

absolutely

Americans

the

them

make

to

the

character

found
up

told

this

the

the

that

for

of

the

found

He

reasoned

nothing

At

people.

one

together

on,

suspicions.

refused
I

last

data

so

diplomacy

their

get

At

and

by

for

district

Iligan

of

district

could

bundle

communicative.

whatever.

but

his

the

overcome

objections.

in
but

people

settlement."

amount

information
way,

the

each

bringing

one

pigs

stick

by

and
and

men,

chickens,

Kennon

"a

on

the

anything

sultans

the

represent

people,

cultivated

sticks

what

sample

animals

rattan

on

name

Major

the

houses,

by

and

of

Tgorots

their

measure

owned

counted

the

count

to

and

land

They

making

with

get them

the

them

advise

to

animals,

domestic

given

ahead

days

some

PHILIPPINES.

Filipinos;

this

and

hats

point,

he

desired."

district

says:

"The

"

has

Moro
the

of

of

asking

excellent

some

value

time

the

of

hour

Again,

own

difficulty was
the

his

of

volumes

large

brought
valuable

whole
the

making

and

far

in

Chinese
The

the

in

all

Practically
of

some

Census

form,
of

the

lloros

Moro

no

will
This

each

asking

man

the

islands

the
but

includes

the

of

the

has
total

people
the

Philippine

census

of

number

of

are

number

been

and

the

of

presentation
Some

figure,

of

tables
a

and

conceptions.
mis-

by natives,

accurate

by

actual

statistical

inhabitants.

out

It
of

and

errors

contributed

and

four

information

new

the

in

pages.*

2,500

many

to

complete

gives

census

of

publication

the

their

of

excess

the

contained

about

corrected

estimate

Spanish

CENSUS.

are

deal

addition

strikingly brought
The

THE

census

articles, mostly

islands

by

OF

great

In

pertinent

up

stances."

circiim

overcome

the

and

nature

analytical text,

take

house.

instance,

aggregating

light

to

ing
obtain-

questions

any

SCOPE

results

the

or

neighbor.

GREAT

The

The

all ; for

possibly

of

name

Moro's

one

under

name

them.

frequently

necessary

at

answer

tell his

at

the

of

some

wouldn't

time

of

one

questions,

would

them,

our

not

of

appreciation

qualities, but

necessary

to

237

CENSUS.

THE

certainly

is

most

answers

full

OF

SCOPE

GREAT

the

as

facts

follows:

of

Moros

the

number

was

of

greatly exaggerated.
41,000

are

engaged

area

under

Islands.

for
in

the

latter.

agriculture

cultivation

Washington,

is

1905.

"

THE

238

small
of

compared

ability

the

the

The

climate

and

of

in

except

of

the

public

few

with

the

The

banks,

telegraph

lines,

rather

than

The
On
in

the

same

other

the

great

material,
with

the

excellent
The

direction.

their

need
and

in

said

relating

the

industrial

political

makes

for
it

insurance,
the
of

of

try.
indus-

railways.

water

very

and

portation.
trans-

dustries
in-

manufactures
in

investment

improvement

need

mechanical

to

Philippines

pers
pau-

expected
for

extent

papers,
news-

of

and

facilities

ponderance
pre-

of

forms

improvements,
the

great

show

roads

twelve

but

number

these
of

hospitals,

number

express,

opportunities

of

of

concerning

limited

report

of

the

small

of

schedule

exhibits

the

great

shown

The

and

be

may

are

and

Surgeonconclusion.

absence

small

data

existence

hand,

prospect,

the

ered
consid-

statement

the

same

volumes,

1,6

is salubrious

existence

comparatively

criminals.

the

the

4,019

churches,

of

the

to

entire

cities

large

of

and

the

the

Islands

reports

point

are

libraries,

and

the

but

be

may

support

Philippine

and

standard

Spanish,

write

population

the

Army

facts

Conspicuous

and

the

Applying

"

statistics

healthful,

General

whole.

civilized

educated.
that

the

to

speak, read,

to

of

cent,

per

PHILIPPINES.

that

apparent
now

is

that

moral,

commensurate

condition.

"

COMMERCE.

"

"

242

THE

Manila

to

traders,

with

await

and

wares

to

Mexico

In

return

the

periodical

they

sale

thus

certain

Royal

or

Insular

Government

deficit
made

but

in

the
without

up

the

available

disposal
the
was

of

been

at

could

first

hundred
many

merchandise
was

from

$750,000.

It

regulation,

for

two

but

the

limited

the

extent

of

always
have

been

the

being

realized
value

this

in

it

this

ihe

traffic
to

ing
reach-

under
stantly
con-

islands

engage

productions

the

manner

were

with

one

for
of

nominally
upon

the

which

time, ultimately

of

at

shipments

cash,

amount

shipped

royal

called

for

The

permitted
such

placed

return

in

commerce

buying

the

annual

remained

to

after

merchants

their

restrictions

centuries
were

to

always

The

merchants

be

time

evaded.

The

of

ventures.

might

increased

of

transactions

not

of

profit, the

that

Real

furnished

was

was

$500,000

these

on

years

there

vessel,

$250,000,

exceed

cent,

per

the

value
to

legally

not

the

maintenance

could

corporation

limited

Treasury.

MEXICO.

in

The

Consulado.

shipped

were

[.hose

accommodated,

close

fact

WITH

space

bad

shipment

Chinese

subsidy.

TRAFFIC

The

the

which

revenues,

The

yearly

ally

of

Chinese

termed

for

matter

the

Royal

was

Theoretic

as

the

money,

Allowance,

administration.

balanced,

of

of

sum

of

acquired

account,

on

calls

bartered.

were

manufactures

the

"to

the

whom

for

Situado,

PHILIPPINES.

was

Mexico.

in
of

trade

to

China,

"

TRAFFIC

and

India,

Persia,

and
and

traders

who

Tims

the

Naos

channel

for

the

sole

source

and

the

of

the

of

of

Spain's

galleons

naval

enemies,

losses

heavy
private
of

their

the

throe

years

years

elapsed

the

at

arrival

between

that

Philippines

were

urgent

placed

detriment

their

of

of

it

The

merchants
to

imports
Chinese

their

the

to

merchants.

one

that

to

of

the
the

The

of

two

or

that

five

nao

and
of

the

eenth
eight-

Spain

plained
com-

seriously
from

country
As

the

dearth
in

was

fabrics.

trade

of

southern

Mexico

representations
upon

for

once

Early

of

and

voyages

consequent

misery,

tailing
en-

Philippines

The

departure

nest.

trade

the

happened

prizes

Dutch,

Treasury

coin.

the

to

fell

interrupted

the

great

the

by

their

the

the

century

and

of

and

time,

of

English

depriving

the

infrequently

them

Royal

also

injury

of

sometimes

caused

currency

the

sole

derangement

not

many

supplies

were

from

Government

any

serious

tin;

and

the

but

the

that

and

upon

necessary

of

use

tempest

besides

shippers,

galleons

the

and

the

only

deal,

only

Archipelago,

caused

sailings

the

were

not

were

followed

Shipwreck

disposed

the

for
It

These,

islands.

the

to

of

pines,
Philip-

Spain.

they might

Acapulco

money

icw

to

the

to

acquire foreign goods

to

trade

regular

brought

which

them

de

people.

Colony.

to

in

brought

243

Archipelago,

allowed

only

were

be

them

the

merchandise

of

they

of

produce

MEXICO.

might

as

transhipping

the

kinds

WITH

paired
imthe
of

consequence

King
islands

restrictions
to

operation

the

of

great
these

"

THE

244

and

impediments

of

the
of

exports

the

produce

were

the

in

line

this

At

non-Christian

the
don

marked

Archipelago.

native

of

expulsion

caused

1755

in

Chinese

PHILIPPINES.

period

sugar,

merce
com-

the

only
wax,

cacao,

sapanwood.

and

made
the

and

company

the

and

Philippines
looked

promising,

chiefly

to

from

the

latter

had

the

the

the

named
created
The

by

the

still carried

was

galleons.
charter
A
"Real

was

much

This

Compauia

authorized

by

failure,

owing

venture

Royal

secure

terms

the

as

corporation
de

Caracas"

certain

of

not

was

in

the
and

success,

State
the

1753.

undertaking

FUlphias."
charter

of

the

which

Spain

medium

the

was

privileges.

]Sfew

and

pretentious
de-

to

practical monopoly

through

on

Spaniards

with

Philippines

surrendered
more

with

Guipuzrcana,

enjoyed

the

project

commercial

charter

Royal

of

countrymen.

time

"Campania

between

trade

their

with

tion
inten-

the

produce

favorable

as

every

The

the

of

of

with

the

own

imports.

met

traders

same

company

it

inability

made

About

staple

but

Chinese

in

trade

the

monopolizing

centrate
con-

their

shop

formed

was

to

in

the

closed

order

tempt
at-

an

merchants
islands

the

of

Chinese

the

Spanish

trade

official

Chinaman,
of

the

by

entire

An

hands.

of

banishment

the

Following
was

ENTERPRISES.

COMMERCIAL

EARLY

dated

This

was

company

March

the

the
was

10th,

"

EARLY

with

1785,
shares

for

residents

up

in

of

Peninsula.

new

company

The

devoted

itself

between

the

islands

the

time

that

or,

first

have
the

By

had

the

between

allowed

was

islands

free

by
goods
All

of

in

prohibition

removed

was

the

The

againsl

company's
had

company

vessels

incorporation

flag free

of

and

the

within
of

vessels

foreign

and

to

entering

ing
carry-

traffic

Manila

the

call

years

them

with

at

of

were

ing
preexistand

China,

merchants

Chinese

of

ports.
eign-built
for-

acquiring
the

under

of

Spain

to

The

privilege
two

the
tected
pro-

Japan,

company.

direct

ships

of

further

importation

permit

to

cepting
ex-

Acapulco,

produce
was

India,

the

and

the

trade

of

Archipelago.

the

China,

de

country,

Manila

the

to

of

favor

enterprise

Compania

mother

the

company

against

productions

the

privilege

against

Europe

restrictions

India,

The

prohibition

waa

extremely

the

"Real

import

to

duty.

of

from

abrogated

and

between

passed

as

the

exclusive

Philippines

such
it

the

enjoyed

It

results.

its charter

of

commerce

attempted,

been

had

inception,

its

trade

Asia.

considering

different

terms

Flliplnas"

and

of

of

and

traffic

taken

was

inter-colonial

Europe

and.

conditions

should

and

such

scribed
sub-

reserved

were

development

and

indeed, permitted,

favorable

the

the

to

the

32,000

Third

remainder

the

avoided

in

the

shares

;i,000
and

Manila,

the

Charles

King

shares;

4,000

245

$8,000,000,

of

capital

each.

$250

for

and

paid-up

of

ENTERPRISES.

COMMERCIAL

date

the

of

its

Spanish

fees.

"

246

THE

The

could

company

needed

for

their

fitting

its

out

consideration
the

ships

all

free,
all

and

its

of

for

material

for

supplies

in

it is difficult

to

otherwise

of
The

how

see

than

in

this

exclusive

operated

tended

occupation,

of

and

introduction

no

be

right

loans

steamships

tors,
cultiva-

as

chief

was

of

labor,

the

trived
con-

try,
coun-

inducement

an

sums

wore

tion
propor-

received.
which
a

the

company

highly

traffic, which
was

tors
fac-

have

considerable

the

by

enforce

Vast

smuggling

contraband

general

agricultural

development

return

lected.
neg-

The

could

make

of

and

the

to

company

under

the

of

its

lucrative

of

one

conditions
to

not

instituted

was

for

portunities
op-

of

irresponsible

the

great

management.

cultivation.

or

ject,
ob-

The

secure

feature

to

the

direction,

little

which

fixed

by making

extension

this

were

to

to

Lacking

this

concern

course

the

with

incapables,

considerable

very

any

expended

for

proved

its failure.

the

of

Philippines,
and

Campania

by

exerted

become

sions
conces-

develop

prosperous.

advances

the

in

and

advantages

and

positions

has

which

support

afforded

was

making

special

profits.

net

characterized

of

and

expend,

to

never

great,

were

extravagance

ileal

its

"graft"

important

methods

and

was

Influence

system

to

extraordinary

corporation

magnitude

charter

undertook

cent,

per

Despite

and

its

agriculture,

four

trading

of

company

Philippine

the

duty

enter,

use.

In

to

PHILIPPINES.

very

lucrative

before

difficult

to

"

OPENED

In

Vompania.
low

the

obi)

an

the

and

in

the

charter

THE

COLONY

the

"Real

Com

Notwithstanding

its

had

islands.
and

its

It

of

under

removal

which
to

up
In

the
to

open

the

of

the

prejudicial
to

the

Real
the

its

holders
sharebenefit

ture
agricul-

to

factor

in

distinctly
It

the

dates

led

also

the

restrictions
had

Philippines

port

the

world,

gered
stag-

of

Manila

thrown

was

marking

epoch

an

in

Philippines.
have

authorities

reluctance

the

impetus

crippling

the

the

utmost

period.

the
of

the

country,

entertained

of

WOKLD.

time.

trade

Spanish

suspicious

trade

revoke

of

the

which

the

to

Although

potent

this

of

1834

year

history
The

the
this

in

was

prise,
enter-

THE

money

great,

gave

from

the

to

the

lost

Archipelago,

commencement

way

vain.

ever,
how-

the

ending

in

capital

Filipinos."

tie

OF

disastrous

and

the

la

For

not,

of

TEADE

resulted

commerce,

prosperity

THE

had

operations

could

necessary

pan

lived

not

corporation

the

found

at

were

the

increasing
This

Real

collapse.

weaknesses

was

TO

its

was

it

OPENED

defunct

to

1830

of

Campania

the

inherent

the

affairs

threaten

by

247

of

profits

$12,500,000.

the

WORLD.

company's

averted

of

amount

THE

the

seriously

to

was

correct

to

OF

the;

1S25

as

this

time

in

TRADE

seriously impaired

suppress,

so

THE

TO

opening

the
of

that

that

last

the

interests

displayed

foreign

the

to

up

opinion
to

admit

to

and

always

of

port,

merchants
officials

many

of

aliens

Colony.

vious
Pre-

presence
the

permission

to

estab-

"

THE

248

lish

mercantile

and

from

the

of

the

Philippines

the

majority

found

the

of

of

was

FUlpiiw-i,

of
of

prospect

any

native

of

the

the

in

Real

its

to

and

merchants
in

capital

the

is

commerce

business

Spanish

no

failure

the

and

their

it

foundation,

permanent

Spanish

beginnings

after

nor,

its

the

Yet

the

that

ment
establish-

the

Archipelago.

enterprise

attempt

an

against

In

foreigners

1857

as

laws

the

owes

outsiders.

excluding

late

as

in

and

There

sources.

and

old

foreigners

foreign capital

issued

secured,

seldom

was

difficulty,by

was

enforce

to

Manila

great

interior,

made

in

decree

lioyal

1844

was

house

without

never

PHILIPPINES.

same

islands,
de

Compania

from

there

coming

Sp:iin.
trade

Foreign

The

by (Spanish

foreign

ships

but

ships
small

ridiculous
The

in

ballast,
the

parcel

of

commerce

only

custom

ports

of

The

1834

entry
currency

double

were

of

rate

the

islands

located.

in

from
in

latter

its

Manila,

After

that

on

those
landed

exacted.

was

abolished

were

charges

tonnage

one

goods

on

These

1800.
ment
commence-

where
year

the
other

created.

were

of

the

condition

incident

silver

if

and

centered

was

disorganized
to

The

carried

imposed

cargoes

the

was

house

those

extra

charges

port

until

with

lations.
regu-

merchandise

on

vessels.

laden

burdensome

by

double

were

brought

such

duties

import

by foreign ships

on

hampered

was

islands

and

basis.

has

subject
The

always
to

banking

the

been

in

fluctuations

facilities

were

"

THE

250

Fifty
in

REVIEW

years

not

was

the

half

last

of

the

ago

the

Suez

in

of

and

century,
Canal

in

great

has

given

reliable

indications

development

in

of

commerce

the

is rendered

years

of

tracing

the

to

seem

of

period

*T"e
nuil

of

instructive

of

business

articles

relations
of

tbe

is

for

pertinent
to
in

any

the
way

the
to

shipment
tran-

traffic.

shipments
for

; then

another
and

"Historical

tlie

o"

merchant,
Involve

tion"
occupa-

Commerce

of

prepared
D.

Bureau

Philippines,
the

review

American

1004,

the

of

tination
des-

free

a'

these

Washington,

of

and

Oriental

Summary

by

ness
incomplete-

impossibility

and

December,

trade

the

publication

valuable

of

issued

fifty

Possessions";

Spanish

Affairs,

mense
im-

of

past

source

China

Monthly

summaries

report

by

the

Insular

monthly

the

years

summary

the

the

by

"British

under

Islands,

Philippine

Bureau
of

trade
in

contained
the

is

following

analysis

the

to

of

review*

dnrinjr

which

to

islands

infancy,

its

ultimate

several

the

in

future.

and

opening

possibility

difficult

credited

years

tiie

the

of

still

clearing-house

been

of

the

their

18i"i5, for

have

uf

Hongkong,

and

produce
During

since

trade

whilst

records
to

through

Following

and

somewhat

shipments

port

the

Philippines

Spanish

its

calculations.

1870,

strides,

and

especially

made

known

hardly

were

Europe,

mercantile

has

the

COMMERCE.

Philippines

centres

factor

PHILIPPINE

OF

commercial

the

PHILIPPINES.

subject.
or

the

C.

the

by
The

series

Includes

tailed
de-

supplemented
It

is

shipper,
trade,

or

highly
whose

tries,
indus-

Archipelago.

"

PHILIPPINE

finally, during
they
A
in

again

noticeable

the

variation

in

obtained

During
high

the

The

under

former

five
in

loss

half

1902;

is

of

established,

That

it

the

industrial
have

American

disorders

evidenced

been

and

by

ary
station-

entirely

In

the

half

1904

in

1901;

nearly

five

millions
and

the

the

energies

of

greatly

stimulated
in

the

in

increase

in

of

prosperity,
is

the

of

case

of

the

ippines
Phil-

contemporary
of

insurrectionary

Imman

beyond

balance

reformation.

people

spite

1903;

economy

of

process

in

practical equilibrium

criterion
a

years

millions

industrial

in

five

past

Whilst

safe

the

Two

was:

in

Both

greatly,

whose

large

reached

been

nation

misfortunes
the

has

increased

1905.

occupation,

sovereignty.

about

of

country

and

condition

islands

indication

the

administration.

and

is not

undeveloped

the

an

generally

otherwise,

Spanish

millions

in

1855

and

general

trade

of

in

In

years.

balance

one

averaged

exception

remained

douiiled.

million

millions

of

have

half

six

of

American

reached

was

an

balance

years.

tins

fifteen

adverse

and

millions

trade

and

nearly

apparently

than

18S0

exports

being

1900;

trade

the

and

imports

the

remaining

prevailing

subverted

with

in

have

occasional

timi

tion,
occupa-

trade.

recent
to

with

period

Spanish

exports

until

tormina

mark

water

the

proportions,

the

to

this

for

the

the

up

is that

and,

of

Chinese

amounted

five

251

years

as

imports

trade

to

six

figure

the

export

import

List,

fact

of

excess

or

the

COMMERCE.

control,

exports.

is

These,

"

252

THE

during
averaged
be

not

the

last

the

Yet

period

1900-1904

millions

became
and

The

about

period

trade
in

islands

has

double

what

it

was

of

presence

producing

the

heaviest

the

the

upon

potent
found

of

factor
the

in

predecessor.

there

the
of

upon
works
A

ordinary
a

and

large

much

average

the
in

The
factor

the

At

time

from

were

in

pelago,
Archi-

the

expended

was

Another
is

for

liberal

of

of

fifty to

imports

improvements
proportion

chasing
pur-

important

supplies
more

export
the

manufacture.

exceptional

the

masses.

part

most

ance
bal-

connection

in

the

soldiers

the

and

five-year

to

by

question.

foreign

item

conducted

public

for

pay

articles

in

an

American

whose

said

increase

an

been

balances,

import

lions,
mil-

the

the

denoted

has
in

of

This,

ago.

of

result

half

throughout
is

inclinations

army

thousand

seventy

and

prosperity

and

twenty

islands.

wages

naturally imply

power

and

During

of

decade

enhanced

the

scale

of

reversal

seek.

increased

largely

figures, would

in

the

question

average

quinquennial

the

recent

to

they

productiveness

of

the

that

exports

average

can

during

this

at

rule,

and

fact

American

power

far

is not

the

stimulated

of

explanation

of

twenty-seven

the

to

dollars

stationary

these

Spanish

appreciably

view

the

purchasing

of

with

in

testify

increased

in

virtually

1880.

of

increased

following,

remained

since

have

to

of

years

millions

twenty

assumed

years,

had

recorded

five

scant

PHILIPPINES.

to

ment
govern-

scale

as

than
these

was

be

gards
re-

its

imports

"

THE

in

were

the

carried

placed

properly
Tt

of
is

nor

it desirable

the

make

standard

of

the

permanent

and

Asia

have

that

would

naturally
shipments,

the

until

have

of
about

the

twelve
the

Of

maintained

the

Spain

thirty

millions

of

and

is

it for

remarkable
which

pean
Euro-

expand

to

in

import,

Canal,

in

the

gained

ental
Orilead

The

years.

many
about

thirteen

total; Europe
the

Europe

figuring
a

Suez

time,

averages

million

conferring

increase

that

from

trade

the

ances
bal-

which

rule,

America

decided

would

country.

It

in
and

large

the

without

with

ance,
bal-

proceeds

Spanish

calculated

been

marks

Oriental

present.

and

and

Europe

than

sources

of

prevail,

islands

the

11)00.

opening

traffic,which,
over

chief

values,

equal

in

production

the

upon

the

insignificantly

coincidence

in

of

years

been

approximately
almost

living

benefit

credits

smaller

increase

utterly disappeared

any

be

again

export

showing

closing

have

to

seem

of
to

creditable

more

will

should.

they

of

relative

heavy
years

improvements

permanent
raise

the

investments

larger

in

account.

former
that

and
would

conclusions

credit

that

in

exports

with

ultimate

the

to

253

investments,

permanent

to

probable

is not

favor

of

nature

analysis

an

TRADE.

IMPORT

United

lions
mil-

contributes

States

tically
prac-

balance.

European
have

been

countries,

the

responsible

United
for

the

Kingdom
bulk

of

the

"

254

THE

inward

shipments.

The

fifty years.
of

the

In

islands

Canal

but

The

record

uniform,
the

credit

lost

as

applied

an

and

seven

be

five

and

of

imports

list, rarely
From

that

and

increase,
her

1891

two

The

one

the

the

of

total

18S0

1904

to

neighborhood

of

aggregate

ports
im-

the

meantime.

whilst
to

they

second

to

protection
live

to

in

the

show
of

the

millions,
in

Kingdom

to

tariff

of

and

ceeded
ex-

ing
Durports
im-

the

of

average

an

to

material

1804.

administration
back

pean
Euro-

prior

million

one

began

dropped

trade

of

half

date, however,

century,
dollars
the

exceeded

but

from
seldom

previous

annual
one

with

Germany
growth,

gradual

million

has

in

from

term

American

have

strikingly

millions.

import

shown

during

of

Spain

millions

the

United

is

receives

grew

the

period

of
about

of

credits.

Kingdom

in

the

shipments

those

the

under

ments
ship-

United

amounted
date

her

increase.

four

Spain,

of

the

British

Hongkong

although
in

of

the

to

Britain

remained

quadrupled

imports

moderate,

the

annually,

have

1885.

in

have

millions

The

of

average

shipments

her

the

the

but

sternly,

the

Great

to

period

half,

in

sight

to

during
the

portion

some

the

opening

increase

flint

possible

The

far

by

half

period

her.

to

been

Philippines

apparent

showing

for

the

to

due

no

prc-Suez

has

pro-Suez

was

it is

may

In

the

brought

trade,

of

former

regular importer

most

has

PHILIPPINES.

to

average
and

the
small

Philippines
beginnings,

reached

value

Since

1900.
of

German

three-quarter

that

ments
ship-

millions.

"

"

mking
dice

le

towards

to

the

inter-istand

the

river.

dty
Onlv

schooners,

from

the

vessel?

can

lighthouse
of

come

light

at

draft,

up

to

tht-

audi

these

"

"

THE

The

for

figures
millions

two

for

the

The

American
of

place

and

are

the

the

of

general

about

two-thirds

thirty

million

the

leading
to

five
with

whence

of

the

the

rice

two

millions,
tion
excep-

shipments

accounted

have

of

also

extent

is

at

it

other
seems

of

total

was

lead

largest

has

staple
item

in

The

of

factors,

and

dollars;

been

the

and

Since

1900

of

foreign

due

to

the

natives.

large

food

of

food

imports

during

but

to

not

such

agricultural depression
war,

account

that

In

cotton

items

comparison,

sequence

true

the

of

from

greater.

more.

in

represent

decade

million

rather

from

imports

the

even

six

for

the

under

goods

during

and

period

average

preponderance

present.

natural

and

Although

the

In

textiles, chiefly

the

rice,

decade

as

the

for

taken

This

importations

iron.

and

period

American

Spanish

the

under

come

food-stuffs,

classes

and

good?,

import

clothing,

proportion

fibers

was

and

three

the

purchases.

which

into

than

countries

of

steel

period

food-stuffs

the

more

merly
for-

islands,

amounted

it

Philippine

dollars,

1894

to

Rice

of

these

cotton

to

other

headings
of

1900-1904

latter

1900

times.

the

leaped

In

Indies,

items

manufactures

in

all

with

has

1904

French

chief

1885

trade

former

they

heavy.

very
The

in

that

exceeding

in

of

excess

although

years,

insignificant

years.

in

averaged

five

past

import

recent

millions,

of

have

lit.I It; eonseiuienee,

in

255

TRADE,

France

comparatively

were

an

IMPORT

the

the

ravages

for

this

of

derpest,
rin-

condition.

Philippines

ought

"

THE

256

to

produce

of

food

its

is

that
other

branches

they

would
In

in

the

cheap

Unless

the

of

An

the

periods

in

cost

much

hut
offset

$20

and

gold

$200

with

millions.

rice.
the
much

States
labor

in

the

grain.
is

soon

Philippines

is

development

of
in
In

of

this

hundred

recent

the

years

tive
compara-

class

thousand

of

ments
ship-

dollars

half

Nearly

of

of

this

to

total

A
of

aid

of

labor

scientific

times

fields
In

methods
will

Filipino

board,
ten

rice

similar

at

but

he
as

appliances,

is

the

Philippines,

does

as

his
field

100.000

produces

much

one

for

cost

the
one

half

than

more

cultivate
a

about

would

Louisiana

annum.

per

and

year
receives

Chinese

paddy,

of

practical monopoly

economical

pounds

He

has
tlie

of

cost

hoard
a

buy

origin.

difference.

1,500

of

two

the

yielding

the

of

steel.

value

eight

adoption

the

and

iron

from

of

as

the.

ployed
em-

to

cultivation

increase

large

average

United

"The
ns

of

American

The

culture

of

indicative

as

is the

the

of

excess

is of

as

fact,

imports

rose

industry

scale

high

raise

to

than

low-priced

of

than

to

extinction.*

improvement,

of

possible

economical

more

system

rice

important

and

is

Asia

of

scientific

more

danger

it

of

profit

present

methods

siderable
con-

themselves

rice,

the

primitive

production

with

case,

indication

an

greater

growing

islands,

inaugurated,
in

from

the

importing

apply

with

article

staple

It is quite

can

agriculture

any

and

wages

the

laborers

derive

product.
of

of

of

conditions.

Filipino

many

the

necessarily

not

economic

fact

the

population,

quantity
unfavorable

of

larger proportion

of

PHILIPPINES.

hectare,
labor
hand

ceives
re-

pounds

Filipino
hundred

of

and,
times

work.

"

EXPORT

THE

the

flour

and

imports,

TRADE.

the

same

257

be

may

of

said

raw

cotton.

There

still

are

islands

into

entered,

extensive

which

the

Philippines

the

fact

that
The

extending

imports

from

Spain

than

those

former

over

long

in

enjoyed

not

its

in

way

the

countries.

What
of

promise
market

face

an

after

imposed

has

the

view

the

to

mutual

export

depended
Neither

their

rich

facilities
have

ever

Paris

solely
mineral

for
been

later,

relations

ican
Amerspace

where

had

of

the

other

of

this

restrictions

permit

two

gives

with

with

the

it
make

to

trade

trade

vantages
ad-

by

short

of

relations

EXPORT

of

has

will

of

but

accomplished

lapse

advantage

trade

almost
the

of

commercial

THE

The

the

of

years

field

and

extension

when

view

hand,

new

been

to

fostered

established

already

Treaty

of

favors

the

enormous

1909,

by

of

in

States

were

of

other

ments
ship-

tion.
competi-

1894
ten

the

yet

of

open

comparatively

tariff

any

in

and

On

fruit

equal

in

the

not

in

culmination

period

competitors.

borne

has

United

America

the

were

enterprise has,

has

of

of

growth

the

achieved

over

time,

the

been

the

although

but

has

s3iglil.lv
greater

trade

distinctly gratifying

is

it

the

shipper

from

manufactures

the

of

American

only tentatively,

or

of

of

fields

of

adjustment
re-

particular
countries.

TRADE.

the
upon

Philippines
its

hitherto

agricultural products.
of

resources

cultivating

has

the

the

mechanical

islands

nor

tries
indus-

encouraged.

"

258

THE

the

During
made

with

copra,

places.
equal
total

In

of

enjoyed

its

the

five

day?

of

little

for

short

of

the
In

minor

and

exports

being

exports

with

during

the

makes

an

of

the

been
an

highest

figure
is

Copra
promising,
The
and
in

of

during
the

value

of

value

of

of

the

American
its

the
with

and

lions,
mil-

millions

millions,

and

of

of

two

it has

has

which

reached

million
of

the

lesser

millions

exports,

the

lars.
dolmost

Philippines.

is of

is

the

two

one

trade

period

shipments

of

nearly

articles
copra

chief

Coffee,

list

youngest,

export

half

about

period.

1889,

into

three

eighteen

the

from

the

the

development
the

in

reached

try.
indus-

fallen

petition,
com-

favored

the

barely

and

generally

year

virtually disappeared

beet

total.

average

fifty

sugar

of

has

of

of

export

of

sugar

for

millions

average

conditions

twenty-seven
has

trade

steady increase,

the

exports

nine

pressure

the

of

Thereafter

average

hemp

has

total

the

period

of

two-thirds

Tobacco

millions.

under

with

total

in

twenty

American

place,
in

hemp,

nearly

sugar

the

averaged

monopolistic

the

and

in

From

the

1885

leading

half

millions.

ten

years

hemp

natural

than

more

been

coffee,

the

articles,

two

prosperity,

decline

to

whilst

its

these

until

fifteen

tobacco,

maintaining

averaged

greatest

have

exports

sugar,

two

Canal

millions

continues

of

first

which
the

period

by

hemp,

quantities, represented

opening

to

of

pro-Suez

exports,

this

the

fifty years

past

practically

up

and

PHILIPPINES.

recent

passed

years,
tobacco

closely approach-

"

MANILA

ing
which

at

are

exports,
in

the

future

the

Archipelago,
in

represented

become

to

of

products

not

present

258

considerable

list

the

shipments,

only by unimportant

or

the

of

Many

sugar.

HEMP.

of

likely

are

factors

its

in

trade.

HEMP.

MANILA

Manila

hemp

products

of

since

long

it

countries

remains

Another
the

the

the

of
of

its

the

of

lay

raise

to

its

native

supply.

of

method

of

for

hemp

character

the

was

commerce

made,

source

it

can

attempts

feature

and

plant

of

been

essentially primitive
of

fiber

other

numerous

exclusive

for

combination

article

have

exceptional

demand
of

no

staple

although

foreign

land

is

been

and

century,
in

has

which

to

the

place amongst

The

account

on

qualifies
It

unique

Philippines.

the

established

peculiar
claim.

occupies

industry

the

tion
cultiva-

the

extracting

iilior.
fiber

Maguey
in

hemp
a

is

lower

has

been

fields, hut

many

and

price,

so

maintained

at

Under

conditions

these

exceptionally

valuable

abundance

nature,

of

hemp

of

labor

exports

and
of

the

as

of

the
it

islands

need

natural

commodity,
with

of

quality
it

would

lies

the

petition.
com-

in

from

produced

rudimentary
be

inferred

show

in

latter

fear

not

monopoly

most

might

Manila

of

advantage

chief

high grade

capital,
the

its

long

rival

active

an

that

an

the
lay
out-

the

uniformity

"

260

free

from

vicissitudes

the

of

Such

inference

Fifty

years

outgo

is

it has

been

The

the

thousand

twenty
six

limes

attained

doubt

due

by
marked

of

independent

an

in

off

falling

exceptionally
At

end

the

of

around
The

years.

the

fifties

of

of

years

there

falling off, owing

of
declines

labor
is

by

times

in

with

of

trade

the

the

to

the

with

of
which

and

since

the

the

but
is

ers,
bindThe

fiber.
the

last

American

cupation
oc-

slightness

doubtless

some

be

and

the

reaction, however,

pursued

record

dition
con-

of
be

to

could

new

tensive
ex-

disorganized

industry

ten

the

it

then

they

expected,

been

the

and

until

During

generally

and

disturbance.

1901,

by

creased
in-

and

automatic

for

have

industry,

nature

of

continiied

might

as

and

for

following

Canal,

demand

remarkable,

case

in

the

to

was,

great

had

hemp

the

Suez

the

-Spanish rvijhne.

the

are

tirely
en-

The

yearly,

for

agriculture

to

of

trend

upward

figures

conditions

of

tons

figure

opening

impetus

steady growth.

accounted

exports

thousand

that

introduction
gave

that

season.

twenty-five

to

fluctuate

dry

show

influences.
is

the

time

tables

and

instance,

labor.

amount

present

transitory

market

for

18S)0,

not

by exceptional
and

ment
invest-

skilled

did

the

constant

local

to

and

large,

as

the

to

figures.

exports
At

the

of

the

by

hemp

exposed

upon

exercise

out

tons.

irregularities

no

the

is borne

ago

industries

dependent

and

large capital

an

of

and

competition

severe

to

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the
plained
ex-

parative
com-

even

sets

average

"

262

PHILIPPINES.

THE

Previous

to

derived

his

this

time

incurring

profit of

the

the

is of

from

America

the

British

Great
the

Britain,

and

and

sorry

spectacle

hope

for

future

in

the

of

general

has

suffered

five

years.

with
of

market

decadence
In

had

earlier
no

the

the

with

fiber
the

ports
im-

from

came

received
the

imports
to

in

same

considerable,
in-

are

altogether

cease

in

than

the

to

other

no

the

quality.

distinction

Philippine

the

conditions

past

have

about

one

sugar

of

losing struggle

bring

to

discrediting

during

local

presents

little encouragement

With

in

influences

times,

of

Philippines

world

Adverse

the

half

from

supply

the

world

terribly

competitor,
were

in

inferiority

in

the

1885

INDUSTRY.

revival.

throughout

sugar

of

America

expected

decay,

of

markets

Manila

In

States

indirect

SUGAR

of

the

the

years.

industry

sugar

and

Canal.

1901

its

be

may

THE

The

of
these

few

Suez

as

Great

inception probably

United

late

as

its

of

nearly

the

to

present

next

feature

1892

from

largely

purchases

in

had

transhipment

""f the

proportion

the

of

cost

considerable

article

At

fiber

long standing,

that

source.

manufacturer

This

market;

greater

within

the

opening

made

of

the

middleman.

trade

dating

American

of

supplies

Britain,

hemp

the

cane

twentycombined

serious

state

industry.
when

and

universal,

the

cane

of

tropical

when

wasteful

the

Philippine

countries

methods

of

product

found

traction
ex-

"

SUGAR

THE

market

ready

in

met

the

sank,
of

it

the

of

between

the

from

the

of

points

had

From

the

late

had
about

began
in

years

the

to

sugar
a

were

the

industry,

was

unprofitable.

exports

Spanish

fluctuated

rule,

but

and

this

of

1885.

time

of

the

throughout
never

again

Suez

exports
teen
fif-

the

the

ments
ship-

sugar
constant

at

deemed

be

with

the

Germany

beet

The

greatest
the

at

followed

ating
culmin-

1880,
three

ing
succeed-

depression
ruling
and

the

in

prices

prices

remaining

reached

was

annually.

sugar

after

the

tons.

industry.

sugar

production
reaction

the

Canal

may

commenced.

crisis

(he

competition

of

ably
prob-

In

prices fairly

immediately

when

of

hut

country

the

with

output

fall

and

early eighties

Philippine

her

doubling

of

the

already

bad

was

fifty thousand

to

destructive

the

product

Prices

the

trade

opening

opening

pound,

perous
pros-

the

increase.

forty

to

of

era

Meanwhile,

nearly

from

sixties

cents

golden

beet

the

quadrupled,

three

The

marked

very

of

disadvantage,

this

ranged

sugar

distance

great

preceding

years

exports

the

showed

immediately

The

only moderate,

was

demand.

mitigated

Canal

the

of

account

conditions

high prices ruled,

when

stimulus

the

industry

but

extraction.

not
in

the

any

Philippine

1870,

this

to

response
on

the

and

1855

under

in

economy

period

and

petition
com-

waa

improvement

any

done

killing

sugars

production,

have

must

greatest

by

of

process

as

The

bounty-fed

European
Philippines

primitive

263

profitable prices.

at

with

INDUSTRY.

years

figures

and

of
that

"

264

THE

prevailed

previous

these

last

hundred

period
in

in

three

of

highly

and
to

the

years

with

and

which

the
its

hold

its

the

beet

finds

In

the

has

product

tending

to

greater

degree,

as

might

of

subject

the

Philippines

countries.

of

of

and

product,

the

ancient

the

methods,
of

stress

behind

stone-mill,
of

the

the

escaped

following

1885,

but
all

with

sugar

extinction

is

turbed
dis-

1885,
of

inventions,
In

this

in

other

trade,

in

the
been

respect

extraction

the

in

cane

low-grade

its

of

with

during

less

tropical

its
of

also

features

explainable

to

advantage

has

weight

predominant

Philippine

has

since

kettle, with

open

product,

industry

an

cane

sugar

fifteen

during

production.
of

production
over-

difficult,

scientific

methods,

cent,

per

That

of

lagged

old

still

the

people,

have

are

had

expected

for

that

only

tivity
ac-

access

bjt

low-grade

world

of

of

more

the

economy

be

yearly

of

also

improved

The

only forty

juice,

but

Oriental

the

not

exports,

exports,

competition

industries

sugar

fostering "bounties,

hands

keen

small

prices
in

and

dustry
in-

existence:

stimulus

low

it

the

surfeited

yet
of

methods

primitive

the

two

prices, great

the

increase

industry

of

its

but

fair

under
not

nominal

own.

of

period

of

prices,

period

markets

ing
durof

average

experience
stages

pnjlilable

rapid growth,

world's

with

the

consecutive

days

an

trade

tons.

summarized

pre-Suez

annual

approximated

years

have

The

1880.

to

thousand

We

PHILIPPINES.

the

dustry.
in-

its antiquated

the

mainly

period
upon

"

THE

the

that

ground
of

margin

cheapness

islands

in

the

than

more

and

hundred
in

There

to
a

be

of

value

of

the
The

for

up-to-date

an

upon

the

well

as

and

the
1855

the

receipts

extension
of

ultimately
States

that

the

ports
ex-

year

to

back

thirty

find

one

anal-

an

increased
at

of

the

and

wages

ducer
pro-

secure

prices.

But

nothing

of

the

industry

reorganization
reinstate

can

would

enabling

of

rate

of

adoption

the

extraction

thus

pete
com-

products

cane

that

present

basis

could

sugar

and

beet

scientific

under

Philippine

output,

important

most

following
with

to

ing
totter-

the

trade

sugar

islands.

sugar,

States

go

industry

methods

of
the

must

wo

doubt

no

complete

in

any

wore

the

amounted

the

satisfactory profit

short

the

1896

of

collapse

is demonstrable

It

meet

visited

production.

economic

the

have

occupation

the

with

countries.

modern

afflictions-

American

production,

successfully

double

of

small
to

of

small

following-

the

and

tons,

seems

conditions

of

not

history
of

that

cause

During

period

agous

Other

to

have

the

The

possible.

immediately

thousand

years

made

"

sufficient

sugar

265

labor

of

famine

years

industry.
of

still

profit

pestilence,

war,

INDUSTRY.

SUGAR

for

as

United
Australia
of

suddenly

In

have

hemp,

was

from

been

the

the

in

that

imports
one

United
years

many

gradually

sugar

dropped

Philippines

large purchaser,

production

1890

the

For

Kingdom.

Philippine
ceased.

of

customers

hundred

its

country
fell

of

but

the

and

off

and

United

thirty

"

266

THE

thousand
half

and

the

of
The

the
all

the

effect

of

and

market
the

Dutch

East

Coincident

with

few

the

to

exports

died

her

the
United

trade

which

With

has

been

the
a

as

taste

marked
it

forced
to

appears

recent

for

look

to

found

sugar

there

that

of

the

article

to

output.

after
tually
vir-

now

the

by

the

of

stantly
con-

beet

of

cent,

per

customers

China

be

and

market,

new

It

no

and

is

people

recent

Japan

this
said

has

that
in

he

that

shown
Be

years.

doubt

upon

producer

Philippine

Oriental

to

by

two

home.

during

seems

for

ninety

the

nearer

development

best

years.

for

among

of

its

but

has

consumption

depended,

have

may,

of

in

disappearance
trade

his

and

represented

has

The

custom,

increased,

accounted

British

imports
the

whom

is

he

transferred

American

diminished

This

lost

superior

of

chase
pur-

quasi-protec-

duty,
was

Kingdom

to

product

the

their

withdrawal

away.

sugar

with

Indies,

increasing

product,

trade

As

quality.

to

import

American

this

years

low

list

whereas

terms,

enjoyed

Mc-

free

able

low-grade

the

had

the

the

was

according

that

which

the

equal

taxed

comparatively

ment
ship-

article.

importer

was

the

was

upon

domestic

upon

been

Philippines,

tion

sugar

American

previously

immediate

dispansion

the

upon

markets

than

more

year.

placed

bounty

forty thousand,

to

year
are

sudden

which

consequence

had

figures

this

of

Act,

in

previous

subsequent

cause

put

the

former

any

Kinley
and

in

tons

PHILIPPINES.

the
the

that
ports
im-

past

"

THE

decade

have

increased

the

to

SUGAR

to

American

spasmodic

purchaser

have
a

been

Philippine

States
is

better
for

the
be

may

the

equal

meet

cane

Convention,
from

the

the

beet

with

be

that

undergone
cost

offset

of

the
a

the

by

bounty

labor

his

cruder

output,

by improvements

labor,

field

fair
market
in

change

hut

out
within

recent

in

basis

cheaper
a

was

ing
remov-

upon

Despite

cane.

in

true

industry

product

manufacturer

the

i3

tions
direc-

new

European

beet

enhances

article

there

which,

the

has

the

the

sugar

with

can

the

years

this

the

vantage
disadprocess

production.
The

in

in

tropical producer,

Philippines

of

the

derived

is

United

and

trade

the

It

the
of

grade

the

gradually

and

markets

the

Thus

extended.

Brussels

placed

favor.

which

The

latter

of

competition

methods,
can

and

feature

has

Britain

these

of

been

1885

tons

most

China.

to

since

that

only

Hongkong

to

that

siderable
con-

made

been

believe

Japan.

advantages

system,
of

Great

belief

the

by

from

held

hopeful

created

has

the

and

sugar,

exports

transit

trade

to

only

was

thirty-five thousand

to

in

and

suited

ground

field

China

to

about

reason

been

sugar

its

shifting

is

have

shipments

the

1S85,
at

There

China

have

Japan

ous
Previ-

extent.

Philippine

to

constant

year.

surprising

of

Prom

1890.

267

occupation

shipments
sinee

INDUSTRY.

great

Spanish
under

need

times,

heavy

of
is

the

industry

capital.

indebtedness

at

present,

Producers
at

exorbitant

are

as

it

was

ing
staggerrates

of

"

268

and

interest

the

absolutely
paying

basis,

The

basic

tariff

confidence

for

the

would

and

machinery,

Aside

from

be

of

his

with

successfully
needs

able

of
That

deduction

of

of

eorporation,
establish

form

from
land
is

for

passed

set

profitable

by

despite

into

at

less
sugar

be
than

the

acquired
the

be

may

most

ing
pressto

could

mise.*
sur-

not

to

seems

United

the

be

may

traced

which

still

in
tains
re-

recommendations

urgent

seventy

proval.
ap-

favored

the

Congress,

the

nearly

may

of

that

clique

reasonable

falling

that

general

impossible

fact

sugar

more

appears

themselves

to

duction.
pro-

impairment

the

of

it is

the

same

safeguarding

demesne

limit

harmful

this

act

original

Commission

plea

public
the

land

who

legislative action

from

of

influence

its

the

proposed

fair

miserly

the

the

the

improved

Congress,

in

in

possible

it

with

met

this, one

oppose

profit

economic

representatives

Philippines,

competition

The

has

the

create

of

to

of

of

influence

powerful

United

make

producer,

plan

the

install

fearful

the

long

and

system

further

capitalist, restore

wages,

American

this

interests,

trust,

tbe

introduce

the

How

higher

pay

quite unnecessarily

to

the

is

assured

an

money-lender,

to

by

sugar

it

encourage

the

planter

afford

upon

assistance.

situation

Philippine

to

of

the

tion
reorganiza-

industry

outside

of

requirement

market,

the

put

without

remote

the

effecting

to

necessary

is

This

world

the

of

prospect

concessions

States.

be

PHILIPPINES.

THE

Under

concessions.
millions
of

hands

by

of

an

quantity

acres

of

speculators,

individual,
necessary

or

to

plantation.

"

270

THE

in

which

the

would

be
of

one

PHILIPPINES.

revival

of

god-send

the

to

and

once

is

thousands.

affairs

wasted.

conscientious

industry

prosperous

of

tens

Philippine

many

rhetoric

prompt

this

This
which

on

What

is

Congressional

is

gressional
Con-

wanted

ia

legislation.

TOBACCO.

Tor

hundred

one

means

employed

was

consideration
its

for

inception

revenues

and

In

the

1785

thirty-nine
to

abolition

thousand

in

The
to

and

half
1882

afford

reliable

in

of

warehouses

movements,

creating
year

to

year.

taker

of

the

other
and

and
the

or

wide

has

The

product.

her

of

the

consignments

of

tration.
adminis-

lar
irregu-

production

in
of

in

been

the

to

ment,
govern-

the

from

largest

Kingdom

to

have

the

response

exports

Philippine
seem

its

sales

stored

in

United

of

too

are

released

exigencies

to

tobacco

was

always

asset.

increased

annual

fluctuations

Spain

purchaser

the

output

Insular

time

expenses

the

owed

fiscal

the

at

exports

of

The

the

it had

of

the

without

amounted

1844

and

tobacco

data

in

source

proceeds

conditions.

government

1873,

dollars;

half

figures

market

this

meet

Every

monopoly

important,

an

from

tin;

to

The

was

production

deficiency

millions,

official

trade

only

became

tobacco

Philippines.

producer.

revenue

the

chronic

soon

sufficient

were

the

1781

stimulate

to

the

to

and

two

in

monopoly

government

from

years

the

was

leaf

down

been

to

inter-

"

"

"'f,[.;AN".lXG

"

on

shall

of

description

the

Agriculture."
invent

shown

Abaca.

process
A

fortune

th"

illu

strati

jriven

in

the

await?

substitute

satisfactory
in

i*

tor

the

the

chapter

man

crude

win;

trivance
con-

on.

"

"

271

TOBACCO.

and

mittent
named
the

shipments

year
British

manufactured

tobacco
about

distribution
in

that

in

leaf.

of

the

of

years

entire

declined

and

United

quantities
In

for

the

1882

long

few

of

years

the

three-quarter
the

figures
of

an

pine
Philip-

the

has

been

the

and

period,

in

practically

but

before
also

ceeding
suc-

trade

the

The

1875.

considerable

took

abolished

was

with

the

during

sultant
re-

following

preceding

twenty

important

Philippines.

free

duction
pro-

the

1900

of

she

the

to

the

best

leaf

and

twenty-six
American

tobacco

age
aver-

an

in

-Hungary

purchased,

rule

with

pounds

Austria
in

increase

1892,

slight decline,

millions

factor
In

to

During

decade

past

in

amounted

millions.

shown

an

and

pounds,

monopoly,

the

showed

exports

million

have

about
In

years.

the

leaf

thirteen

since

year

of

was

immediately

transitory period

the

1885

nearly

system

trade.

and
In

Regie

heavily,

disturbance
a

than

period.

monopoly

economic

wider

years

Australia

years

much

received

expired

and

Kingdom

of

The

Indies

imported

of

value.

monopoly

the

of

exports

in

quantity

existence

In

China

rapidly

the

the

its

export.

1855

been

East

during

consumer

closing

the

British

direction

long period

where

last

The

dollars

small

very

The

cigars.

for

has

case

Spain,

took

vogue,

largest

this

the

China.

million

one

in

mid
have

take

to

the

From

quantity.

began

Indies

East

averaged

in

irregular

recent

has

come
be-

trade

of

through

her

"

THE

272

PHILIPPINES.

four

monopoly,

state

succeeding

in

but

in

one

and

the

to

exports

one-third

half

between

years
the

1904

and

that

has

shipments,

been

not

have

from

able

short

were

might

aside

States,

millions,

four

country

As

and

pounds,

and

two

millions.

United

million

to

been

few

ticipated,
an-

mental
experi-

the

use

of

pine
Philip-

product.*
There

has

tobacco

since

accepted
a

to

have

been

have

free
into

come

is

that

estimated
and

smoke,

exports

quite

the

tobacco

be
will

of

reason

admitted

in
the

the

seems

tion
consumpand

cigarette
and

population

the
the

case,

with

leaf

believe

to

free

total

put
out-

stationary
increases

enormous

their

of

the

duty

that,

in

finding
arc

This,

however,

rather

than

free

tion
produc-

deterioration
has

continued

Philippine

though

even

different

and

United

who

very
leaf.

of

began

the

to

iwmtunerH.

tobacco

Philippine

removal

the

supervision,

of

experienced

be
American

amongst

is

there

the
of

establishment

the

removal

quality
is

of
half

been

islanders,

the

than

consistent

with

the

Tbere

eigar

among

such

has

tobacco.

Coincident

the

If

manufactured

and

use

more

weed.

are

The

he

not

domestic

six-sevenths

consume

the

of

by

general

must

contrary,
in

conditions.

manufactiired

production

the

On

tion,
distribu-

the

This

that

increase

great

of

days.

indication

an

in

change
exports

monopoly

as

under

in

the

stationary figure.

at

in

much

of

quantity,

or

it

been

not

Slates,

great

extensive

an

accustomed
from
is

an

market
to

those

culty
diffi-

ties
quali-

exhibited

argument

for

otherwise.

"

THE

274

disorders

tionary

four

millions,
much

as

in

as

In

result

future

he

to

seems

chief
ached

appro

half

nearly

to

unfavorable

two-thirds

of

matic
cli-

these

ments
ship-

France.

to

prevail

which

1904

exceptionally
than

the

figures

in

again

of

industry

copra

whence

the

1903

More

made

were

districts

decline

to

conditions.

The

the

derived.

is

supply

PHILIPPINES.

in

pnrticiihirly suited

is
in

the

and

Philippines,
for

store

tho

to

ditions
con-

bright

it.

COFFEE.

The

coffee

play

to

ago

of

exports

Philippines

the

important

an

in

part

ceased

years

trade

the

of

the

isliSIKlS.
In
of

about

1855

the

bean

until

steadily
sixteen

pounds,

exceeded

thirteen

followed

by

effects.

From

pest

and
It

has

been

equal

the

to

for

chief

the

together
to

for

product

of

have

not

of

United
a

to

the

half

is

the

sustained

this

Philippine

points

and

amount.

it

prices

estimate.

have

United

China-Hongkong
of

cipitously,
pre-

that

best

article
the

insect

tive
destruc-

in

coffee

the

in

declined

output

but

but

an

ruinously

Philippine

considerable

by

insignificant

Java,

ments
ship-

millions,

with

time

the

1889

visited

were

Kingdom,

the

In

blight

present

claimed

with
trace

leaf

that

at

consumers

Spain,

hard

it

and

with

maximum,

1884.

plantations

the

year

in

increased

exports

their

pounds

qiiarter

the

reached

they

million

that

and

shipped,

were

and

million

one

ia
tained
ob-

The
been

States,
trade

consumption.

"

The
a

revival

of
American

suggested

plan

has

other

of

soil

hand

are

the

of

danger
the

safeguards

fifteen

against

in

coffee

offer

better
of

benefit

of

could

the

writing

of

their
be

"A

convinced

cigars,
district
free

no

which

fee
cof-

been
the

vided,
pro-

generous
all

attract

the

fields

of

scientific

long,

meantime

and

overtook

have

doubtless

the

Philippines

for

the

ment
invest-

and

of

longer

from

tliu
of

that

Philippine

and
In
admission

at

Mr.

who

Kentucky,
of

agrees

sugar

and

the

of

its

ought
Hill,

of

duty

on

represents

other

him.

the

results,
(August

to

have
be

mitted
ad-

Connecticut,
tobacco

and

tobacco-growing

Opposition

products

time
effects

Congress

the

with

of

the

report
of

Mr.

At

probable

press

tlie

members

but

products

of

for

Taft.

members

removal

Shirley,

of

islands,

following
the

ports.

our

oppose

the
idea

some

visit

Secretory

in

majority

duty

the
of

still

conceived

wisely

more

than

is

party

gathered
:

been

guidance

experience

free
will

the

the

ever-present

When

ere

hazardous

have

the

the

1005)

been

be

will

Philippines

under

of

less

disaster
ago.

will

in

On

money.*

Congress

lti,

and

Niirliiiif;

may

but

ability
suit-

maturity

the

calamities

culture

capital,

necessary

the

perity
pros-

capital

the
is

there

such

of

known

of

for

nection
con-

article.

production.

outlays

years

they probably

as

profits

meantime

of

the

with

in

record

and

waiting

recurrence

coffee

on

considerations.

large

of

mooted,

past

the

to

requires

plantations

the

adverse

years

heen

Philippine

industry

climate

the

the

favor

serious

In

trees.

for

the

and

twelve

or

its

by

plantation
ten

trade

in

enjoyed

lias

import, duty

free

with

The

industry

the

has

to
also

the
been

"

276

THE

The

chief

and

cheap
The

PHILIPPINES.

industrial

need*

expeditious

projected railway
and

the

with

its
of

resources

bids

accept
railroad

in

roads

the

the

and

The
of

four

United

will

be

exempt

bonds

covering

and

for

the

but

entire

at

first
of

cost

of
and

thereafter,

years

on

must

years,

interest

years

or

cent,

per

thirty

fifty

guarantee

nearly

one

first

of

Philippines.

taxation,
of

the

thirty

the

to

citizens

be

or

from

cent,

for

for.

miles

1,233

must

one-half

will

of

authorized

of

States

during

cent,

per

lie looked

been

Bidders

the

Government

ment
require-

development

may

construction

per

this

supply

has

of

one-half

PEGBLEM.

islands.

earnings

gross

one

the

Government

the

to

pay

Archipelago

is

transportation.

rapid

Government
for

corporations
The

will

system

TRANSPORTATION

Insular

Philippines

the

of inland

means

inception

the

THE

The

of

the

rate

mortgage

construction

equipment.*
There

That

owned

been

the

statements

coming
admission

of

supported
Means

"The

Mr.

purpose.
session

of

all

by

section

the

by

de
of

of

Payne,

at

of
bill

the

in

several

de

pinos
Fili-

Manila,
who

Ohio,

says

held

that
for

to

have

meetings

providing

chairman

islands.

Tranvias

producers,

will

products
the

in

Tondo,

Grosvenor,

Congress

la

insular

visitors

Philippine

Mr.

roads

two

Compania

the

questioned
tliis

later

the

from

by

overcome

operation

by

runs

for

in

are

the

at

the

free

be

introduced

and

of

the

and

Ways

Committee."
routes

of

the

proposed

railroads

are

given

In

chapter.

"

THE

Malabon,
miles.
in

in

the

The

the

province

other

is under

Railway

the

control

to

it

562,089

The

Mex.,

value

roadbed,
Mex.,
and

the

in

1894,

disturbances,

1902

1,104,372
of

of

and

this

$397,699.

"The

exchange
States

traffic

The

considerably

United

of

165,760
distance

derived

was

business

since

value

the

of

American

of

the

the

losses

subsequent

the

with

tures
expendi-

of

$373,703
the

During
carried
a

over

gross

road

gregate
ag-

revenue

freight

9,706,855
a

same

an

gross

of

tons

company

gross

profit

of

was

suffered

miles, affording

aggregate

an

from

total

$115,800

Railway

the

$12,300,000.

land,

construction

of

and

were

Mex.

enterprise

gross

passengers

23,591,024

$683,206;

carried

of

of

income

gross

leaving

is

has

promising

was

including

during

$1,238,235,

was

capitalization

year,

it

was

$20,931

-Manila

property

The

$864,532,
on

although

is

of

grade

and

of
it

low

very

income

buildings

Dagupan

traffic.

growing

during

and

1902

year

operation

profit

The

destruction

its

property,

rolling stock,

is confined
the

of

121.79

Dagupan

former

and

gross

of

and

During

4.35

Dagupan,

to

Manila

cost

entire

equipment.

from

of

distance

The

The

indicating

opened

the

passengers,

leaving

of

Manila

traffic.

passenger

Mexican.*

$33,034

of

277

distance

Limited.

exclusively

$53,965

from

Pangasinun,

Company,

carried

Rizal,

of

running
of

province

miles,

PROBLEM.

TRANSPORTATION

was

miles,
of

revenue

has

increased

occupation.
Mexican

dollar

Is

fifty

cents

eurreucy.

"

278

THE

The

existing

Cabanatuan,

of

miles.

the
later

close

The

work

mines

of

cliffs

that

furnish

timber,

not

the

at

fine

abound.
and

and

fruits

of

seat

the

to

will

he

civilians,

the

Government,

and

of

in

covered
of

with

Many

Temperate

Zone

Although

commercial
in

sanatorium

other

in

pine.

stated

it will

the

as

mineral

Benguet."

be

established

and

the

review

it may

conditions,

Baguio

in

cultivated

relevant

precisely

forests

most

Limestone

and

are

the

is found

Coal

mountains

of

the

up

sulphur

vegetables

in
of

of

charge

gold.

lime.

with

is

Baguio,

to

Philippines,

and

of

not

twenty-seven

open

the

copper

crowned

are

latter
road

of
in

"will

Hot

The

fore
be-

former

Pangasinan,

in

quality

the

municipality

officer

road

aggregate

the

distance

the

canyon.

successfully

eoldiers

of

yield

river

industrial

district

Benguet

springs

Benguet,

the

mining

Bued

of

the

in

for

electric

from

about

franchises

and

An

province

report

states

promising

are

of

of

1905,

1906.

line

will

completion

year

Ecija;

Antipolo,

to

the

tion
sta-

Bulacan,

existing

granting

the

of

Nueva

branches

two

the

the

in

province

miles.

of

of

of

the

on

to

Bigaa,

province

terminus

construction

Pozorubio,
in the

point

March,

of

process

province

act

requires

than

the

These
The

roads

the

authorized

from

one

in

Manila

the

been

line

province.

these

the

from

north

65.87

lines

in

tlie other
mile

haa

"

the

Eizal

of

additional

two

on

and

road'

Manila-Dagupan

construct

to

PHILIPPINES.

become

words,

and

passing
for
the
the

that

invalid
summer

Simla

Philippines.

"

THE

One

TRANSPORTATION

of

the

first

it

had

works

the

upon

been

of

system

the

ascertaining precisely
been

expended
in

the

in

of

these

and

in

which

one

are

termed

one

side

be

the

Roads
and

and
which
on

the

Insular

provinces

facilities

foreign ports
and

have

recent

of

calls

have

In

fourteen
at

Manila

of

Where

been

addition

to

the

regular

the

of

What

from

connecting
Insular

within

ernment.
Gov-

one

will

ince
provbe

structed
con-

board,

one

for
cent,

per

necessity

loaned

to

the

increased

to

steamship
on

the

between

quite equal
readily

for

money

has
to

amount.

traffic

ocean

those

the

has

large aggregate

for

task

running

provincial

one-eighth

tinue
con-

communication

primarily

Government
a

to

tremendous

entirely

the

by
of

responded

years.

vessels

in

charge

ernments
gov-

supplied

amply

those
or

is levied.

land

the

is,

benefit

tax

assessable

The

local

millions

destructive.

island,

lie

repaired

purpose

existed

sole

of

proposed

of
so

that

way
high-

means

no

conspicuous

are

an

which

of

are

rains

of

is

ministration,
ad-

provincial

is

avenues

roads,

another
will

provinces,

been

ordinary

insular
to

it is

It

the

several

and

province

has

the

of

but

and

indeed

military

is

central

bridges.

which

paucity

the

every

and

country

much,

direction,

roads

the

There

bow

ernment
Gov-

peace,

improvement

by

until

work

good

with

this

of

islands.

the

by

under

inaugurated
the

279

undertaken

establishment

was

have

PROBLEM.

army

companies
schedules.

Manila

and

requirements
demands

of

transports,
make
This

the

ical
periodservice

"

is

supplemented

few

in

trade
the

fact,

afloat

in

is

and
total

whilst

fourteen

Mindanao

An

of

were

rarely

two

and

Manila,

vessels

seen

1902

year

American

of

register,

twelve

flew

the

in

and

register

be

the

During

neglected

Manila

63
no

traffic
has

the

for

to

to

means

of

been

the
in

coastwise
of

port
ex-

trade

fifteen
of

its

tons

smaller

Archipelago
in

the

which

though
al-

commerce,

number

interisland
The

196.

the

traffic,

occupation

available

from

local

of

number

factors

petty

American

subports

maritime

in

this

of

waters

This

administration.

steamers

are

ried
car-

foreign

to

extension

in

175

considered

engaged

the

been

increasing.

American

There

over.

islands

constantly

and

Zamboanga,

has

the

engaged

vessels

navigating
hardly

of

the

1902

Luzon

Luzon.

since

so

during

sailing

increased

it is

noticeably

were

1,409

and

Sulu

commerce

opening

the

trade
There

Cagayan,

Manila,

are

Jolo,

interisland

1834,

been

islands

Cebu

Appari,

since

in

the

of

Cebu,

extensive
on

has

the

bottoms;
is

visited

sailing

ports

open

Iloilo, Panay

and

In

the

colors.

The

craft

American
States

United

fifty steamships

seventeen

American

has

the

of

feature

of

scarcity

and

steamers

tramp

noticeable

Harbor.

but

of

trade

the
of

flag

of

number

Manila

hundred
this

by

sailing ships.

shipping

can

PHILIPPINES.

THE

280

traffic

Insular

ports

has

been

Government
and

encourage

of

foster

the

Archipelago.
the

past

one

of

the

least

invit-

"

"

AGRICULTURE.

"

"

AGRICULTURE.*

Musa

Textalis:
Method

Tobacco"

"

Proposed

its

and
of

Expense

chief

the

soil

and

of

volcanic
is

of

are

food

found

in

grain,

with

and

potatoes

cultivation.

been
States

reduced

to

their

this

or

vegetables
are

and

number1

succeeding

approximate

of
dred
hun-

three

or

the

and

no

crops
range

aid,

domestic

fruit

trees

while

corn,

bounteously
of

pay
re-

from

plants
have

chapters
equivalents

of

variety

Tropical

great.

other

in

The

commercial

little

There

values

Money

is

matter.

generous

About

Archipelago,

plants

abundantly

wide.

either

the

organic

yielding

he.

to

decomposed

of

mainly

growths.

very

of

plants

producing

yield

is

agricultural

continue

decayed

by

subtropical

products

fiber

consists

Oil-

Philippines

its

probably

fertile, readily

.and

tropical

will

Cocoa-

Plantation.

the

been

"

Methods

Cocoanut

in

has

enriched

extremely

value

they

islands

the

wealth

conquest

so

rock,

vegetable

of

The
Cocoanut

Improved

in

Cane

"

Capital

"

and

Under
Profit

and

Fiber
for

Depression

Industry

source

Spanish

products,
The

the

Cotton

Copra

"

"Estimated

since

Present

in

Involved

Channel

Derivatives

Possibilities

The

It

for

Remedy

Palm

nut

Profits

Fiber"

Promising

Culture
"

and

Slaguey

Not

of

"

Expenses
"

Sugar

Conditions

Hemp

Extraction"

Cultivation

Hemp

Manila

of

in

all

United

currency.

(285)

THE

286

which

oil and

dyes,

gums,

PHILIPPINES.

medicinal

extracts

bo

may

derived.
The

tobacco,
is

products

chief

and

copra

foremost

of

and

hardly
the

yields
abaca.

member

the

trade.

in

established
is

textalis

musa

the

habitat,

have

been

it

fiber

Luzon,
anes,

Large

of

wild

and

the

of

and,

provinces.

grows

islands.
the

principal

productive
Cavite

it

Ambos
sections
to

The

The

island

also

are

less

output

and

Luzon

extent,
is

safe

Bataan

from

La

in

clusion
con-

mercial
com-

cultivation
of

Albay,

of

Catandu-

in

Philippines.
the

adjacent

Sorsogon.

are

large

the
in

produced

Camarines
in

of

of

plant

under

district

abaca

in

Archipelago.

province

dependent

cessful
Unsuc-

part

is

the

is

only

produce

to

in

matter

the

it

made

than

quantities

provinces

be

greater

and

but

abaca

cultivate

elsewhere

including
is tho

to

world,

cannot

however,

several

the

As

[glands.

the

over

as

misnomer,

is found

Philippine

made

of

parts

that

known

locally

is

family,

plant

fiber, whereas

bast

The

fiber.

that

in

the

is

efforts, extending

There,

from

distinguishable

hemp

named

first

banana

hemp"

true

different

the

of

"Manila

fact,

sugar,

HEMP.

term

of

century,

MANILA

"

It

thoroughly

natural

the

banana.

is

its

these

edible

The

structural

of

hemp,

are

importance.

TEXTALIS

is

soil

and

rice,

textalis

musa

is

the

commercial

MUSA

The

of

Other

Laguna
and

the

and

JJalangas
islands

of

"

CONDITIONS

and

Panay,
also

are

The

or

of

fiber

that

has

remarkable

tlio

production

fields

extensive

only

of

the

of

growth

the

the

land, subject
high humidity,
good,
It

for

is

to

be

sheltered

is

peculiarly

not

subject

to

free
to

will

from

drought;

of

if

ket
mar-

place

to

methods

of

ment.
improve-

any

expansion,
suitable

the

for
the

to

under

vation.
culti-

in

In

excess

of

little
to

wind

be

soil.
or

tending,

and

of

must

swampy

accidents.

stature

tile
fer-

climate

drainage

thrive

low

textalis

musa

rainfall,

liability
its

ported.
ex-

CULTURE,

raise, requires
from

1825

was

gave

great

The
not

none

preciated
ap-

foreign

brought

necessary.

plant

easy

liberal

the

areas

been

culture

the

should

Abaca

is

of

OF

successful

to

little

large

have

plant

Previous

primitive

the

capable
the

and

cultivator

but

years

known

practically
of

sixty

past

become

and

CONDITIONS

For

strength, lightness,

petty

of

natives

tensile

undergone

is

the

by

the

development

have

fraction

abaca

southeastern

used

world.

small

the

industry

The

of

within

have

plantations,

producers

the

and

been

commercial

was

With
the

northern

only

it is

durability

by
the

quantities

undoubtedly

but

its

and

length,

the

Komblon,

Mindanao.

centuries,
so

in

287

Maabate,

Considerable

Bohol.

produced

portions

for

Marinduque,

Samar,

Leyte,

CULTURE.

OF

sun.

and
It

is

environ-

"

288

PHILIPPINES.

THE

ment

it

protect

station

from

fire

cannot

and

moist

the

No

make

effort

the

been

the

has

of

it

tions;
inunda-

made

develop, by

to

of

the

be

to

and

plant

for

promising,

are

which

growth,

of

susceptible

has

and

intelligent investigation

proved

juicy

ita

insects.

vegetable

of

from

practically exempt

direction

valuable

has

is

qualities

this

in

subject

it

ita

hurricanes;

against

heen

desirable

possibilities
every

and

predatory

of

scientific

almost

effect

headway

stem

attacks

cultivation,
the

the

hilly slopes safeguards

upon

leaves

from

more

periment,
ex-

less

or

improvement.

plantation

the

former

plants

arc

order

to

force

create

not

planting
and

furnish
of

the

dense

is

The

small

have

the

during

the

deep

In

September-November.

February,

and

December,

sufficiently strong

to

the

injure,

best

and

of

this
not

may

that

time

of

in

break

roots

for

May-July

August,
heat

soil.

for

they

months

herbage

to

feeding
The

yards

planted,

and

that

The

the

selected

trees

rainy

of
are

shade

plants.

young

of

away

leaves,

and

this

three

to

field, or

requisite

shadow,

rob

the

in

winds.

high

should

purpose

will

standing

After

amount

washing

prevent

three

continuous.
two

certain

In

about

in

earlier.

from

rows,

suckers.

or

reached

months

with

to

seed

practically

in

way,

left

is

six
is

out

between,

Trees

the

set

are

each

apart
left

latter

the

harvesting

stage,

from

maturity

case

in

years

started

is

January,
the

perhaps

sun

kill,

is
the

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

290

valuable, fiber, with,

in
blade

render

the

the

at

of

thorough

is not
is

reduces

strength,

is

This

is

feature

machine

have

difficult

present

from

twenty

hemp

machine.

heavy

and

rough

be

easily
*

seems

and

ground

machine,

"The

to

be

have

to

the

generally

practicable,

carried
honor

to

subjected

As

material.

by
of

of

must

to

too

waste

cut

the

fiber.
in

are

knife,

very
the

up

that

so

it

apparatus

done

is

mountain

be

be

quality

being

work

such

economy

transport

upon

said

plants

the

fiber.

devise
not

good

the

4o

of

on

very

sides,

light enough

to

men.*

two

having

fallen

of

ual
man-

ingenuity.

is

hours

economical

more

the

be

must

few

to

than

stalks

of

present

should

of

rection.
cor-

invention

American

necessary

The
a

it

cent,

for

quality

extraction

per

less

no

within

leaf-sheaths

than

thirty

to

is

of

laborer.

calls

the

"attempts
but

the

the

with

for

method

Portability

found

futile

achievement

an

in

uniform

contrivance,

The

is

out

many

that

industry

and

weight,

the
to

the

of

fiber

the

consideration

lies

the

portion

increases

dispense

turn

been

also

used

When

output.

discolors

remedy

will

and

mechanical

it

the

the

which

process
There

but

of

Perhaps
a

This

important

an

the

knives

commonly

are

considerable

retained.

juicy pulp

which

in

by using

serrated

as

easier, they

quality

produced

til"ei- is

nution
dimi-

ponding

corres

edge, but,

operation

its

brat

smooth

expense

process

The

weight.

with

however,

practically
to

young

solved
American

the

question
engineer,

"

METHOD

After
for

in

packed
of

hours

which

there

and

"colored,"

The

the

assigns

the

extract

the

makes

have

but

been

it

has

will

Lindsay

It

form

of

pounds
hour

of
In

fibre

in

The

North

labor

essential

it

two

Brigadier-

has

offer

always

requirement

operation

was

General

was

less

been
a

made

lacking

every

system

pounds
U.

Carter,

ent
pres-

sixty

out

existing

H.

for
the

to

transpired,

economical

its

S.

A.,

1905.

May,

several

the

than

machines

complicated
test,

upon
in

in

Mr.

by

forty-four

W.

solution

property

quality,

the

about

planter

turning

uniform

strip

liericir,
has

to

of

Under

men.

can

American

of

appears

the

but

capable

hemp

worker

day."

appeared
but

of

claim

similar

which

white

hemp

average

being

rent
cur-

invented

improvements;

as

the

his

miichinc

that

capitalist,

it

over

the

time

the

Under

Doubtless

the

system
to

to

represents

receives

This

control

many

first-class

the

by

share.

he

ground

intervals

at

at

in

planter

of

produce

(be

fications.
classi-

vogue

the

of

planter

sufficient

reported

in

and

drawbacks.

undergo
is

is

plants

sufficiently profitable

Lindsay.

these

section

The

"second,"

in

system

labor, and

the
his

serious

Eilwuril

Robert

his

to

of

exercise

cannot

an

value

labor

this

tend

for

delivery

local
to

of

loosely

district.

gradations

One-half

pay

is

sun

market,

"current,"

cultivator

and

fiber.

operator's

he

Its

raise

to

the

to

nearest

hemp

are

Under

native

each

to

which

on

each

in

several

districts.

the

to

''beneficiary" system

hemp

exposed

is

carried

recognized

with

291

sufficientlydried,

several

are

principal grades
and

fiber

when

and,

bundles

EXTRACTION.

the

extraction,

few

OF

device,
hand

lem,
prob-

that
or

else

some

that

labor.

"

THE

292

and

its

When

few

dollars

and

of

he

the

rush

injuring

all

with
most

of

article

the

upon

and

of

offered

EXPENSES

least

of

AND

of

with

plants

the
an

result

sarily
unneces-

However,
scale

large

culture,

cocoanut

the

PROFITS

need

unready

on

field

risky

by

the

market.

cultivation

profitable

extracting

putting

and

of

cutting

urgent

extraction,

possible exception

capital

is in

sacrifice

plantation

aaid, hemp

is

the

often

process
the

in

cultivator

will

low-grade
when

carelessness

native

the

prevent

cannot

and

plants

fiber.
a

He

produce.

immature

PHILIPPINES.

for

the

Philippines

INVOLVED

is,
the

ment
invest-

to-day.

IN

HEMP

to

outlay

CULTIVATION.

Foreman
income

gives
in

Perhaps
the

the

always

to

of

cost

monopolistic

labor,

to

be

may

make

in

of

of

for

industry

an

abaca

prices

enhancement

cover

and

interest.

allowance

any

because

character

adjusted

be

which

unnecessary

increased

of

cultivation

hemp

it is

figures relating

some

in

can

of

cost

production.
The
be

labor

of

calculated

shoots

$1.50

at

from

at

plant-setting

25

however,
laying
live

out

of

plants,

instead

of

to

the

paying

counted
for

shoots

on

at

plants;

cents

capitalist

plantation,
be

50

to

Province

Albay

1,000

per

cents

in

the
the

and

will

per

the

time

labor.

of
of

cost

$5
full
In

of
quently,
Fre-

100.

contract

basis

may

for
for

the
100

growth,
case

this

"

is

it

done

is

293

CULTIVATION.

HEMP

make

to

customary

advances

the

to

contractor.

following

The

conservative

above,

profit,

expenses,

Albay,

but

the

of

corporation

the

fiber

the

of

it
with

or

and

cost

be

assumed

that

and

conscqiiently

at

ties
faciliwould

scale

larger,

in

of

those

capital

the

this,

investment,

upon

may

made

plantation

based

are

size

upon
less

at

qualification

operating

individual

operating

produce

of

figures

half

or

the

to

statement

etc.,

as

plantation

for

is, subject

greater

profit.
Plantation
land

two

over

ready
No

of

to

within

(3.472
abaca

(equivalent

3,472

acres

80

Invested

1,000

pisosones

Store

for

Bale
Plot
4

of

and

Unrecoverable

Total

land

piculs

and

land

horses

of

1,000

press

the

in

10

therefore

purchase.
pisoson
picuh

yielding

output
assumed
cent

per

of

of

of

from

10,000
tion
propor-

Segunda,

Colorado:

cent.

per

10

total

acres,

Each

cwts.,

Corriente,

cent.

per

bales,

5,000

of

annum

3.60
or

date
land.

per

tons),

and

shoots

fallow

no

acre

p'ir

624.50

p-iculs,making

10

3,472

or

from

year

producing

acres)

of

one

needed

ploughing

with

planted

years

cut

pisosones,

1,000

for
two

abaca,

per
with

ample
hides

200

prising

$50,000.00

pisoson
space.

]"er

day

to

capital

3,000.00
2,500.00
700.00

ground

sun-drying

300.00

vehicles

advances

Invested

of

and

store

$50

at

for

shed

Capital.

200

men

at

say

?5

each

1,000.00

557,500.00

"

294

THE

PHILIPPINES.

Wobkinq

Salaries

Expenses.

Manager

European

Native

$1,800.00
bookkeepers

iit

storekeepers

$750

eaeh

$15

and

at

1,500.00
$10

per

month
8

Plantation

Native

Labor

at

ST1;

per

bale

at

ot

hemp

laborers,

say

rattans

Waste

iu

Stolen

by

store

Maintenance,

Fire

per
of

Keep

of

Office

horses

various

to
at

Loading
Insurance

(Manila
Manila

Manila

2%

at

the

200.00

province.
.

cents

at

at

at

1%

125.00
cent,

15

say

cent,

sale

on

159.00

cent.)

per

..

dis-

value

hale,

per

$32,200

on

landing,

including

cents

541,25

month,

per

37.50

month

working

150.00

1,250.00

pirul

per

per

plus,

per

etc..

bale

per

value

stationery,

postage,

commission

etc.,

Total

Shed,

90.00
about

12%

Manila

half

and

Press,

1,000.00

at

selling

for

press-value

at

annum

expenses

cents

storage

say,

of

110.00

per

Manila

broker's

cbnrging,

183.50

etc

rattan,

Bale,

telegrams,

at

468.T5

1,000

per

kinds

expenses,

Freight

14

200.00

Store,

traveling

Manager's
Taxes

and

100;

per
cents

plus

$5,500

on

four

cents

9%

cents

mats,

192.00

200.00

on

cent,

at

87%

900.00

month

annum

per

insurance

month

per

per

depreciation,

or

cent,

per

$4

bales

5,000

bale

per

split

at

pressing

mats

$10

at

overseers

messengers

for

800.00

$9,75"00

expenses

Rcttjbns.

Sale

Half
to

from

the

of
the

the

above

planter
laborer;

output
;

the

other

therefore:

of

10,000
half

5,000

is

longs
be-

piculs
purchased
picula

sold

thus:

"

"

The

famous

tbaca
on

inlusti'i^s.

"

the

h\

Manila

outskirts

laborious

Walk.

Uoi'i!

"

rope
of

the

Id

is

thus

capital,
-time

made

lik"

most

from

other

proci'r-.

"

"

HEMP

4,000

pieals

(Corriente)

iSegunda)
at

at
; 500

$3.8714

at

500

$4.25;
piculs

plculs

{Colorada)

53.12ya

Gain

In

$20,750.00

price

bought

5,000

on

75

at

laborers'

picvls,

cents

per

picnl

per

bale

share

under

Manila

price

market

Manila

CULTIVATION.

firms

pay

Total

3,750.00

50

cents

for

2,500.00

pressing

receipts

$27,000.00

Outcome.

Sale

In

Deduct

Manila

Net

In

expenses

profit

to

sinamay,
cloth

is made

from

sometimes

beautiful

very

manufactured

profit
will
other

cent,

per
in

hemp

exporter,

small

net

importer,

work
Before
and

fine

is

possibly

Just

called
from

carrier,

see

the

ns

ard
stand-

of
in

the

is

special

combined

silk.

lupis

methods

shall

apple-leaf
pineof

economies
we

as

and

hemp

accepted

American
extensive

known

fiber,

material

generally

long

is

The

admixture

an

quantities

cultivation.

doubtless

industries.

with

cloth.

hemp

of

diaphanous
in

Thirty

of

mixture

of

hemp

consumed

is

fabrics

these

entirely
a

amount

especially

of

of

quantity
large

..$17,247.00

capital)*

enormous

used

product

fiber,
A

the

total

on

manufactures,

extensively

most

cent,

annually,

exported

domestic

in

9,753.01)

(125 per

addition
is

that

$27,000.00

working

ization
organ-

this

and

planter,
In

one

corporation.

"

THE

296

of

quality
to

PHILIPPINES.

which

hemp,

the

than

extract

is

much

is

Maguey

of

fibers

in

the

produced

world's

thousand
million

of

Philippine

with

used

both
of

and

for

mines,

be

trade,

to

and

markets
of

some

the

number

ably,
consider-

small,

very

sequent
sub-

the

There

dustry
inis

expand.

the

at

profitable prices.

It

and

of

fiher

in

Europe
America
in

cables,

is every
this

Oriental
machines

the

the

for

to

might

of

for

ropes

hammocks,

America

believe
be

manufacture

Philippines

Central

fiber

countries

making

the

reason

the

in

weavings

with

compete

of

In

to

production,

for

tons,

ton.

of

exports

increased

is still

that

extent

hundred

dollars

the

tendency

lines, nets,

there

nine

have

of

several

the

1901

than

trade

South

increased

able

less

the

and

ropes

In

nine

at

alone.

the

to

item

eighty

valued

on

nearly

not

about

States

United

figures

for

North

With

but

extensively

ship's

the

large

1891

the

of

aggivgatu

is

fiber,

hundred

market

In

is cultivated

those

exhibits

is

fibers.

profit.

although

The

family

agave

fiber

the

to

plant.

maguey

one

years

ready

of

to

about

at

and

the

raw

amounted

valued

by

Islands,
he

maguey

century

americava

agave

might

or

entered

dollars,

The

applied

output

tons

FIBER.

name

americana,

agave

it

the

cult
diffi-

more

grades.

commercial

MAGUEY

and

finer

etc.

should
in

that

opened

the

able
desirup

in

countries.
have

for

several

years

been

"

COTTON

used

in

extensively

West

Indies

for

fiber

coarser

it in

the

size

of

these

some

of

The

by

principle

hundred

thousand

their

and

being fermented,
and

but

in

The

At

time

one

in

At

the

from
the

to

revive

the

favor

the

of

tobacco,

Ilocos, solely

of

the

is

by

traction
ex-

ceration,
ma-

The
one

is

that

without

them

saving

siderable
con-

fabric

roughest

create

is

is

Ilocos

and
with

view

produced

description,

export
Korte.
tivated
cul-

extensively

quality

weaving

with

an

of

considerable

met

and

Archipelago,

the

cloth

was

quantities.
this

Government

have

in

The

the

day,

was

good

of

industry

of

district

in

exported

spinning

demands.

to

clean

thus

to

fiber

Cotton
on

looms

quantities

province.

instigation
in

which

from

parts

long staple

it, and

neglected

doubt

no

FIBEE.

productive

most

like

scraping.

upwards

various

sufficient

trade.

made

in

is grown

not

labor.

COTTON

Cotton

and

macerated,

or

that

method

scraped

from

nearly

so

adapted

be

machines,

leaves
is

is

present

the

fiber

producing

leaves

rubbing

of

substance

time

the

could

maguey.

pulpy

of

machines

essential

though

the

and

sisal

americana,

texture

followed

the

plant,

agave

and

America
of

extraction

This

than

297

Central

Mexico,
the

sisalana.

agave

FIBER.

trade

subsequent

wa3

efforts

only partial
is at
to

from

the

cess.
suc-

present

meeting

ried
car-

local

home-made
weavers

being

women.

"

298

THE

"

is

It

impossible

produce

but

the
are

favorable
be

expected

of

supplying

is

in

cotton,

and

in

ton
cot-

be

probably

insignificant figure

an

the

much

that

so

the

the

to

of

proportion

greater

are

industry

least

at

to

conditions

general

develop,

to

suitable

Philippines

the

cultivation,
time

would

of

imported.

its

to

local

extent

consumption

tons

localities

of

growth

what-

to

domestic

that

and

amount

There
the

the

hundred

one

estimate,

beside

ascertain

to

into

enters

fiber,

high

PHILIPPINES.

may

extent

the

tic
domes-

demand.
In

several
is

and

for

grown

is derived

from

the

"rengue"

islands

and

from

of

market.

qualities,
be

must

handled
is not

until

of

to

can

about

produce
to

of

in

the

in

the
and

range
and

London

the

able
commend-

thousand

commercial

by

yard,

highly

fifty pounds

"pina"

of

leaves

it, the

dustry
in-

importance
economical

more

machinery.

thirty
the

which

Europe
fabrics

cents

twenty

effected

be

the

$150

assume

SUGAK.

CANE

After

of

apple
pine-

fiber

called

both

several

has

about

as

likely

extraction

agency

but

in

popular
prices

fiber

Pineapple

the

large quantities

in

brings

fine

fabrics

seventy-five

to

fiber

the

Philippines

The

used

current

twenty-five

ton

leaves.

becoming

The

the

exceptionally

the

are

are

America..

of

provinces

years

Philippines

of

prosperity,

fell

upon

evil

the

sugar

days,

and

try
indussince

"

CANE

1896

it has

very

existence.

When

misfortunes

of

wonder

to

conflict

that

they
the

in

the

of

cholera, famine,
disasters

the

and
amounted

quarters

of
the

Ik

followed

of

the

Negros

where

the

than

Sugar

production

enterprise

available

hundred
*

equals

than
in

the

land

hacienda,
acres

plcul

three-

free;
of

The
of
in

mission
Ad-

(1)

States

the

first
it

the

natural
the

capital

upon
is

is

would

conditions

manufacture

requires

prosecution

start

which

more

in

nomical
eco-

elsewhere.

successful

to

of

establishment

interest

of

tions,
sec-

many

Archipelago

United

present

pays

process

the

desiderata

Under

planter's profit barely

of

of

weight

in

out

realization

other

things.

rinderpest,

this

production.

and

factor,

fluctuations

threefold:

are

the

to

luck

Occidental.

Negros

industry

methods

by

of

course

in

better

war,

piculs,*

capital; (3)

of

all-essential

crop

sustain

to

the

Under

million

product

improved

then

entire

two

the

investment

the

the

heart

is

killing competition

crushed

was

produced

was

needs

most

locusts.

only

of

(2)

and

it

years,

continual

by

sugar;

1901

to

the

came

cane

recent

had

its

accumulated

the

heartily

followed

industry

in

have

them

First

product,

price

The

wish

to

deserve.

beet

them

for

struggle

bitter

considers

one

of

any

and

in

planters during

the

that

the

of

engaged

been

299

SUGAR.

would
137Vj

must

be

greater

any

other

small

its

agricultural

Philippines.
be

for

outlay

In

purchased,
plantation.

and

order
one

This,

pounds.

"

300

in

would

Negros,
it

whether
200

300

to

of

tons

buildings

draft

animals

nearly

the

price
of

initial

of

$1.50
In

Negros,

modern

the

the

than
In
worked

tenant,

plan

the

better

of

to

secure

work

advances

the
to

Ac

is

done,

the

as

than

that

to

The

rule.

is the

mill

in

of

general

extraction

prevails,
for

and

field

the

the

from

hands

weeks

might

that

fact

the

wages

greatest

is,

are

the

Visayas

this

inseparable

several
and

that
the

Tn

system.

is

plantations

inquilinas,

required
pay

thing

(lie sugar

but

arrangement

obliged
of

labor

almost

.sections.

other

sldcma

day

operation

much.

percentage

provinces

the

making

often

stroke

of

about

Elsewhere

superior

"beneficiary,"

or

the

cattle
is

was

as

such

that,

so

sugar

islands.

greater

northern
upon

order

much

average

the

of

Negros

not

the

antiquated
in

giving

in

of

and

ture
manufac-

years

in

are

would

which

the

recent

about

be

doubled,

into

twice

now

is

there

have

picvl

mills

European
but

too,

process,
use,

it is

refining plant

Negros

in

producing
ago,

years

exclusively,

in

of

establishing

capital,

enters

increased

has

cost

ten

that

advances

probably

Wages

everything

sugar

would

purchase

make

of

to

necessary
to

to

to

from

yield

he

and

working

much.

as

would

expenses

the

from

would

machinery;

plantation

half

the

whilst

install

The

aside

be

It

cane.

$70, according

to

and

not,

implements

one-hundred-acre

$25,000,

$35

or

and

and

laborers.

to

from

cost

cleared

was

erect

is

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

bo

tice
prac-

it.

In

planter
before

caution

is

"

for

higher ground
former

the
or

PHILIPPINES.

THE

302

destruction-

between
the

of

The

sowing.
protected

and

of

means

the

benefit

leaves

of
the

The

the

methods

topping

according

the

to

planter

farmer

are

fighting

the

perhaps

or

here

and

and

remedy

lights
lure

which

locusts

have

the

to

and

the

found

been

destructive

less

of

family

of

the

o'clock

The
of

It is
the

beetles

with

larger
torches.

night

moth

possible

used

to

ful
care-

the

their

that

acetyline

strong

effectively

dark,

more

white

leaf.

or

until

by night

in

the

sunset

small

vidual
indi-

the
bane

The
until

carefully,

of

is

laborers

ing,
hill-

pLmting,

worm

work

from

upon

be

might

for

seed

the

or

serves.

hired
the

on

eggs

and

moon

the

originate
its

native

measures

sows

from

again

if the

The

lays

by

the

intelligence

daybreak

carry

which

rarely

is

according

more

tobacco

from

plantations
worms

by

conducted

other

elsewhere.

as

pest

growers,

this

ploughing,

or

The

later

rain

monopoly

now,

followed

energy

out

months

two

are

simply

of

arc

cultivator.
the

"he

planting
trans-

Providence."

to

ordinary
and

but

plant,

and

and

but

which

and

whether

carefully irrigated
heat

the

these

Cagayan,

rest

of

days

injury

to

to

shelters,

take

to

of

Governor

excessive

bamboo

the

compelled

was

be

plantations

In

Europeans.

should

against

upon

weeks

in

prepared

are

land

low

or

six

beds

portable

done, except

from

place

beds

according

high

in

set

the

to

Seed

crops.

November,

be

to

are

takes

after

the

and

July

plants

inundated

frequently

are

fields

tobacco, although

growing

in

India

to

death.

"

the

If

is much

Hardly

more

ten

majority

is

and

each

After

made

build

hands

the

of

these

contains

four

by

of

the

first

class

the

should

clean

of

the

and

third

centimeters

in

leaves, twenty-four
class
the
tains
second

somewhat
fourth.

six,

or

class;
twelve,

exceed

twenty,

the

and

bundle

of

if

the
goes

to

the

number
to

the

are

of

quality

nized
recog-

somewhat

The

leaves

centimeters

those

the
the

to

in

second

former;

quality leaves, twentyfourth

of

low-grade

more,

it

first

good.

Ten

therefore,

is

forty-live

women

together.

grades

is

centimeters

shorter
If

demand

equal

length

tied

classification

also

are

Five

sound;
of

by

bale, which,

be

and

thirty-nine,

those
six

when

class

and

length,

the

tion
fermenta-

each.

and

leaves.

but

buyers,

required

allow

leaves

ten

In

expense.

sorted

bundle
to

usually

added.

own

to

then

of

is

large curing

his

piled

are

go

thousand

elastic, especially

at

its

drying

addition,

one

are

loses

Sometimes

are

in

bundles

it

posts.

and,

They

into

used

on

The

until

erected

small

leaves

it

house

mat

hands

rolled

are

Forty

into

up

roof

Government

place.

talte

is

points

drying,

to

and

the

to

shed

ing
cur-

sheds.

until

sun

the

bamboo

different

planter

the

of

cultivators.

curing

use

it in

nipa

of

generality

to

of

days

at

leaf

hang

than

walls

sheds

them

Where

more

monopoly

of

then

completed.

movable

the

the

expose

nothing

with

cent,

per

color

green

so

that

haphazard,

is

planting

of

process

class

long
trie

first
leaves

of
third

tive
defec-

are

and

the

fifth

character

same

class
it

length
is

impaired
class;

put

in

leaves
and

if

as

eon-

the
ceeds
ex-

they

fourth.

"

THE

304

The

buyers

fermentation

than

that

pounds)

each

shipped

to

NOT

Hon.

and

hired

Gonzaga,

in

the

business,

The

show

of

low

at

$50.
Labor

with

growth,
Next,

the

say

and

gold,

in

and

and

and

work

for

ing
plough-

the

former

would

be

plants during

cutting

shed.

land

high

men

the

ably
prob-

hectare

removing

of

drying

of

tending

for

caring

the

One

Four

topping,

to the

Gonzaga's

for

an

hectares

required

shoots.

be

leaves

that

figures, but

least, and

be

field

hectare

one

methods.
at

with

run

hundred

these

and

cost

on

supposed

one

would
the

on

be

is interested

who

plantation

may

same

the

would

fermenting,

$75

are

CAPITAL.

based

of

$100

at

forty days

hilling,

there

Mr.

the

and

transplanting
for

300

they

figures

over

animals

bed

to

it

and

scale

is valued

seed

needed

are

(about,

Cagayan,

some

is

economy

much,

and

the

and

some

land

gives

estimate

the

upon

of

apply

land,

of

FOE

Governor

would

acres)

not

they

whence

Aparri,

to

classification

quintals

CHANNEL

G.

operation
would

three

carried

PROMISING

labor.

(2.471

of

them

re-sort

bought;

were

of

process

Manila.

which

returns

bales

in

and

higher

they

final

color,

attaining

which

upon

repacked

(hen

of

through
the

improve

object

the

leaf

the

put
to

with

PHILIPPINES.

After

worms.

and

ferring
trans-

that,

ing,
sort-

baling.

estimate
he

of

the

concludes

cost

that

of

this
the

labor

is

operation

"

FOR

CHANNEL

the

on

loss

basis

present

of about

The

industries

that

lands

best

leaves, which

fifty

of

On

this

of

it
of

bales

third,

fourth

the

an

an

the

It

would

tomed
unaccus-

there

is

rarely,

class,

and

twenty

tobacco

first

the

fifteen

and

matter

the

On
of

bales

the

other

in

which

easy

of

ten

current,

output

to

average

if

lhat
is

much

fifty bales.

produces

be

the

the

basis

labor,

the

adjustment.

however,

three

second, eight
nineteen

in

very

of

give thirty-seven

adds,

"

of

plant only yields

it should

bales

result

capitalists

Like

complains

for

hectare

would

lie
as

that

price

time

the

hands.

however,

he

the

in

been

hardly
says,

would

possible.

are

increase

he

production

admits,

returns

agricultural

has

305

$8.80.

Governor

better

of

CAPITAL.

is
to

tivated
cul-

secure

five

of

the

fourth

superior,

five

the

of

fifth.

be:

Income.

Proceeds

from

toliaceo

leaves

from

one

hectare

of

land:
first

$21.38

bales,

bales,

second

bales,

tbird

10

bales,

fourtli

class,

superior

10.00

19

bales,

fourtli

class,

current

14.25

bales,

fifth

Total

This

working

class

22.50

class

16.00

class

1.25

class

85.33

receipts

only

about

capital,

and

is

ll1/^
makes

per
no

cent,

allowance

return

for

on

the

interest

"

the

on

sunk

money
which

the

In

of

was

yan

class,

bales,

Fifth,
8

40.

growing

31.1

in

do

the

not

50

bales,

crop

crop

of

crop

of

cent.,

per

in

in

50

hales,

50

bales,

of

crop

in

or,

of

crop

In

capital
and

of

attributed

the

1883,
a

50

of

crop

bales,

50

23

de

in

and

the

venture

was

large

experience

of

It
entered

into

measure

local

failure,
to

trade

bad

but

of
the

Spain

Filipinos,"
of

purpose

established

manipulation
a

the

the

abolition
in

de

for

in

the

formed

gold,

tobacco.

factories

tobacco

Tabacos

of

investment

after

was

company

General

of

year

$15,000,000

and

the

cultivation

dealing

in

invite

to

seem

direct

monopoly,

The

of

of

hands.

22

operations, including

lack

Caga-

hands.

plantations

be

of

cent., or,

per

cent., or,

per

styled "Co-mpahia
with

province

hands.

34

bales,

15

figures

the

in

or,

11.7

ordinary,

Philippines.
of

cent.,

per

bales,

bales,

capital

in

cent., or,

superior,

Fourth,

The

different

hands.

10

bales,

in

cent., or,

per

per

6.5

Fourth,

50

the

1.2

3.1

Third,

bales,

the

hectare.

per

of

mals,
ani-

hands.

22

hales,

in

draft

hands.

24

Second,
bale,

$350

proportion

produced

follows

about

to

the

1003

tobacco
as

First

amount

of

and

land, buildings,

in

would

crop

classes

PHILIPPINES.

THE

806

largo

extensive

other
result

management

duce.
promay

and

conditions.

"

PRESENT

The

of

estimates
do
in

at

The

entirely.
and

service,
When

the

each

with

come,

afterwards

labor

the

is

who

and

curing

and

the

from

his

of

has

clear

patch

forming
a

good

follows

leaf

in

payable
fails

to

suffered

the

next

he

in

all

tobacco
from

industry,
the

series

TOR

per

the

of

method

receipts
of

account

thinks

ever

If

; if

almost

bad

he
one

or

Filipino,

cent,

interest,

succeeding

becomes

to

economical,

nor

crop

deeply

more

PRESENT

like

no

probability ultimately

REMEDY

wife

attend

the

Chinese,

If

crop.

days.

emergencies.

fifty

at

expectations

PROPOSED

The

loan,

the

to

the

in

his

to

and

proceeds

the

and

few

field

takes

for

aid

such

animals,

bors
neigh-

transplanting,

highly

is

He

fund

six

considers

or

spends

in

leaves

it

into

carabao,

course,

profit.

recourse

for

meet

and

has

from

Of

most
al-

vicinity.

or

and

the

the

cut

land,

he

year

traders

of

farmer

sinking

lie

also

the

five

After

care

tobacco

invested

money

the

in

done

kind.

in

dustry
in-

labor

children

is

results, but

native

others

and

work

sorting.

crude

give

must

for

leaves

children,

the

the

paid

cultivator

and

folk

the

impressed

is

arrives

vator,
culti-

of

free

implements

women

native

part

family

ploughing

and

small

secures

helps

their

their

transplanting,
This

whole

culations
cal-

foregoing

greater

He

grower

for

time

the

present.

the

the

to

hands

whose

307

in

expense

apply

not

rests

DEPRESSION.

loses

his

volved
in-

land.

DEPRESSION.

every

calamities,

which

other,
have

has

be-

"

THE

308

fallen

the

is

if

the

The

what

he

would
a

of

could
to

means

the

the

of

in

the

order

agencies

with

expanded

the

lack

cultivation

of

tobacco

for

the

the

rice

of

it

although

rice

may

to

could

be
to

after

the

ince.
prov-

could

gage
en-

be

to

of

cereals;

and

animals,

fieldsf

imported
be

work

bank

intends

he

ennnot

the

and

Couzaga

exportation

of

in

tion
exporta-

of

against droughts,

Governor

the

inhabitants
the

supply

to

for

rice*

the

this

branches

of

irrigating

profit,

fThe

by

the

For

importation

of

American

Panama

the

work

the

Diuilifit'KK

Asia.

for

America

to

as

destroy

and

as

well

as

and

agents

The

both

companies.

have

erate
mod-

cent.

per

credits

its

article,

and

needed

provide

in

the

should

and

articles

to

of

at

industry,

tobacco

pany
com-

would

company

eight

or

of

Europe

tobacco

In

six

but

bank,"

trading

perienced
ex-

ment
establish-

mortgage

commercial

bank

into

on

payment

price

markets

and

the

of

monopoly

of

in

is the

The

farmers
say

thoroughly

idea

scope.

tion
introduc-

profitable field,

of

develop

present

Gonzaga

the

"agricultural

an

interest,

the

improve

piirpose

the

assure

be

Governor's

wide

engage

involve

hands

the

calls

very
to

rate

in

necessarily

money

other

might

men.

with

the

what

the

Mr.

depression.
would

were

and

years,

which

operations

which

bank

critical

in

capital

of

"lend

of

one

remedy

of

in recent

Philippines

situation

suggests

PHILIPPINES

used

bringing

intimate

that

estabiislied
tlie

In

Arcliipelafw

opening

of

the

("anal.

niggardly
somewhat

terms
In

of
favor

the
of

Philippine
irrigation

Land

Act

are

companies.

"

THE

810

and

mother

and

followed

the

in

herb.

The

mouth.

method,

the

With

little

it is

the

secretion

practice

end

claimed

danger

all

puffing

smoke

Luzon

lighted

cigar

happily

of

nicotine

of

burning

cigar

practice
is

smoking

of

in

the

also

Anglo-Indians

which

and

enjoyable

of

Negritos

Some

by

also

children,

fashion, holding

their

this

their

by

smoking

along,, each

sauntering

divine

curious

PHILIPPINES.

more

avoided.

mouth

the

is overcome."

THE

COCOANUT

The

It

of

all

to

food

nutritious

the

fiber

from

many

whilst

products
of
The

its

The

nuts

are

soil

nuts,

or

alluvial,
after

has

shoots,

or

they

be

The

is cut

Aside

portant
im-

most

cocoanut

oil

the

Archipelago,

and

well

plantation

planted

in

and

should

ground.

sprouted,
and

coir.

adapted

sedementary,
have

into

commercial
The

ploughed

been

should

of

beverage.

thatch.

particularly
site

yields

distilled.

tree.

copra,

The

used,
that

the

adapted

nut

trunk

for

serve

areas

cultivation.

is

the

and

throughout

grows

well-watered,

in

are

extensive

are

Seed
set

latter

cocoanut

there

he

the

liquor

from

economy

healthful

tropical

are

utilities, valuable

other

derived

arc

all

domestic

The

milk

leaves

of

products

its

purposes,

and

these

the

into

purposes.

the

the

DERIVATIVES.

useful

most

spirituous

sap

answers

lumber,

of

and

ITS

and

people,

variety

great

From

largely

enters

Oriental

AND

is the

palm

cocoanut

growths.

to

PALM

and

are

manured.

straight

rows

"

"

h'AIIMIM!

The

indiwnonsabV

to

his

sihows

illustration

which

with

IN

the

i.ln'

if

ground

I'linibso.

I'lllLll'HlNBh.

TUB

who

is

broken

roughly
guided

plough

wooden

(nimitivp

by

a.

string

and

the

attached

nose.

"

"

COPRA

about

nine

and

meters

twenty-five

begin

bear

to

the

When
in

in

has

the

is

derived

on

trade

in

the

the

of

from

the

and

have

It

raw

in

twenty-five

cocoanut

the

cut

attaching

in

constantly

had

an

of

is

month

in

every
is

at

not

least

present

but

the

light

one

Filipino
used

dairy

is

for

house
the

is

tons

ing
extend-

demand

local
is
in

purpose.

year.
of

export

consumption
kept

the

burning
country,

It

of
ing
turn-

now

article

an

The

output

and

ter,
but-

five, large

or

average

1900,

are

margarin,

increasing

thousand

seventy

Philippines,
At

which

tropics.

four,

the

"vegeta-

as

than

the

is

in

used

vegetable compounds

Marseilles
a

which

animal

to

point

of

oil

oil

fusion

quality

these

from

nut,

of

made

expansion.

"butters,"

One

tons

large.
in

other

higher

is

compounds

material.

upwards

Coeoaimt

night

be

may

extensively

now

and

desirable
of

factories

very

ladders.

from

rapid

its

the

dietetic

rapidly, creating

from

are

crops

mention

of

is

such

much

manufacture

out

reach

OIL.

and

copra

objections

very

the

COCOANUT

meat

"coeoline,"

free

for

will

shoulders

luird,

Commerce

dried

oil.

preparation
line,"

and

or

will

tree9

earlier

The

cutters,

AND

chapter

infant

Copra

The

year,

year.

hundred

one

hectare.

seventh

become

COPKA

the

the

extension

tree

about

climbing.

it for

In

the

to

fifteenth

the

with

gathered

trees

311

OIL.

allowing

apart,

fruit

in

maturity

COCOANUT

AND

is

made

is
all
and
in

"

THE

312

thousands
the

of

homes

by

into

in

the

for

out-of-the-way

barrios.

medicinal

the

the

of

adopting

be

feasible

the

the
in

industry
of

buyers,

suggested

ship oil, and

freight

which

press-cake,

This

manufacture.

in

Europe

prices
full

oil,
pay

aa

incidental

in

oil

the

buyer

and

the

on

the
leave
is

no

carrying
The

ou

copra

endeavors

to

influence

to

The

it.

most
sented
pre-

market

for

the

of

the

the

brings

basis

of

residue

of

is

used

such
to

good
the

pay

its

yield

press-cake
profit

generous

demand

only

is

resultant
a

way

would

afford

can

of

the

expressed,

and

the

in

however,

is

been

food,

that

costs

wrhich

has

ent
pres-

by-product

valuable

copra,

in

contrived

finding

oil

expense

scale.

against

cake,

copra

There
the

cattle

confidence

manufacturer.
cake

the
of

value
with

the

after

that

of

the

which

question,

the

is

have

rates

problem

the

by

copra

in

factor

important

to

the

profit

obstacle

every

said

are

discriminatory

the

raise

of

Under

corporation

fairly large

upon

hair

that

difficulties

used

economy

the
at

reform,

of

ease

course,

of

is
as

copra.

part

several

are

the

women

urged

the

street

largely

and

natives,

manufacturer

There

grower.

the

enters

industrial

of

answers

also
It

the

by

larger

the

to

accrues

the

the

instead

exported

is

frequently

have

conditions

the

of

Students

be

trade

and

purposes

Philippines

should

of

processes

which

process
oil

culinary

dressing.

rude

Cocoanut

requirements.

luminant

to

PHILIPPINES.

for

the

to

of

will
the

press-

islands.

"

314

THE

W.

S.

the
mill

of

Lyon,
has

the

expressed

Philippine
the

of

cheapness

well

PHILIPPINES.

labor,
with

equipped
and

with

facilities
other

or

of

oil

with

item

of

quintals
husks,

He

bristle

and

commission,

price,
the

balance

of

cost

profit

net

could

trees

$55.

the

five

half

selling

ton,

per

the

freight

cover

hectare.

Deduct

for

soil,

removal

the

and

$7,

have

we

hectare.

per

about
of

$2,000
of

grove

scientifically handled
be

to

compensate

from

mating
Esti-

thousand
at

gold

per

saving

and

ten

cent

$80

GJ

output

the

manufacture

at

of

competition

fiber

every

per

field

conditions.

spinning

20

to

$50

outlay

be

profit might

of

husks

the

power,

have

about

the

With
and

of

adding

fertilizers

thousand

ten

of

cost

we

show

from

fiber

the
and

selling price,

of

the

enter

to

such

and

feeding

to

in

on

under

alone

residue

islands

goes

ji

draulic-crushing,
hy-

machinery,

hopefully

these

quintals

rating

by employing

eating, rasping,

the

may
in

sixteen

of

one

copra-buyers."
fiber

only

deeorti

culture,
Agri-

ing
"notwithstand-

steam-boiling

manufacture

the

in

that

uses,

it is

convert

to

that

opinion

of

Bureau

expected

to

pay

in

machinery

four

thousand

the

and
for

the

enhanced

plant

in

one

year.
Mr.

Lyon

thinks

the

that

"present

especially flattering attractions

capable
scale
of

of

copra

some

of

undertaking
magnitude.

{estimated

at

the
The

278,000

to

conditions
coeoanut

cultivation

ers
growa

upon

production

present

picuh

sent
pre-

in

1902)

is

IMPROVED

of

assurance

of
of

the

The

ultimate

of

the

by
for

the

is

$54

January
each

of

ton

is

is

are

will

products

21.00

in

profit

The
call

would

which
the

simple
tree

difficult

likely

the

represents

the

less

ton,

per

profitable operation

for

to

and
is

the

probably

occur

be

of
is

crop

subject

plantation

at

in

favor

greater

the

eocoannt.

least

trade
of

or

such
of

more

teed.
guaranfew

eases
dis-

numerous

demand
and

the

The

neither

features
the

by

practically

The

enlarging,

the

are

are

circumvent.

in

afforded

comparatively

to

enemies

its

continually
to

returns

cultivation

accidents,

is

for

were,

oils

agricultural enterprise

no

The

prices

jobbing

5-20

than

product

market

extent.

Philippines

or

The

refined

manufacture.

in

There

process

the

value

average

Marseilles

the

creased
in-

ippines
Phil-

the

in

The

ton.

be

$90.00

plant

acres

nor

of

eoap

of
a

assured

in

copra

nut,"

would

market

output.

the

of

cake

cost

300

local

English

difference

such

manufacture

fats

Press

of

the

for

tion
erec-

copra

Residual

The

of

the

of

1903,

Butter

the

of

per

3,

the

warrant

enterprise

an

cerhiiniy

grades

gold

plant

such

most

best

to

(the 'butter') products

prospects

of

modern

high-class

sufficient

supply

S15

METHODS.

for

changes
the

the
as

industry

planter.

"

316

THE

PHILIPPINES.

EXPENSE

ESTIMATED

PROFIT

AND

COCOANUT

IN

PLANTATION.

The

following
the

upon

conditions

culture

in

third

of

is

for

guide

different

the

of

basis

to

different

for

like

calculation,

the

on

systematic

as

figures

The

the

valued

grades,

in

provinces
about.

at

for

hectare

unimproved

United

$12.50

and

first, second

and

$25,

the

qucsrion

class, respectively.
it

Formerly
thousand

in

to

the

that

Plantations

five
the

upon

the

trees

thus

has

been

paid

apiece

at

the

years.

planter
each

planted
for

of

end
After

of

to

remains

them

at
a

that

five

hundred

the

tenant,

apportions
whom

plants

him.
in
rate

The
the
of

stipulated
time

more

it is
at

ient
conven-

larger,

or

the

upon

assigned

present,

computation.

hectares,

The

tenants,

section

of

about

trees

at

is, however,

units

worked

system.
between

thousand

twenty

and

out

plant

to

whereas,

It

area.

of

laid

three

former

the

use

practice

hectare,

place

to

most

the

was

to

customary

seven

district.

lands

three

per

the

lie

and

Laguna
to

accepted

those

chapters,

eocoanut

of

five

be

sometimes

these

La

approach

may

same

of

is based

profit

currency.

The

$5

the

in

others

States

district

nearest

It

and

vary

localities

the

and

outlay

planters, although

prospective

are

the

prevails.

districts

of

in

where

Tayabas,

all

estimate

the

are

ficiary,"
"bene-

or

the

estate

the

title

tenant

erally
gen-

trees

half

to

until

twenty-five

he

cents

period, generally
full

ownership

of

"

COCOANUT

the
The

owner

and

animals,

of

the

until
the

the

may

grow

crops

the

In

of

could

be

Omitting
of
trees

20
5

be
of

hectares
enrabao

fi.OOO
Interest

Taxes

lit
10

at
nt

look

Total

the

nuts

crop

goes

to

it.

If

one-third

tends

now

then

with

plantation

the

hut,

is

of

effected

such

planted

it

conditions

and

that

outlay

of

plenty

implements,

hectares

half

labor

hired

with

farm

Under

eight

land

land

at

upon

with

do

it

more

area.

twenty
five

tares
hec-

thousand

$500

$25

250

$10

2,500

to

are

follows:

as

per

prise
enter-

harvesting

industry,

after

per
cent,

thousand

trees

Investment

50

In vestment

on

of

three-eighths
of

Purchase

the

the

?50

at

seeds

of

receives

profitably.

labor,

charge.

transportation

the

first-class

will

of

labor-saving

lie

plant-

proprietor.

and

efficientlythan

If

for

cases

to

could

man

meanwhile,

without

made.

tenant

grove

between

stage

one-fifth

pares
pre-

the

the

spaces

fruitful

is

operating

operated

In

animals

the

the

unknown

animals

the

in

tenant

tends

and

hearing.

the

both

of

draft

one

seed

state

produced,

plan

quite

the

the

work;

remuneration

as

expense

The

of

fresh

output.
the

the

agreement

tenant

is

for

land.

the

seed, implements,

the

landowner's

the

beginning

in

eopra

is

into

new

sold

plants

of

proprietor

the

furnishes

come

the

he

land

necessary

using

in

trees

latter

With

the

land,

the

rows,

at

is vested

plantation

317

PLANTATION.

1
ut

per
25

cent

cents

for

seven

years.

500
15
02G

.$2,000

"

THE

316

The

which

the

as

the

of

grove

for

eight

and

the

current

deducting

local

will

the

fifteenth

of

output
thousand

the

of

sixty
grade

ninety,

plantation
having

of
nuts

will

up
a

thus

the

second

per

annum,

not

more

make

so

prietor
pro-

equal

an

will

each

nuts,
the

or

yearly
fifty

$4,500.

the

whilst

yield

and

and

of

from

class

sold

annual

an

hundred

value

gross

two

the

fifteen

bringing

four

to

of

thereafter

of

year

Thus,

are

of

and

only enjoyed

are

lands

income

tenants,

plantation

year

taken

thousand,

investment

harvests
of

returns

in

third

total

nuts,

These

Trees

six

be

these

per
the

enth
elev-

the

crop

If

of

an

of

growth.

afford

$10

his

on

give

annual

an

from

$2,000
In

amount.

of

shares

derive

of

income

will

but

maturity

annual

full

nuts.

price

one-fifth

will

yield

of

preceding

thousand

full

tree, may

per

year,

slowly,

the

average

trees

seventh

increase

calculation

years

the

when

fifty nuts
the

fifty

the

will

The

thousand

five

hundred

tree

is

in

years,

is reached.

basis

during

harvested

more

which

fair

at

seven

plants
year,

be

production

the

for

steadily,
of

will

first crop

after

PHILIPPINES.

best

give

lands.
age
aver-

an

uplands
than

of

half

the
that

quantity.
It

is

upon

the

yield

of

with

the

methods

provinces

possible

not

results
meat

of

copra

and

employed

the

of

calculation

because
varies

nuts

conditions

in

close

production,

thousand

one

per

locality

under

to

growth

manufacture.

consideration,

however,

four

the

greatly
and

the

In

the

piculs

"

COCOANUT

(a picul

is

yield

basis

local

tenants'

one-third

$7,200,

and

the

cost

have

of

$4

per

from

first

land

class

picul.'!,
having

picul.
the

Deduct

total

the
of

receipts

of

income

gross

transportation

before

returns

animals,

and

that

to

manufactured
will

roads
be

be

and

brought

is

in

amounts

the

profit

net

all copra

present

may

of

of

hundred

eight

shares

we

sand
thou-

one

per

for

$4,800

planter.
The

of

hectares

twenty

value

pounds)

estimate.

thousand

one

present

137%

to

conservative

this

Upon
will

equivalent
is

nuts

313

PLANTATION.

down

much

as

article.
reduced

with

minimized

fortunate

to

enough

the

to

be

the

coast

this

the

tapped by

of

item

an

the

system

districts
the

riage
car-

price

is

of

pack

of

the

extension
for

At
on

expense

one-fourth

shortly

these

determined.

the

However,

of

out

come

be

can

instances

some

as

must

that

railroad.

"

"

"

VIII.
AGRICULTURE.

(continued.)

Method

of
Rice"

Coffee

Culture

Cacao

Cultivation

Statement
and

of

Sixteen

The

Filipino

Coffee

Methods

the

cultivation
last

place
the

is

production
and

the

for

revival

that

of

regards

as

The

Jose

the

and

the

to

the

to

-..-.

"..*-

it

the

is

of

since

but

off

until

of

the

than

of

the

Cavite,

quantity
In

at

of

part

Katangas,

more

the

nent
promi-

greater

center

an

hopedpossible
both

production,

quantity.
planter

influence

and
of

growing
account

fallen

of

pelago
Archi-

part

Philippines,

Mindanao.

industry

quality

whose

for

systematic

attained

The

from

the

to

early

considerable

prominent

Luz,

the

provinces
a

came

the

gradually

the

be

most

impetus

of

nominal.

will

Benguet

Field

Its

it had

eighties

whilst

grade

The
"

introduced

in

has

in

was

Nfpa

Agriculture

Laborer

missionaries.

exports

merely

Tayabas,

inferior

the

output

it

present

ucts,
Prodand

Philippine

been

commenced
In

in

Bamboo

of
as

have

to

was

Expenses

Minor
"

Islands.

Spanish

century.

1889

the

appears

by

of

Cacao

Teosinte"

Considered

in

of

"

Detailed

Estimate

Zacate,

Primitive

Americans

Coffee

Beoguet

Possibilities-"

Hectares

"

"

Its

Plantation

Maize,

The

of

"

of

Indigo,

Promise
and

Cacao

Income

Palm

The

"

of

his

in

Batangas

example
the
son,

Don

was

gave

berry.

We

Hon.

Simeon

great
debted
in-

are

Luz,
(323)

THE

the

As

of

details

OF

preparation

to

seed

the

of

sufficient

reached

for

coffee

to

the

regulate

this

The

product.
the

and

the

than

with

in

and

The

madre

de

will

September,

in

the

shirk
of

before

the

the

tages
advan-

avoided

is

trees

dense

shade

is

profits

from

the
time

and

cacao

to

amount

three

October,

of

of

and

fruition

less

of

laying

one

"by
may

to

the

fertility

twelve

coffee,

crops

that

average

from

about

for

According

plantation

cost

it

opinion

years."

yield

for

caring

the

The

plant gives

order

in

cultivators

the

of

cost

care,

hectare.

protecting

be.

two

vogue,

vening
inter-

questionable

expresses

or

good

per

labor,

in

methods

one

in

piculs

Luz

modern

advanced

will,

the

Mr.

adopting

methods

would

offset

but

year,

weeds

shade

the

removed

two

usually elapse

years

plantation

be

of

growth,

have

deterioration

checking

of

it otherwise

Six

has

in
the

cureless

lar
regu-

trees

out

them

consequent

neglect

trouble

of

at

requisite

time

to

Many

with

set

tion
planta-

sown

young
the

are

some

is

afford

to

time

and

the

district.

Lipa

of

cacao

the

which

shade.

precaution

de
year

From

pruned

are

the

establishment

height

spaces.
trees

the

of

most

OULTl

madre

plants,

in

culture

COI-'FKK

After

intervals.

for

Batangas,

coffee

METHOD

the

the

of

Governor

present

following

PHILIPPINES.

to
out

including

twenty
one

tare
hec-

material

$1)0.
"

in

between

November,

August
but

and
per-

"

MBTHOB

should

this

haps

The

of

draws

the

of

the

the

to

his

of

the

to

the

utmost

handles,

in

the

and

the

of

weight

berries
in

inflicted

damage

the

Of

Unfortunately

he

great

as

regard

without

with

remuneration

produce

secure

holds

so

fruit.

the

plantation.

receives

vester
har-

process.
The

for

method

usual

them

until

have

they
of
of

one

the

sometimes
hard

become

The
of

is

caring
culture
a

twelve
matter

thirty

enough

and

of

cost

coffee

and

for

lie

to

for

fifty
a

per

twenty
of

hectare.

piculs

fact, the

and

fair

The

of

actual

varies

with
average

should

crop

berries

figures

per
are

berries

the

sorting
cost

one

of

they
while.
mean-

picul

weeding

the
is
run

hectare,
more

is

ing.
reform-

in

rot

The

need

before

to

tion
ac-

This

fifty days

cents.

it.

to

the

The

apt

are

plantation

devoted

year

to

resist

wasteful.

airing, sifting,

about

that

then

bilaran,

cleaning.

industry
and

tedious

in

to

berries

and

called

enough

is used
the

the

pile

to

enclosure,

which

of

both

is

they ferment,

hard

become

features
is

whilst

cement

pestle

the

It

in

drying

of

hours

twenty-four
spread

to

followed

is to

possible

as

$5

unless

one-fifth

inducement

of

method,

est
high-

the

and

hook

gathering

coffee-picker

form

with

the

as

reached,

whilst

injury

works

care,

down

but,

be

cannot

tree

vest.
har-

continuous

one

foot

his

this

course

the

them

with

as

picked by hand,

is

325

CULTURE.

COFFEE

considered

be

berry

brunches

them

OF

degree
perhaps
from

but,

as

generally

"

THE

323

from

six

to

This

ten.

failure

in

PHILIPPINES.

due

is

reduce

to

shiftlessness,

to

the

as

ing,
weed-

inefficient

.-hade,

hibited
ex-

etc.

The

coffee

gas

secured

prices
in

in

1899

the

"Manila

market

ranged

from

of

unscientific

for

$12.50

Batan-

$17.50

to

per

picul.
It

is

significant

methods

in

trees

the

that

of

damage

damage

seeking
could

believe

remedy

cause

plantations.
and

fear

of

of

the

total

the
all

the

Lipa

it

of

1880,

that

the

to

observed

was

the

evil

and

crop

he

plants throughout

all

the

not

fee
cof-

tions
plantasaw

year
of

death

the

did

surprise

That

the

"this

of

all

that

or

bothered

great

attacked.

were

more

one

no

since

Luz,

destruction

complete
in

Mr.

that

an

done

the

coffee

the

planters

had

quote

for

of

almost

territory

which

comprises."
this

years

trunks.

achievement

later
The

quickly
the

But

province

coffee

After
two

all,

loss

To

year.

the

and

small, however,

so

industries

to

culture

haphazard

destroyed

known

coffee

and

the

which

worms

been

every

was

about

the

had

1889

inception

less

all

characterize

that

Philippines

the

budding

of

leaves.

the

lands

put

of

hopes

their

for
trees

Thoroughly

revival

them

of

disappeared

worms

the

under

the

from

sprang

shattered, however,

of

coffee

branches

new

revivification

upon

the

the

planters

were

with

blight appeared

discern

raged

industry,
the

denuded

simultaneously
the

and

plough

the

and

owners

and

spairing
deof

planted

"

THE

PROMISE

and

rice,

sugar,

the

of

adapted

is of

product
with
the

for

figures,

is

is

the

In
the

The

the

upon
or

gold

plantations
and

cared

is

caring

figure
an

now

for

for

by

growers

average

in

the

to

coffee

profit
of

of

they

impossible

on

sex

the

are

years

that

should

suitable

but

it
far

so

the
net

ten

labor

As

cost

entirely
hacienda,

to

required

been

odd

at

occupied,

of

making

or

mated
esti-

usually

civilized
coffee

the

coffee

planted

and

is

cents

these

otherwise

the

loss,

of

women,

not

estimate

for

have

province
by

able
profit-

most

five

kind

plantation,

and

labor

laborer.

were

who

five

the

obstacle

depend

from

the

upon

is

climate

obtaining

of

cost

; the

and

only
a

will

average

mostly

when

moments

it

will

and

age

labor

profitable

the

"the

of

experts

Americans.

cultivation

The

purposes

and

the

ably
favor-

supply,
; and

Pack,

of

question

of

province

the

years

difficulty

day, depending

the

and

the

plant

highly

at

of

coffee

individual.

ranch,

berry,

Governor

is

industry

the

the

Europeans

making

admirably

opinion
in

many

for

one

coffee.

are

of

the

excess

for

of

of

way

labor.

in

so

words

the

in

Benguet

remain

to

Benguet

appeared

greatly

in

sand
thou-

quality, comparing

Java

never

delightful

in

and

in

COFFEE.

growth

exceptional

an

has

demand

in

successful

Mocha

blight

likely

conditions

the

to

remains

BEHOUET

OF

327

hectare

one

plantations

PROMISE

natural

COFFEE.

BENGUET

Hardly

corn.

former

THE

The

OF

owner

trees

as

to

after

twenty-

"

THE

five
six

feet

It
in

to-day
should

the

make

of

profit

about

invested.

Allowance

bad

and

years

deduction

to

fifth
of
a

without

labor

material

does

of

In

any

be

than

more

confidently
the
of

source

Planters

of

also

blight.

likeliest

the

This
137

would

Mi

the

field
give

that

the

which

of

this

looking

once

to

measures

Meanwhile
for

the

approximately

in

since

of

is

plan,
should

tion
transportathe

railroad.

conducting

coffee

in

result

will

against
lienguet
production
$12

periments
ex-

and

Lipa,
be

to

the

instate
re-

chief

district.
for

Bureau

from

one-

price

wages

prosperous

this

duction
pro-

share

formerly

was

of

The

the

opening

of

erally
gen-

greatly,

in

kind

is

least

at

on

Agriculture

special

preventive

and

worms

of

industry

are

of

follow

believed

wealth

system

reduction

the

fair

it

outlay.

done

is

by

Bureau
a

But

enhancement

offset

with
it is

work

will

Insular

calculation

recent

which

cost

The

the

the

case

the

affect

not

large part

of

for

probably

is

increase

capital

made

be

augmented

be

might

crop

wo\ild

the

on

improved

an

picul

per

methods

contingency.

under

cavan*

$12

at

cent,

cent,

at

pounds."

however,

per

that

that

the

per

market

gold

present

must,

cover

in

coffee

sixteen

twenty

conceded

with

under

grower

the

$7.50

to

be

may

sixty-seven

that,

appear

Manila,

$6

about

trees

soils

coffee

from

at

weigh

would

These

year.
This

apart.

Benguet
which

eaeh

gold

cents

PHILIPPINES.

the

inroads
to

seems

of

to

the

the

$15

covery
disof

offer

berry.
a

picul

pounds.

"

330

THE

and

berry

allow

The

it and

high

too

to

entire

and

has

has

and

probably

its power

The

of

price

added

for

for
It

is

the
its

product,

certain

of the

will

be

intervening
the

solution
to

find

but

have

supply
increased

doing

all

in

industry amongst,

would

the

with

high

scale

these

be

of

the

values

of

for

superior

of

would

since

Manila

should

in

selling

practice

and

lines

problem

importation

and

wages,
with

tations
quo1899.

production,

the

rail

before

labor

in

we

individiial,

higher

and

be

during
or

much

higher

by

connected

the

when

the

to

should

Manila,

presumably

of

provinces

picul

company,

returns,

for

equivalent

Manila

large

possible

payment

is

per

in

secure

greater

in

it

Company

to

coffee

wo\ihl

of

$1

well

fairly

economies

permit

is

the

where

These

Government

the

by

limited

Tabacalera

that

These

grade.

the

to

market.

Spain,

io

with

compare

which

taken

somewhat

carriage

certain

market

open

guet

of

upon

been

plantation,

Batangas

almost

operating

the

which

figures

due

the

picul,

cost

ready

prices.

encourage

by

on

per

lent
excel-

of

province.

paid

$15

to

and

the

coffee

Eenguet

Insular

foster

to

found

fancy
been

mate
esti-

an

is

highlands

shipped

decline

The

natives

have

and

have

we

explanation.

heretofore

measure

production.

$12

always

commanded

in

bean,

without

haa

doubtless
will

dried

in

difference

cent,

per

Benguet

Company

always

the

the

the

output

Tabacahrra

fifty

accept

of

product
quality

The

the

for

between

weight

PHILIPPINES.

Ben-

and
in

are

not

the

print,
be

ficult
dif-

field-hands.

"

the

Rice,
the

Philippines,

grown

more

which

in
that

For

many
hut

export,

since
and

quantities,

rice

the

to

The

carried

which

the

cultivators

probably

most

in
in

into

ground

several

Philippines,

but

macan,

former

is

The

white

grain predominates,

large proportion
eighty

and
one,

will
but

grains.

of

sometimes
paga
On

seed

the

mainly
of
for

the

provinces
rice

natives

"

has

sulted
re-

have

erally
gen-

by

account

the

ting
put-

and

produces

hand,

more

upland

which

ill
ways

one

more

than

the

contains

returns

for
as

in

the

heads,

or

paga,

quality

crop

in

general

two

Mac-art

high

as

raised

grain

paga

grain.

seldom

of

thousands

of

the

whilst

run

other

of

finer

in

cavans

due

many

better

rice,

much

red

ican
Amer-

depended

under

come

rice.

off

large

produce.

lowland

or

of

of

purchases

been

the

to

species

they

in

has

In

for

gain,

in

period

abandonment

higher-priced

are

namely,

the

their

the

years

fields.

"

positive

turned

There

their

and

article

imported

increase

which

of

average

in

so

of

occupation

important

been

large

the

creditably.

rinderpest,

preparation

:i

has

industry

most

an

is

pelago.
Archi-

pleasure

recent

upon

the

greatest

during

carabao,

it

it

of

people,

of

to-day

(lie

particularly

occupation.
foreign

is

was

1876

Oriental

himself

rice

natives

agricultural

finds

acquits

the

province

culture

years

of

most

earliest

rice

he

of

food

every

'Filipino

which

of

is

in

the

and

the

in

less

was

Islands,

it

as

or

It
the

article

staple

of

one

an

on

seed,

Imndred
than
one

to

forty
crop

is

"

fields

generally
rice

under

four

the

to

and

The
the

five

or

ten

roots

order

shoots

have

fifteen

inches

they

and

is

treated

the

soil

is

it

forms

until

flooded

plough

thickly

reached

sown

height

pulled

are

the

by

up

manner

muddy

irrigation
is

it is then

develops;

In

land

The

row
har-

mass.

artificial

to.

a3

with

up

result

inflorescence

same

worked

resorted

be

until

in

this

accomplish

sometimes

must

the

and

water

the

water

to

with

land
low-

for

transplanted,

bed,

under

of

beds

seed

mashed

inches

paddy-field

seed

The

three.

upland

whilst

lowlands,

thoroughly

When

from

the

give

are

broadcast.

of

from

harvested

rarely

kept

allowed

dry.

to

The
and

field

upland

harrowings

then

each

of

prepared
the

during

it.

upon

of

small

instrument.
needed

is

to

by

early
In

holes

About
sow

ploughings
The

rains.

four

which

made

are

of

into
with

unhulled

land

of

is

ing
sow-

grains

pvcul

one

seed

localities

or

hectare

several

some

three

by dropping

number

bamboo

rice

is

directly

sown

is effected

PHILIPPINES.

THE

332

of

either

character.

Lowland
of

the

rainy

later.
to

lie

The
is

rice

It
in

cut

field

process

carried
use

out

flails

of

and

May

harvested

at

tin; commencement
about

with

sickles, bundled,

until

dry.

separating

in
;

in

sown

season,

is

the

is

various

others

resort

the
ways.
to

months

and

allowed

from

grain
Some

their

four

feet.

the

small
The

straw

vators
culti-

grain

"

333

RICE.

is

pounded

then

shallow

through

twelve

La

Cavite,

Bulacan,
Sur

producing

district

chief

(the

contains

Pangasinan

gros.

The

north.

of

cavans

grain

is from

return

The

as

during
of

hectares,

land

that

the
is

ratio

of

there

forty

and

In

$3

at

the
and

rate
one

be
to

Santa

Nein

the

eighty

uplands

land

of

$1.50

per

cavan

of

seed

the

the

thousand

balance

made

to

de

are

of

of

rice

the

to

and

estate

in

produce

the

province

same

San

is

area

seventy-five,

The

at

this

of

the

at

thousand

cavans

In

is

insurgents

eighteen

yields

one.

Cruz
the

of

third

plantations

provinces

some

at

one.

perhaps
notable

the

hundred

one

third

another

could

arc

Malabon

yields

which

upland,

lands

returns

thirteen

of

One

fifty to

remainder

and

Archipelago

the

contains

upwards

choice

seed

It

1896.

cultivation.

of

in

headquarters

the

rice

one

rice

in

the

sixty grains.

to

under

Camarinea

Panay),

best

seed

part),

Luzon),

province

of

farm

which

of

the

this

one

rice

famous

Cavite

for

forty

Snest

Imus,

of

macan

Pampanga,

(southern

southern

(Island

rice,

pelago
Archi-

the

Batangas,

of

Islands, Capiz

Visayan

in

Ecija,

Laguna,

from

cleaning

sections

Zambales

ber
num-

charge

for

Nueva

portion),

(northern

which

cavan

per

however,

are,

Luzon

Pangasinan,

are

Tarlac

cents

rice

principal

The

in

finally aifted

and

mortar
There

mills

fourteen

to

wooden

baskets.

threshing

of

in

in

Francisco

de

Malabon.
is

prepared

hectare,
per

and

hectare

under
for
are

tract
con-

ing
harvestallowed.

"

THE

334

the

Or,

cutting

former

whichthe
The
with

has

annum

per

the

on

such

might

produce

CACAO

is
but

highly

in

The

in

and

in

the

there

find

elsewhere,
first

class, if

Many

sections
to

and

the

for
not

ready

the

of

the

for

falls

short

of

industry

surplus
market

for
in

the

is

domestic

United

the

the

the

States
to

best.

very

plant,

it

as

by manufacturers
to

sumed
con-

exportation,
the

of

late
choco-

expand,

Archipelago
of

the
seed

cacao

is

present

at

All

supply.

is

yield

it

all

at

plant

the

the

demand

pelago
Archi-

it raised

where

quite equal

cultivation

is

cultivation

it is admitted

of

the

throughout

the
is

ities,
facil-

POSSIBILITIES.

Philippine

Should

to, until

adapted

the

islands

requirements.

will

of

with

large operation

localities

the

excess

from

produced

be

few

intelligent

quality

considerably

and

that

railroad

and

ITS

widespread

only

tions.
condi-

better, results,

even

profitable occupation

excellent

product

or

ever,
how-

arc,

quite probable

AND

found

extensively.

ought

good,

as

cent,

per

favorable

available,

be

soon

which

to

They

machinery,

CULTIVATION

Cacao

modern

will

as

is

it

thirty

exceptionally

Nevertheless,

vary
farina

about

of

bundles,

culture
Cavite

of

rate

latter,four

capital engaged.

under

capital,

rice

net

the

at

thousand
the

The

made

been

worked

ample

and

of

returns

for

per

conditions.

differing

reference

cents

yield two,

and

cost

contracted

be

may

toST1/;

25cents

from

PHILIPPINES.

are

and

perfectly
with

im-

"

methods

proved
quality

of

The

the

plant

cacao

is of

is

of

Turkish

in
it

forest
is

worked

the

general

it

great

depth

is
it

left

being

to

but

varieties

substituted

the

the

criollo

"

the

better

qualities

commercial

value.

advantage

disease,

and

and

in

which
On

point

to

which

the

bitter,

of

compatibility

to

other

abaca

will

The

porary
tem-

and

give

hand,

environment.

roots

furnish

two

are

the

pelago
Archi-

former

The
is

fifth

or

There

yield, vigor,
to

for

and

in

is

It

banana

they

forastero.

combine

Drainage

stalks

cultivation

the

trees,

fourth

nitrogen.

is less

flavor,

in

general

in

eacao

the
the

out,

ground,

land

profit.

until

grubbed

is

The

place.

where

with

maintained

upon

of

districts

in

heavy

shade

takes

ditions,
con-

the

field.

fruiting

the

set

possible

possible.

as

planting

fertilizer, rich

useful

the

before

be

may

when

year,

cured

necessary

custom

shade

has

but

the

tions
Planta-

that

course,

everything

shelter,

temporary
grow

of

small

from

best

the

dug

are

the

clearings enjoy

as

in

mountains.

or

the

atmosphere

sheltered

around

to

soil

of

the

standing

remains

ditches

hills

ment
environ-

planted

be

and

being understood,

of

in

it should

by high

forest

cleared

and

thrives

draught

from
wind

prevailing

and

bath,

free

sot

Cacao

character

the

of

growth

physical

and

importance,

next

consideration.

valleys

climate

superior

enhanced.

be

successful

the

to

suitable

least
a

both

may

essential

prime

large profits and

present

product

the

335

CULTIVATION.

CACAO

easily

more

it

higher

forastero
freedom

has

from

In

gen-

"

336

THE

the

eral, then,
in

but

certain

be

A
which

for

ready
in

being

in

and

when

they

twelve

feet,
the

fruit

depends

easily

torn

the

slightest

bark.

be

This

gathered

and

makes

borers,

careful

is

dry

the

should

delicate

and

season,

with

or

laborer

The
the

aid

be

five-inch
and

of

the

offers
it

is

is

tree

only
sary
neces-

the

to

The

operation.

the

of

the

at

fruit

pods

mencement
com-

continues

should

extension

allowed

to

directly

injury

secured

generally

months.

two

by hand,

that

avoid

to

ten

pods

and

six

out.

from

wood

so

fully
care-

to

strong

character,

pruning

crop

during

Never

to

are

Its

The

control

receptacles

of

too

wind.

lings,
seed-

planted

setting

heavy

none

to

three

branches.

spongy

extremely

abundant

ripen

high

from

of

crop

stems

resistance

of
to

by

the

height

main

from

soft

very

to

most

off

its

and

trunk

to

min,
ver-

arc

shoots

for

and

and

seeds

The

of

account

resort

tubes,

ready

seed

depositing

care

The

for

be

grows

bears

and

from

is of

will

plant

cacao

close

shaded

watered

months,

under

soil.

nursery.

insects

always

bamboo

or

the

on

will

free, light

in

predatory

pots,

criollo

prevail,

hazardous

very

kept

latter,

conditions

from

or

transplanting.

small

set

The

be

may

where

consists

planter

the

to

profit.

which
is

given

cultivation

numerous

careful

he

stake,"

"at

field,

of

its

greater

done

the

of
to

with

presence

singly

Mindanao,

method,

in

directly

until

districts

is

former

the

should

raised

Planting
The

preference

favorable

perfectly
may

PHILIPPINES.

to

be
ters.
cut-

climb

"

THE

333

It

is, however,
as

The

amount

the

limit

of

land

such

tract

undoubtedly

be

The

yield

in

The

one-fourth
the

twenty-five
at

No

per

the

but

would

that

of

cost

made

the

be

p.re

third

and

given,

for

receipts
the

to

from

operation

capital
fourth

the
side
until

but

years,

proposition

the

cacao

the

open

catties,
or

no

given
hands

of

increase

order

in

to

rive
ar-

localities.

many

the

on

the

supervise

for

given

arc

to

the

farm

further

in

is

sumption
as-

erty.
prop-

INCOME.

account

crops

of

it

product

are

management,

AND

but

little

labor

necessary

would

owner

of

cost

two

with

labor

for

EXPENSES

Charges

The

the

at

wages

probably

cent,

is

the

as

in

fixed

unskilled

over

present

allowance

for

prices

of

cacao

tree

Congress

kilo, which

of

is

upon

determined,

per

tree

of

price

cents

for

advance

Visayas,

be

grade

per

based

entry.

The

best

estimate

conservative

cultivation.

land

low.

the

for

Act

by

cannot

forty-eight

at

figure

market.

at

prescribed

cepted
ac-

planters.

is

hectares,

be

may

by prospective

single public

and

correct,

sixteen

current

farm,

calculated

is

guide

of

of

procuring
would

substantially

reliable

size

the

PHILIPPINES.

no

current

trees

the

begin

sufficient

expenses
to

ond,
sec-

expenses

contemplates
defray

the

of

bear.

"

EXPENSES

ESTIMATE

INCOME

AND

OF

EXPENSES

OF

INCOME

AND

IIECTAEES

OF

FIRST

330

CACAO.

SIXTEEN

OF

CACAO.

YEAR.

account:

Capital

Clearing
$15

at

Four

brush

average

and

timber

land,

hectare

per

mrabaih

$340.00
barrows,

plows,

cultivators,

etc.

carts,

550.00

and

Breaking

land,

preparing

$5

at

per

hectare

80.00

Opening

main

drainage

at

canals,

$6

per

06.00

hectare
Tool

house

and

Purchase
at
Seed

planting

and
2

cents

shoots,

abaca

10,000

200.00

each

rearing,

purchase,
trees,

caeao

200.00

store-room

at

and

Contingent

12,000

planting

and

each

cents

360.00
174.00

incidental

""$2,000.00

Interest

$200.00

investment

on

Depreciation

tools,

on

(20

cent,

per

buildings,

of

and

mals
ani150.00

cost)

$350.00
YEAR.

THIRD

Interest

$200.00

investment

on

J)c]ii'i'i.'i;U.io!i us

100.00

above

$350.00

Interest

Depredation
Building
capacity

$200.00

investment

on

as

of

drying
20,000

150.00

above
house

and

sweat

boxes,
450.00

kilos

"
"

Total

capital

invested

"

$800.00

$3,500.00

"

THE

Income

PHILIPPINES.

account:

From

11,680

each,

kilos

3,500

300

trees,

cacao

at

48

cacao

grams

$1,680.00

cents

account:

Expense
Fixed

interest

and

investment
Taxes

1^

cent,

per

basis

depreciation

of

on

$350.00
on

$250

one-third

tion
valua-

hectare

per

pruning,

Cultivating,

charges

$3,500

of

00.00

at

etc.,

$5.50

per
88.00

hectare
at

Fertilizing,

Harvesting,

10

06.00

hectare

per

curing,
at

cacao,

$0

cents

kilos

3,500

packing,
kilo

per

350.00
86.00

Contingent

$1,030.00

Credit

Income

$650.00

balance

11,680

From

each,

cacao

at

trees,

cacao

equals

5,840

kilos

500
at

grams
48

$2,808.20

cents

account:

Expense
Fixed

depreciation

and

interest

charges

as

$350.00

above
Taxes

as

Cultivating,
Fertilizing,

etc.,
at

$8

etc.,

Harvesting,
eents

60.00

above

per

kilo

as

88.00

above

per

5,840

128.00

hectare
kilos

cacao,

at

10
584.00
93.20

Contingent

$1,303.20

Credit

balance

$1,500.00

"

EXPENSES

Income

INCOME

AND

OF

341

CACAO.

account:

From

11,(180

cacao

each,

equals

cacao

account

Expense
Fixed

as

kilos,

8,700

at

grams
48

54,204.80

cents

churffps

$3.10.

above

lis

etc.,

160.00

hectare

i"er

kilos,

8,780

of

etc.,

88.00

above

as

.$10

at

Fertilizing,

10

at

cents
876.00

kilo

per

"X)

60.00

above

Cultivating,

Harvest,

750

at

interest

Taxes

trees,

170.80

Contingent

$1,701.80

"

Credit

$2,500.00

balance

YEAB.

EIGHTH

account

Income
From

11,680

kilo

at

trees,

48

at

eacn,

$5,006.00

cents

Expense

account

Fixed

interest

Taxes

as

cUiirjiOH

"s

(350.00

above

60.00

above

etc.,

Cultivation,

Fertilizing,
Harvest,

'"

$12.50

at

11,680

etc.,

88.00

above

as

per

kilos,

200.00

hectare
at

10

cents

per

1,108.00

kilo

240.00

Contingent

$2,106.00

Credit

Income

account

From

11,680

equals

$3,500.00

balance

trees,

14,600

at

kilos

catties

each,

at

(1.25
48

kilo),

cents
.

$7,008.00

"

THE

342

account

Expense

and

interest

Fixed

PHILIPPINES.

depreciation

charges

as

$350.00

abovfe
at

Taxes,

1^4

of

tion

cent,

per

$500

Cultivation,

per

etc.,

Fertilizing,

120.00
88.00
240.00

hectare

per

kilos,

14,000

etc.,

Harvesting,

vaiu-

above

as

$15

at

one-third

on

hectare

10

at

cents
1.400.00

kilo

per

250.00

Contingent

$2,508.00

tenth

the

Iii

taxes,

approximate

$126

per

ninth

$60

than

more

the

while

improbable
or

it

the
is

cost

that

tolerably

that

either

operation,
certain

of

should

based

that

based

the

can

the

and

original
be

the

upon

whilst

cost

per

materially

yield

estate,

disadvantage

whatever,
the

upon

the

of

are

at

are

somewhat

ever,
stated, how-

be
are

the

from

and

management

culture

any

of

or

capitalization

expenses

income,

or

trees

without

being

equal

hectare,

per

acre,

expenses

scientific

returns,

from

revenue

per

It

acre.

operating

and

systematic

the

to

would

original

operating
per

the

that

$1)0

nearly

annual

year

show

further
of

cost

account

yield,

estate

This

$312

than

more

the

of

$5,000.

in

acre.

tables

These

of

rather

of

profits

in

increase

no

increase

slight

net

amount

dividend

about

the

bring

to

be

should

there

year

fertilizers, and

or

sufficient

$4,500.00

balance

Credit

may

be

of

it is
acre,

reduced,
increased

"

considerably

beyond

Cameroons,

and

indisputable
pounds,
trees

or

claimed

As

Mr.

in

the

the

culture

in

Whilst
of

the

salary,

culture
be

The

as

ing
grow-

and
to

the

by

that

energy
bear

the

upon

future

in

of

young

hurricane,

cacao

when

that

in

or,

arc

or

the

other

twenty

parrots.
at
trees

least
are

money
should

is

cacao

vestigations
in-

recent

facilitate

dangers,

calculate

to

numerous,

and

of

the

cess
suc-

possible

will

reduce

profits

plants,

to

its details

although

prudent

five,

calculated

and

and

than

of

cultivation

much

revealed

year

account

no

management

The

expense.

the

taken

indispensable

knowledge

bugs, monkeys,

destroy

cacao

determined

be

enterprise,

enemies

worms,

is

good

corporation investing

or

more

bad
the

and

in
no

one

say,

from

has

experienced

most

harzardous

would

be

eslimate

without

have
the

it

between

difference

bringing

it would

individual

an

sparing

very

of

foregoing

the

without

the

borne

have

experience,

capable

industry

secure

four

and

pounds,

six

on

question."

manager's

in

is

the

that

will

knowledge,

planter

of

Carolines

Mindanao

"the

Philippines

of

the

the

stated

are

excess

profits arising

enormous

In

seed.

remarks,

Lyon

amount

of

pounds

and

returns

in

single plants

ten

as

and

five

in

In

^343

tree.

trees

yield

catties.

give

to

CACAO.

per

Congo,
to

three

over

that

much

French

in

OF

catties

two

authority

said

are

INCOME

AND

KM'KXfiES

it

upon,

words,

to

count
dis-

cent.

per
and

include

Drought,
prevent

laden,

will

may
crop,

strip

"

THE

344

of

them

fruit.

For

to

one

and

prospective
tills

in
that

by
into

put

three

of

such

receipts

from

outlay

an

MINOR

TRODUCTS,

Indigo

from

the

loss

of

the

extended
say

which

the

Chinese
bad
manner.

aniline

name

of

for

of

for

dyes

dyes,

jobbers,

the

to

the

is

gross

years

ago

good

the
ence
presthe
such

economy.

TEOSTNTE.

considerable

$150,000)

over

produced

in

attributed

that
The

coal

tar, that

is

adulterations

have

percha
the

the

to

subjected

was

by-the-way,
gutta

to

consumption.

from

product

Philippine

Twenty-five

home

indigo

and

who,

of

venture.

case

any

in

it if

enhance

ultimate

is still

derived

$5,000

the

ZACATE,

value

and

to

in

exported

the

to

Philippine

for

nature

ported
sup-

during

although

but

time

only

deficit

MAIZE,

one

market

use

small

ihe

paid

were

abaca;

provinces

now

of

expected

the

1892

Ilocos

section, but

in

capital

reinforce

to

be

ISDIGO,

at

was

quantities (in

to

shade

certain,

so

instance,

perhaps,

might

be

large

success

years

man

would

be

any

extremely

for

currency,

for

plantation.

profits

$5,000

the

aa

The

so

For

another

would

the

cacao

are

not

gamble

investment

local

four

or

eventual

insure

there

sheer

reserve.

with

$1,500

or

manager
first

ample

would

$750,

the

splendid

cacao,

necessary',
If

and

an

into

and

crop

however,

returns,

offers

be

ommend
rec-

persons

some

side

as

capital

industry

it

reasons

it would

all his

put

these

only

cacao

dependence,

PHILIPPINES.

to

by

the

created
in

product

the

same

of

Ilocos

"

THE

346

adaptability

has

high

grows

as

stems

are

yield

to

twelve

as

of

feet

from

from

the

the

domestic

Filipinos

the

principal being
of
The

which

entire

bamboos

thatch.

the

The

and

the

is
are

used

of

with

formed

of

usually

of

bamboo

doors,

the

the
works
frame-

material.

of
of

together

for

people.

this

constructed

employment

bound

tor
fac-

purposes,

houses,

made

strongly

floors
is

rule

the

Oriental

all

of

out
through-

important

an

useful

many

roof

material

same

is

firmly

and

rattan,

as

without

are

to

is

of

construction

are

edifice
and

products

it

acre.

per

luxuriantly

plant

economy

put

found

PAI.M.

grow

This

ern
south-

the
been

fifty tons

to

seventy

to

In

it has

NIl'A

bamboo

Archipelago.

in
The

AND

sixty

seed.

States

twenty

of

species

from

single

BAMBOO

Several

and

United

the
of

erops

It

satisfactorily demonstrated.

been

produced

portion

PHILIPPINES.

vegetable
nail.

The

bejuco,

nipa

or

cogon

the

and

window,

or

shutters,

rest.

Bamboo

is
of

variety

converted

of

domestic

which

it

does

not

diameter

Nipa,

height
of
or

of

sasa,

that

important

Cauayang

is
grows

that

more

twenty

very
in

useful

marshy

to

appears

play

than

more

there
industrial

an

number

greatest

utility or

called

variety

the

indeed,

purposes;

species

The

to

be

no

in

occupation,
part.
sometimes

totoo
twelve

and

tains
at-

and

meters

centimeters.

palm

of

localities.

fern-like

pearance,
ap-

It reaches

"

METHODS

PRIMITIVE

of

height

which

leaves
for
or

roofs

vino,

is

of

are

liquor,

for

natives

which

THE

there

the

sap,

nipa wine,

of

is

of

purpose

METHODS

it

are

sumed
con-

groves
the

securing

demand.

unlimited

an

long

obtainable,

Extensive

beverage.

for

PRIMITIVE

the

of

are

large quantities

as

cultivated

they

From

buildings.

347

off clusters

throws

wherever

used,

distilled,and
the

nipa

and

meters

are

the

by
of

four

AGRICULTURE.

OF

PHILIPPINE

OF

AGEICULTUKE.

In
the

and

energy
work.

and

from

his

oldest

and

maximum

and

cultivated
no

China

carabao,

rudest

moderate

brought

It

the

short

be

said

of

with

that

greater

labor

of

far

islands

in

that,

in

even

the

than

his

of

the

all

the

modern

could

areas

of

grade
is

other

any

falls

may

much

tive
compara-

from

hut

the

upon

better

than

of

degree

bear

to

obtains

he

of

be

crops

applied

now

to

operations.
ancient

almost

the

improvement

expenditure

restricted

from

of

appliances

with

more

The

are

occupation,

agricultural pursuits

at

used

paddy-field

possibilities.

methods

often

agricultural industry,

of

favorite

is

Filipino

the

Perhaps

branch

and

than

more

no

intelligence

results

antiquated,

implements

The

description,

are

in

followed

agriculture

of

Islands

Philippine

haphazard.

methods

the

general,

wooden
centuries

universal,
and

does

use.

little

that

plough
is

ago

It
more

still

is

in

drawn

than

was

introduced

general,
by

scratch

the

in

fact

leisurely

ground.

"

348

wooden

the

supplement

may

plough.
crop

insure

Since
made

the

of

modern

established

Most

The
which

anything
carabao
The
is

capacity
place

suaded
The
concise

carabao,

be

Guia

useful

Oficial
of

description
or

found
occupy

the

these

water

by

islands.

to

think

of

of

Oriental

Filipino

this

the

Spaniards
There

are

that

be

met.

country,

but

could
all

gives

be
in

most

when

true

few

animals

it

pur-

and
"The

ruped
quad-

notable

they

the

all.

animal.

remarkable
is

in

it

in

is not

Filipinos

de

excellent

carabao

farmer

quadruped

power.

an

easily
the

ous
ponder-

his

for

for

that

Archipelago

make

would

drawn

motive
the

demand

an

buffalo,
the

is apt

oldone.

be

for

found
of

if

the

it

Of

natural
to

should

the

be

economy

well

that

if

the

from

"

that

use

to

up

away

capacity

horses-

doubt

no

but

been

the

made

is

steam

beast

always

agricultural

have

adopt

perfectly

ihe

no

and,

arose,

must

would

are

little

animal,

draft

need

there

husky

is

beyond

is
must

pony"

breaking

cultivator

native

islands

encouraging.

in

machinery

to

bounteously.

to

been

ing
grow-

enough

these

favors

machinery,

not

and

field

horses.

in

farmers

and

has

custom

modern

the

hardly

her

native

difficulty lies

the

course

the

result

the

of

Nature

of

action

occupation, attempts

implements

present

often

bestow

American

induce

to

to

inevitable

superficial

Fortunately

wooing

the

to

cultivation

and

meagre

very

little

the

subsequent

harvest.

needs

The

is

attached

also

harrow,

carabao,

by

PHILIPPINES.

THE

to

came

which

"

FILIPINO

THE

and

ugly,

as

are

in

useful

there

the

color

is

horns

large, arched,

black

small.
the

wildest

loads, although
awkward.
The

horns

value.
five

six

or

THE

In
are

is

unfair.

than

Like

before

begin

man

hours
of

the

toils

for
the

it

day

is

indifferent

creditably
India

with

climate

and

heat

China,

who

and

are

admitted

At

practice
not

other

humidity

tax

any
of

on

subject

pect.
sus-

in

returns

hours.

six

it

peasantry
a

the
or

rice-fed

rate,

to

his

hours

of

that

the

to

shadows

he

day

we

does

is

the

four

considerable

the

he

four

or

of

or

it is

which

fact

When

be

must

mercial
com-

after

likely

three

three

great

Filipino

decline

physique.
with

is

the
in

puts

mud.

LABORKE.

of

intense.

considers

one

Philippine
eight

and

the

standards

observer

India,

becomes

and

crops

When

dawn

heat

of

ryot

lengthen

to

his

the

early
the

casual

heavy

agriculturist

an

matter

easily

thirty years."

American

As

as

in

work

about

paratively
com-

movements

of

to

AS

by

is

very

roll
are

to

the

It

its

to

begins
lives

head

haul

carabao

Filipino

him

judge

to

work

at

It

the

the

and

CONSIDERED

considering

altogether

field

old.

years

Its

scarce,

enormous.

and

carabao

FILIPINO

prone

more

to

The

and

is slow

the

of

better

can

very

can

humidity

likes

and

and

more

Philippines.
is

is

are

which

hair

strength

progress

which

the

rough,

rivers

its

It

hide

and
Its

of

the

349

few

and

labors,

brown,

or

also

climate

enervating

LABORER.

are

agricultural

resist

swims

AS

pares
com-

of

similarly

"

enervating
to

cavil

in

In

the

effort

days

six

for

discount

days heavily

have
of

recent

calamities.

all

the

brunt

by

the

that

the

of

struggle

had

When

peasant;
half

the

carabao,

died,

it is

really

nearly

the

of

crops

to

quite probable
Hindu

ryot
his

of

conditions,

that

but

borne

be

to

in

1902
pend,
de-

farmers

the

how

produced.

in

the
and

despair

for

is

It

circumstances

down

famine

to

country

ments
achieve-

understand

similar

lain

have

would

backbone

Government

the

were

year

under

that

to

holy

succession

which

difficult

succeeding

of

considers

upon

but,

year,

no

necessarily

one

were

year.

has

mitigate

possible

was

Insular

The

it

agricultural

face

the

in

years

of

days

the

by

room

fiestas and

Filipino

removed

been

heart-breaking
did

the

if

the

throughout

work

be

not

Filipino

countries,

the

that

impression

should

week

the

of

Catholic

Itoman

most

The

daily

would

fact, there

climate.

at

sustained
as

PHILIPPINES.

THE

360

rendered
sur-

of

succession

years.
wholesale

The

is

laborer

of

those

who

American

who

have

laborer.

it is too

day

Under

equally unjust.

and

express

of

condemnation

had

understand

extensive

The

much

as

average
to

him

to

good

service,
officials

for

observation,

satisfied

Filipino

expect

superintendence

Government

opportunities
well

Filipino day

renders

and

contractors

themselves

the

he

him

the

the

with

earns

rival

his
the

native
but

wage,

American

laborer.

The

sistima

inquilino,

in

it3

several

forms

which

"

"

Threshing

Where

distance

This

Murcia,

mills

threshing
the

picture

puehlo

is

trampled

taken

of

at

Negros

out

the

within

not

are

grain

was

Rice.

by

Government

rn.rfl.ban

convenient

or

Rice

ponies.
Farm.

Occidental.

"

"

FIELD

FOR

AMERICANS

variously

are

termed

system,
of

system

the

Spaniards,

of

fact

all
its

knew

it is best

it

change.
sistima

be

may
As

inquilino,

the

the

to

peasant

day

which

tries,
indus-

the

labor

of

conditions

which,

without

public

to

the

attachment

desirable

tends

cal
radi-

policy

the

more

the

would

drawbacks

encourages

which

under

minimize

to

soil, is

labor,

agricultural

perfectly,

to

question

form

serious

possible

in

early

one

natives

has

the

continuance

long

ficiary"
"bene-

or

of

prevails

adapted
It

351

"share,"

the

the

Archipelago.

however,

of

It

of

ISLANDS.

outgrowth

an

almost

who

that

the

be

may

in

and

indicate

"tenant,"

encomiendas.

another

or

THE

IN

than

create

cultural
agri-

shifting

population.

THE

FIELD

There

has

of

the

been

for

the

extensive

promising
sums.

Asia

the

In

complicated
laws.

few

and

for
the

large outlay

of industrial

by
In

ISLANDS.

the

foregoing

portions

of

the

uncertain

of

generally
and

of

have

in

are

more

erate
modand

the

to

conditions

It

pine
Philip-

question

there

ing
offer-

America

necessary

political

Philippines

the

capital

South

the

create

world

affords

none

investment

countries
is

the
as

count
ac-

effort.

or

resources

perhaps

to

Dorado,

El

an

risk

operations,

the

is

without

undeveloped

field

in

country

asking

Archipelago,

THE

agricultural opportunities

that

however,

IN

intention

no

that

impression

is true,

AMEEICAN8

Philippine

wealth

such

FOB

cess
suc-

is often

and

stable
un-

innurner-

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

352

able

channels
be

may
of

the

This

be

may

safely
in

openings

in

acquired

question

demand

hired,
the

thousand

twenty

or

with

skilled

the

or

lars
dolMost

large profits.

during

direction.

needful

of

majority

investor

the

difficulty by

ten

invested

readily

be

may

which

in

experience
without

eases

great
resi-

preliminary

dence.

There
could

properties
by

and

is

either

before-

there

idea

to

mining,

Colonel

to

ready

ever

without

for

of

cise
exer-

In

scope.
have
his

is

available

Edwards

and

may

Affairs,
of

mass

efforts
it

Insxilar

afford

to

the

connection

which

subject

there

should

of

find.

man

trade

published

has

Furthermore,

useful
to

his

the
ordinates
sub-

assistance

every

enquirers.

can

fields

scale.

the

Bureau

on

that

the

this

ery,
machin-

to

direction

In
the

C,

on

are

possible

that

D.

for

colonist

future

value

investments

unquestionable

an

America.

state

information

the

to

as

Washington,

is

and

stated

useful

some

in

difficult

be

not

prospective

leaving

public.

lias

the

case

methods

Philippines

which

well

There

the
ho

definite

be

in

trebled

emphatically

too

unless

capital,
of

should

be

place

and

modern

whose

planters

many

these, profitable

basis

cannot

no

of

amongst

partnership

islands

doubled

be

introduction

the

It

in the

are

There
and

investigation

be

doubt

no

for

that

several

some

of

our

that

large

afford
a

upon

of

branches

agricultural industry
by

islands

enterprise

corporate

arc

the

cellent
ex-

large

mechanical,

are

concerns.

well

worth

The

"

FIELD

Insular

FOR

Government

American

Philippines

rapid

recent

years

There

Secretary
him

be

Taf

imports
that

have

President

seriously,

mid

"the

in
of

be

the

the

should

presence

tives.
representaof

formation.
trans-

opportunities

order

prevail,

and

circumstances

of

will

be

the

in

the
of

restrictions
of

capital
What

Islands"

will

expected

action

the

railroad
upon

acterized
char-

which

vitally, hampered

1906,

pine
Philip-

abated.

measures

Philippine

inception

from

be

lation
legis-

mineral

public speech

recent

in

and

investment

unfortunate

With

fruit

The

will

an

of

accompanied

removed

corporations
in

who

States.

against

visit

recent

agricultural

United

enter,

the

immediate

respects

some

repealed.

and

islands

the

Roosevelt
as

and

that

expedite

militated

individuals

fresh

adverse

bear

Duties
to

contracts.

process

Congressmen

will

to

development.

the

the

islands,

designed

sive
exten-

expected.

and

their

and

indication

every

the

to

from

may

is

in

Peace

in

the

by

and

are

353

engaged

deterred

conditions

recovery

ISLANDS.

profitable

houses

constantly arising.

are

be

not

foreign

New

by

involve

should

established
The

constantly

which

firms

THE

IN

is

works

public

of

AMERICANS

have
the

velopment
de-

edly
undoubtof

gress
Con-

system

the

era

of

great

prosperity.

"

"

PUBLIC

LANDS,

MINERALS,

TIMBER,
ETC.

"

"

THE

358

The

Taft

land

in

is

it

in

405,415
this
about

twice

there

is waste

of

of

(1903)

the

land

000

acres.

of

land

States
total

lands

much

and

there

is

land

forest

as

the

law

and

Coast
at

Geodetic

73,615,374,

K.

for

the

Public

an

the

his

of

total

area

of

acres

of

area

of

40,000,-

21,000,000

which

is

cultural
agri-

subject

be

to

leasing, selling

and

of

culated
cal-

Putnam,

Survey.
the

estimates

about

will

those

and

Lands
at

most

permitting

George

correctness

61,000,000

which

are

the

domain

leave

and

estimates
Mr.

of

forested,

in

domain.

public

would

Lands

Public

leave

public

character

latest

area

68,-

or

surveyed,

public

acres

Bureau

the

on

under

by

hectares,

hectares,
been

of

would

the

not

in

The

as

this

individuals,

by

"Assuming

the

to

This

disposal

times

Bureau

that

lands

of

acres

the

Of

2,000,000

not

73,000,000

of

Chief

forest

approximately

owned

has

amount

acres.

about

Of

states:

belonging

the

is

27,694,500

land

the

islands,

"The

Islands

total

search,
re-

land."

estimates

my

lands

three

or

Chief

report

"The

are

acres,

estimate.

mere

follows:

that

The

acres.

is

The

estimated

public

extensive

more

73,345,415

or

4,940,000

leaving

as

Philippine

hectares,

about

or

(1900)

the

29,694,500
amount

after

Commission,

reported
of

PHILIPPINES.

the

Census,

of
These

public

the

United

give
domain

the
at

66,628,118.

AREA

the

Of

total

5,000,000

of

excess

Capiz

and

named

with

38

in

several,

the

total

not

land

farm

the

preserve

Sur

is first

tilth.
of

forty-eight

tenth
the

of

one

All

In

the

have

in

Iloilo,
Albay,
order

from

21

other

no

cent., and

per

and

of

Benguet

land

ratio

of

available

with

cultivation

do

soil
is
than

last
one-

is second

in

Antique,

in

Mas-

Lrnion, Pangasinan,

Manila

Pampanga

less

arable,

La

to

llocos

classification

land

Norte,

cultivated

means.

its

divisions
its

is under

comandancias
any

former

45.9

of

and

cent,

it under

and

20

as

by

Zaniboanga,

City,

Nueva

all with

follow,

Vizmore

cent.

Oriental

temperament

order

of

llocos

Sorsogon
per

of

the

cent,

Fiiza!, Bulacan,

60

in

of

bate, Albay,

than

provinces

territorial

per

percentage

caya,

the

per

with

cent.

per

matter

which

In

extent.

great

the

84.2

inces.
prov-

the

in

aggregating

agricultural

above

with

Jolo,

of

area

In

follow

total
as

each

Tarlac,

Lepanto-Bontoc

than

the

Batangas,

Cavite,

lands

their

ia arable

through

Sur,

Cebu,

including

cultivation.
total

llocos

proportion

whole

Sorsogon

Occidental

of

about

only

largest proportion

and

agricultural

it is less

Luzon,
Of

Union,

is the

province

the

cent;

cent,

per

Archipelago

cent., of the

Pampanga

Negros

359

irregularly

has

per

La

the

per

very

45

Bulacan,

to

9.5

Laguna

cent.

per

of

or

acres,

La

CULTIVATION.

area

distributed

land,

53.1

UNDER

people
and

Philippines

the

are

gregarious

exigencies

this

tendency

of

as

life
to

in

result
the

congregate

of

East.
has

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

360

been

from

encouraged

of

mutual

aa

the

protection

inclination

no

actual

Nearly

hectare

in

of

from

8.57

of

the

are

limits
are

than

are

less

which

patches
States

will

They
four

or

one

than
would

will

in

the

live

different

of
very

less

cent,

United

habitants
in-

the

main

upon

it,

crops

in

year.

size
small

last

the

to

the

prolific soil, contribute

three

all

of

farms

in

the

United

146.6,

census

in

the

referred

holdings

whilst

acres,

the

in

family.

derive

the

including

little

the

communities

holdings

per

lloro

the

find

we

beyond

them

need

enemies

small

the

of

these

its
a

average

extend

twenty

cow

it

course

The

with

subsistence

the

of

support

in

Generally

whilst

One

Philippines,

and

tribes,

one-half

size,

acre.

hardly

wild

to

necessity.

small.

one

other

settled

everywhere
with

common

Consequently

the

by

such

ladrones.

and

pirates,

times

against

and

aborigines,

earliest

the

Archipelago,

it

States
ratio

is

above,

to

of

is

only

ing
accord-

seventeen

to

one.

There
more

Of
the

less

or

this

extensively

number

that

are

half-castes

959

are

of

farmers

in

cash

99.8

own

and

800,000

is,

Americans

of

Spanish

or

By

far

the

others

land
in

kind

of
are

308

origin,

and

largest proportion

cultivate
or

778

Europeans;

Chinese
the

islands.

Filipinos

remainder
and

they

the

in

full-blooded
the

engaged

persons

agriculture

Of

Chinese.

pure

in
are

tribes.

Christian

"whites,"

of

upwards

are

with

some

labor.

pay

rent

There

"

FOREST

has

been

always

titles

in

the

have

score

for
that

the

Colonies
about

of

of

of

and

Infanta

of

in

forests

in

3,000,000

be

and

is much

of
Bat

of

Spain

the

on

pub-

but

State,

it

Government
that

U.

S.

is

that

number.

forty

odd

A.,

least

We

find

virgin

forests

Luzon

The
an

foregoing

is

made

timber

Camarines,

area

of

in

of

at

less
doubt-

reducing

left

parts

of

tive
conserva-

will

later

instead

estimate

south

tioned
above-men-

aggregate

change

and

Principe

as

of

coast

the

in

Vizcaya,

known

forest.

acres

million

twenty

Nueva

entire

reported

million

very

merchantable

Tayabas,

ister
Min-

Spanish

the

The

the

great

AKCHIPELAGO.

will

any

increase

to

There

Luzon

this

the

Queen

the

formerly

acres.

estimate,

(lie

double

of

the

about
on

to

sipinttei-s

virgin

the

to

Isabela,

fact,
is

owing

THE

Tayabas

Antimonan

least

at

forest.

of

few

Ahem,

Cagayan,

part

difficulties

Insular

total

find

virgin

that

P.

the

we

provinces
in

"in

the

1804

least

OF

361

uncertainty

by

the

at

George

woodland

acres

of

LANDS

that

(1902)

In

eviction

are

FOREST

Captain

but

200,000

to

there

present

of

reported

officials

by

deal

land.

subject

believed

ARCHIPELAGO.

comparatively

were

lands

THE

great

surplus

there

lie

OF

Philippines,

been

of

amount

at

LANDS

the

Bulacan

it.

inces
provand

a an.

"The

islands
an

covered

with

of

area

of

dense

Mindoro
more

stand

and

than
of

Paragua,
2,000,000

virgin

each

taining
con-

acres,

are

timber.

"

352

THE

with

"Mindanao,
tains

than

more

Samar
timbered."
to

In
to

run

with

of

scatteringly
found

forest.

are

heavily

"

of

in

acre

the

trees

and

some

is characteristic

It

that

found

are

inches,

feet.

stands

virgin

per

twenty

over

pure

varieties

and

other

discover

of
in

are

species

grow

single species

kinds

native

timber

are

which

are

utilities

of

are

whilst

demand,

great

unsuspected

the

among

little

known

upon

investigation

some

test.

VARIETIES

Tindalo,

and

dark

It

islands.

is

of

high

poiish

is

COMMERCIAL

OF

wood,

red

suitable

account

on

cabinet

its

abundant

is

assumes

in

the

in

ground

There

of

many

the

construction,

susceptibility
the

for

East

use

has

and

where

large

resembling

to

fine

reputation
it

is

in

adapted
demand

signs

no

for

which

to

for

use

it

of

with
for
in

It

in

cement

railway

have

tion.
deteriora-

durability

contact

age

ebony.

decay, pieces

to

showing

century

is well

and

is

With

Archipelago.

color

purple-black

It

mortar

of

and
in

used

practically impervious

been

kinds

durability

widely

in

is found

all

to

TIMBER.

work,

Ipil

is

feet

cubic

eon-

acres,

stands

average

forest

the

SOME

it

arras

Philippine

value

many

may

islands

large

cubic

few

of

acres

thousand

of

highest

and

both

2.1,000,000

anywhere.

Many

the

of

ten

the

"

thousand

seven

reach

acres

'of

area

these

diameter

an

10,000,000

Leyte

and

PHILIPPINES.

the

and

sleepers.

China.

"

Narra
It

seasons

It

in

in

cabinet

first

class

and

white
is

white

of

Molave

other

kinds

of

square.

being

long

been

for

its endurance
is

Apilong

of
is

various
the
in

and

East.
all

feet

the

the

have

tree

from

durable
for

ants

for

many

material
railroad

Thia

and

ia

ers,
sleep-

wood

Zealand

"New

12

white

valuable

surpassed

wood

The

and

long

sea-worm,

extra

as

The

qualities.

commercially

of

has

islands.

therefore

what,

has

teak,"

highly

prized

water.

wood

greyish

attacks

the

in

everlasting.

under

which

grows

Archipelago.

been

shipped
for

demand

constant

the

abundantly

Large
to

quantities

China,

framework

where
of

it

houses

ship's planking.

Yacal
grows

be

known

parts

timber

for

resists

an

with

has

in

It

practically

identified

22

to

is

not

can

the

of
the

to

which

the

11

where

It

required.

been

and

works

wood,
rose-

redwood

valuable

excellent

from

borers

the

narra

of

most

many

timber

inches

and

in

has

It

Burmese

variety.

is found

produces
24

red

the

white.

of

species

but

is classed

It

impervious

especially

is

from

made,

is

or

to

Being

it

ants,

qualities

to

timber

similar

polish.

material

purposes.

Padouk

with

Islands.

There

13

market
is

Andaman

general

for

the

Manila

of

furniture

the

of

high degree

being

work,

wood

London

the

of

all

of

Philippines."

the

of

mahogany

admits

and

nearly

"the

well

used

is

which
ia

is called

363

TIMBER.

COMMERCIAL

is found
to

height

in

Luzon,

of

from

12

Mindoro,
to

20

and

meters.

It

Panay.
The

wood

"

THE

364

is used

in

the

work.

It

solid

texture,

Guijo

is

widely

It

is

flexible

it is the

flooring,

and

elastic

white

and

is found

covering

and

of
few
are

turned

to

other

soft

resisting
of
to

the

found

be

OFFICIAL

in

AND

pelago.
Archi-

the

fiber,
It

pores.

and

construction,

and

shafts

Manila,

in

for

wharves,

for

where

purposes

islands.

decks,
tough

for

often

uses

and

the

has

The

ants.

the

as

used

foregoing

TESTS

OF

naval

in
it

as

It

can

them

over

only

are

the

which

importance
of

tinctly
dis-

pine, poplar,

our

advantage

forests

PRIVATE

with

floors.

commercial
vast

reddish

employ

hardwood

general

is

texture

extensively

is

natives

of

It

filaceous

It

same

woods

proof

is

undulating

naval

the

and

woods,

many

and

fine

and

well-defined

in

over

the

white

required.

sheathing

or

with

other

loose

and

wood
with

pores.

construction,

has

cabinet

ants.

material

all

of

marked

be

is

wood

wood

red

for

in

throughout

wheels

Hongkong

for

white

and

carriage

Lauan

of

and

ordinary

and

long splinters,

distributed

light

buildings

yellow color,

with

for

largely
In

breaks

is

in

used

darkish

onslaughts

and

strong

of

construction

is of

the

against

PHILIPPINES.

Philippines.

PHILIPPINE

TIMHER,

Ahern

Captain
of

woods

native

during

the

only

year.
some

says,
are

"several

received

Spanish
seventy

in

hundred
the

Manila

engineers
varieties,

varieties

tested
so

that

market

and
we

scribed
dehave

"

THE

366

PHILIPPINES.
.

mind

would

to

It

to.

recommend

woods

for

the

it

turn

obtained

Some

of

the

following

the

Philippine

Apulag-amo

endwise"

strain
per

17,020

equaled
strength

at

table

pounds

per

equaled

rupture

sults
re-

partment,
De-

compiled.

show

remarkable

the

"compression

to

of

resistance

the

with

been

group

by

Agricultural

has

finest

made

comparison

subjected

inch

the

as

tests

States

exhibited

square

narra

and

United

the

by

careful

Bureau

strength.

pounds

and

From

Forestry

wood.

lasting

alintatao

furniture."

Insular

is

of

stress

elastic

pounds

limit

and

inch,

square

19,700

15,110

per

the

square

inch.
Woods

American

Pignut

hickory

Mockernut
Butternut

hickory

9,600

hickory

9,100

pine

9,080

White

oak

8,500

Texan

oak

8,100

Green

ash

8,000

Long

BY

Cuban

7,800

oak

ash

White

SURVEY

10,100
.

Pecan

Water

SCIENTIFIC

10,900

hickory

leaf

7,200

INSULAR

THE

7,930

pine

FORESTRY

BUREAU.

work

lands
and

of
as

the

and

examining
rapidly
force

of

Bureau

Insular

The

at

as

its

is

Forestry

the

surveying
consistent

disposal.

is

with
The

pushing
public

the

forest

thoroughness
surveys

afford

"

SCIENTIFIC

much

information

useful

varieties

of

timber,

character

of

the

there

will

logging, labor,

of

roads
which

on

value

extend

all

States.

been

in
of

extent

It

he

similar

of

the

that

which

Bureau

stand

has

and

at

to

his

has

secured

of

in

realized

the

in

this

delightfully breezy

bilities
possi-

ble
capa-

from

the
has

survey

considerable

scientific
been

ever

the

Insular

the

by

make

up

capital,
of

are

the

handsome

business."

somewhat

before

tion
examina-

The

subject

is

Forestry.
Philippine

apt

to

difficulties

fairly,

very

the

special reports.

observers

sums

of

made.

on

the

to

casual

but

the

attempted

no

by

times

line

the

glance

exploration

no

employed

islands

sufficient

and

available

Foreman

"with

be

timber

various

statements

lumbering

that

experts

valuation

men

detailed

been

ever

and

been

the

misleading.

that

of

map

covered.
that

information

Commission
The

has

character

investigation

trained

years,

state

scale,

reliable

only

to

forests

Philippine
upon

well

and

secured

of

been

has

territory

may

four

The

are

system

for

operation

at

see

as

work

This

the

available

islands

such

of

market.

to

the

over

managing

United

timber

cost

topographical

to

anyone

it

and

methods

location

the

of

bringing

of

of

shown

as

tion
addi-

In

transportation,

well

as

enabling

and

amount

will

he

thus

surveys,

of

and

growth,

formation.

logging,

on

streams,

will

rock

means

of

peculiarities

and

notes

of

and

their

stands

the

regarding

soil
be

367

SURVEY.

and

be

of

concludes

profit
Sawyer,

dogmatic

is
in

style,

"

308

PHILIPPINES.

THE

of

disposes

designed
worth

the

forests,
island

and

talked

but

of

in

lie

is

and

Mindoro
that

in

found.

In

fever-stricken
of

the

and

the

of

most

Sawyer's

long

other

similar

chapter

established

The

of

in

the

the

main,

Chief

of

from

extracts

the

they

refutnlion

Chief

of

the

working

plan

and

report

the

Lumber
are

Part

and
contained

I,

Bataau
Mr.

the

port
re-

and

Forestry,

territory

literal

statements

Bureau

by

Orr,

Report

of

the

the

the

Forester

logs.

of

Philippine

The

simplest
results.

report

of

the

report
R.

of
All

plied
sup-

clearing.

preliminary

manager

Company.

well

ultimate

see

the

Province
John

to

is

driving

upon

regard

these

for

little

conducted

Development
in

official

indicate

they

forest

without

Forestry

of

Philippine

the

of

Bureau

require

may

of

of

from

appear

are

lines

the

to

sufficiently large

streams

easiest

the

the"

part,

cases

"For

by

document.

^native operations
and

in

contradicted

are

derived

marks

that

most

with
some

These

contained

assertions

relating

matter

quotation

For

of

fact.

is,

where

can

trees

cut."*

been

ago

"Forestal"

on

following

forests

In

have

timber

trees

large

...

valuable

Palawan

valuable

all

Luzon

greatest

Philippine

parts

and

large

any

the

not

are

"the

the

certain

graphs
para-

they

of

in

only

few

that

us

value

the

it

in

that

tells

about

fact

Mindanao

be

demonstrate

to

working.
is

nonsense

forests

Philippine

the

C.

the

on

Bryant;

Philippine

the

foregoing

Commission,

1902.

"

NATIVE

The
of

water

rafts

dense

the
be
a

and

courses

from

transportation

bamboo

to

consequence
if he

trees, and

other

the

limited

the

native

in

be

imagined.
of

amount

thirty-five

METHODS

fact

the

the

of

vicinity

which

has
of

presence
American

days
The

would

company

and

at

average
of

nominal

haul
short

to

line

The
may

the

of

than

more

LUMBERING.

Ahern

up

industry

that

of

tract
to

strikingly

the

appears

obstruction

slight

no

of

fine

protected

been

the

methods

cut,

nature

singlelabor

that

NATIVE

It

Manila

and

felling

the

Captain

present.

known
un-

out.

haphazard

at

on

by

from
is

narrow,

estimated

OF

mentioned

illustrates

carried

got

ful
waste-

feet

crude

timber
is

cent,

per

such

is

marketable

WASTEFUL

in
It

largest

partially through.

tree

involved

waste

easily

the

As

saw

minimize

to

at

the

long,

mu3t

the

cross-cut

All

to

beast.

fourteen

case

haul

the

cuts

order

burns

of

usually

forest.

with

the

out

as

means

former

gets

or

thing

the

latter

capacity

twelve

done

and

the

only

give buoyancy

to

them,

In

seldom

touches

often

enormous

in

the

are

needed

the

is

axe,

chopper

stand.

Philippine

work

bitted

the

and

Such

ground.
in

carabao

sometimes

height,

369

the

often

are

hardwoods

adjusted

the

LUMBERING.

the
in

have

there

is

timber

by
that

removed

in

land

present
stream

as

in

the
an

few

expense.

tidewater
of

railway

is

short,
with

and

the

"a

wire

bination
com-

cable

"

THE

370

of

system
the

that

topography

be

might

would

logging

localities

PHILIPPINES.

be

islands

these

skidding

for

necessary

in

for

ideal

short,

In

present."

distances

combination

with

country

with

with

some

carabao

plant

the

in

question.
Under

the

with

likeliest

down,

off

decay

of

have

been

from

the

found

miles

and

ful

depend

to

in

animal
scarce

dollars.

in

the

of

need

aside

from

entailed,

winding

only

cost

be

the

from

strong,

their

much

of

of

scale

three

or

the

the

are

treme
ex-

carabao.

will
of

this

Carabao
to

times

hardy

beasts.

day, which,

of

upon

are

hundred

one

waste

best

five

or

magnitude

not

employment
the

line

the

capacity.

and

towns.

Company

employment

are

this

miles

larger

with
of

the

several

cent,

islands

the

valley

and

of

straight

they

of

per

of

seventy-five

inconvenience

where

had, practically

upon

watered

renders

slopes,

any

auxiliary

an

and

on

sixty

Development
on

them

draw

two

vicinity

miles

burn

can

many
of

and

extent

gTeat

to

on

the

out

consequence

profitable lumbering

Although

They

the

operations
a

distance

three

following

Success

forests

Lumber

that

limits

now

to

Philippine

have

the

As

to

tracts
con-

certain

pick

and

carabao

forty

ground.

culled
coast

from

of

logging

chop

their

as

beach

loggers

purpose,

logs

the

upon

method

The

such

usually

the

on

The

their

remainder

deliver

to

timber.

for

trees

licensee

the

system

loggers

hewn

cut

leave
to

the

of

species

present

time

high

timber

is

often
tain
moun-

to

be

"

COST

is

Nearly

all

squared

in

inches

clear

for

and

are,

however,

19

feet.

length,

clear
and

from

and

24

gives

timbers
inches

32

the

Calantas

is

limited

of

65

COST

OF

82

to

32

feet

there

used

for

for

interior

occasionally

LUMBER

of

of

ship

OPERATION

as

UNDER

16

to

for
molave

construction.
but

cigar boxes,

long

Molave

demand

It

finishing.
as

more

and

long

long

diameter

top

branches

purposes

mainly

and

long.

is

entire

feet

65

to

feet

durable

and

the

cut

with

98

16

from
bancas

Lauan,

to

However,

for

and

wide.

feet;

60

to

which

32

boards

over

tough

extent

feet

from

square.

dancalan

from

beti3,

palo-maria

from

tree

boat

50

occasionally

is

furnish

seldom

crooked,

and

and

are

the

inches

48

to

inches

12

and

cial
Spe-

dungon,

front

measure

of

lengths

extra

of

logs

deal

rot.

to

out

get

24

to

carabao

great

woods

to

The

Lanan,

especially apitong,
of

the

made

sometimes

chiefly fashioned,

are

in

12

the

as

to

batitinan, mangachapuy,

32

to

left

shipbuilding.
will

long

leads

Manila

to

from

usually

as

limitation

371

shipped

is

is

and

top

being

guijo

tiiose of

the

length

in

use

that

forest, and

This

efforts

OPERATIONS.

timber

the
at

haul.

the

the

wide

will

LUMBER

OF

98

also

to

yields logs

feet.

THE

PRESENT

SYSTJiM.

The

Philippine
the

pays
and

hewers,

builders,

35

Lumber

following
cents

skidders,

per

and

and

scale

day,

Development
of

without

drivers,

wages

25

pany
Com-

Choppers

board;
cents

per

trail-

day,

"

THE

372

without

For

hand

by

they

and

Molave,

dancalan

The

and

15

to

of

would

15

17

to

y%

Lumber
the

laid

these

cubic

in

the

Manila

varies
for

cents

(by

their

transportation

from

portation
trans-

vessels
about

in

abas,

ay

raft), 2y2

own

to

ties
facili-

lugs delivered

for

Subig

of

logs

The

figures.

20

from

Modern

cents.

fuot

using

beach
average

these

cubic

from

table

supply

f., 80
Narra,

cents.

would
of

one-third

is

cents

in

of
fair

criterion

of

constantly upward
appreciable

any

for

quotations

prices,

average
as

and

logs

the

demand

expansion

of

the

sawed,

per

in

83l/2 cents;

Cuarto

is

without

Molave,

"

of

tendency

increases

c.

10

Masbate,

cents;

the
the

foot;
than

per

following

boards

local

on

reduce

From

rates.

The

but

acle

down

is less

cost

foot

square

companies

reduce

per

boards

per

prices

into

greatly

are

following

cents

lauaa

charges
Manila

timber

75

mangachapuy

woods

superior

and

cents

hewed

and

logs

cents

50

betis

and

cost

carabao,
the

the

pay

Apitong

of

sawing

Dungon

Guijo

hire

board;

day.

per

PHILIPPINES.

log,
M.
;

B.

log, per
M.

equals

c.

per

B.

about

M.,

f., 37y2'
$75.00.

f-, HY2

e.

M.,

cents;

cents

sawed,

per

c.

f.,

$82.50.

one-third

of

cent

"

374

THE

is considered

by
bad

be

to

Chinese

in

the

Orient.

for

timber

better,

even

foreign

engineers

many

market

promises

which

will

equipped

themselves,
deliver

their

prepared

not

bosses,
full

in

stock

to

tracts

be

pine
and

the

island

the

for

lumber

found

under

and

fact

such

erly
prop-

take

panies
com-

lish
estab-

to

to

companies

are

expert

gang
with

required,

it would

large logs
if

market

be

which

these

forest

to

and

logging

vessels,

roads,

cargoes

to

return

from

The

in

$2,000,-

say,

and

for

inter-

handsome

return

profits

are

gon
Ore-

saw-mills

ballast, but

Hongkong

from

barges

surely

its stockholders.

vessels

with,

including

would

ods
meth-

large quantities

eoiintry

corporation

one-

market

economical

year
the

exporting

profitable

each

enter

not

are

which

whilst

transportation,

such

transportation

the

scientific

redwood

sailing

dividends

sions
conces-

months

material,

to

that

here

mechanics,

remove

the

future

it will

and

if

Philippines

California.

of

fleet

securing

supply
to

capita! operating

000

are

labor

brought

production,

of

of

and

time

of

could

best

indications

skilled

the

the

ber
tim-

exploited properly."

this

fiftieth

and
master

attempt

cut

are

At

all

the

of

be

must

furnish

to

been

are

many

labor,

cargo;

has

companies

work

secure

first

fact

hazardous

of

to

best

past,

large logs;
such

contemplating

as

the

Empire.

vast

lumber

few

China

the

there

that

handle

to

in

capital

waken

very

are

in

Strong

as

and

enterprise

"There

PHILIPPINES.

would

as

always

mit
permatter

obtain-

"

FORESTRY

and

able,
of

lumber
to

The

vessels

cut

load

them

vessels

direct

for

doubt,
demand

open

the

forest

to

the

he

product,

obtainable,

the

of

to

may
for

within

period

defined

by

not

the
and

in

this

in

product

the

and

profits

from

operations

the

best

the

of

high priees

field

for

the

Philippines.

the

evidence

giving

secure

government

niture
fur-

REGULATIONS.

operate

which

active

an

superiority

the

capital

FORESTRY

intention

out
with-

could,

which

markets,
offers

lumbering

Corporations

with

known

of

certainty

investment

heavy

the

high-grade

all

save

in

of

create

its

jobbing

facility

ilie

instituted,
the

Under

running

Francisco

and

to

market

company

of

would

order

factory.

(."'Hindering

might

of

manufacturers

company

in

capacity.

market,

By

necessary

hardwoods

but
San

finishings.

and

hold

valuable

or

such

up

amongst

country

the

specially-built
often

establishment

Seattle

to

is

porta

American

clearance

of

impossible,

is

for

Tt

limited

the

States

Philippines

trade

port
of

ships

upon

United

the

the

at

Pacific

back

carry

the

of

the

at

pronounced.

conditions

present
the

need

is

logs

up

might

States

woods.

soft

375

delivering

schooners

United

the

REGULATIONS.

upon

from
to

the

exceed

company
the

trees

forester.

of

scale

of

their

considerable

Forestry
twenty

to

be

This

cut

will

licenses
The

will
be

official will

and

nitude
mag-

Bureau

years.
work

may

ability

be

area

ically
specif-

indicated
r

"

THE

376

the

timber

felled

in

the

by

however,
conducted.

that

more

is

to

easy

conceive

vessels

this

arrangement.

of

modern

the

years

During
lumber

lumber

the

same

imported

113,483

liners, as

well

tons

for

lumber

$48.50
redwood

the

likely

will

ably
prob-

selling price.

the

justify

to

secure

installation

that

within

the

lumber

Philippine

the
was

for
per

as

use

five

which

will

feet

laid

thousand

board

the

other

of

lumber
feet

Government.

the

down

Oregon

from

board

6,841,207

in

pine

Manila

and

board

cubic

at

feet

on

and

of

from

from

$45

ests.
for-

native

there

were

commercial

4,746

The
at

of

feet,

public

the

hand

feet

cubic

4,740,738

came

On

cubic

of

million

87,000

year

exported.

were

of

$175,000,

about

In

negotiating

of

of

marketed,

at

charge

now

output

its

from

advantage

of

is

It

operating

cent,

it

upwards

1 903

was

valued

and

say

market.

company

to

great

as

increased.

much

very

are

the

locality,

Manila

government
per

be

enhanced

large enough
plants,

few

next

be

land

an

six

companies

of

the

of

tree

not

in

is

operation

upon

cut

to

The

about

average

Several

tree

derive

modified,

would

that

might

timber,
the

tax

Mindanao

similar

regulated

which

the

accessible

own

tracts

in

upon

in

ritories
ter-

is

tariff
the

the

and

groups,

of

instance,

felled

Bataan,

four

able
Market-

charges.

The

locality

For

group

in

character

the

by

the

assess

divisions.

two

primarily

as

and

is classified

timber

first

PHILIPPINES.

foot

imported
$37.50
to

$55

to

for

feet.

"

GUTTA

Gutta
the

Percha

is

Philippine

only

the

in

the

small

and

Southern

Malay

in

The

The

of

the

native

the

in

is

the
Chinese

the

business.

he

markets

133l/2 pounds.
percha.
and

upwards
been

afford

thence
of

the
some

pesos

clue

the

Singapore.

to

other

the

of
writer

of

2%

past

in

titious
fic-

pounds,
picul

is

for

of

ta
gut-

shipped

fifty years

material

trees

ment
pay-

ties.
commodi-

depot

that

Moros

buying,

16

the

clusively
ex-

and

Chinese

the

suggests
number

in

production

pounds

capacity.

the

and

In

two

enormous

to

central

in

handled

picul,

the

at

distributed.

Philippines"

its

per

is

flows

utmost

is

picul

is the

all of

300,000,000
at

cloth

product

Singapore

of

is

caught

make

by himself,

Practically

received
in

the

is

all

tree

milk

the

at

who

standard

created

the

prices paid

in

Chinaman's

measure

there,

made

frequently

The

whilst

fifteen

to

ply.
supin

The

forests

traders,
The

inadequate

cent,

per

ruinous

ultimately

outflow

Philippine

by

ten

ten

pine
Philip-

must

that

so

yields

tree

about

is

of

from

range

and

the

same.

The

points.

Tawi

gatherers

the

ringed

bark

several

output

is much

regions

which

profits

by

already

shells,

pounds,

secured

the

at

cocoanut

of

extinguishing

and

it

it

unless

and

Tawi

sources

checked,

percha

from

is

gum

found

Sumatra,

them.

the

is

tree

Borneo,

of

products

the

between
are

practice

down

cut

important

is

The

gutta

the

Peninsula,

Mindanao

which,

377

Elsewhere

lying

product.

result

of

one

forests.

islands

method

PERCHA.

have

ties
"Opportunithese
which

figures
have

"

378

THE

been

in

destroyed
pounds

two

The

wastage.
fall

of

destruction.

The

in

of

of

in

judge

during
in

the

ten

or

to

production

become

less years

that

of

from

been

the

if

years,

have

we

removed
has

industry

the

semi-

something

twenty

which

extent

the

disappear

of

number

actual

methods

1'nless

course

however,

present

will

will

for

cent,

per

consideration

that

likely

of

basis

been

existence.

GUTTA

THE

is

is

put

cables.

in

It

and

water

which

different

have

recent

been
the

tree

sole,

TRADE.

which

to

use

electric

admirably

past

adapted

the

increased

supply,

however.

and

in
the

the

in

found.
for

the

little

very

that

of
the

sponse
re-

for

quotation

scientific

of

for

purposes

demand

The

of

action

been

with

direction

extraction

the

these

and

land

and

to

has

trebled

have
extensive

years

made

price

greatly

varieties

to

substitute

the

decade

gutta pereha

submarine

practically impervious

is

have
in

In

the

satisfactory

the

material

PEBGHA

covering

so

no

During

the

almost

chief,

The

of

is

trees

the
the

by

stop

Philippines

the

the

under

has

it

the

ten

indicating

on

computation,

Government.

done

Archipelago
may

of

and

tlie

is

sort

such

of

putting

in

pereha

monopoly
this

for

industry,

gutta

allowing

Government

plans

the

calculating

tree, and

short

very

Insular

several

time,

result

would
the

that

the

to

PHILIPPINES.

time.

experiments
the

cultivation

latex.

It

is

"

FUTURE

found

OF

that

which

on

the

leaf

test

has

of

future

depend

of

monopoly

the

It

of

the

the

in

brings
of
in

could

short,

them

sort

is

in

of

the

includes

it

the

in.

And

governmental

the

Philippines.
not,

or

the

admirable
establishment

he

as

undertakes

methods

of

Indian

opium

model
of

it

whilst

for
a

the

state

be

the

of

The

Indian

chooses,

places

system
Insular

monopoly

usefully

ployed
em-

The

gal
Benwhich
when

produce

be

cultivating gutta
ryot

but

if

his

buy

certain

and

tivate
cul-

may

he

does

Government

gutta

so

produce

at

restrictions

extraction.

appears

in

the

as

necessarily

system

growth

of

district

his

would

to

Such

cultivator,

for

Sulu

solution

his

and

powerful

village.

to

payment

the

industry.

toward

opium

this

be

to

in

cerned.
con-

large portion
and

might

advances

from

figures,
the

Indian

orderly
work

all

lo

congenial

for

supervisor

opium
produce

benefit

fail

data

the

would

Mindanao

also

monopoly

of

provide

to

The

Government

upon

lines

must

tion.
regula-

percha

greatest

hardly

would

opium

stated

satisfactory

Government

southern

problem.

deducted

percha

the

of

and

sysrem

feature

percha

gutta

Government

the

probably

arrangement
dato

370

Philippines

gutta

the

reducing

zamindar

he

with

the

in

profitable occupation

as

are

that

Indian

would

Archipelago

an

of

provide

strict

upon

population

factor

grade

to

and

seem

results

certainly

good

industry

somewhat

hest

TRADE.

PERCHA

proved

the

would

conducted

the

yields

planting

upon
It

GUTTA

material.

insulating
The

THE

to

In

afford
in

an

the

percha.

"

380

THE

Rubber

PHILIPPINES.

and

trees

vines
but

tropical countries,
presents
is

in

profitably pursued

demand

for

the

rubber
in

supply

market

The

extending

and

RUBBER

The
for

Bureau,

which

should

the

to

also

short

It

would

cultivation

The
of

field

plant

grows

Forestry
percha

gutta

and

investigations

and

profitable

upon
A

tivation
cul-

per

of
to

seem

six

some

that

resembles

the

the

acre,

without

danger

of

several

that

of

of

would

planting,
destruction
its

ital
capit

although
be

could

not

and
or

features

an

edge
knowl-

amount

returns

of

give

ample

for

ploying
em-

however,

not,

first crop

after

years

in

is

tations
plan-

should

extraction,

success,

that

rubber

direction,

considerable

to

stated

that

stilled

This

entered

necessary

$200

of

investors.

be

authoritatively

subject

place.

afford
the

belief

under

methods

experience.

be

its

WEALTH.

OF

present

the

constantly

take

to

islands.

the

Philippines

to

enterprise

to

and

prices

are

scientific

The

satisfied

importance

favors

best

returns

is

the

industry

world.

never

experiments

to

opinion

the

and

making

good

although

the

to

at

erally
gen-

both.

Expert
in

at

southern

alive

the

SOVJKCE

not

the

of

found

all

product

material

LATENT

do

lead

of

$150

the

is

has

be

can

industry,

fully

rubber,

rich

BE

parts

the

nothing

in

luxuriantly

that

permanent

of

uses

rubber

difficulties

years

Philippines

the

and

is

recent

MAY

the

few

almost

in

marketing

many

so

found

are

is

from
be

pected
ex-

it would

damage.
rubber

cacao.

"

382

THE

lead

Agriculture
both

However

for

to

years

LUZON

HAS

Mr.

Nueva

also

the

in

abundance,

and

is

which
as

not

quality

the

on

prairies

in

United

being

turf-funning

true

of

rains

to

of

months

absolutely
even

no

the

signs
on

mostly

broad

the

of

this
year,

These

yet
or

region

very

is

close

gullying
steep

or

species

same

in

grow

as

concerned

grasses
grasses

popularly

be

ginsses,

so

far

Inie-lenved

tncd,

lands
up-

level

so

are

hills.

would

ably
prob-

rolling

and

the

turf-forming

which

Nueva

Cagayan,

grasses

the

eral
sev-

grazing

known

small

tufts,

there

is

partially'

that, notwithstanding

so

grasses

by

northern

and

they mostly

as

abundance

several

on

States

grasses,

tropical

the

fine-stem

bunch

forming

as

THE

magnificent

difference,

no

of

the

IN

latter, although
of

returns

large.

provinces

two

apparently

growing
consist

the

the

corroborated

provinces,

former

in

is

Isabela,

other

three

lands

prairie

there

the

he

by

islands

the

and

Pangasinan,

Vizcaya,

in

in

COUNTRY

"most

eastern

methods

on

disease

tion.
inocula-

by

are

extremely

and

that

in

there

GBASS

states,

exist

of

be

secured

carried

FINEST

observers,

Ecija,

risk

THE

Merrill

grounds

be

would

come

be,

can

no

be

from

immunity

that

may

may

raising

practically

belief

surra

that

cattle

with

the

to

and

rinderpest

which

PHILIPPINES.

the

ficient
sufturf-

heavy

subject during
is

the

washing
hillsides,

turf

that

served
ob-

were

"

"

Lower-class

of

Stereograph

is

Hie

of

children

carrying

illustration

From

natives

common

Copyright,

upon
to

bj

mam

Underwood

City
the

of

hip

Cebu.

as

Oriental

The

tice
prac-

shown

in

the

peoples.
DnderwowL.

New

V..rk

"

"

PHILIPPINE

which

shows

what

introduced

ever

CATTLE.

here

in

if

expected

he

may

3S3

cattle

abundance.

The
.

lands

grazing

and

Ecija,

mountains,

it

will

be

impossible

and

that

and

with
months

There

abundance

of

ideal

here
which

be

can

by

cattle

the

are

in

case3

as

guarded

contact

in

isolated, and

watchfulness,

infection

feed,

especial value,

cattle

in
it

of

an

noted

water,

Hence

water.

for

every

miles

four

country

are

of

and

MARKETS

are

the

the

districts
the

for

through

or

railroad

or

no

risk

and
have

market,
the

upon
will

grounds

grazing

the

run

in

of

hoof.

through
Nueva

in

cattle

the

great

Vizeaya

and

these

world,

might

finest

Before
a

the

advantage

whither

than

grounds

the

the

CATTLE.

not

described,

question

in

PHILIPPINE

States, probably

Manila

driven

better

conditions

little

with

FOR

no

United

under

be

the

in

clear

or

an

be

to

of

while

pure,

requisites

herds

care

is

ing
surround-

and

supply."

READY

to

whole

against

water

in

the

rinderpest

little

three

there

features
of

valleys

travel

especially

topographical
epidemic

of

and

ravines,

the

forested,

streams

Nueva
ized
character-

are

hills,

higher

finding good

shelter,

country;

these

to

without

observed

water,

the

finds

one

direction

any

of

of

being densely

valley

being

Vizeaya

rolling, hilly character,

valleys, tops

small

Nueva

northern

Pangasinan,

eastern

throughout

their

by
small

in

are

be

raised

The

quality.
of

herds

proximity

might

easily

long, however,
part
Nueva

of

and

these

Ecija

the
ing
grazand

"

384

THE

the

those
At

of

in

on

all

the

the

hoof

from

meat

The

prevailing

handsome

its

which

thrive
of

in

employed

to

Another

The

ground

ands

of

States

yearly

the
A

at

home

realize

as

hay

figures

local

of

large

the

is

the

that

beast

for

indeed,

would

he

is

give

and

of

would

should

is

the

hay.

heavy

character

cutting

and

At

present

from

the

vesting
harthou-

United

give good

resources

raise

demand

and

by-product

returns

impossible

mineral

that

lock
bul-

trotting

connection

imported

arc

its

on

MINERAL

It

this

permit

to

China,

PangasMiian.

quality,

finest

stock

returns

grower.

the

utilization

in

capital

and

likely

dustry
in-

an

The

India

by machinery.

corporation

supply

profit

the

of

in

is

little

and,

consideration

done

tons

It

The
be

to

extent

is such

being

of

Philippines,

of

of

cattle

appear

under

acre

per

of the

Archipelago.

source

districts

yield

the

slight

yield

Philippines.

native

States.

would

raisers.

the

the

to

cattle

the

in

would

introduction

and

ia

erated
refrig-

as

United

the

high,

or

require comparatively

mainly

India

and

Manila

in

Singapore

are

local

to

prosecution
he

from

prices

would

would

consumed

meat

Australia

profit
that

for

sufficiently near

Pangasinan.

present

shipped

is already

line

Jlanila-Dagupan

to

to

PHILIPPINES.

to

sufficient

run

would

cattle

plant

for

without

to

the

doubt

capital.

WEALTH.

say

of

anything
the

very

definite

Philippines.

They

about

have

"

386

THE

methods

primitive
lack

of

twenty

of

claim

to, has

of

charge
as

mining

its

to

short

line

Bureau

this

at

is

in

cellation
can-

sary
neces-

of

up

coast."

several

in

deposit

thing

the

probably

mining

the

this

the

quired
re-

present

opening

with

extent

main

the

communication

successful

to

is

is

referred

prevent

officer

The

exploitation

added,

above

characterizes

bonanza.'

of

be

may

The

to

than

itself

limited

laws

concession.

'undoubted

an

it

Spanish

the

to

the

to

more

in

ledge

only

Mining

for

which

immense

with

labor, led

and

attempt,

the

the

the

suitable

occupied

the
of

and

property,

upon

been

by

this

the

combined

transportation,

capital

years

small

of

sufficient

abandonment

PHILIPPINES.

And

chief

site
requiof

parts

the

Archipelago.

GOLD

Gold
of
with

BEEN

is known

to

islands,

the

is

profit
have

Igorots
and

HAS

with

but

to

carried

its

possibilities.
favorable

to

placer mining

good

may
some

hydraulic

reveal

fails

in

to

the

mining.
district,

The
centuries

the

tempt
at-

never

exhibit

mining
and

country,

altogether

localities

worked

Modern

gold.

used

for

They

that

free

of

be

determined.

returns.

rock

several

on

it may

extent

been

Lepanto-Benguet-Bontoc

states

on

never

In

various

definitely

from

introduction

CENTURIES.

be

quantity
has

in

what

apparently

considerable

FOR

exist
to

yet

extraction

machinery

MINED

unsuspected

conditions

Prospectors
according

to

are

in

the

the

re-

"

IRON

of

port

the

deposits
large

low-grade

of

and

Unless
in

certain
statements

this

region

camp

have

them

the

establish

of

IKON

iron

up
the

have

be

cannot

and

$5

to

"

"The

Bureau

the

been

in

imported
and

claims
whilst

to

to

ing
wait-

that

would

operate.

of

Congress

several

mining

act

set

foot

on

with

of

Affairs,
to

those

worked.
the

Coal*

until

in

of

C.

are

D.

from

C.

interested

This
in

At
tralia
Ausfrom

local

H.

of

one

Manila

Philippines,"

Washington,

is

Philippines.

production

who

but

extensively opened

more

the

iron

high-grade

Archipelago,

wholesale

The

Measures

of

large quantities

costs

ton.

Insular

their

ABUNDANCE.

of

requirements

per

recommended

IN

profitably

Japan

Coal
of

Is

is

$7

been

deposits

of

parts

measures

it

have

the

Western

our

an

when

for

are

them

since

EXIST

undoubtedly

pressing

present

COAL

different

by

posits
de-

success.

AN13

are

coal

effected

importance

who

regulations

permit

ing
work-

valuable

months

weary

and

treatment

very

in

yield

been

from

faith

mining

will

have

men,

miners

7, 1903,

good prospects

the

These

were

of

enterprises

in

false

rights

October

There

utterly

many

of

passage

desiderata

dated

ore

for

their

These

who

sufficient

had

upon
for

are

which

scientific

those

experienced

part

States,

of

extensive

very

ore

under

located.

been

located

free-milling

returns

the

have
most

have

Commission,

387

COAL.

AND

coal,
Burrltt,
tion
publicathe

ject.
sub-

"

THE

388

which
the

could

all

to

islands.

the
the

in

of

of

process

are

engaged

has

opened

with

Tin;

rich

the

electric

water

Chief

of

the

is

Philippines

there
coal

is

free

found

the

from

in

sulphur,

the

Island

southern

Semarara,

black

the

on

Mindanao:

Colatrava,

at

eastern

Mindanao.

similar

in

of
coal

of

Abra,
to

be

It

is

suitable

furnaces,

but

and
for
there

and

to

Japan.

eastern

in

use

is

some

of

which

The

best

ash,

and
and

and
in
at

Com-

southern

Bislig,

Tertiary

respects

Washington,
Rizal,

and

the

of

Bulalacao

Sibuguey,

of

opinion

in

Danac

Xegros;

important

most

Wyoming,

of

Gulf

postela, Cebu;

low

in

in

mines

resources

brown.

Batan,

Mindanao,

the

lignite

of

relatively

of

the

has

Bay.

mineral

and

and

coast

is of

grade

now

company

connecting

the

best

varieties"

two

are

of

important

most

east

Bureau

Mining

is

private

Calanaga

on

ha9

Government

island.

railway

harbor

It

Several

the

upon

Batan,

Albay,

coal."

States

the

upon

Luzon,

of

of

of

United

the

as

deposits

deep

island

Province

mass

in

iS'egros, Cebu,

Masbate,

the

in

exist

to

The

great

enterprises

development.

mining

an

the

that

well

in

constructed

known

solid

rapid

as

give

manufacturing
are

half

about

at

would

miner,

of

"a

as

market

islands.

other

described
a

the

dependency

corporations

is

kinds

and

is

been

to

Batan/Mindoro,

of

Mindanao,

the

upon

Lignites

Island

which

put

profit

with

price

impetus

be

PHILIPPINES

and

age

the

products

Some

of

is

also

Kegros

in

steamships

and

difference

of

the

lieved
betionary
sta-

opin-

"

"

IRON

ion

this

on

score

good

harbor,

year,

within

of

the

pyrites
he

taken

be

able

article

demands

Some

with

do
as

of them

engaged
very

making

the

for

There

market

mined

the

The

free

should

from

all

supply

can

therefore

the

of

Some

transportation

place
and

is

deposits.

cost, and
the

most

advantages.

be

enough

the

throughout

similar

reports

fact

nor

extent

of

imported
the

local

steamships.

the

clinker,

of

eases

take

home

Commission
to

such

the
of

The

most

entirely

to

miles

reasonable

at

One

anchorage

enjoy

firm

are

out

in

in

can

they

five

fields

389

Bulalacao.

near

affords
or

coal

coals

that

which

four

Cehu

black

is

COAL.

exports.

among

fields

promising

AND

do

have
in

the

that

the

they

soil

the

been

"testimony

the

boiler
and

results

as

to

Australian

of

tests

the

regards

mous
unanido

tubes

given practical
trade

is

coals

Philippine

Japanese

coasting

satisfactory

that

not

any
coals.

in

ers
steam-

Archipelago
their

steam-

properties."*

"

"

"

"

MANILA

OLD

AND

NEW.

"

"

X.

MANILA

The

Philippines

OLD

Cavite
The

Hence

Legend

The
"

The

"

Old

Maui

Pasif*

"

Cathedral

NEW.

Years

Twenty

Marivelos

AND

In

of

Intranuiros

The

"

"

Palace

the

of

Governor-General"

"

Fortress

The

of

OW

Manila

Bonondo

-Simlinsio's

Smitiii.no-

liusiness

the

Races

Residential
The

"

of

Sport

Commercial

The

Destiny

"

will

Forts

"

share

zens"Various
Citi-

Suburban

National

the

filling

Manihi

of

Other

Manila

Ki

the

-The

Metropolis

Cock-

Reformation

of

-Costumes

the

in

Sections"

Cities

Spanish

most

Quarter-

"

ers"
Prison-

Illustrious

like

Insanitary,

the

Fortunes

of

the

Capital.

the

In

olden

by
for

days
of

way

Manila

broad-beamed

the

were

class

the
could
who

its

port
it

on

board

that

eclipse
wore

at

Indies.

the

gorgeous

for
than

more

was

Spanish

store

once

uniform,

of

friar,
the

drew

of

nor

the
there

of

the

ship's
a

ony
col-

doubt

and

to

with

insular

member

blessing

set

voyage

Without

Neither

splendor

the

f rocked

the

sails

its

ignorance

him.

one

Acapulco

deck-house

perilous
to

ippines
Phil-

cumbersome,

and

blissful

in

from

four-storied

carried

the

to

The

its

upon

governor-general
in

sailed

carronada,

Perhaps

troubles

went

Nao.

with

brass

left

mast,

eclat.

many

polished

single

great

State

vessel,

its

abaft,

and

.Mexico,

the

in

Spaniard

the

bane

the
of

governor,

commander,

princely

salary,
[393]

394

THE

carried

and

the

title

Fortunate

Antipolo
had

The

its

Mexican

the

blessed

and

never

nine

failed

once

with

stuffs

of

cabin

contained

to, perhaps,

three

the

pay

Philippine

Real

Spanish

for

to

facture,
manu-

chest
lions
mil-

and

Situada

merchants

of

times

port.

amounting

nity.
dig-

Virgin

for

presence,

commander's

to

the

stately

into

safely

which

with

if

her

Pae'die

dollars

with

galleon

freighted

was

and
of

the

charge

"ao

"General"

it with

crossed

her

bring

of

the

guarded

she

PHILIPPINES.

imburse
re-

their

ship-

HK'Tlts.

As

be

the

maintained
a

would

scan

for

for

fat

many

galleon
the

beacon

Pay

with
in

Manila
their

buildings

of

In

chanted

It

in

uniform,
the

Twenty

the

was

years

in

the

Philippines

will

the

Te

ing
rejoicand

all
from

streets,
came

holiday
Deum

waa

HENCE.

American
upon

the

event.

YEA1ES

voyage

the

donned

solemn

glad

rang

officials

people

coast

into

Pells

bunting,

the

eyes

dreaded

great

was

paraded

TWENTY

hence

the

jubilee occasion,

music

for

eager

sailed

nao

festivity.

and

whom

Philippine
of

there

churches

thankfulness

the

length

of

PHILIPPINES

THE

of

would
to

and

prey,

presence

bedecked

all

sea-hawks

the

to

up

bands

were

full

in

the

fallen

lookout

sharp

sedateness,

itself

gave

dress.

had

Capital.

towers,

forth

Pritish

at

Spanish

the

end,

promontories

when

And

its

the

warnings

enemy.

for

neared

voyage

traveler
a

bound

turbine-driven

"

THE

ship,
of

of

0110

the

land

vessels

many

compass
at

Gulf

hundred

of

railroad

field, past

busy

Everywhere

he

beginnings

their

of

effects

vivifying

will

have

begun

and

the

harvester

carahao

picul

and
will

twenty

lighted,

best

governed

"

and

the

the

the

best

of

which

the
be

East.

made

and

steel

coal

plough

displaced

the

returns

now

of

all

go

to

of

one

of

these

the

City

tlie best
east

will, before

Orient,"

The

paved,

municipality

promise

have

three.

passed,

in

ports

largely

arc

"Hub

have

best

the

boh;

yield

years

have

in

tal
capi-

iron

the

ple
peo-

happy

then

land;

the

American

ere

the

in

of

and

magic, work;

will

future

the

felt

their

the
then

Manila,

will

of

plantations.

evidences

prosperity.

enterprise

Manila

fruits

opportunities

vast

American

the

or

cisco.
Fran-

to

flourishing

haps
per-

seven

San

up

the

will

coast,

from

in

points

lie

saving

him

carry

perceive
their

to

all

Pacific

journey

and

towns

awakening

from

395

Luzon.

ihe

abounding

will

HENCE.

thereby

the

will

country

and

in

of

on

Lagonov,

miles

The

the

Island

hustling port

the

through

YEARS

converging

the

upon

some

in

eight

TWENTY

PHILIPPINES

will

drained,
Suez

and

things

quented
fre-

most

is

be

the

and

the

Panama

already

in

evidence.

To-day
Hongkong.
the

latter

covered
the

must

one

The

port,
in

entrance

six
across

small
to

the

Manila

hundred

the
steamer

Bay,

via
and

thirty

ever-restless
of

which

the

Yokohama

China
coaster

might

more

and

miles

from

Sea,
type.

are

At

correctly

"

396

THE

be

termed

the

gulf,

City.

be

soon

enabling

so

the

past

vessel

left

be

still

this

at

boarded

avoid

to

vexatious

and

point,

from

signal

1lie

by

miles

thirty

is Mariveles.

passengers

is

established

will

ships

the
the

Upon

will

PHILIPPINES.

here

coming
in-

officers,

customs

what

tion
sta-

been

has

in

delay,

MARrVIXF.S.

romantic

the

in
there

Spanish
had

seventeenth

in

was

with

disguised
reached

the

where

until

and

his

City

and

and
is

Mexico

now

They

battle

the

exposure.

the
at

was

girl

Together,

the

girl

called

Mariveles,

hidden
In

until

the

the
upon

natives

were

effectually separated

the

Manila,
avail,
of

of

shore

had

the

been

possession

extreme

insanity

upon

carried
for

the

meantime

open

who

for

point

in

whereabouts

priest,

the

and

they

without

bordered

They

fled

cowl,

but

The

with

perate
des-

in

found

excitement

of

news

were

formed

lie

to

raised,

was

recluse

veil,

upon

passed.
great

cry

companion,

and

which

condition.

whilst

fright

islands.

young

the

decided

they

runs,

assumed

lovely

frock

brought

pitiable
to

the

created

fugitives.

compelled
of

had

native

and

story

Manila

she

they designed
for

hue

Tin;

friar's

village

bound

affair

the

of

before

time
Some-

the

so

convents

name,

monk

Here

canoe.

galleon

in

in

the

leave

to

Mariveles.

to

century,

Velez.
a

plan

the

whose

Maria

liaison

of

one

girl

been

attaches

legend

all

back
time.

haustion,
ex-

from
to

the
The

"

THE

398

Cavite
and

contains

the

with

of

Manila
feet

passenger

on

Dutch

port.

permit

of

miles
of

The

delay

Binondo,

he

may

it

in

river

than

bancas

the

of

things

fairly

is

and

these,

and

since

residence
or

boat,

of

modern

the

Walled

PASIG

IUVER.

crowded

of

dugout

he

to

great

landing.
have

before

ships
from

will

tie

planks.
gang-

doubtless
which

suburbs,
before

ceeding
prowill

we

City, symbolical

fast

and

passing

boats

of

away.

of

all

launches,
More

canoes.

useful

not

people

hut

than

Manila

with

steamers

the

nearer

passengers

is

most

of

will

our

long

which

draft

view

much

destination

launch,

view

light
rigged

their

lofty

suddenness

used

be

three

no

difficulty about

not

description

of

the

the

there

and

of

one

THE

The

and

will

it has

accommodation

immediate

cursory

order

an

with

land

or

and

upon

mitigated

and

reach
to

of

much

traveler's

of

part

than

more

approaching

tiresome

be

take

vessel

shore,

docks

at

which,

important

an

mark,

present

and

forts

arc

approach

anywhere

water

shipboard

are

he

breaks

it

The

control,

up

that

from

Conditions

had

hardly

high

large

There

every

will

dry-docks,

Capital.

low,

above
so

deal

commanding

the

lies

buildings,

two

Government.

armament,

defenses

four

arsenal, shipyards,

the

of

peninsula

proper

the

or

the

repair .shops

on

PHILIPPINES.

all,

scriptions,
deout-

ous
conspicuis

the

cargo

"

with

casco,
at

once

the

the

hanging

poling

from

along

each

side.

and

the

least

at

than

different
afloat.

It
is

Malay

and

is

the

by heredity

predilection
be

to

seems

boat

MANII.A

Manila

is

of

the

Taal

shocks

but

they

There

are

have

earthquakes
greater
the

which

usually

since

proportion

nineteenth

felt

are

been,

more

and

its

in

live

lover

of

and

die

for

the

water,

personal application
with

these

people.

IHTBAMUBOS.

volcano, barely

average,

services

condition,

innate

remarkably

most

the

river-folk,

born,

navigator
to

tending
ex-

of

bouses

these

are

are

footway

generally

congenial

unfailingly

craft,

require

of

extends

food

management

cargo

islands

quite

useful

the

Thousands

of

parts

its

the

men,

family.

one

which

two

Children

dry.

to

framework

As

are

preparing

highly
a

of

handling

There

England.

mothers

hut

by

is reminded

one

stretched

clothing

Despite

occupation.

permanent

cumbersome,

propelled

of

barges

is

casco

dwelling.

appearance,

gunwale,

and

how

These

of

of

the

over

the

casco

canal

signs

same

in

of

The

top.

and

conveyance

dissimilarity
old-time

the

bamboo

cylindrical

freight

utter

of

its

309

INTRAMCEOS.

MANILA

subject

thirty
in

the

however,
Walled

once

and

do

of
the

turbances,
dis-

On
a

no

these

an

month,
damage.

destructive

founded.

was

in

center

distant.

City

City

June

their

thirty-three

(fourteen)

century.

miles

slight,

very

the

have

to

seem

seismic

to

The

occurred

3d, 1863,

at

in
3.20

"

PHILIPPINES,

THE

400

violent

p. m.,

number

of

other

five

shock

-worshipers

untouched,

In

them.

of

who

the

still lie

which

them

much

ruins

has

afford

others

share

twenty-

injuring

vegetation

Portions

natives,

vagrant

the

Cathedral, burying

demolished

and

places

many

for

save

the

besides

buildings,

public
number.

greater

down

throw

grown
over-

for

quarters

with

and

bats

monkeys.
The

built

Spaniards

their

residences

inch

walls

are

feet

twenty
churches

common

solid

of

and

It is not

well

as

all

best

the

largest,buildings

withstand

the

that

the

tall

and

lee

Plant

should

these
is
will

fall

will

rip

the

terranean

but

of

the

through
any

he

least

the
of

the

mark

and

shock

of

one

to

disturbances
will

scatter

Cold

such

but

earthquake,

whilst

pieces.
overturn

like

It

is
the

As
in

prevail

by
builder

solid

few

Manila

Charybdis:

them

Storage

destruction

the

fact

injury.

as

to

to

the

from

of

in

seem

earthquake

an

liable

earth,

events,
most

mortar

Insular

light structures,

light

cyclone

the

all

at

suffered

and

in

affords

masonry

have

to

Manila.

well, judging

showing

Scylla
to

brick

very

passed

convulsions

between

to

ten

found

be

earthquakes:

appear

smokestack

from

old

heavy

to

Thirty-

to

are

that

applies

whilst

about

Good

without

ago

Japan,

houses,

this

structures.

masonry

shock

residences,

to

in

protection against

visitations.

years

public

certain

the

these

as

fortifications

at

and

heavily,

building
a

typhoon

seldom

native

that

huts,

chaff.

"

402

THE

in

Nothing
height,
imposing

t lie

structures,

of

It
in

is

ruins

of

which,
with

tower,

but

been

was

created

first

in

for

made

the

the

back

when

the

before

Papal

the

and
was

of

King.

Bull

was

politically

first
and

place,
socially

ship
wor-

when
the

was

the

the

the
site

which

the

whose

man,

Spain

and

eightieth

year

to

needs

as

unbounded,

his

in

their

present

Salazar

Colony

upon

in

fry
bel-

Archie-pi scopate

old

his

of

his

Manila

bishopric
whilst

investiture

as

the

the

first

seas.

of

map

and,
the

of

1880,

the

the

died

century

tions.
propor-

intact

journey

verging

crossing

still

grand

arduous

He

and

building,

Domingo

the

laying

since

upon

since

authorizing

eighteenth

Cathedral

stands

of

lines

place

adjoining

seen

Salazar,

certain

extensive

former

bells

with

1595,

purpose

Archbishop
The

ho

the

occupied

straight

per
up-

partially-demolished

edifice

or

gains

ample

the

he

may

welfare

long

erected

of

some

appointee.

zeal

for

thus

was

including

The

has

it

most

squat

towers

its

and

destroyed

original positions,
Cathedral.

from

finest

Manila,

its

tremely
ex-

invariably

almost

without

an

is

story

presenting

of

simplicity

the

each

dome,

in

generally

not

as

stunted

stateliness

earthquake

an

Cathedral,

the

something

have

from

far

arc

except

from

beauty

edifices

stories

two

over

building*, though

The

appearance.

built

Nevertheless,

low-roofed,

or

is

public

aspect.

high,
fiat

Manila

that

so

PHILIPPINES.

Manila

indeed,

first

power

gives

the

it

represented

of

the

Colony.

"

the

At

time

when

Li

Saint

had

henceforth
of
San

of

happy

deliverance

every
the

made
indicate

Standard

of

the

and

the

to

it the

the
the

flag

of

Cathedral

in

delighted
with
side

and

women,

preceding
the

the
Some

men.

said

to

bo

the

street

of

groups
the

shoiilders
of

each

bearing

would

these

real, and,

if

who

of

the

were

enormous

sions
profes-

Along

single file,men,
lighted candle,

the
as

cessions
pro-

Manila

night.

escorted
and

of

all

bands

perhaps

so,

instead

altar.

and

in

come

Mary,

images

In
led

ended.

at

up

walk,

of

of

it.

which

all

would

Virgin

and

the

they

priests,

The

over

from

wound

centre

signed
de-

Governor-General

holidays

they

thorities
au-

pavement

walked

point

numerous

the

Saviour,

upon

her

attended

Church.

the

before

which

at

children,

down

whilst

and

which
of

the

30th

ceremony

the

practice

lowered

the

on

upon

the

this

was

started

of

protests

thrice

was

of

Metropolitan

votive

ecclesiastical

of

spread

was

he

to

oration
commem-

Manila

The

supremacy

abandonment

The

each

the

when

Funcion

all

when

occasion

the

Spain

years

the

Cathedral.

this

In

of

aid

the
and

celebrated

year,

came

declared

was

Manila.

thereafter

was

pines,
Philip-

corsair,

invoked,

he

of

the

to

islands,

particularly

the

at

nave

the

saint

of

peril

Chinese

of

patron

Mass

recent

himself

the

November

to

the

Hung,

safely passed

Andres

High

direful

most

was

danger

de

Ma

Andrew

the

the

possessing

to

near

of

403

CATHEDRAL.

THE

many
ablaze

of

music

images
Saints,
as

with
value.

of

borne

thirty
gems

Such

"

THE

404

had

images

the

additional

an

The

bayonets.

of

the

which

what

stands
The

Palace,

site
the

from

in

that

modern

the

before

the

the

general

and

living

rule

7, ion

the

which

upon

lofty

are

long

and

floor

to

that

walls

Castile,

to
as

and

wide.

With

with

achievement.

its

of
full-size

many

of

the

lan.
Magelstatue

hundred

polished

been

feet

parquetry

could

the

dark

case,
stair-

landing,

of

given

deed
to

of
and

the

be

not

Spaniards.

paintings

Returning

broad

presentment

one

often

to

reception

statue

hand
hall

it has

the

to

dance-room

amusement

celebrities, recalling

bright

splendid

doubtless

hung

left

large

conforms

ascent

marble

and

delightful

favorite
are

all

years

is

carved

gives

life-size

right

entrances

by

side

several

It

floor.

quake
earth-

executive

Palace

with

upper

of

more

imagined,

the

The

the

chief

for

pies
occu-

purpose

since

t ho

Manila

stories,

either

the

of

same

apartments.

on

half

of

the

dates

City,

City,

Cathedral,

to

residence

two

on

stands

Upon

the

the

Governor-General.

the

devoted

square,

of

square,

the

evacuation.

of

rooms

flanked
of

like

spacious

with

building,

which,

portion

Spanish

by

intervals.

Cathedral

public
of

the

marked

was

at

the

Palace

of

hut

1803,

of

the

been

has

beginning

of
was

the

fixed

with

(JOVEBNOB-GENEBAL.

THE

sort

was

parade
rockets

side

some

present
a

OP

western

in

was

the

and

bombs

PALACE

OLD

Upon

of

soldiers

of

guard

course

explosion

THE

PHILIPPINES.

over

The

Spanish
many

landing,

"

THE

406

In

the

where
of

River

it.
the

his

In

when

1574

built

was

final

within

the

tortured

the

at

soldiers.

has

massed

in

saved

the

fearful

tide

prisoners

stood

inadvertence
ventilation
removed

prison

room

be

Into
so

in

design,

from
scarce,

the
and

pined
of

in

of

of

death,

Spanish
of

capacity
and

result

tiago.
San-

shrieks

bullets
the

as

have

men

eattle

that

the

consideration

Rebellion,

closed.

has

are

est
weak-

of

their

then.

that

twice

water

up

by

an

next

them

day

to

their

officer

life

affair

does

were

the
the

river
tunate
unfor-

waists.

who,

sole

was

not

through
of

source

day eighty

but

place,
the

dungeons

the

caused

The

the

of

some

caused

was

or

to

and

Tngdog

tragedy

the

band.

relief

cells, literally
with

point made

the

utmost,

all further

high

at

the

the

to

Walled

dungeons

disturbance

car,

full.

this

found

from

or

the

there

packed

have

the

within
the

to

of

refuge

revenge

echoed

an

behind

barbarian

noisome

often

taxed

courts

the

During

trickled

and

of

freight

before
at

as

lying

gained

and

Fortress

last

Hung's

Ma

Some

into

by dying

always

Li

have

been

the

was

point

acted

City

have

injustice

times

crowded

cases

of

garrote

In

place

been

against

is

years

gsilliuu Saleedo

prisoners.

others

the

the

walls

the

Bay,

been

this

dark, damp,

Its

the

sleepy

has

but

victim

at

enemies

"

"

stand

Many

it

the

walls, just

many

the

once

Spaniards,

City

for
over

than

walls.

into

merges

watchdog

More

the

of

which

Santiago,

efficient

were

angle

acute

the

PHILIPPINES.

corpses

cheap
appear

and
to

"

have

disturbed

the

equanimity

the

the

authorities

in

of

tiago
San-

includes
(.'lasses

all

the

of

in

in

the

Jose

Torralba,

for

term

on

charge

of

Spanish
sentence

the

and

bread

in

over

against
Hurtado

the

so

the

the

Hospitals

five

who

years'

to

governorship
did

ishment,
ban-

and

upon
hia

beg

Torralba

Juan

do

Dios,

ramparts.

ecclesiastics.

enough

San

before

verging

ruled.

had

of

customary

included

remain

he

The

elapsed

then

to

Fortress

funds.

It

was

which

over

eastern

happily

political

the

the

years

man

Corcuera,

de

fortunate

Not

seventeen

old

the

the

gree,
de-

where

in

with

permitted

suffered

receive

and

was

in

in

was

moved

trial

the

1736

died

of

high

of

public

as

City

of

the

but,

the

1644,

confined

finally pronounced.

he

of

sad

acting-Governor

as

was

grave,

men

knew

served

embezzling

tardiness,

least

to

man

was

years,

of

investigation

had

who

two

the

changes

no

man
fisher-

him.

find

might

morrow

Not

it relate

Philippines

humble

the

kaleidoscopic

the

of

representatives

from

archbishop.
with

Fortress

the

rank

every

connected

for,

and

sexes

the

in

prisoners

proud

stories

affairs

of
both

and

the

to

PHISOHEBS.

ILLUSTKIOUS

roll

Song

The

to

of

407

slightest degree.

SANTIAGO'S

to

PRISONERS.

ILLUSTRIOUS

SANTIAGO'S

the

governed
confinement
In

of

the

quarrel

at

the

1635
gation
insti-

end, however,

the

regain

from

the

royal

favor

he
and

Canaries.
of

another

governor

"

THE

408

with

the

Church

the

by

In

hundred

two

in

the

imprisoned
Sultan's

the
recent

that
has

could

walls

of

City

have

been

reels, laid

is

In

were

the

Asin,

the

the

at

in

shaken

those

of

quakes,
earth-

all, its
to

are

in

the
of

mainly

ranean
subter-

desuetude.

SPANISH

CITIES.

by

these,

of

dense

right angles,

by

belonging

shadows
in

Fort

possession

condemned

occupied

old

invaders,
the

until

artillery

The

by

is
of

and,

heaviest

them.

MOST

It

foundation
thick

fortune

and

hovels

native
out

fided
con-

Manila.

the

sacked

LIKE

buildings
orders.

of

by cyclones,

Strangest

Tntramuros

miserable
Bt

against

UNSANITARY,

government
monastic

from

defy

to

by fire,

dungeons

Manila

Prince

portion

pestilence, and, finally,

MANILA

with

authorities,

enormously

swept

foreign people.

OI-D

Sulu,

mistakenly

there

date

able

devoured

grip

and

are

brought

be

the

it

were

years,

seen

of

Its

had

Spanish

oldest

is the

parts

City.

who

of

died.

brother,

that

was

together

daughters,

the

Santiago,

citadel

The

said

in

four

of

came

which

Mudin

Ali

retainers,

honor

for

Mexico.

to

sister, and

brother,

where

galleon

and

Death

treatment.

Muhammad

Sultan

Palace

Fortress,

hoard

on

prisoner

1751

about

cruel

release

him

hearing

the

in

seized

was

the

in

Inquisition

suffered

welcome

the

Saleedo

Diego

dungeon

he

years

his

of

into

many
as

terminate.

agents

thrown

PHILIPPINES

the

old

to

the

huddle

disorder.
wide

enough

The
for

"

MANILA.

OLD

the

the

of

requirements

the

overhung

house",

inconveniently

Old

Manila
It

place.
A

has

that
be

it
to

fit

the

court

administration
health

into

walls
of

time
miles

in

at

Manila

of

fetid

disturb

to

of

The
refuse

American

long-standing

and

up

houses

it would

The

this

There

o'clock

it

converting

ceased

to

deprived

air.

However,

erected

were

are

be

Until

the

1854

night,

every

of

eight gates

are

two

mediaeval

are

to

the

than

more

ramparts

in

any

value,

with

bridges
draw-

gates

when

the

were

clumsy

raised.

were

the

which

ceased

since

Intramuros
of

presents

old-time

Walled

serve

the

any

perhaps

sovereignty,

to

which

the

useful

much

antiquarian

were

The

these

type

walls

long

whilst

purpose,
of

preserve

perfect

most,

City.

inhabitants

sufficiently strong

Spanish

sink

that

the

Along

eleven

have

be

filling it

portcullises.

drawbridges

extant

moat.

pestilence.

City,

curiosities.

closed

the

Dasmarinas,

long

and

ago

the

extent.

that
as

save

of

Governor

cannon,

of

beds.

Dower

The

such

dences
resi-

of

and

streets,

of

system.

sewerage

drainage

The

decided

by

of

arrangements

disposing

is

to

menace

the

outbreak

an

the

fearfully unsanitary

kind

any

became

rightfully

was

been

private

river,

of

stories

upper

the

narrow.

print.

to

since

long

moat

the

of

not

into

passed

had

never

description
is

by

always

has

traffic, but

moderate

sidewalks,
are

409

they
fresh

-needed
motives
old

constructed

should
relics

in

of

153(1

"

THE

410

the

upon
is

the

selected

site

Manila.

The

grandsire

shops

has

suggests
in

and

residences,

the

of

garb

and

aside

from

of

Binondo,

THE

which

the

life

the

Here

streets

and

the

decrepit

habits

of

retail

few

his

few

and

bustle

of

the

of

Pasig,

QUARTER.

the

on

Walled

alive

with

street

is

the

with

those

owners

are

Chinese

whose

Escolta,
of

other

The

which

shops,

population,

cities.

in

are

the

the

During
could

be

said

are

in

seen

river.

old

The

and

Eosario.

hardly

an

and

Manila

seldom

displayed

to

to
return

official,whose

interest

no

regard

accumulate
to

the

for
as

of

many

of
to

stay

this

side

was

own

much

"peninsula."

comfort.
money

as

The

of

tain,
uncer-

improvements,

his

the

enterprise

than

more

in

are

wealthy.

signs

over

the

by

They

b\it

limited

were

extended

ordinary
was

what

The

patronized

extremely

regime

Spanish

years,

idea

be

to

of

majority

mestizos.

or

small, insigiiificHiu-k-'Mkingplaces,
proprietors

business

favorably

The

rarely

are

vehicles

chief

compare

Americans,

Europeans,

ter.
quar-

hurrying

shops

Eastern

the

business

is the

City,

are

bank

right

leisurely humanity.

more

.white

BUSINESS

lies

exactly opposite

sole

and

new

City.

HINONDO,

the

and

comparatively

amusement,

nothing

old

drowsy

There

Legaspi.

between

business,

no

places

no

modern

former

de

Lopez

contrast

persisting
It

by

striking

most

youth.

PHILIPPINES.

few
and
His

ble
possi-

foreign

"

THE

BINONDO,

merchants,
been

the

on

in

the

houses

and

beautify

of

the

and

There

employ
in

are

ninety

of

Some

years,

and

the

themselves

provement
im-

handsome

the

factories
and

of

whom

are

proportion

of

these

are

make

cigar
and

women

very

workers.

more

thousand

twenty

dustry
in-

manufacturing

thousand

Manila

have

twenty

benefit

principal

two

cent,

per

large

the

City.

to

whom

surroundings.

their

is

Cigar-making

for

build

City,

ten

public

411

of

many

from

for

the

QUARTER.

hand,

for

country

of

large

other

measures

encourage

BUSINESS

mestizos

is,
and

girls,
of

Chinese

extraction.
The

vehicles

public

patronized
is the

mestizos
drawn

by

four

It

;"

crowded

round

It

it and

board
is

area.

The

squats

inside,

Before

driver

the

with

of

frequented

sits

with

his

of

"rapid"
sections.

the

limited

much

the

tbr"'i(.'li

the
a

sides,

but

its

for
room,

l.ii..-

with

by

square

inside

is

frame

native

low

rail

its

rying
car-

superficial

forward

edge,

or

fares.

occupation

the

small,

seats

".

and

pattern

caromata

upon

American

cars

along

only

is

veyance
con-

well-to-do

the

require

The

The

Victoria

fi-'ilu

seats

and

with

not

merely

is

capacity

means

does

thoroughfares.

conveyance.

classes.

quells

wheels

!il. I-

".iiniini.

"

the

The

two

on

three

whites,
on

ponies.

two

passengers.
Iiti*

aud

the

by

carruage,

vehicle

box-like

of

are

"bobtail"

one-horse

variety,

transportation
An

the

was

through

up-to-date

way,
tram-

the

electric

sole
most
street

"

l'HU-IFPTNES.

THE

has

railway
of

the

taken

hack-drivers

whites
of

consisting

OF

the

wear

suit

jacket buttoning

THE

most

put

to

of

costume

throat

the

duck,

or

and

pith

white

the

fair

usual

of

to

bids

business.

of

out

COSTUMES

The

and

place

its

tropica,

linen,

with

helmet

or

hat.

Terai
Some

lives, and

na

pair

to

shirt

their

but

manner,
of
tout

in

general

rolled

expose.

in

garb

often

trousers,

dress

mestizos,

many

derby

hat

limited

is

the

to

up

ilar
sim-

and

knees,

is

common

addition.
The

iffect

rather

Over
open

flowing

loose

kerchief

piece

limbs

not

more

who

can

The

hair

is

of

dark

or

with

skirt

train.

is
On

the

knees.

less

expensive,

back

fashion,

kept

the

or

and

children

from

the

allowed

are

very

almost

the

and

tapis,
the

materials

used

by
are

and

fall

stiff

around

slippers

forehead

colored

The

to

generally

this

wrapped

feet

tire.
at-

sleeves,

street

piha being
the

Upon

women,

transparent

usually

waist

it.

and

Over

the

to

native

voluminous

is

is drawn

native

thin

glossy cloth,

afford

well

shoulders.

The

long

of

altogether unbecoming,

and

the

class

worn

neck

from

with

Japanese
always

the

at

from

The

stiff,but

is fastened.

patterned,

are

bettor

chemise

camisa-j

and

mestizo,,

worn,

knotted

loose.

long

those

and

invariably

It

is

tiful.
beau-

bare-

"

THE

414

and

legged
of

it

wears

cast-off

the

white

The

free

the

to

their

knot

and

of

the

like

to

and

boys

shirt

of

shirt

wear

the

same

always

are

long skirts,

have

girls

look

and

hair,

The

Filipino

The

breeze.

managed

European

pride.

breeches

tails

has

of

headgear

cotton

material.

who

uncomfortable

with

exception

occasional

the

urchin

enterprising

acquire

left

with

bareheaded,

some

short

PHILIPPINES.

their

in

mothers

miniature.
The

land,

adheres

Chinaman
his

but

and

women

the

adopt

almost

invariably
They

both

and

girls

in

comfortably

and

coolies,

it

industries

with

after

life.

in

in

manual

to

in

the

the

It

world

labor,

is

in

tbey

the

Manila
are

hands

who

are

the

of

with

Filipino

is

these

selves
themand

unaccustomed,

questionable

most

ical
mechan-

apply

can

and

along

get

The

the

compete

can

and

Chinese

people,
however

well.

METBUPOLIS.

in

"

is

other,

some

community.

mainly

race

initiated

are

THE

that

more

half-breed

his

exceptions,

say

or

Chinaman

few

of

majority
safe

taught

native

his

of

of,

care

or

IN

work,

any

taken

boys,

are

remarkably

people

well

adaptable

remarkably

it

to

class

hard-working

to

father

his

one

wife

good

business,

is

The

RACES

the

far

By

to

dress.

VARIOUS

have

Filipino

are

father's

the

into

of

costume

may

addition

in

usually

children.

he

"

concubines

native

the

to

whether
the

do
any

Mongol

certainly

no

"

VARIOUS

match

him.

for

is of

the

in

force

in

owned

the

They

full-blooded
in

them
mestizos

are

well-to-do

tomed

to

they

almost

The

in

the

The

this

capital

planter

with

These

which

always

sometimes

loans,

as

striving
connections

native

enjoyed
East

the

by

Eurasian

sycophancy,
and

the

inordinate

to

accua-

Europe,

where

of

like
the

to

superior

conceit.

the

same

this

for

hi3

an

are

stantly
con-

from

their

consideration

Everywhere

discontent,
If

operations.

They

the

race.

displays

depend

occupy

themselves
secure

deal

great

cent.

community.

and

export

rate

Eurasians,

disassociate

querulous

their

exorbitant

all

the

cultivators

fifty per

as

ers
plant-

the

on

carry

an

much

in

in

are

between

larger

to

pays

half-breeds,

equivocal position

they

accumulate

the

wealthy.

pupils.

apt

capacity

of

these

of

them

representatives

them

Upon

of

middlemen

as

European

and

money.

for

act

of

advantage

permit

prove

ential
influ-

superiors

Many

college

to

sons

have

and

the

some

will

invariably

the

houses,
of

their

mestizos

have

and

would

ago.

education.

circumstances

send

and

of

been

numerous

and

natives,

gence
intelli-

always

Chinese

intellectual

the

working

his

and

have

years

are

are

matter

their

the

of

capable

that

measures

415

generally suspected.

is

country

the

When

than

half-breeds

class.
the

is

Philippines

Spanish

The

order

higher

the

METROPOLIS.

day continuously,

repressive

practically

THE

Chinaman

the

in
a

for

But

The

hours

sixteen

IN

RACES

petty

in

traits

the
of

disingeuuousuess,
element

does

not

"

THE

416

troublesome

prove
will
is

be

only

would

THE

The

Ermita

sea-front,

south

the

last-named

in

than

floor

ground

and

store-rooms,
of

the

in

which

shell,
This

being

second

being

thrown

Plaster

is

prohibits

carpets

use

the
for

employed

open

and

of

to

the

with

for

solidly

constructed

is

of

posts,

upholstery

are

the

walla

outer

sliding frames,
translucent

air

in

oyster

in

interior

of

Manila.
the

the

same

house

evening.
that

reason

walls

washed
white-

are

Hardwood

canvas.

floors,

the

quarters,

glass

the

two

above,

are

The

The

glass.

ceiling

beams,

the

ing
stand-

of

for

of

Ayala

lower

servants'

of

San
The

houses

with

squares

in

the

by

rooms

to

over

permits

dispensed

and

living

substitute

wide

the

The

in

along

River.

handsome

fitted

small

arrangement

the

purposes.

are

common

lot

part

and

City,

more

given

similar

set

are

the

the

story

their

'Malate,

reached

very

is much
All

of

most

and

of

is

gardens.

upper.

the

Walled

which

residences

the

for

bank

several

attractive
of

stories

the

northern

contains

Bridge,

of
of

suburb,

because

SECTIONS.

live

the

them

one.

population
sections

it

to

government

RESIDENTIAL

attractive

on

accorded
and

native

happy

the

Miguel

self-esteem

SUBURBAN

white

administration

recognition

under

less

American

the

their

to

that

be

the

to

because

nattering

realization

PHILIPPINES.

and

the

conspicuous

rest,

by

is

and
their

:;'i!.-oi]re.

"

Life

Manila

in

Indian

day

the

Luneta,

the

over,

oval

Victoria

of

driven.

There

are

high

very

Malay
rises

above

orchestras
dance
of

in

taste

music,

used

fiascos

on

jockey
a

horse,
the

and

share

of

of

but

their

those

universal

talent

rarely
and

bands

native
of

marches

all

answer

not

music.

good

the

his

renderings

generally

and
to

combats
be

by

of

the

club

in

pony

the

members

Philippine
for

the

no

the

and

demands

of

is
but

These

"wild"

generally

were

combative
in

qualities

them.

which

City,
only

various

they

engaged

"pony"

respect,
breed.

but
hick

brutes
in

year,

between

given,

account

displayed

The

country

with

audiences.

beasts

twice

vate
pri-

the

turnouts

plenty

direction,

excellent

been

owns

of

two

However,

which

Bull-fights

this

is

full

mediocre.

give

their

his

the

direction,

smart.

There

has

Eilipino

The

an

evening,

every

public amusements,

order.

to

Upon

only, having

the

of

Esplanade

the

one

which

of

East

an

repairs

Everyone

to

quite

are

few

in

other.

Many

cocheros

business

plays

Archbishop

the

The

Madras.

to

band

barouche,

or

are

liveried

in

drive

to

in

what

round

and

Governor-General

horses

the

circle

carriages

allowed

Manila

Marina

the

or

that

population

white

to

promenade

grass

whilst

is

like

instance.

for

entire

which

Calcutta,

to

much

very

city, Calcutta,

the

is

is

417

SECTIONS.

RESIDENTIAL

SUBURBAN

There

holds

meetings

lieirigpermitted
in

reality

an

its

height,

does

animals

are

is

to

ride.

undersized
it
said

ble
resem-

to

be

"

THE

418

derived

from

Spaniards

PHILIPPINES

Mexican
the

in

sixteentti

looking

beasts, remarkably

capable

of

the

mile

developing
has

the

on

carrying

Santa

in

Mesa
and

COCK-FIGHTING

There

and

in

are

buildings
capable
and

of

Aside

from

the

gambling.

carries

perched

two

in

squat

each

thus

meeting,

the

has

roadway

and

arena.

affords

Filipino
bird,

no

which

he

arm

or

uncommon

for

provided
their

venient
con-

passion

his

is

set

people,

its

under
It

them

thousand

tucked

of

some

the

owns

dred
hun-

one

fight,

champions

at

other.

This

pastime

Sundays
besides,

the

were

the

he

is

days,

times

of

admission

and
a

if he

happy

has
man.

regulation.

government
and

legalized

these

price

cockpit,

under

was

feast

and

At

combats.

wager

native

shoulder.

men

pony

cock-fighting.
of

cock-fighting

him

his

upon

for

Ihing
to

with

about

five

gratifying

Fvery

is

cockpits,

provinces

sport,

onds
sec-

native

upwards

than

the

for

medium

for

Manila

more

in

ten

SPOKT.

Filipinos

continuing

barrio

by

NATIONAL

the

about

holding

every

of

sport

and

that

fifty pounds.

THE

national

The

training,

is claimed

minutes

two

race-course

hundred

one

It

speed.

good-

are

with

and,

strong,

the

by

They

century.

great

done

been

introduced

horses,

Manila

in

occasions

every

the
The

for

gallinaeean

who

native

betakes

Thursdays

him

can

to

wherewithal
licenses

the
to

for

mand
com-

est
near-

make

conduct-

"

COCK-FIGHTING

ing cock-fighta produced

Spanish

the

section

certain

had

who

in

the

assigned

the

the

are

steel

the

the
of

results
The

for

seldom

recognized
the
save

as

the

set-to

for

the
in

is

shouts

keen
when

to

armed

with

razor-edge.

Although

the

dividual
in-

dollars, large

few

the

to

bookmakers

spectators

bets.

of

bring

subjected

frequently

usually

hands

change

disabled,

or

the

in

over

of

other

or

the

on

spectators

exclamations

craned

necks

excitement,
a

is

decision

and
to

is

likely

defeat.
the

at

tense

which

utes,
minto

be

tail, which

turn

maintain

three

or

birds
to

or

two

ignominious

most

muttered
Their

tiers

flukey fights.

these

killed

quickly

the

fight.

cocks

each

being

exceed

aggregate-

one

contending

which

to

circular

sharpened

of

by

in

turns

by

taking

about

contest

their

thus

are

wagers
in

district

the

courtyard

display them,

criticism

circulating

sums

ing
engag-

is surrounded

pit

the

spur

birds
and

inspection

and

ring

single long

Whilst

of

owners

the

into

from

of

limits

surrounded

is

arena

The

seats.

ihe

awaiting

kept

are

Within,

else

for

bidder,

highest

one

the

within

privilege

the

any

fence, forming

or

birds

them

prevent

to

from

him.

to

wall

the

right

to

income

The

to

up

building containing

The

high

put

was

business

the

gambling.

419

revenue

derived

which

of

forms

considerable

Government,

other

various

SPORT-

NATIONAL

THE

During

utmost

silence

critical

some

expression
they give

announced.

is

As

ment.
mo-

claim
provent

bets

"

THE

420

settled

are

is

bout

of

is

the

coin,

in

these

if

blow,

it

calculated

all

the

termination

the

by

other

side

There

is
but

often

that

of

jingle

musical

lacks

affections, and

that

he

his

can

he

done

bird

wife

it

to

to

has

it,but

cleared

present

loves

modern
The

themselves

the

cock,
gamehas

as

in

his

taking

fire

of

fore
be-

safety

In-

transformation.

unsanitary

the

beat

on

his

place

place

to

MANILA.

changes

the

first

Of

result.

assert,

to

is

children.

undergoing
great

luck

dwelling

his

Of

its

likely

contrary

the

and

reformation.

he
of

prized

relieving

complete
before

holds
of

any

combat.

is

Filipino

case

rapidly

defies

and, beyond

about,

KEFOEMATION

is

tramuros

fowl

first

neck,

or

da

exaggeration

his

The

head

kors

is

opinion

qualities, but

the

it

in

after

THE

Manila

is

that

done,

looking

that

it

perhaps

convey

that

natives.

game

llicse

important

most

the

on

recipient

plucky

denying

no

fall

easily bring

may

been

will

the

and

the

by

to

place

opponent

the

cock-fights, although

happens

quick

far

by

entertained

to

course

be

to

seems

generally

not

it

the

at

down

and

event

money.

factor

of

each

lmhbub

toned

pleasingly

Chance

an

after

immediately

currency
a

PHILIPPINES.

in

its

traveler

at

tle
lit-

state, perhaps

City

custom

condition,

is in

experiences
and

house,
every

course

turn

in

dences
evithe

streets.

During

1904

nearly

four

millions

were

expended

"

cleaned

how

those

with

bill

and

is

and

fire

of

quarter

the

of

mercy

of

Now
with

the

nothing
send

on

tinent
con-

of
is

supply

water

by

of

tho

alarm

of

and

vim

fire

to

over

manned
any

is

in

customary

the

and

modern

Manila

at

was

without

York,

most

own

secured

New

the

their

engines,
officer

an

sidered
con-

City

the

Government

Bonner,
with

fire

hand

in

the

years

officials

Formerly

Insular

liberally

for

learn

to

of

wonder

have

their

captained

snap

over,

the

destruction

the

who

antiquated

Chief

him

tho

is

system.

few

The

experience.
services

had

the

and

natives

and

world

improved.

globe,

the

the

the

compares

centres

for

Japanese,

they

study

to

large

department
the

Even
that

of

operation,

enlarged

Orient.

to

that

of

in

seen

which

cities

Crematories

in

Manila's

Manila

large

result

The

already

is

of

of

than

arc

Manila

health

Asia.

garbage
being

sanitation

that

better
of

by

of

with

favorably

regularity.

daily

of

measures

recorded

the

PHILIPPINES.

THE

422

nished
fur-

ment.
equipresponded
American

an

city.
Manila
men

to

the

presents
with

working
convert

governments
THE

the

unimpaired

sloth-ridden
of the

city

and

COMMERCIAL

material

into

the

in

energy

model

white

tropics
for

all

East.

I"":STINY

efforts, tending

These

of

spectacle

unique

to

betterment

OF

the

promote
of

MANILA.

the

health,

people,

are

cation
edunot

"

"

side.

Ill

sight

0/

wires,

telephone

light*,

electric

tracks

rini'i-railwiu

of
"me

the

the

prim-ip;,!

-Irivtc

rides
native

of

ManiJa,

hi-

csraban

"

COMMERCIAL

inconsistent

with

the

the

chief

lies

Indeed,

DESTINY

factor

no

the

humanitarian

the

development
of

the

mainland

the

islands

Panama

porta

trade

from

of

the

Indian

Sea,

the

because

if

much,

of

Eurasian
Within

balf

of
of

not

of

trade

Manila,

of

seasons

which

then

would

of

lie

the

China

such

ditions
con-

and

naturally
in

the

tion
naviga-

collecting

would

Hongkong

omy,
econ-

the

and

Tinder

the

of

most,

take

through

dangers

year.

the

lo

of

route

and

the

and

expected

Malacca,

difficulties

great

certain

of

borne

now

motives

present

Strait

the

from

the

entirely

Canal
l"e

may

and

Atlantic

be

is

Suez

the

the

the

which

of

of

opening

will

traffic

Peninsula,

points

solely

not

course,

entails

of

the

between

freight

the

sion
expan-

occupies

to

the

route

than
the

Manila

With

way

and

Malay

destinations

same

also

to

of

further

to

administration

reference
the

sibilities
pos-

Archipelago.

the

calculated

the

Oriental

and

Ocean,

at

with

trade

by

of

islands.

Asia,

much

Pacific
but

the

423

commercial

its

industries

Indonesia.

Europe
the

of

internal

of

in

surely

more

position

and

to

that

importance

of

America

changed

Cape

of

Canal,
of

view

projects

commanding
the

is

MANILA.

OF

tributing
dis-

accrue

main

route

traffic.
easy

the

reach

people

of

of
the

the

400,000,000;

possessions

approximate
Australasia,

of

Great

the

Philippines

globe.

China

East

Indies,

Britain,

350,000,000;
5,000,000;

France,

Japan
Siam,

has

is
has

than

more

tion
popula-

including
and

the

Holland,

42,000,000;

5,000,000,

and

the

424

PHILIPPINES.

THE

Straits

Settlements,

000,000,

total

in

of

excess

800,000,000.
A

great

within

number

of

these

zones

of

the

the

formerly

areas,

trade

into

relations

of

up

force

been

tapped

in

various

recent

under

China

and

regeneration
will

Japan

surely give

of
China
and

is

of

will

in

from

response

Manila
years,

hemp
it

is

position

the

dress-stuffs

foot,

on

of

process

mercial
com-

with

relations
the

to

opment
devel-

as

for

sugar

her
yams.

She

will

develop

the
with
On

necessities,
market

ber
lum-

Philippine

demand

industries

and

of

she

commodities.

staple

the

her

than

economical

or

her

her

exceed

islands.

supply

of

to

the

already

can

Archipelago

consumption

that

Philippines,

She

increase

of

the

best.

the

continue

probable
to

of

increasing

Her

the

the

many

for

of

convenient

more

doubtless

it.

of

one

with

buy

capacity

meet

either

in

has

extensions,

impetus

customer

products

no

to

will

of

been

the

find

which

Her

first

receiving, and,

she

the

always

more

for

closer

great

applies

country.

was

has

use

the

her

ing
open-

railroads

new

are

is

the

territory

by

miles,

consideration.

large

This

projects

thousand

but

by

inland

directions
whilst

years,

several

countries

vast

present

constantly brought

transportation.
whoso

China,

to

involving
or

of

at

traffic,

being

other

not

are

world's

are

with

systems

with

during

remote,

people

ability

to

will

find

need

coal

and

and,

in

few

Philippines

will

considerable

quantities

the

other

be

hand,

in

the

"

THE

426

of

population

the

ever-increasing

of

Islands,

Philippine
of

areas

will

uses,

PHILIPPINES.

look

paddy-land
China

to

for

they

as

to

convert

able
profit-

more

quantities

greater

rice.

The

bullion,

of

exceeds

two

Great

the

thousand

the

Britain,

largest part

OTHER

million

between

of

this

PORTS

the

of

Philippines,

dollars

and

intake.

Next

already

has

outsend

United

exclusive

import,

neighboring

countries

divided

equally

and

export

commerce,

Slates

about

year,

to

the

commerce.

WILL

SHARE

THE

FORTUNES

OF

THE

CAPITAL.

The

problem
their

share
at

for

resources

of

this

hand,

and

trade.

under

put

lack

upon
in

of

the

richest

with

of

market.

the

situation
of

The
are

development
commercial

only
of

the
its

other

ports

expansion

shippers
will

when

it is
volved
in-

principles

into

the
of

matter

pelago
Archi-

There

pronouncedly

in

near

markets

produce

Philippines

territories
is

in

economic
so

great

tured
manufac-

enable

the

and

raw

would

for

the

secure

these

velop
de-

to

markets

in
of

how

competition.

any

the

to

produced

that

customers

industrial

the

be

is

ready

are

worth

might

meet

growth

consummation

The

to

able

demand

conditions

successfully
be

There

dollars

that

islands

be

to

as

constant

goods

never

so

million

many

the

confronting

East

in

favor

one

of

that

such

the
i

time.
will
of

be

Manila.

coincident
Iloilo

"

FORTUNES

OF

the

is

rapidly

rising

of

the

importance.

first
of

rich

Cagayan

flourishing port.
point

some

the

on

considerable

eastward

and

to

the

TIIF

rank

shipping

the

427

adequate

Valley, Aparri
many

years

coast

of

of

the

proportion
will

of

With

Before
Pacific

CAPITAL.

tranship

it

to

Luzon

tion
exploita-

will

become

have

passed

will

freight

Manila

centre

by

receive

from

the

rail.

"

"

"

"

"

Hi'Miii

The**

Not

forest

nijiii

nail

is

s-ujijilk^

hut-

;iil

Home.

PM-e".!io"

i-("0

an

in

u*d

(":

l!i"

their

nci.i'-Sitj'

con^rm-litm

ami

wndo

trad

ll"-

m;tteri;i]
i

"

"

LUZON.

Travel

Water

by

in

Inexhaustible

tlie

Philippines"

Home

Life

of

the

Til

Simple

in

Life

"Some

of

Their

Failing

Source

of

Feast

the

of

the

Fiesta

Carabao
Peasant

All

Planter's

of

Kntertainmcnt"

Native

Home

Pantomime

"

Never-

Principal
Dances

"

People"

"

The

The

Strong"

Filipino
Like

is

Filipino

Inevitable

Superstitions

Village

Typical

Th?
"

Clmrnrtoristics

A
"

Very

Mot

Philippines

the

the

Have

They

Bond

Religious

The

Is

git

"

Wedding"

Hospitality

Filipino

Feature
The

"

Moro-

"

Moro

Play.

Travel
its

the

to

occasion

of

the

point

between

of

the

lack

healthy

that

must

country

such

as

BY

The

physical
by

water

to

so

zest

IN

of
the

of

most

to

THE

Luzon

will

next

But,

an

in

travel

deter

to

as

adventures

undeveloped

undertaking.

PIIILTPl'l.M

makes
convenient

be

communication

and

the

no

each

moment.

great

in

is

At

difficulty

mishaps

lend

character
of

not

journeys

WATER

one

the

the

attend

always
are

is

and

man,

lines

centres,

parts

the

and

preiirrunge-

the

to

of

regular

the

remote

any

conditions
of

but

any

even

the

by

There

character.

proceeding

to

as

variety

making

general

most

manner

determined

despite

the

of

clime.

for

nor

haphazard

charm

the

western

tallies

time-

except

all

of

native

for

ments

has

it

quite

is

Philippines

but

methods,

novelty

to

the

in

"

S.

tion
transportaand

ready

(431)

432

of

means

of

THE

PHILIPPINES.

from

place

getting

roads,

badness

the

or

compels

the

traveler

to

take

the

river.

In

will

be

to

steamer

sailing
is

craft

that

one

unusual

be

should

not

of

such

wind

of

experience
recites

afforded

him

these

of

and

seas

of

the

of

something

seamanship

remarkable

the

observing

the

which

in

water

native

the

Worcester*

learning

and

coasting

to, and

to

or

sea,

often

more

voyage,

of

opportunity

vagaries

but

missed.

by

instances

few

resorted
be

sections

some

detour

in

them,

make

available,

must

incidents

the

of

absence

the

and

place,

to

Malay

the

navigators.
"At

half-past

blowing
miles

time

same

to

it

look

had

good,

dangerously,
they

course,
sit

the

on

violence,
The

strength

mighty

five

about

the

the

at

east,

things began

until
and

darkened

breeze

fresh

were

we

toward

to

of

south

the

waterspout

marching

with

bamboo

wind

sent

of
of

one

outrigger.
second,

rbiJlpiiinc

she

then

Islands.

reefing

sails

their

number

As
a

Dean

their

began

the

to

craft

keel

over

changing
to

the

windward

increased

wind

third,
('.

or

the

and

abeam

handled

men

When

strong

dead

was

Our

skill.

instead

boat,

staunch

the

wonderful

with

rapidly.

rising

to

see

but

outriggers,
sea

sky

along.

grandly
"We

The

could

we

us

in

increasing

with

When

veered

suddenly

ugly.

off,

got

we

north.

the

from

out

two

and,

Worcester.

in

finally,
New

York,

"

fourth

the

to

should

have

but

the

The

wind

to

bore

squall

made

down

and

send

it

who

were

One

moment

might
their

washed

proved
and

burst

of

mercy
for

dear

until

began

unearthed

but

the

off
of

the
Wo

they hung

skill
the

wave

the

men

precarious.

above
it.

as

when

top

became

in

and

the

middle.
and

ribbons,

For

waves.

but

if

the

we

on

and

water

feared

they

grimly

with

the

overhaul

to

go

the

sharp

five

report

minutes

it

at

bailed

all

hands

us

steadily,

fill and

lie

and

disabled
when

away,

the

we

bottom.

cargo.

sail

on

carried

suddenly

men

the

new

time

to

finally

drifting

were

gained

were

strain

Tn

some

bound

were

the

came

we

water

outriggers

and

rotten,

through

the

of
to

necks

out

bringing

position

feet

sis

were

squalls.

in

the

soon

There

inevitably

"Two

boat

it.

to

as

the

should

llie

steady,

remarkable

cut

The

for

life,

looked

their

to

inboard.

old

was

blown

was

time

We

further

hurrying

all

keel.

and

miscalculation,

away,

much

too

it

and

close

held

puffs

crew

stood

even

wind

the

the

chattering.

sail

"Our

sudden

us

their

to

up

teeth

in

just, in

they

be

had

of

others

fairly

with

but

flying

the

well

on

balancing

next

on

occasional

an

Two

while

ing
hold-

orosspieee,

centre

closely, running

it

down

outrigger

the

mainmast.

come

slackened;

they

the

very

watched

men

on

boat

done

began

it

the

out

outrigger

the

it, keeping

to

it

of

stays

astride

sat

walked

man

which

stopped
To

our

by

hailing

they

amazement

chance

and

they

had

"

434

undertaken

to

to

hoard,
was

the

if

indeed

too

busy

the
the

to

for

for

she

filled.

time

as

the

sail

finish.
boat

get
all

We

began

finds

the

one

by

the

as

his

head

The

host.
and

ready

where

and

the

to

rains

are

last

the

of

In
all

an

in

the

adapted

to

cover

ungainly

that

passable
im-

are

order

to

ruped,
quad-

do.

is

of

house

in

moat

often

roads

designed

rice

is

Tagal

the

white
of

the

to

who

Filipino

The

planter.

the

the

best

many

riding

measure

the

at

at

most

cart,

and

every

inexhaustible.

people

or

hall,

hospitality

welcome

well-to-do

the

town

but

at

out

be

but

commonly

wayfarer,

and

before

awash

won

the

got

INEXHAUSTIBLE.

pony,

put

the

boat

sometimes

rarahao,

or

but

anything

when

conveyance,

natives

tribunal,

The

over

be

may

will

In

except

him.

again."

native

requirements.

they

IS

of

over-

business,

be

breath

long

boat

mode

expeditious

them

but

the

with

go

the

should

up;

ahead

river

not

fuller

we

ing
pitch-

thrown

to

HOSPITALITY

Inland,

his

if

aged
man-

thought

touch-and-go

draw

to

FILIPINO

traveler

drew

was

attention
the

was

it seemed

could

they

It

boat

be

did

itself

much

pay

bailing, however,

faster

would

mast

they

and

thing,

mast

How

The

see.

mad

friend.

never

like

climbed

who

man

could

tosaing

to

over

carry

it I

rig

and

PHILIPPINES.

THE

man

is

date
accommo-

has

roof

prospective
able
unsurpasswill

capitan,

out-of-the-way
modest

find
or

some

hamlet,

circumstances,

his

"

HOME

quarters

may

but

the

other

the
He

the

All

his

comfort

head

of

affairs

the

on

The

in

of

hull
that

for

procure

The

offered.

neglect

guest,

animals

and

his

whose

at

material

perform

and

rice,

the

and

aspiring

is

required,

prospective

falher-m-law

long

as

two

or

three

of

one

in

lieu
for

of
of
a

the

chance

may
form

of

period,

of

courtship

the
his

serve

which

who,

means,

to

the

meals,

daughters

dower,

Thus,

in

the

the

in

trious
indus-

labor

It

without

man

years.

the

looms.

to

work

any
are

prepare

helper

young

is

family,

They
the

has

of

civil

of

women

deal

an

anticipation

share

The

great

work

hand

the

to

their

house.

household
that

do

up

many

and

without

wife

children
to

obedient

are

to

his

pattern

his

treats

brings

and

predominate

who

man

strangers,

the

about

the

The

forward.

going

bo

to

TAGALS.

afford

willing

and

catipado,

as

can

Tagals,

They

elders, obliging

and

the

might

father.

may

fields

of

kindness,

and
that

reward,

that

he

when

his

THE

exemplary.

manner

American
their

life

is

respect
a

of

men,

OF

LIFE

family

Luzon,

with

or

afford.

estate.

HOME

in

the

all

places

leaves

cheerfully

those

to

ple,
simand

can

eagerly

are

will

attend

to

he

has,

establishment

fare

comfortable

and

host

pleasure,

or

the

service

his

his

entertainer

warning

that

435

and

and

peasant

without

pleases.

clean

be

his

best

TAGALS.

pretentious

will

one

THE

OF

less

be

conies

own

LIFE

may

be

among

"

THE

*36

the

Tagals

with

is

viewed

he

is

and

other

in

permitted

to

the

During

the

incurring
for

family,
to

gives

it

he

probation

the

in

avoid

of

the

the

to

abuse

ful
care-

avoid

to

of

the

otherwise,
The

tice
prac-

and

scrupulous
un-

charms,

daughter's

is

confidence
force
the

not

luctant
re-

of

privilege

favored

youth

alliance

permanent

is' very

sometimes

the

case

tasks.

and

by anticipating
such

girl,

domestic

place.

of

for

young

member

his

on

is not

calculating

is

hardship,

swain

his

couple

hand

dismissed

take

such

of

any

be

to

trade

young

but

matrimony,

of

it

matter

arrangement

father

the

to

to

The

to

in

suitor

that

appears

father's

seeks

her

liable

is

airy

company

opportunity

easy

frequent.

light

displeasure

parent
but

the

assist

another

see

the

satisfaction

give

to

hand,

the

of

tenn

and

in

yo\ith

constantly
is

and

the

the

by

light

the

not

On

us.

PHILIPPINES.

never

with

his

inamorata.
In

the

which

tropics
consider

we

Philippines
than

more

is

the

marry
twelve

frequently
debt

for

exacts

means

of
As

and

the

and

old.

great

The

the

and

contracting

the

to

sets

his

the
no

ceremony

the

pense
ex-

parties
day

the
idea

of

in
and
the

families.

approaches

leaves

being

outlay,

priest

period
of

often

interested

The

two.

marriage

display

leaving

at

natives

bride

the

early,

fee, according

generous

evening
friends

or

year

reached

childhood,

years

of

occasion

is

puberty

house

procession
of

I Ik;

bride's

of

relatives
father

for

"

THE

438

whilst

corner,
vent

their

to

The
of

the

PHILIPPINES.

high spirits.

newly-married

one

the

or

dance

people

young

live

couple

other

free

give

and

for

with

the

time,

some

parents

and

perhaps

easy

stances
circum-

permanently.
If

the

preliminaries

the
deal

great
the

on

families

contracting

of

dickering
of

suhject

to

include

marriage

the

between

dowry

in

are

fathers

respective
the

before

matter

he

can

satisfactorily arranged.

THE

KELIOIOUS

These

"children

contented
life

as

lightly

Nothing

and

natural

disturb

Even

hold

of

is

religion
of
little
in

festive

about

the

passed

and

in

and

the

from
"A

Eeclus

domestic

saints,

great

the

of

altar,
successors

of
of

their

of

their

primitive

the

images
ancient

olic
Catha

sion
succes-

themselves

extraordinary
of

the

existence

practices

the

deep

no

Roman

rites

pompoiis

or

their

to

has

than

more

display

part

with

appeals

Troubling

observance

those

Tapleys.
seriously

"the

says,
little

they

of

which

take

admirable

Mark

superstition,

amusements.

celebration

liturgy,

and

dogma,

of

ami

They

equanimity

show

them

happy

as

with

nation

religion,

for

are

vicissitudes

their

As

STRONG.

world.

the

their

them.

upon

in

its

are

VERY

country"

people

They

love

NOT

the

accept

can

long.

of

any

philosophy.

for

BOND

Roman
ia

greatly

not

zeal

thus
fering
dif-

cult.
of

the

anitos,

Madonna

occupies

"

THE

the

RELIGIOUS

place

in

honor

of

has

hamlet
sacred

BOND

with

crowned
of

head
the

rich

while

the

trombones

intermingled,

kept

with

up

festoons,

of

frequently
play

to

dies,
come-

strangely

are

the

of

honor

of

display

grand

who

flourish

are

and

in

decorated

profane

days

winding

usually

and

sacred
feast

the

also

the

built

musicians,
with

'mysteries'

and
at

floral

of

band

Actors

the

the

which

and

ceremonies

cymbals.

perform

to

in

saints

religious

and

engaged

its

has

borne

are

similarly

are

these

silks

churches,

bannerols,

village

accompany

The

style,

hangings,

every

flowers,

processions.

'Jesuit'

Spanish

with

of

chaplets

blest
hum-

which

embroidered

in

439

the

and

household,

every

draped

brilliant

STRONG.

special feast, during

its

images,

VERY

NOT

fireworks."

INFLUENCE

The,
influential

applies

him,

more

of

world,

outer

language,
things,

in

all

under
to

gain

But
the

literature,

secular

rise

for

depended

tended
which
to

the

spread
the

and

the

of

with

standards,
moral

the

of
a

of

relations

education,

Filipinos,

medium,

submission

about

the

occasions.

other

any

increasing

bring

European

independence

or

most

him

to

serious

dissemination

to

the

all

on

troops,

upon

natives.

converted
the

than

Government

the

advice

for

and

district,

the

i3

Spaniard,

the

in

person

"Oapitan"
On

if

especially

cura,

CUBA.

THE

OF

new

the

with

diffusion

Spanish
order

increased
were

the

bound

of
dency
tento

freedom.

"

440

THE

The

of

wants

supplied.

is

civilization,
ethic

to

for

impelling

the

of

his

and

bread

his

gain

mental

it is absurd

judge

to

fact

he

that

has

is

The

far

very

been

heard

the

natives,

so

the
from

depicted

discerning

has

voluntary

with

work

can

of

much

will

industry

visitor

he

of

the

by
to

upon

every

other
was

of

condition

that

curse

to

Nature

As

the

shiftless

uncultivated

by

and

Give

probably

us.

the

hia

in

ourselves,

him
prove

of

matter

loiterer
ers.
observ-

Philippines,

slothful

surprised

brow.

will

being
us

is not

Genesis

standards.

he

to

pation,
antici-

condemnation

than

best

is the

any

greatest

to

our

and

do

PHILIPPINES.

condition

incentive

adequate

are

its

or

the

THE

by

We
we

labor

ideal

nearer

him

the

but

or

of

his

of

much

of

the

was

has

Motive

result,

the

IN

physical

and

lie

is

it.

human,

of

sweat

LIFE

Filipino

that

the

by

in

author

him

side.

labor,

Love

the

only

Filipino
his

the

that

upon

material

of

the

picture

SIMPLE

THE

The

else

conclusion

inflicted

be

turgescent

on

in

of

his

his

the

lies.

pleasure

in

sadly astray

of

find

we

it is

animal,

requirements

virtue

pleasure
and

the

Stoics

easily
to

least

the

characteristic

species

could

(he

of

power,

natural

man

At

about

the

of

victims

lis,

and

toil

to

the

meet

few

are

satisfied

crime.

that

an

to

prate

toil

is

to

philosophy

prone
not

lie

That

life

simple

Filipino

the

sufficient

extent

PHILIPPINES.

who

helplessness
the

hand.

evidences
lie

will

of
of
see

"

THE

men,

INEVITABLE

and

women,

in

present
of

the

and,

although

must

follow

the

he

the

from

the

villagers

into

and

still

would
in

the

The

his

in

carabao,
In

time

in
do

to

the

in

the

that

for

stand

This

protruding.

soft

cart,

in

is

bottom

search

ho

two

three

to
can

for
his

keep
minutes.

and

renders

amphibious

spends

the

fo

in

his

the

is varied

tender

appetite.
head

is

of

In

below

mud-bath

dulgence
in-

health.
for

water

tip of

the

tion
inclina-

amount

certain

his

the

half

opportunity

necessary

jnst

least

at

domesticity

motionless
with

He

country.

an

considerable
is

factors

ways.

placid enjoyment

appeal

or

the

although
a

undisturbed,

if

and

direction

will

carabao

hours,

this

the

he

state

water,

However,
in

grass

wild

remains,

so

curtailed.

other

methods

important

of

these

farmer,

modem

most

water-buffalo,

or

his

the

in

peasant

of

drags

many

with

again

object

the

to

economy
and

plough,

animal.

of

one

he

heat,

CARABAO.

introduction

remain

sun,

evening.

indispensable
the

useful

himself

the

fields

course

the

mid-day

their

telligently,
innever

the

with

rise

ever-prominent

an

agricultural

the

draws

is

with

even

of

is

follow

to

retires

is

He

order

INEVITABLE

carabao

which

to

THE

scenes.

will

cool

comparative

The

In

and

hard

checriness

have

he

441

working

the

sluggard.

lahor

day's

children

with

and

CARABAO.

his

by
roots

this
the
he

nose

zling
nuz-

and
aqueous
subface
sur-

must

"

THE

442

have

once

chance

day,

favors.
and

in

roll

this

the

new-born

be

the

the

carabao

nearly

Nature

back

which

he

that

as

nondescript

that

as

his

along

absurdly

side

of

of

side

to

and

is

carabao

the

gives

to

would
but

for
his

for

up

beast.

His

of

voices

their

broad

backs,

them

with

often
the

two

string

never-absent

The
is

small

perches

upon

vermin

that

other

their

call

black
the

three

attached

bird

beast's

gather

of

head

there.

the

The

the

these

learn

the

of
in

and

the

answer

their

upon

time,

the

The

are

ride

to

different
in-

idol.

act

from
the

members

guide

nose.

carabao

martin

and

head

with

or

as

appearance

they

at

of

companion

supported

docile

children

or

is

Chinese

that

and

The

command.

their

almost

his

so

state

to

come

and

pet,

masters

and

that

is

world

of

head

horns

His

wags

the

expression

domestic

and

legs.

upon

family

with

trunk

solemnly

looks

the

household

he

as

has

He

hippopotamus

inane

in

creatures

field

she

makes

is

method

insects

antelope,

an

neck.

stupid,

and

to

body

quadruped

stinging

to

disproportionately-slender

by

than

the

and

stance
sub-

furnishes

hair

more

prey

his

distinct

as

sticky

the

until
is

for

baby,

with

is

slim

as

bulky

is

human

clay

in

There

little

of

down

often

as

deficiency.

The

lie

with

of

natural

it.

madness,

easiest

coat

lie

one

ponderously

with

carabao

take

will

will

about

apparent

adult

he

and

He

covered

entirely

PHILIPPINES.

picks
writer

in

the

species, which
from
has

its

ears

noticed

"

CHARACTERISTICS

this

bird

-and

East

that

the

animal

in

-Least

four

with

up

It

the

the

all

cent,

per

deprived

SOME

be

the

Following

the

tilth

is

usually

which

insects

that

the

what

that

find

an

turned

are

them.

at

once

of

his

which

he

entertained

THE

In

in

chief

these

the

was

and

of

affection.

warm

OF

CHARACTERISTICS

forty

peasant

possession
a

useful

killed

1902

cases

many

fliction
af-

terrible

overtook

and

country

of

OF

in

herons

understood

rinderpest

over

for

creature

the

white

the

in

443

soil.

was

animals

five

or

readily

may

found.

through

meal

easily-provided

PEASANT.

everywhere
is

progress

of

THE

combination

water-buffalo

hi?

procession

OF

FILIPINO

THE

FEASANT.

The

would

Manila
but

rule,

it

harshness
of

toward

their

carabao

similar

has
no

intimacy
been

opportunity
There

the

is

on

able

priest

knows

between

for

little

The
the

the

occasional

due

ance
ignor-

to

lack

native

written

Filipino

this

to

consequent

two.

established,

uncontaminated
coin.]

the

the

their

mainly

variably
in-

haek-drivera

exception

that

is

and

nature

between
as

never

horses

The
an

probable

almost

He

well.
form

to

seem

highly

understanding
the

animals

is

their

humane.

naturally

lower

treats

of

is

Filipino

knows

hut

page,

and

of

the

horse

has

been

because

there

the

composition

it.
real

native,

vice
and

in
his

faults

are

of

an

of

the

easily

nature.

"

THE

444

The

Filipino

cardinal
the

white

chief

feast

on

barrier

days,

the

children-

the

for

the

the

by

the
and

There

water.

adults

the

so

bathing,

women

men,

but

sexes,

and

forbidden

ia

in

is

Oriental

"

themselves
the

which

facilities

labor

that

degree
of

the

community

of

separation

no

lack

has

when

entire

disport

"

marked

between

barrio

Every

man.

Church,

is

in

displays

virtue, cleanliness,

often

and

PHILIPPINES.

are

comingly
be-

clad.
No

characteristic

evinced

than

Every

pariah

addition,
furnish

of

the

field-workers

flute,

due

to

with

limited

increased

talent
of

the

the

renown

of

Filipinos
and

lightened

may

produce

for

the

the

by

so

that

world

Paderewskis

sess
posmost

the
labors

musical
that

few

attain

is

entirely

education,

cultivating

give
their

for

the

thing

perhapss

opportunities

facilities

and

performers

ability, but

must

heard

remarkable

creditable

many

high degree

is

It

piano,

people

In

arc

formances
per-

ment
entertain-

developed

or

give

that

say

places

often

are

accompaniment.

of

dispositions.

violin,

They

instruments.

to

in

sometimes,

source

strikingly

unlikely
a

and

and

is safe

It

universal.

is

services

endless

an

prominently

more

which

band,

church

so

and

is

stringed

average

of

of

taste

of

to

brags

are

strains

so

its

for

than

out-of-the-way

amongst

music,

villagers.

this

better

the

of

music

tlie

have

love

has

which

who

Tagal

orchestra

an

the

to

the

and

their

musical

some

virtuosi
and

their

Paganinis.

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

446

sickness,

causing

displeased.

is

she

of
social

being

houses

he

of

his

alights

his

has

the
the

believed

is

In

victim

to

nocturnal
the

upon

thread-like

endless

with
ence
defer-

who

He

or

tation
repu-

utmost

man

livers.

an

the

night, leaving

at

home.

at

food

bowels

the

penetrates

of

with

and,

air

human

search

in

journeys

of

the

is

he

pursued

not

with

the

body

diet

upon

of

his

of

is

"iqui"

The

whom

enjoying

is treated

but

flying' through

half

lower

with

one

mangcuculan

everyone.
of

power

to

individual

An

attentions,

by

live

death,

or

and

roofs

tongue,
his

causes

licaili.
There

are

of

erection
unless

for

were

to

of

the
be

of

the

The

first

will

insure

Of
with

must

first

this

order

last

or

not

secure

the

he

stage,

the

gathered

at

the

immunity

risk
from

of

of

the

losing

hole.
which

having

the

work.

connected
The

native

the

inserting

coin,

beliefs

the

it

danger

in

processes.

many

if

always

details

unless

and

morning.

silver

house

curious

many

and

posts
same

by

post

the

the

before

averted
the

for

serious

be

base

agricultural

prohibition
to

its

at

grave,

dying

for

of

are

the

be

throughout

on

different

the

family

owner

there

course

rice

has

set

of

vespers

would

may

with

dug

be

may

of

there

substitute

the
so

typical

the

danger

post

and

money,

to

is

temporary

some

holes
before

unfilled

left

However,

of

hole

member

some

No

inserted

be

thoy

day,

house.

connected

superstitions

many

moon

will
his

ravages

harvest
is

in

its

conform
crop.
of

Tn
birds

"

THEY

and

HAVE

insects,

handful

in

the

seed

of

of

the

and

possesses
This

grain.

hut
the

tide

to

is at

radius

who

of

in

the

is

"Philippines"

Nowhere
The

the

their
one

They
and
in

of

disturbs
are

the

seen

the

bonds

their

the

Philippines
from

best

the

can

pen

idea

on

vivid

be

beyond

what

he

tached
at-

born.

was

closer.

or

church

same

they

share

of

their
of

of
the

Lala,

of

element

occasion

Kamon

the

strongly

discordant

than

and

misfortunes

picture

found
of

is

the

round
the

expected

of

which

; the

cesses,
prowhen

village,

adviser;

labors

peaceful

and

world

happier

and

Others

their

at

the

have

the

final

the

native

in

of

performed

Tagal

barrio

village

the

true

more

quotation

"The

and

those

no

native

of

pleasures

rarely

hut

fatherly guide

same

are

the

his

basket

sheaf

be

of

been

has

cannot

vaguest

community

inhabitants

and

the

signifies,

are

be

placed

smallest

of

sense

buries

is

rice

small

must

from

hut

and

the

ignorant

miles

soil

the

success

broadest

utterly

few

the

it

which

cross

it

the

to

highest.

midnight,

at

carefully

takes

in

efficacious

has, perhaps,

to

land

its

who

man

the

tends

be

and

After

deposits

act

Patriotism
of

of

of

land.

the

owner

foot

447

field

the

planting,

the

at

into

goes

of

day

centre

reaped
he

farmer

the

preceding
a

the

SUPERSTITIONS.

THEIR

lives.
a

fiesta,

village

life

following
himself

:*

Pliilinpdie

Islands.

Ramon

Reyes

Lala,

New

York,

"

448

Nothing
is

the

in

the

display.
the

"in

is

who

people,

all

natives

Those

with

fiesta

in

enter

the

folds,

among

broad

of

natives, dressed

by wiry

with

the

they

sit

We

lofty

join

low,

airy
and

hunting
on

gay

of

hue

driven

consciousness

the

form

trees

brilliant

where
every-

of

groups

smiling

of

tering
chat-

by

carromatas

of

worldly

prosperity

dignity.
follow

them
with

now

Flags

the

see

planters;

decorated

and

we

well-to-do

and

; the

As

serpentine

we

line

of

by

imperturbable

festoons.

not

scene

best, hurry

long

and

whole

picturesque .animation;
of

with

bungalows

group

them

capital.

winding

eomes

find

religious feeling.

the

near

Sunday

all

which

to

contribuk:

busy morning

in

housetop

every

the

their

who

to

activity;

houses,

and

religious character,

unusual

passing

district

clergy,

gleaming

in

erect

of

village

ponies,

of

ornament

feasts,

own

conducive

visit

Here

gaily.

character

FIESTA.

roadway,
the

signs

drawn

also

populous

the

by

and

me

of

village

part.

always

but

the

the

fond

its

Philippines

than

of

VILLAGE

encouraged

Come

has

take

the

foreigner

surrounding

TYPICAL

lucrative

only

the

are

of

people

indicative

village

feasts

are

the

to

alike

the

exceedingly

in

all

of

more

are

Every

which

and

life

interesting

more

feasts; nothing

scene

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

past
gorgeous

ter
flut-

streamers

village presents
for

myriad

the

tropical

flowers

of

uriance
lux-

ous
gorge-

background.

"

We

arrive

motley

that

they

fronts

of

in

it

with

-classic-

uninteresting,

not

bungalows.

The

bells

and

from

the

slowly
comes

stationed

the

and

the

with

divine

less
or

Te
is

by

the

strains

stirring

of

Deum

They

waltz

the

natives

of

of

of

one

Strauss,

of

To

ritual.

Catholic

the

of

some

ing
noth-

see

operatic

music

devotion

in
Sousa's

than,

pith

dismissed

music

moved

are

of

as

are

whom

is then

The

all

full

saint

lively

out.

band

air

operatic

sermon,

introduction

the

worship.

the

to

leisurely
in

languorous

and

instantly

After

audience

toll

to

village

an

the

about

The

it files

The

short

curious,

begin

church.

the

that

front

crowd

the

effectively

suggeslion

incongruous
into

of

music.

priest preaches

benediction;

composer

midst

enter

commemorates.

campanile

the

glorious

slowly

pertinent

day

in

sive,
mas-

many-gabled

the

to

contrast

renders

there

natives

seated

of

burst

in

all

that

low,

forms

it

of

church

is

large pillars

appearance;

An

faces

little

church

The

the

by

the

on

the

roadway.

and

is

of

court.

stands

here

reinforced

path

every

direction

the

building,
semi

and

green

anticipation

crowded

white

by

449

FIESTA.

constantly

pager

gaze
the

but

village

in

come

expression

give

the

at

assemblage

throngs

as

VILLAGE

TYPICAL

by
them

no

marches,
the
all

solemn
music

divine.
We

slop

few

parish priest"

parishioners,
appearance

of

as

who

minutes
he

to

watch

the

dispenses blessings

now

reverential

crowd

round

affection.

to

eura

his

the
"

devout

him

with

Our

friend,

every
the

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

450

is

cura,

veritable

the

to

there

is

that

hear;

must

For

each

and

as

and
he

all

sees

the

of

perpetual

linger

the

amid

of

heat

their

peaks

upon

which

these

planters

peacefully.

reeds,

honst!
and

flowers

fruits

lanzon,

Here

in
the

its
a

splendid

red-coral
orange,

has

forms

of

great
native

blaze

high

in

the

and

petty

of

white

king

loves
sun.

of

in

with
are

purple

bananas

his

the

where

palm,

of

to

majestic

fenced

of

for

place

houses

with

eye

airily

unparalleled

of

trees

the

From

tropic

paradise,

giant

tempt

eye

the

and

the

sky,

springs

the

to

the

suggesting

creepers

and

blooms,

13

returned

forests

are

miniature

hue,

clusters

proaches
ap-

to

us

have

tiny garden,

own

sanlol,

he

landscape.

of

grandeur

Among

Kueh

the

blue

magnificence.
nestle

wrong.

affection,

invites

mountain

village

indescribable

entrance

is

upon

oppressive

the

the

and

sun

after

coolness,

Surrounding
trees

the

mountain

heavens,

the

kindly

evening.

dispersed

of

deluge

the

of

face

needs

of

tale

and

hand

Already

horizon

into

in

have

homes.

pouring

near

he

that

or

word

outstretched

people

their

has

waiting

us

procession

The

he

happiness,

his

goodness

of

sorrow

teria
lis-

he

flock

born

domestic

of

story

with

grand

of

whisper

his

of

benevolence

rare

As

people.

his

to

confidences

ingenuous

with

beams

father

mango,

whose
the
own

soms,
blos-

rich

beholder.
little

do-

"

PLANTER'S

HOME.

451
.

main

for

his

nine

the

only
We

has

been

village,

we

body

the

ground,

This

of

house

and

is

every

of

of

panes

to

the

Beyond
with

covered

Upon

the

upon

with

walls,

plaster, are

one

which

various

scrolls, while
and

doors.

or

are

handsome
are

of

with

the

heat,

who

and

of

ceive
re-

ette.
cigar-

window

chairs

cloth

but

duced
intro-

are

walls

with

are

square

family,

some

ing
fac-

this

small

we

and

cloth.
instead

artisticallyarranged

engravings

family

house

embroidered

covered

bric-a-brac

several
two

Here

We

of

dainties
with

is in

and

sides

the

room

and

piazza

Here
of

stone.

open

to

sugared

large

The

opaque

members
offer

is

broad

light.

of

beneath

the

composed

of

from

comfort.

connects

feet

insects,
and

cahida.

and

sliding

table

of

that

upon

various

and

health

to

rays

kindly

us

the

dwelling;

pieces

freely

snakes

mother-of-pearl,
the

of

carromata

six

thick

on

windows

sliding

admitting

and

of

enter

about

circulate

to

street, called

formed

raised

stairway

and

ground
the

air

wide

his

native

typical

mounted

conducive

the

in

service,

outskirts

him

"

is

entrance

way

mount

the

the

the

prevents

with

the

of

the

on

with

day

conclusion

lives

home

the

allows

the

highway.

his

approach

the

at

soon

are

the

over

the

for

harvest

golden

spend

to

He

out.

us

and

speeding

him

gives

invited

planter who,

sought

We

indeed

sufficient

yields

year

reaping.

have

well-to-do

the

in

Nature

wants.

for

months

of

religious

portraits hang

jects
sub-

between.

"

THE

452

PHILIPPINES.

From

the

chandelier

with

stands

in

the

used

the

The

aim

of

comfort
The

in
roof

walls
green

and

This,

with

Wo

with

note

to

room

the

through
The

the

Through
every
to

the

one

and

is

that

siesta;
afternoon

streets

cock-pit.

and

the

cock

follow

and

carvings.

family

ate
consider-

children,
of

picture

rather

representative
retires
thus

of

; the

sympathetic

than

his

to

mestic
do-

own

sleep soundly

we

hours.

hurrying
under

with

balconies,

signs

kind

father,

and

side
out-

appearance.

many

each

the

striped

wide

the

into

venture

we

are

AVe

essentials

grotesque

and

tiffin,

over,

with

white

"

the

seems

and

palm

well-behaved

and

heavy

siesta

domicile

picturesque

The

After

enjoy

separate

both

with

eaves

sweet

happiness
exceptional.

in

whole

nipa

covered

us.

quiet, obedient,

leads

climate.

gratification

mother,

as

smaller

passageway

coolness

moist

most

around

the

the

painted

broad
a

several

kitchen"

with

"

are

house

affection
;

bamboo

the

are

"

thatched

blue"

the

gives

of
and

hot,

this

leaves,

are

narrow

the

to

design

is
of

room

cleanliness

at

saint,

some

floor-planks, daily

plantain

main

and

bathroom

small

mirror.

this

of

image

with

crystal

glass;

broad

bedrooms.

as

building.
to

as

from

Opening
rooms,

The

clean

hangs

colored

brazen

polished

and

smooth

ceiling
of

the

corner.

and

scrubbed

the

globes

supporting

oratory,

to

of

centre

his

and

of

scores

arm

soon

the

;
we

village.

men,

they
come

are

nearly
going
to

our

destination.

"

454

THE

and

all

the

winners

and

ring

pick

amount

boundless

he

It

the

the

whole

of

the

decked

in
colored

airy

in

girls

All

even'

Here

and
with

to

hand

arises

the

are

groups
to

their

OF

which

is

villagers

issuing

for
from

been

many
the

climax
in

of
front

villagers
boys

is

stand

in
and

ing
discours-

entranced.
then

ended;
of

event

of

range
ar-

feast

forward

months.

respective positions by

to

the

looking

church;

on

delight.

proceeds

once

have

part

FEAST.

is

the

the

chemisettes.

murmur

at

of

women

band

people

He

cura.

the

THE

the

decorous

tion
excep-

and

men

tune

man

are

the

so

knives.

happy

brilliant

the

be

with

green

trousers,

the

anticipation

joyous

assigned

procession

which

the

the

and

till

he

to

with

white

and

is heard

the

that

gloom

village

bareheaded;

sound

the

is

FEATURE

standing

comes

that
the

skirts

music,

is

one

they, too,

finery"

PBINCIPAL

are

the

every

but

sombre

stars

alive

and

splendid

sweet

Not

is

their

shirts

THE

of

Again

It

all

as

should

pieces

to

the

illumination

fiesta.

known

hacked

millions

church.

the

apparently

However,

never

Against

is

there

cheating

have

it

where

faith.

good

instantly

grand

of

well

as

unusual

and

for

gleam

stakes

how

confusion

night.

middle

wager.

and

was

is

heavens
of

own

the

into

remark

trusted.

he

"

their

opportunity

honesty

is to

down

the

much

so

come

often

Strangers

much

\ip

by

won

amidst

PHILIPPINES.

ous
Mysterithese
the

are

father,

"

"

i.NTl"l,J"

of

comer

Lun.'ta

the
in

some

DewiVii

old

(Jio

If

background.

fu

-I'M

Old

of

ramparts

nniMlP-l.iii.irvB

slii|"w

DEFENSES.

wh.o

Aiif.-ia.-ii

with

Manila

wii.h

rheae

[Wfirwd

tin

ciimber-

f..

knot4

pipccM.

"

"

PBINCirAL

who

in

FEATUUE

Let
a

little

way

in

ns,

however,

arches

to

all

the

up

is

else,

lanterns.

all

the

fences

whose

pots

the

windows

add

been

the

up

Behind

throws

light

(hat

Thus

now

comes

borne

aloft

houses,
little

hang

thousand-

fat

fold,

lights

the

on

in

lamps

the

the

already
the

at

has

procession

its

making

head

playing

the

participants,

the
on

from

dusky

saint

an

night

borne

of

image

jewels bright

and

of

the
the
with

end

ing
showerstars.

martyr,
of

Virgin
glory

plause
ap-

From

colored

after

the

old

some

imirmur

of

martyr

along till,near

of

heavens,

constellations

soft

of

onlookers.
the

into

of

nature

image

admiring

saint,

the

the

while

whose

gleam

with

litter;

shot

are

faces

by two;

two

torches

carry

spangled

the

after

appears
with

All

grave
well

rockets

majestically

"decked

happy

harmonizes

house
on

is

band

their

over

bursts
every

the

to

the

for

wait,

alternating.

women

glow

saint

suspended

are

illuminated

and

the

the

come

and

And

airy

air.

operatic

men

to

arranged

street,

cession
pro-

from

splendor-.

long

not

speedily

way

subdued

have

-colored

many

move

the

long

street,

monies.
cere-

and

roadway,

which

to

of

crowd

before

the

effect

romantic

and

We

the

gateways

line

455

master

pale flicker, multiplied

produces
arches

FEAST.

bunting

the

that

the

the

with
On

is

where

Over

pass.

THE

leave

street,

gaily- decorated

Chinese
on

as

this,

OF

the

ia
cession,
pro-

herself,

crowned."

"

456

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

Now
the

rises

murmur

of

Queen
Thus

the

the

village

the

the

music
we

where

for

We

us.

rice.

At

both

the

and

men

into

close

of

kinds

many

smoking

conversation

while

the

phant
trium-

prepared

good

native

things

and

round

we

"

enter

soon

arrivals

new

and

fruits,

passed

are

"

hospitable

been

the

of

cigarettes

women

priest

of

his

to

has

heartily

partake

pig, chicken,

roast

back

meal

generous

to

dimissed.

are

host

our

cession
pro-

the

clash

on.

finally

Here

with

participants

accompany

mansion,

returning

and

passes

brilliant

the

started.

it

benedict-ion

.Again

whence

Lady,

Our

arches

acclaim

devout

winds

street

lighted

court

pronounces

night,

every

of

shout

a,

festive

through
under

to

being

are

served.

NATIVE

It

is

host's

our

and

verandah
friends

wonderfully
black

to

the

air,

eyes

and

and

and

long,

reminiscent

through

its

the

very

and

bounty
crowded

are

Cigars

and

cigarettes

the

fun

pretty
loose

begins.

A
with

creature,
black

hair

croons

wierd

simplicity.

low,

love.

dance,
Gradually

all
are

girl
"

ing
glow-

advances

"

and

the

with

uninvited;

unrequited

with

dred
hun-

and

room

of

music

his

night.

invited

now

sweet

of

centre

her

"

welcome.

around,

passed

of

sitting-room

neighbors

equally

reception

partaken
the

and

DANCES.

grand

have

guests

are

PANTOMIME

plaintive

She

panies
accom-

impressive
her

tones

"

THE

"8

dance

movements,

in

and

that

earnest

and

these

Many
rival

his

But

another

once

more

the

vilkge

erected

been

of

is

kings,

natives

of

and

in

which,
a

fool

and

too,
of

kind

and

greatest

the

the

late.

getting

for

night

and

us,

so

route

en

to

and

religions
number

is

"

moro-moro

female

not

and

elements
the

by
parts.

suggestion
devotion

sonages
per-

There

tragedy,

refined

and

which

murder,

death,

tumultuous

the

take

in

on.

various

represented

persuasion
of

is

found
pro-

going

together.

there

subtle

coarseness

is

and

contend

humor,
that

lads

soldiers,

It

of

attitudes

miracle-play,

despair;

some

are

in

which

around

play

names,

gross

no

standing,

and

Biblical

is, however,
Love

hopes

pirouette.

is

large booth,

Philippine

retribution.

awful

and

his

seen

store

moro-moro

queens,

rivalry, ruin,

and

in

into

are

sort

with
is

it

and

is

forth

attention.
This

shown

green.

has

hundreds

many

dance,

haw

of

PLAY.

follows,

venture

terrible

and

ease,

dainty

would

passion

this

too,

by

entertainment
we

Here

exalted

dance

after

youth,

MOIEO-MOKO

THE

Dance

sentiment

in

were

of

license

the

in

foreigner

the

is often

original.

rehearsing

were

indeed,

Such,

and

natives

young

girl has, through

blasted

than

lacking

not

one

they

preference.

striking

expression.

that

heart.

her

and

truly,

spontaneous

believe

the

less

no

tableau

pretty

PHILIPPINES.

mark

performances,

stage
There
of

it.
the
and

"

while

of

eome

from

vicarious

suffering,

dramatic

art

interest

native

and

is

three

hours

be

would

as

the

in

the

time
is

that

seen

castle

miniature

designs
of

display,

murmur

and

the

into
Ever

of

at

the

and

nation
illumithat

hand.
constructed

anon,
rises

stay

at

glow,
a

until

and

shower

unusual

some

from

ous
Vari-

fireworks.

sky, dropping

they

hours

sudden

spreading

the

applause

Entranced,

in

Ilere, too,

announces

have

with

by

square

nearly

ablaze

now

the

ing
stand-

been

several

for

villagers

the

shoot

stars.

throng.

is

traced

are

rockets

brilliant

of

side

departure

for

stand

to

has

potentates.

nearly midnight

other

the

tinsel

of

in

delight, drinking

with

agape

tions
emo-

its unvarying

than

crowd

all

if

as

indeed,

remarkable

happy

action

the

complex

Nothing,

willing

it is

but
on

of

given

earnest,

judging

were

the

splendors

longer,

scores

breathless

into

enter

grim

were,

more

Here

rude

It

it

as

situations.

nice

decorum.
for

indeed,

faculties

character

native

the

of

violations

is

play

in

people;

stoically witnessed
entire

spectators,

mental

they

little

with

viewed

or

The

play with,

the

the

other

language.

The

their

the

unnecessary

flagrant

are

applauded

demands.

Tagal

of

alike

all
"

and

occasion

and

ing
judg-

the

and

accents

false

not

how

pleases

texture,

on

note

to

fury, honeyed

and

bombast

amusing

thin

how

fairly good"

are

standpoint"yet,

indeed

is

line,

this

lofty

too

it

hand,

plays

the

459

PLAY.

MORO-MORO

THE

the

ing
admir-

the

last

"

THE

460

rocket

has

Then

all

been

leave

square

lanterns
in

the

are

is

PHILIPPINES.

drowned
as

silently

as

the

allowed

to

of

burn

the

vast

they

deserted,

soon

brightness

in

morrow's

and

came,

while

till their

of

ocean

the

glow

night.
the

lamps
is

lage
viland

quenched

sun.

"

THE

VISAYAS.

"

"

"

offspring

The

are

the

tin-

most

""l

intellectual

Their

population.

Uuban

sisters

fatiiws

Spanish

in

the

and

nativt

well-to-do

arc

wom-u

cjuatitii-

and

..I

;c,k.-,

dae*-

not

ln-bind

retinemenl

it^rhot

anion

thei

an

heaiiti
.

"

VISAYAS.

THE

Characteristics

the

of

Island

of

Iloilo

Guimaras

The

of

Type

of

Cebu

and

Historic

of

Bono!

Tbe

Delinquent

of

The

Islands

Visayan
division

the

of

proportion
There

are

and

Tagal

the

charge

brought

him

against

the
to

fewer

excessive

indulge

to

excess

is

says
much

"The

tempered

less

in

with

large

group.

hetween

the

consider

not

they

love

any

than

qualities,
is

is

but

frequently

les3
he

foundation
a

little

too

drink.

strung

THE

Visaya

all

intelligent

have

that

one

mercial
com-

this

do

that

to

OF

in

attractive

appears

CHARACTERISTICS

Foreman

is

indolence

serious

equally

and

have

nor

Fate

Practically

they

Visayan

has

of

and

people,

The

The

important

very

dissimilarity

Tagals,

same

other.

the

prone

the

Hardy

Leyte.

"

produced

of

tre"Old
Cen-

The

Archipelago

is

hemp

Cebu"

Siquijor"

Philippines.
the

points

the

each

than

the

and

themselves

the

Wild

Shipping

Spain

are

from

many

Visayans

for

of

exported

sugar

Under

Taxpayers

to

Sites"

"

of

Samar

Historic
as

Island

The
of

Reversion

Ground"

Cebu"

Landmarks
Islanders

nay

tries
Indus-

Its

Beauties

Grazing

Vast

Child

Holy

Pa

Wilderness"

Natural

The

"

Remontados,

and

into

"

Masbate,

"

The

Negros
The

Catbalogan

"

Province

Mindoro

of

Relapse

Fields

Sugar

of

Capital

"

"

"

the

Tlnilo.

Visayans"

VISAYANS.

native's

avarice

or

cold
the

tality
hospi-

prospects
(463)

THE

464

personal

of
On

the

of

first

came,

you

you

arc

visitor

schemes

is

Visayo

than

the

avarice.

feasts

means,
the

he

is

too,

"If

they

appear

French

"women

another

them

Jew

to

the

family

hide

well

known

chance,

perhaps

they

seldom

They
no

host's
ity
civil-

of
and

seeks

the
the

manners

conceited,

more

and

unpolished,

remonstrated
to

with

impertinent

an

fond

of

calls

on

in

in

other

the

indulge

conversation;

of

their

with

from

purchase
the

one

villages.
Visayo,

direction

rooms,

family.

return

and

amount

well-to-do

off

saunter

will

to

invade
a

South

ornament,
an

money

the,

incredible

compared

who

to

of

with

which,
lot

almost

an

adorned

in

compliant

evince

themselves

he

have

less

are

peddlers

visitor

not.

and

If

his

In

position.

ostentatious,

jewelry
cost,

of

of

excessively

European

an

is

brusque

and

North,

of

measure

be

visitor

defiance.

are

swarm

the

if

fond

and

estimation

facilitate

quite disposed

They

has

his

certain

neighbor.

women,
in

of

reliant,

sullen

"The

gaudy

lie

you

possess,

of
or

out

"

you

to

house

whence

you

means,

power

and

northern

or

basis

Europeans

fault

any

The

him

bring

self-

his

retort

his

uncouth

arrogant,

than

trade

of

much

worldly

complaisance.

patronage

how

Tagalog.

His

to

you

all about

know

the

to

admit

might

to

his

contrast

going.

would

and

at

he

travel,

is

in

engaged

for

visit

why

where
a

quite

"

curiosity

mere

of

gain

PHILIPPINES.

and

unless
If

met

the

the

by

salutation, perhaps

in

smile

no

tuition

before

gers;
stran-

beyond

music

"

THE

and

the

lives

chimes

the

with

traveler

tho

of

their

altogether impress

and

Saints;

with

badly

465

VISAYAS.

of

insipidity
air

tho

disdain

of

which

character,
which

they

exhibit.
"I

in

town,
to

the

native

the

house

from

eat

the

on

follow
her

in

but

her

in

native

her

at

custom,

aspirations
tible

the

to

came

preferred

where

to

could

she

of

ease,

who

Scnora,

often

more

ing
observ-

hy

social

her

bedroom,

own

married

with

eating

fingers."
Tn

the

other

main,

customs,

mental

is

in

of

living, superstitions

districts

of

many

of

peaceable

ancient

lo

and

if

happy

allowed

died

to

and

Consequently,
of
has

the

deceased,

breathed

his

they
last

to

belief

in
set

find

that

them

order
out

are

ing
vary-

to

rassing
embar-

the

will

spirit
not

the

to

avoid

for

be
known.
un-

the

immediately
companion

few

trifle

solitude

in

in

retain
a

prove

amongst

depart

living

they

is their

Tt

has

to

Visayas

general thing they

but

apt

are

stranger.
who

person

As

harmless,

that

customs

tribes

barbarism.

and

the

of

mountain

by moideses,

conditions

will

like

difference

great

no

much

are

manner

interior

inhabited

of

There

Yisayans

habits.

The

are

the

however,

Filipinos.

their

be

The

locality.

the

Visaya

was

edified

much

was

meals,

our

floor

her

who

clas^, occasionally

own

at

us

important

an

European

and

in

pretentious

her

join

of

woman,

visitors

amongst

months

some

somewhat

was

to

for

stayed

ill-

after
him.

"

THE

466

This

practice

check

is,

PHILIPPINES.

as

sociability,

on

forming

communities,

on

the

an

unwilling

vive

qui

to

he

easily

may
and

these

live

in

imagined,

another

prevent

instead

people,

isolated

of
each

families,
from

snatching

traveling companion

great

for

it

deceased

some

member.

ILOILO,

the

Iloilo, on
in

of

importance
as

its

trade

great

and

Island

of

the

the

vessels
to

under
could

transfer

not

their

of

they

reached

the

There

cargo.

regular

even

any

they

pleased

reform

city

they

they
as

and

could.

regards

no

moorings.
got, their
Iloilo
this

is
and

The

the

its

so

of

ing
light-

enormous

lighters.

not

wharves,

feet

on

and
no

or

entering

upon

when

the

even

most

ing
dischargnot

cranes,

tied

Vessels

other

ing
Coast-

thirteen

loading

sluff

obliged

creek, but

muddy
found

Ocean

were

than

more

for
were

and

to

roads

condition.

and

means

the

accommodations

ordinary

best

navigate

neglected

dilliculties.

river

not

Despite

country

transacted

the

ing
grow-

subjected

abominable

freights by

could

water,

that

incredible

drawing

steamers,

point.

than

in

city

rapidly

streets,

worse

port

enter

is

second

miserably

The

were

almost

the

and

was

remain

The

inadequate.
business

city

became
traffic;,

sanitary arrangements

is

shipping

rule.

to

PAJtAY.

Panay,

and

centre

allowed

were

OF

Philippines,

Spanish

heavy

much

CAFITAL

commerce,

the

under

THE

up

where

off-board
an

era

as

of

matters.

"

ISLAND

The

has

port

lighthouse

officials

commenced

its

three
of

stone

four

has

times

structure

that

the

erection

years

ago

Ever

laid

the

entered

of
and

collected

been

over.

was

ship

every

467

twenty

completion

or

the

mulcted

GUIMARAS.

light, although

no

was

for

money

OF

the

the

first

authorities

the

the

by

since

harbor

have

for

house
light-

dues.

ISLAND

Guimaras,
distant

island

an

but

mile

one

picturesque

OF

GUIMAEAS.

about

from

few

of

place, enjoying

the

the

The

for
is

the

are

take.

raised.

therein

land.
the

nut,

absence

the

Many

dences
resi-

the

soil

make

which

put

on

the

produce

tobacco

will

little

in

thus

"Few

near

o\ir

at

of

spot

which,

fluid:

fruit

and

of

use

Worcester

the

ish
flour-

profitable

most

trees

no

island

plentiful,

tree

it.

collecting

the

commercial

the

portant,
im-

ket
mar-

and

this

the

of

corn,

is

of

quite

convenient

grow,

perhaps

ripen

groves

of

from

could
of

process
to

not

tuba
is

and

wealth

do

they

large

day.

have

is

however,
may

future

capital,

allowed

mercial
com-

some

Iloilo

Guimaras

little

else

extract

which

of

ready

cocoanut,

natives

but
of

to

were

the

The

involving

exploited

hemp', rice,

that

on

nothing
lies

of

Very

The

where

and

healthy

island.

affording

fertile, and

be

and

square

very

situation

will

fishing industry
Iloilo

merchants

European

upon

miles

Iloilo, is

possibilities that
A

twelve

all.

the
pose
purscribes
denuts

house.
The

"

branches

of

joint

hollow

which
is known

the

much

of

stem

the

palms

in

in

clean

the

flows,

This

of

the

flesh-producing
is

mild

fine

is

is

to

illness

severe

The

swab

caught

it

as

to

improve

the

for

who

those
of

account

on

to

reduced

bark

thought

tree,

large joint

sap,

red

to

one.

recommended

often

or

copra

proximity

of

the

entire

highway,

oil.
to

coast

be

to

seem

cultivation
of

almost

bitter

stances
in-

many

tree

back

tuba

time

one

In

fresh

the

properties.

would

commercial

close

his

at

All

fermented

its

product

intoxicant,"

Guimaras

in

which
of

from

each

the

put

powder

recovering

are

to

in

drink,

climb

climbs

ladder.

planted

from

on

and

were

grow

encumbered

them

built

carries

package

powder.
flavor

which

bombon,

and

to

necessary
r

it

night.

they

as

height.

are

and

not

in

usually

bridges

t uba-gn tliere

is

sap
made

thus

trees

toes

if

as

The

morning

the

uniform

fairly

is not

bamboo

of

bis

are

grove

of

it

"The
of

bark

lofty palm

remain

that

the

gathered

into

thrust

wounds

(w/""i-gatherer,who

bamboo
so

is

and

bombon.

the

from

clothing, puts

the

and

and
in

cut

arc

and

with

called

into

together

off

cut

are

bamboo,

tuba

as

Notches

of

tied

are

ends

their

abundantly

flows

taller

blossom-stalk

the

bundle,

compact
a

PHILIPPINES.

THE

468

the
Tt

of

connecting

the
a

ideal

number

for
the

the
duction
pro-

pleasant climate,
and

market
island

spot
and

cocoanut

has

labor

an

is

port,

and

paralleled by
of

is

considerable

towns.

"

470

THE

from.

shipments
tke

cheaper

the

rate

is

of

should

In

from

fine

very

it
of

all

done

slow

and

admirably
of

upon

upon

the

rises

and

by

the

it, they

in

are

squalid

On

gradually

is

in

material

time

web.

colors

fabrics
the

of
as

with

use

these

ductions
pro-

does

one

and

are

eastern

into

best

judged

of

somewhat

increasing

the

tremely
ex-

labor

pended
ex-

cheap.

aspect

side

an

spider's

come

of

dirt

is

the

jusi

should

amount

it

of

wear

surrounding
every

and

and

but

The

11-harmonized

yard,

costly,

swamp-site,

extreme.

the

materials
excel.

of

we

summer

they

ever,
How-

gauzy

texture

is

some

them.

some

piwess,

bright,

kinds
fabrics

women

Pina

for

rather

The
the

in

the

looms,

delicate

try
indus-

various

from
of

hand

beautiful.

almost
its

improved

liber, although

Visayan

tedious

shawl, by

The

at

Visayas

commoner

woven

the

upon

Priced
are

The

production
that

of

hemp

often

America,

Kashmir

the

prominent

textiles

and

adapted

ladies.

our

sell
There

under

is

islands.

product

strikingly

States

the

silk

finished

is

in

are

almost

having
The

in

and

is

work

trade

cotton

cloths
is

pina

weaving

other

with

on

made

are

in

tobacco

Tloilo

large

carried

which

currency.

areas

into

up

cultivation.
about

and

local

large

first-class

made

are

cigars,

cent,

why

grow

and

Capital

"Manila"

for

reason

of

the

to

of

three

not

methods

Iloilo

brands

good

no

PHILIPPINES.

the

low-lying

relieved

country
the

by

the

is beautiful

heavily- wooded

eminences

until

city
vironment.
en-

in
land

it

cul-

"

ILOII.O

inmates

rr.OVINCE

lofty

Nearby

of

some

Iloilo

the

At

the

Jaro,
and

palace

the

cathedra!.
an

old-time

in

or

the

Visayan

reminders

are

eonstant

of
of

scenes

favorable

were

dreaded

the

approach
warned
if

possible,

be

carried

had

but

if, as

quite

happened,

then

was

the

the

pick

into

slavery,

of

the

wanton

the

were

if

be

and
the

remainder

tained
main-

were

off,

as

could

sufficient

time

left

for

taken

were

knew

in

the

pity

no

sacked

be

would

be
be

the
But

again.

unhappy

would

their

driven

sail

would

the

for
of

inhabitants

women

as

village

little

set

fate

seasons

property

that

village
and

men

Cattle

pirates

The

whilst

sheer

their

southern

expeditions.

in

houses

the

or

so

the

points

town

would

there

often

for

sword

fire

to

unawares,

these

along,

taken

were

appearance

portable

much

as

castors,

was

vantage

the

circular

such

lookout

first

hills.

allowed,

Moros

the

the

to

was

been

at

found

islands

At

see

may

one

pepper

the

outrages.

some,
hand-

but

These

huge

these

summer

commonly

is

when

from

and

lioilo

of

of

of

and

small,

towns.

inhabitants

take

to

very

navigation,

night

pirates,

has

as

form

iforo

to

and

day

such

days

the

diocese
a

eoast

the

in

the

vicinity

-tower,

buildings,

stone

of

the

In

watch

near

PIRATES.

contains

village

towns

bungalows.

have

FOE

"Bishop

little

picturesque

merchants

LOOKOUTS

background.

the

in

Molo,

471

INDUSTRIES.

ITS

mountains
anil

Jaro

are

where

AND

put

treme,
ex-

on

and

carried
to

the

cruelty.

"

472

TIIR

In

years

tlio

inlands

cultivated

wore

raised

only

needs,

Mo
its

pirates.

Mindoro
the

in
formed

large

criminals

of

to

efforts

caught

the

one

the

invariably

again.
the

So

the

raided,
and

men

At

last

and

were

it

gan
be-

tields

its

contrived
was

and

to

bribe

constabulary

less

some
trouble-

leaders

these

of

if

them

Civil

lodged
his

made

him
to

way

that

some

and
were

with
no

the

they

men

made

fact,

known

These

rwognized

banditti

this

tains
moun-

where

many

In

the

provinces,

Spaniards

out.

from

pursuit.
or

Although

type,

criminals

more

under

the

of

defy

to

northern

these

provincial

of

was

they gain

once

districts.

well

islanders,

WILDEENESS.

refuge

able

bands

them

of

success

able-bodied

INTO

who,
are

for,

wipe

own

bors.
neigh-

and

accursed

place

chief

worst

answer

to

captivity.

tulisanes,
of

their
their

island

into

islands

organized

terrorized

of

the

interior,

most

the

not

cupidity

its

MINDOBO

now

called

outlaws,

who

Mindoro
the

areas

wilderness.

to

neighboring
the

the

and

OF

is

of

he

as

RELAPSE

THE

of

again

and

of

wanta

perous
pros-

Largo

prosperity

Time

reverted

grain

the

aroused

shunned

most

bountifully

undoing

carried

be

to

furnish

waste,

the

inhabitants,

condition

laid
women

young

of

the

inviting

towns

Tagal

supply

to

of

one

Archipelago.

extraordinary

however,

to

the

to

helped

was

the

by

Their

whose

of

enough

but

wore,

Mindoro

by

gone

of

PIIILirriNES.

ders
mur-

serious
Guard
in

jail

liberty
officers

practice

of

"

THE

disposing

of

SUCAR

such

and

fair

The
but

soil

of

good

and

is

the

be

by giving
chance

good

before

tracks

to

had

he

is

Steam

is due

of

only

to

estates

and

is

Archipelago,

that

of

the

paid

harvest

it.

laborers,

import

advances
work.

saved

The
the

best

trifle

cannot

In
and
before

men

which

are

is

apt
a

to

cultural
agri-

planter

the

the

will

leave

competency

his

Is

requisite

upon

after
to

crop
sary
neces-

demand

enter

of

happens

hands
it

they

labors

rates

sees

districts

they

and

of

frequently

cases

eral
sev-

the

High

secure

all

in

on

parts

estate

many

year.

improvement.

help.

sugar

it is of

the

it

ing
hav-

pattern,

other

which

them

tons

considerable

sufficient

he

of

latest

in

under

of

foreign capital.

employed

as

nevertheless,

because

tem.
sys-

few

the

advance

of

capable

proprietor

deteriorate
to

in

securing

are

of

not

customary

difficulty

great

wages

is

crop

scientific

of

is

raised

sugar

thousand

one

also

that

very

machinery

far

process,

that

of

it

methods

The

large,

cane,

Archipelago

approaching

not

sugar

is

The

the

introduction

hydraulic

entire

in

one

excess

but

tobacco

an

the

are

in

them,

to

quality.

anything

capacity

the

on

The

Visa

NEOKOS,

devoted

mainly

is
of

OF

excellent

an

island

This

to

bis

FIELDS

Negros

of

produced

the

SUGAR

quality

cacao

is

in

contrived

to

quarters
head-

start.

TIIK

of

him

473

municipal

the

was

appeared

shooting

NEGROS.

before

This

what

tulisan

escape

OF

prisoners
reached.

were

the

FIELDS

they

siderable
con-

their

have

them.

"

474

PHILIPPINES.

THE

Worcester

relates

the
after

situation.

several

of

years
his

to

announced

his

intention

in

back

were

you

house

fine

as

clothing

and

of

desired
and

if

only
hut.

boast,
hail

needs

hot

as

that

the

native
the

'mi'

things

it

the

bounds

at

most

and

gamble,

their

sober

desirable

advantages

eondilion,
laborers

natives

they
in

in

which

amongst
will

order

work
to

of

earn

higher

to

himself
when
will

possessions
and

appreciate

may

tion,
ques-

Vie that

taxation

he

Church,

in
for

open

exert

may

worldly

his

burdensome

because

vicious

in

an

aspires

It

and

him

see

necessity.

unknown

economic

his

and

the

to

The

li:i|'piri- -ill
is

he

add

to

ground

In-

to

up

long,

reasonable

until

present

hack

and

ambition

expect

him

present

strange

that

increase

to

hard

no

his

all

rejoinder.

W||.-i|i-

of

upon

contribution

the

is

-I

not

that

bring

there

certain

must

learns

not

is

work

to

by arousing

we

beyond

it
"""

increased

hut

he

of

for

your

yourself

you

is needless

for

food

of

any

your
It

loss

incentive

no

turn

work?"
at

was

absence

"\'.|"-

be

master

has

and

as

enough
you

living

; if your

all that

money

would

this

as

good

as

"Senor,

Andalusia

province

were

"

sun

the

the

To

replied:
in

dispensable
in-

unexpectedly

work.

to

man

home
in

any
not

you

future

the

who,

almost

lie

day

ceasing

your

as

were

could

neighbors

at

become

One

master.

hand

field

had

service,

trates
illus-

strikingly

had

planter

planter's expostulations
if

which

incident

an

heavy

It

money.
a

men

harder
money

of

some

planter

is

finds

who

drink

than

moral

to

satisfy

inclinations.

"

THE

As

the

rale,

BEAUTIES

NATURAL

comfortably,

There
the

are

plantations.
and

of

reach

lot

the

or

with

his

twice

the

that

there

the

Samar

NATUEAL

has

an

American

the

finest

of

difficulties

anything
So

point

does

(dose
the

hundred

Strait

yards.
the

extremely

it has

of

Juanieo
the

Despite

difficult

with

ease

think

times

turning
re-

The

as

that

of

to

that

of

of

the

to

the

photographed

to

equal

some

but

owing

attractive

sections.
that

Leyte

to

down

narrows

of

proximity
shore

one

one.

dangerous

in
to

old

boasts

les3

approach

from

live

large

as

been

not

Samar

passage

Spain

to

SAMAR.

nearly

of

extent

San

the

OF

island

tiny islets, around

numerous

eddies

the

Manila

to

up

to

like

Archipelago,

the

stinted

pleasure

twice

The

travel

like

is

population

in

scenery

ran

viable
en-

Negros.

about

State.

most

house,

him

BEAUTIES

area

and

Delaware

of

the

of

days

returned

something

planter

THE

It

riages,
car-

easy

halcyon

open

enable

life.
of

hope

is
to

his

upon

within

was

nothing,

to

uriously.
lux-

furniture,

the

sometimes

fortune

of

rest

In

kept

in

and

tliem

are

houses

planter

He

year,

of

generally

are

sugar

family

sufficient

for

the

islands.

and

himself
once

of

whom

some

good

neighbors.

congenial

in

and

475

of

handsome
have

They

SAMAR.

many

and

many

horses,

the

sugar,

planters,

sugar

live

Europeans,

OF

to

the

Strait
which

effect, precluding

the

to

five

is

beset

rapid

one

lands
main-

other

is
the

the

at

an

with
current

employ-

"

476

THE

of

ment
to

the

and

sailboat

The

utmost.

The
with

pitted

of

puzzle,
the

with

which

there

if

look

made

for

other

of

the

traditions

than

the

races

temporary

settlement
of

traces

it

explanation

these

to

account

It

caves.

the

cal
ethnologi-

aborigines

an

of

taller

the

it. is difficult

sepulchres

an

in

even

and

found

been
much

created

any

are

inhabitants

additional

adventurers

having

at

been

some

we

have

present

nothing

turesque.
pic-

coast

were

have

canoist

the

Samar

who

familiar,

are

here,

and

exist,

is

hinting

Had

foreigners

the

finds

there

we

dwarfs.

of

of

unspeakably

which

in

caves

These

islanders

the

beings

any

for

is

along

human

Archipelago.

of

environment

bluffs

than

larger

skill

the

taxing

low-lying

skeletons
and

PHILIPPINES.

is

were

of
should

in

wrecked
ship-

for

their
esting
inter-

an

question,
The
a

natural

forty

some

thirty-five
In

seen.

feet

seven

which

the

in

the

height.

wall

above

the

on

the

which

about

was

Another
of

formed

de

In

front

which

is

oval

an

the

roof.

the
The

portal
be

may

thirty-

court
to

cave

inwards.

feet

stalactite

by

river

entrance

hundred

one

spacious

the

of

opens
the

der
un-

rocks

limestone

two

left

water

point, passing

by

high, through

feet

this

"Cuevas

town

feet

this

at

formed

partially destroyed

now

rocks

empties

arch

penetrates

Formerly
is

River

Basey

but

cavern,

falling

in

of

place

is

named

it

the

Sojoton."

beautiful

Canaguaion,

spot
where

is

within

the

Molo

five

miles

River

of

issues

the

by

"

478

THE

is unable

to

of

it should

Eastern

REMONTAilOS,

The

interior

of

the

to

communities

and

[hey generally
with

wild

Masbate

is

hogs.
of

the

The
and

system

of

Samar,

but,

roads

animals

alive,

the

Philippine

its
the

if

has

herds

of

the

of
is

cattle

mountains

port
not

ing
marry-

latter's

dition.
con-

cattle, horses,

number

great
much

on

yet

very
the

wards
up-

from

going

the

extension.

the

as

There
trails.

hoof

being

The

same

few

and
a

to

American

restricted.
and

and

shipped

are

since

more

mentioning,

refrigerator

small

pursuits.

industry,

greater

capable

to

of

thriven

anything,

brought

usually

GROUND.

chief

head

the

into

verted
re-

fathers.

form

the

to

GRAZING

communication

worth
are

is

their

who

the

of
and

agricultural

lapsing

is

trade

"call

rapidly, frequently

for

monthly,

occupation,

no

noted

of

return

VAST

thousand

island

Manila.

and

Grazing

one

in

retrograde

remontados.

civilization

people,

natives

MASBATE,

TYPE.

lulisanes, criminals, but

engage

tribes

WILD

the

condition

industrious

Christianized

and

be

can

inhabitanta

many

forsaken

primitive

peaceable, fairly

found

having

have

the

TO

contains

who

not, like

are

When

the

to

REVERSION

Samar

irresistible,

They

virtue

alleged

boon

prove

natives,

are

wild"

its

countries.

THE

These

if half

but

say,

established

PHILIPPINES.

in
are

The

shipped

feature

of

traffic.

"

The

natives

celebrated
of

for

their

HISTORIC

CEBU.

manufacture

palm

their

colors.

article

and

They

deserve

the

is,

the

here

the

that

the

at

capital

historical

landed

which

the

of

the

in

it,

gaspi's expedition
where

still

stands

this
in

fanciful

the

fact

the

severe

that

Less
on

the

little

the

King

Ilarnadar

lies

loss of

number

of

to

after

that

have

difference,
in-

easy
that

Leexact

the

building

is

probably

less

unlikely

by

subject

be

to

was

the

this

devastated

their

landing,

to

the

Magellan

mangrove-covered
mile

scant

its leader
of

shortly
back

with

is said

but

that

mediately
im-

Mass

appear

shocks

upon

was

upon

rendered

not

month

After

does

site

hut

It

and

1521,

Luzon.

which

Mactan,

original form,

earthquake

than

death

place,

It

ment.
settle-

April,
the

church

took

Cebu

of

royal family,

claim, although

of

centres

its

7th

first

consecrated.

erected

event

their

baptism.

to

of

one

Archipelago.

stands.

the

view,

occupying

and

submitted

spot

the

town

and

the
made

on

constructed

performed

America.

of

point
in

island,

present

Japanese

CEBU,

Spaniards

Magellan

durability

the

in

justly

are

the
to

market

interesting places

most

was

from

and

superior

are

find

to

that

mats

workmanship

HISTORIC

Cebu

470

the

the

ishind

party

afterwards

coral

and

island

half

expedition

off

fared

set

banquet
sail

on

their

of

Celm.

badly.

murdered

treacherously
at

met

and

the

mainder
re-

long journey

Spain,

"

480

THE

In

Legaspi

1505

his

arrived

contrived

opposition
hold

PHILIPPINES.

to

ground.

pacify

the

and

other

the

place

fort

in

and

constructed,

Cebu

at

1670

and

despite
and

inhabitants

buildings

were

declared

was

city.

It

recorded

is

landed

Christ

the

image

deemed

Spaniards
bamboo

large

peculiar

an

Oratory

of

Cebu.

image

the

held

distant
its shrine

have

been

on

is

parts
and

is

Church

is

the

obt;iiu

one

of

by

the

the

of

extreme

absolution

it

in

some

the

to

the

mystic

thing,
silver

devout
view

when
come

their

in
Child

from
at

Its

pilgrims
to

what
some-

ments
orna-

time

intervals,

pomp.

for

peared
ap-

deity escaped

with

public

Archipelago

swept

but

Holy

to

the

to

January,

erected

exhibited

now

of

covered

donated

When

fire

and

dedicated

high,

Austin

attributed

was

fire, but

by

stood,

flames,

cross

church

foot

20th
of

the

exposed

occasion
the

after,

black, unlovely dookiug

than

It

time.

first

is

the

The

to

destroyed
It

that

when

adjacent

was

more

above.

the

city they

cross

preservation

to

The

injury.

to

its

referred

image

the
to

of

appearance
and

the

of

image

possession.

years

where

impervious

way

The

of

Some

Legaspi

wooden

sacred

possession

quarter

be

to

as

cross.

the

found

after

miraculous,

it
took

months

seashore.

the

on

was

few

soldiers

cherished

through

is

his

Child

the

the

of

one

Friars

that

feast
from

worship

at

sins.

"

CERU

is

Cebu

it ranked

years

but

of the

in

Iloilo.
and

hemp

islands,

its

is said

well-disposed,

and

doeile

in

sharo

many

and

overtaken

ships

quantities

large

the

produced by

own

It

commensurate.

still

Cebu
sugar

but

been

Visayan

group
is

prodiiction

the

that

its

are

neither

ing,
stand-

commercial

in

times

recent

with

For

thousand.

Manila

to

481

importance,

eighteen

next

has

it

by

passed

of

about

of

CENTRE.

SHIPPING

considerable

of

port

population

AS

not

whilst

inhabitants,

energetic

nor

enterprising.
The

of

streets

it has

bombarded

Rebellion

it

with

effect.

dire

its

and

Governor,

social

the

from

what

it
the

Visayas,

retail

the

full-blooded
with
ambition

is.

See,

are

few

these,
for

which

whole

city

also

the

the

General,
place

Here,

and,

is
houses

exceptions

being

indeed,

competition.

no

he
The

in

in
the

ters
headquarin

the

old

the

different
in

elsewhere

almost

and

of

very

was

as

absolutely

good

created

was

the

the

for

noted

included
was

and

vessel

unusually

conducted

has

during

Government

some

largest export

native

straight,

structure

business

wholesale

stores

Chinamen,

of

life
now

the

Europeans,

any

The

Islands.

days,

The

century,

fine

and

Bishop's

The

sixteenth

of

is

decorations

interior

Visayan

by

Palace

Episcopal

paintings.
the

was

and

wide

are

building?, although

handsome

some

The

city

the

hands

being

the
of

British.

exclusively by
The

mestizos.
chance

seldom
Chinese

in

petition
com-

displays
shops

PHILIPPINES.

THE

482

the

along
the

Lutao

at

section

mestizo-Ch'mo

trading

did

time

one

of

after

until

quarter

Parian

the

and

good business,

was

the

ing
flourish-

of

bombardment

1897.

OLD

The

LANDMARKS

of

the

best

is

of

is very

pretty

town.

The

timber,

but

of

harbor

and
been

has

soil

is

The
the
is

raised

sugar
best

The

Archipelago.
and

Philippines

where

that

to

this

is

fertile

have

they

of

Santo
haps,
per-

general
add

will
of

about

backs

the
of

most

and

than

ent
presably
favor-

compare
and

.Xegros,
in

any

few

learned

the

other

part

it for

rice

in

the

prefer

the

places
to

its

capable

it is at

substitute
the

dral
Cathe-

and,

hills

of

raised

of

one

Round
of

here

pelago
Archi-

the

denuded

natives

the

surroundings

range

production

superior

extensively,

its

cultivation

extensive

days

noted
shares

extremely

the

are

residence.
a

the

that

most

and

of

of

which

the

Yidid.
in

Then;

Cebu

place

country,

more

corn

the

as

the

to.

of

is

"

San

landmarks

the

island,

the

island

with
Cebu

the

attractive.

its attraction

put

Child

most

healthfulness

much

after

churches,

Holy

the

of

SITES.

deserving preservation.

the

"

named

of

one

several

and

HISTORIC

commanded

city,

and

by

gone

to

fort

picturesque

patron

Nino

AJJD

former.
the

Along
Bdf/ardcra
one

of

its

coast

de
genus.

Cebu,

of

the
or

The

island

Venus

shores

is

found

the

flower-basket,
are

renowned

famous
the
for

only
their

"

rare

THE

HARDY

shells,

which

Maris.

the

natives

are

the

values

of

hunting

and
of

in

their

HAEDY

native

of

this

Church.

It

followed
the

on

in

the

degree

fine

down

of

the

to

of

energy

inhabitants
consequence

the

of

tyranny

another

tired

people

from

by troops

led

of

the

when
and

State

Bohol

the

uprising

1622,

condition

of

part

first

causes

by

BOHOL.

amongst

rare

The

put

was

similar

1744

was

is

of

exactions

offers

OF

displays

island

of

something

Cebu

Still,

hargain

conchologist.

Bohol

which

in

understand

ISLAKDEKS

Philippines.

the

in

the

Gloria

littoral,but

the

villages along
to

483

splendid

many

finds.

for

initiative
the

the

BOHOL.

much-prized

the

ago

beginning

THE

occurred
of

years

ground

The

include

made

he

to

was

few

OF

ISLANDERS

but

Cebu,

revolt,

the

which

practical independence

islanders

for

of

period

thirty-five years.
people

The

and

the

The

expert

Moros

and

of

use

learned

to

strongholds

Mindanao
them

less

much

famous

are

their

of

the

than

it

lance.

prowess,

hand

at

pirates,

frequently

and

skill

near

courage
the

weapon,

their

was

their

for

favorite

respect

island

the

although

by

Bohol

of

to

the

visited

was

distant

more

points.
No

the

doubt

disadvantage
with

the

of

inhabitants
their

Bohol

situation.

and

the

developed

and

Moros

of

Frequent

necessity
fostered

much

owe

for

the

encounters

constant

military

to

paredness
pre-

qualities.

"

THE

484

The

soil

general

of

the

early

his

neighhor

in

deal

towns,
and

of

rush

for

which,

though

material,

and

has

the

hound

Bohol

has

Siquijor,
of

story
truth.
over

the

the

cloud

hours,

attract

ISLAND

OF

notable

which

lies

its

origin

They

say
where

spot

and

issued
the

the

are

the

in

near

lands,
valuable

working

to

and

fields

iron

capital

and

enterprise

tune
for-

good

contain

coal

the

blanket

timber

was,

of

to

course,

SIQUIJOR.

in

dependency
the

to

that

that

south.

is

day

one

the

island

occupy

long

as

soon

ago,

as

but

it had
the

event

the

Out
for

Siquijor,

was

appeared

stands.

lightning

there

morning

from

cloud

now

and

far

of

tell

people

not

dense

Island

the

The

probably

thunder

next

they proceeded

in

to

of

favorable

the

in

fact, they
of

long.
THE

This

with

done

them

are

tity
quan-

sufficient,

kind

In

extent,

conditions

Cebu.

export.

is

sort

excellent

in

of

for

peculiar

some

lands,

are

Sea

raised,

is

overtake

to

instance,

creditable

very

good

limited

and

the

fully deserving

likely

Bohol

These

deposits,

of

"ticay."

called

is

future,

before

of

weaving

mat

which

them.

tillage

cultivator
for

than,

respectable surplus

busy people,

very

side

character

Bohol

activity

specialty being

the

vegetable products

leave

to

and

other

careful

responsive

the

greater

the

on

various

fact,

great

to

with

However,

lacks

Philippines,

forced

was

of

island

the

in

PHILIPPINES.

several
which

cooled
has

of

off,
lived

tradition.

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

486

"The

(hie

taxes

the

(Siquijor,
$5,000

some

the

it had

years

There
had

was

their
to

deport

from

of

not

lands,

rich

Forty-four
dragged
them

into

left

were

they

exile,

while

shift

for

charge

of

to

the

money.
cated
confisabout

were

of

the

crime

debts!

people's

their

those

10

commission

cabezas,

other

from

torn

cabezas

raise

guilty

pay

tated
devas-

inhabitants.
a

the

were

to

the

e;ittle,and

and

houses,

were

away

for

to

try

to

several

for

and

and

seized

had

enough

men

to

amounted

-starved

$7,000,

town

recently

failed,

half

Bohol

because

being

the

of

shortage

them

had

had

of

this, they

in

Cholera
crops

out

down

Failing

island)

utterly impossible

sum

come

the

been

such

get any

annum.

island

the

of

capital

per

poverty-stricken

that

from

and

homes

dependent

themselves

upon

best

a3

they

could.
"The

officer

that

they

debts

of

six

to

their

cents

food

would

is

in

the

one

hundred

cultivation,
island

day,

clothing

Leyte

two

have

being
amount

the

which

from

the

in

mountains
of

sugar

working

the

me

the

out

of

salary

munificent

of

their

cultivated

tions
sec-

expense

extensively

most

One-half

fifty

mostly

of

informed

deducted."

be

Archipelago.
and

the

at

would

of

cabezas

the

privilege

constituents

per

and

in

of

thousand

hemp,
or

cane

area,

remainder

grazing

land.

raised,

of
A

but

equal

is under

hectares,

the

is

its

the

erable
consid-

Leyte

ia

"

"

Wh.*i

IV

cloth

restricts

in

item

patience,

is

piiui

their

us

No

commerce.

required
and

all

..f'

Iloilo.

th"

it.

fllmod

wnrkt-rs

such

"

til

flic

product
tittle

manufacture

aud

women

is

skill

of

iin

and

thij

in

smnp

important
infinite

finer

rics
fab-

jiih

"

"

"

487

LEYTE.

fibre

the

approximated

convert

of

black

boat

with

them.

which
These

are

Leyte

of

the

all

out

hundred-ton
at

shipbuilders
product

The

is

quite

kinds

of

fabrics

into

cabo

ple
peo-

or

negro,

industry

an

from

craft
"

The

schooner.
the

hundreds

their

it the

from

turn

constructed

employ

skill, and
islands

the

product,

the

of

exports

piculs.

Boat-building

They
to

of

the

1899

million

make

cable.

dugout

vessels

and

wear

In

one

deal

great

native

the

district.

hemp

shipyards

of

is

in

no

demand

Tacloban,

constantly.

workmen

display

of

larger

moan

degree
amongst

of

the

group.

"

"

"

MINDANAO

The

Mnh

mill

da

AND

Invasion

i)

SULU.

The

Social

Organization

"

Mil

ha

and

ad

i til

Malays"

an

Manners

of

Bizarre

the

"

Moros"

Version

of

The

Moro

Community"
Sulu

The
"

of

Origin

the

Pearl"

the

of

The

the

and

Man

Over

Foreigner

Rule

"

Christ

Basllan

Sway

is

an

Flood"

"

Masterful

Moro

of

Muhammad

of

Legend

The

Presents
Cruelties

Model

Dress

Warrior

entados"

in

Story

Strange

"

Modern

Not

the

Tribes"

Moro

Jura

is

in

Moros
Moro

Moro

The
The

Moro

Muhammad

Yakan

Present

"

The

Moro

and

the

Appearance

Datos

The

-The

the

of

of

of

Arolas"

t!ie

Sea

The
"

Mother-of-Pearl

of

Industry

Sulu.

Opinions

differ
of

occupancy

dan
of

Malays.

named
of

famous

Sulu

olan,
of

who

Basilan

had
made

later
of

the

the

time

from

whom

claim

first
formed

Mindanao,
and

Muhammadan

former

of

chief
took

the

ish
Spanhave

to

appears
the

the

Muhamma-

followers,

He

later

Sultans

descent.

accompanied
his

Dimasangcay,
embraced

to

been

and

Dimasangcay,

about

his

Philippines.

proud

the

by

with

of

manner

Foreman,

to

warrior,

were

Tindig

islands

Island

the

and

time

Tindig,

Suln
of

conquest
been

southern

According

Borneo,

possession,

of

the

the

to

as

by

his

settlement

an

whose

cousin,
upon

alliance

the

island

with

King

daughter

doubtless

his

Adasa-

he

entire

ried.
mar-

ily,
fam-

faith.

(491)

402

Adasaolan's

fortune,

and

kingdom

of

ambition
he

forces

Some

and

with

the

seek

their

promise

aid

and

put

his

slain.

After

arrived

and, finding

with

the

remained
with

alliances
was

soon

an

and

the

Sulu

has

been

It

century,

Spanish

defeated

and
Manila

less
doubt-

INVASION.

Adasaolan

but
of

and

Borneo,

Muhammadans

made

to

there

Mindanao

Archipelago.
stated

how,

how
a

Mindanao

at

the

attempted

the

consequence

hornet's
and

Sulu

were

the

from

grant

like

that
on

sixteenth

the

of

conquest

was

By

nest.

of

close

under

Rodriguez,

Government,

of

battle

the

from

inforcement,
re-

done.

chieftains
of

In

boats

independent,

influx

ness,
tardi-

settled, returned,

issue

duty

the

Estevan

and

of

the

secured

Spanish

was

armed

Manila

to

expected

the
of

chieftain

entente

an

foot.

on

MUHAHMADAN

THE

Sulu

enterprise

the

manner.

and

upon

bined
com-

invaders

the

repaired

kinsman,

the

tion
expedi-

similar

experience

event

of

sense

his

Sulu

The

of

he

now

had

their

established

had

Relying

kicking

he

and

in

the

annexing

project

retirement

he

against

the

of

Sulu.

retaliate

to

but

ensued

idea

upon

the

assistance.

of

Tindig
that

after

Spaniards,

increasing good

monarch,

previously

years

his

this

attack

an

prepared

Tindig

In

Mindanao

made

failed,

the

cousin.

the

with

grew

conceived

his

of

support

to

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

time
most

to

the
the

the
danao,
Minturbance
dis-

doms
king-

friendly

MALAYS.

MUHAMMADAN

and

terms,

their

future

conducted
and

tlie

by

the

to

of
the

until

after

The

which

have

of

religion.

bond
of

In

from

fact,

the

Philippines

THE

of

with
one

ORGANIZATION

SOCIAL

OF

repress

of

inally
orig-

intermingled
the

by

common

Dyaks,
seen.

Bayos

There

are

and

nese.
Chi-

off

women

depredations
the

mixed

most

to

carrying

made

velopment
de-

scourge,

Spaniards

of

has

the

the

number

Bornean

with

haps
per-

play.

since

widespread

them

of

frequently

are

their

sions
incur-

period

unable

allied

practice

of

scenes

cohabiting

been

crossings
the

their
this

into

have

Traces

of

ravaged

was

Incessant

comprise

which

Arabs,

evidences

also

this

gunboats

always

and

Celebes,

of

tribes

Colony

utterly

wore

Moros,

or

distinct
and

than

they brought

hundred

two

seriously against

more

authorities

Moors,

For

During

quently
fre-

were

extended

Manila.

islands

I ho

the

even

militated

nothing

which

who

of

Bay

of

coast

every

marauders,

ventures

co-operation.

in

fifty years

piratical

493

Moros

of

and

of

all

the

Eastern

MUHAMMADAN

THE

MALAYS.

"Their

essentia

"caused

the

piracy.

By

equally
with
became

the

11 v

feudal

whole
the

social
of

side

powerful
reservation

proprietor

institutions,"

vassals,
of

of

organization
sultans

the
the

homage
the

land

datu,
due

to

were

each
to

Reclus,

says

his

conquered

rest

on

the

almost

of

whom,

suzerain,
and

the

"

494

THE

wealth

plundered

good

or

them

on

that

their

predatory

There

be

acknowledgment

of

problem

from

away

from

exile

an

Dumanquilas
the

to

the
to

of

be

the

fate

and

and

and

and,

decay
unless
will

obedience,

days

of

it

as

power

prince.

by

the

Moro

The
the

power

of

Sulu

are

past.

hands

Mindanao,
ment,
Govern-

command

three

weakness

Archipelago.
For

of

sultanate

of
of

to

ever
when-

opposition

States

longer

seems

tribes

state

United

poor

regain

Such

the

sultanate

at

is

never

present

much
the

home

he

gone,

these

ter
mas-

Mindanao

his

will

the

at

new

of

into

must,

the

sultanates,

formidable

meets

supported

Movos

is

he

approaching

able

the

with

among

the

be

of

predecessors.

by

of the
the

his

but

accept

Sultan

prestige

represented

not

to

hold

breaking

are

over-lords,

and

its

presents

who

Grande,

invariably

rapidly

chiefs

the

snlianate

dissipated
is

Sulu

the

by

tained
ob-

universal

relaxing

decline

destitution,

native

falls,

weak

of

Rio
His

position occupied

the

of

the

Bay.

point

the

to

Spanish

ultimately

nation

their

to

serfdom."

the

with

fast

petty

sacope,

religion.

Moro

"To-day

says:

for

but
have

disposition

no

Referring

Barrow

is

of

display

kindly.
Dr.

the

allegiance

time

same

is

the
of

Muhammadan

and

number

while

Philippines

tenure

people,

the

upon

that

maraliay.

accompanied

state

would

the

of

feudal

to

question

the

tao

warriors,

reduced

condition

throughout

old

free

The

expeditions,

were

little

this

occupation,

retainers.

the

is

class,

can

The

his

by

men,

lack-land

or

PHILIPPINES.

the
The

centuries

"

THE

they

defied
into

the
and

sought

could

not

the

European

his

territory.

Spaniard

stood

by

and

have

must

these

their

treaty

power

Captain

pirate

and

daring.

Sultan

There

is

of

any

the

the

Lanao,

The

he

number

found

mainly

ever

made

tain
Cap-

passing,

1776.

about

the

their

ments
achieve-

political
by

with

in

melancholy
only

volume

alliance

an

of

people
the

none

of
press
im-

Guinea.'

(Mindanao)

MORO

the

less,

the

most

which

their

believed

are

TRIBES.

Malanao

stronghold

Moros,
tribe

numerous

is

the

district

villages
to

Moros

or

in

danao.
Min-

of

Lake

thickly

are

number

not

far

tered.
clus-

short

thousand.

sign

same

tribe,

notable

New

the

could

they

the

formed

their

time

Maguindanao
the

to

height

civilization."

are

hundred

how

see

splendor

the

at

read

PKKSENT

around

They
one

but

for

Their

of

were

present

Lake,

To

Voyage

consequence

gain

when

almost

something

THE

of

where

barbaric

some

Maguindanao

Philippines,

At

eration
gen-

defensive

win

to

punity
im-

after

the

on

subsidy

and

Theirs

of

marks

with

war

generation

purely

states

'A

visited

decadence.

the

405

carried

For

should

one

Forrest,

Forrest
the

and

heen

old

Europeans
of

TRIBES.

conquer.

"There
about

MORO

PRESENT

about
in

the

whose

Moros,
I ilea lion

as

that

name

of

fifty thousand,
vicinity

of

Cottabato.

the
and

has
first
are

This

tically
prac-

named
to

be

name

"

THE

496

has

been

long

madan

of

almost
in

came

the

Suln

element

in

and

of

by
The

is
of

tricts
disof

interior

the

from

had

dominant
have

strong

marked

grated,
emiality
person-

influence.

restricted

to

coasts

being

the

of

group

the

they

the

was

whom

this

of
who

them

in

tribe

the

terior
in-

pied
occu-

latest
tribes

differences

exist

between

be

the

from

to

the

number.

mainly

savagery,

marks

the

in

on

Tawi

active

most

tered
scat-

there

dislrict.

and

various

varying

highest

are

The

immigration,

force

the

of

and

are

and

Moro

of

Tawi

They

Zamboango

the

than

stronghold

the

was

other

superior

the

Archipelago,

the

represent

in

inaccessible

most

Sulu

by

elsewhere

predominate

They

of

located

rarely

arc

the

to

in

their

Jiasilan,

throughout

What

the

derived

are

form

practically

greater

Samals,

removal

have

the

numbers

the

Where

numbers,

far

furnished

island

the

to

Samals,

which

seem

small

island

seashore.

pirates

who

they

population.

Samals

group,

are

the

In

mainly

where

tribe

the

Spaniards

peopled

Davao.

aggressiveness

Yakan

tribe

found

are

in

the

They

Subanos.

name,

the

even

The

the

that

whom

Kalibnganes,

Muham-

Grande.

Rio

passed

this

and

Moros

of

the

name

from

the

with

islands

the

their

warlike

the

with

Moros

and

are

mixture
The

the

first

Zamboango

Zamboango

of

valley

Emigrants
of

designate

to

the

contact

itself.

used

tribes

were

PHILIPPINES.

gence.
intelli-

tribes

stages

degree

of

being

"

408

THE

Horo

grotesque
head

is

and

chief

in

the

full

object

to

the

unaccustomed

brass

stiffest

the

it and

under

of

virile

mitigated
depends

which

from

Moro

waists

is

noble

the

breeches

kris

to

short

the

is

lapped

the

warrior
attack

of

cuirass

is
skirt

knees.

APPEARANCE.

stuck

dagger
but

the

largest

feminine

the

his

secure

steel

BIZARBK

belt,

takes

the

severe

to

carry

the

at

or

sarong,

men

gaudy

PBE8ENTS

Most

Upon

turban,

of

the

the

eye.

order

from

effect

by

is rather

chin, giving

suffering

The

neuralgia.

In
the

the

war

is stuck

procurable.

tied

appearance

somewhat

which

cloth, perhaps

of

panoply

into

helmet,

feather

headpiece
around

PHILIPPINES.

if

the

the

individual

of

place

in

former

the

weapon.
The

dress

fitting close
The

jabul

head

and

as

loose.

water

he

when

which

the

by

worn

The

knots,

generally
in

be

may

sex

hair

the

wears

in

all

leave

it

up

men

naked

fied
modi-

women

Neither
their

the

over

but

home,

at

public.

Filipino,
a

thrown

Tt

while
go

skirt.

Midiiitnmadan

tie

women

bodice

bifurcated

is

body.

of

up

baggy

countries.

fantastic

spends

and

scarf

veil

other

sarong

the

Like

fact,

the

rule.

skin

about

Children
the

wear

and

of

manner

of

is made

women

long

draped

Arabia

shoes

the
the

to

is

survival
in

of

the

Moro

bathes

large proportion

conditions

are

of

in

frequently;
his

favorable,

time

but

it

in

the

would

"

THE

be

to

seem

from

any

and

JURAMENTADOS.

from

love

desire

for

surroundings
The

iloro

the

are

spear,

or

club

clean

stroke

hris

is

prized

deaths

the
has

have

they

for

for

always

bring
the

by

had

inches

high

The
for

used

is
and

killed,
great

many
RiOes

price.

but, fortunately,

difficulty

great,

one

weapon

has

of

Moros,

long,

with

man

it

double-

being

record

stitute.
sub-

warrior.

former

persons

established
will

the

oval

thrusting.

of

credit

is

an

Moro

warfare,

sometimes

eighteen

the

wavy,

of

but

of

weapon

arms

decapitate

feat

number

with

to

To

highly prize

very

sword

latter

an

its

to

or

than

dwellings

boomerang,

twelve

great

no

the

and

that

one

is

for

is

point.

straight,

cutting

are

to

the

carried,

unlike

not

from

their

without

barony,

or

barong

blade,

graduating

abroad

commonly

The

edged

kris,

most

for

rather

filthy.

goes

The

exercise

aquatic

cleanliness,

are

never

sort.

some

of

499

in

obtaining

them.
The

Moro

loves

weapons

are

all

follows

that

he
arm's

within

gets
with

adapted
is

firearms

he

has

of

crowd.

jummenlada
the

The

Moro's

to

his

hand-to-hand

bur

little

his
It

fighting.
opponent

against troops
chance

and

enemy,

dangerous

very

length,

THE

The

with

close

to

in

the

if

he

furnished
open.

JUEAMENTADOS.

occasionally
capacity

juramentado

for
is

furnishes

doing
a

an

execution

Muhammadan

ple
exam-

in

who

"

500

taken

has

of

as

the

emotional

dose

of

life

his,

of

the

these

their

lia"e

them

damage

nineteen

with

of

their

is

their

charged
and

number

the
of

which

permitted
number

incredible.
before
It
of

company

killed,

before

of

kind,

ranks.

that

dozen

almost
action

of

for

day,

the

arms,

of

in

not

are

their

to

riiles

and

this

of

they

out

band

half

he

victims

many

feast

minutes

will

gathering

When

with

jurarnentados

armed

of

for

few

as

some

throng

course,

put

great

five

troops

in

cannot

done

into

towns

slay

Soldiers

how

of

find

choose

to

taking

Paradise

of

together,

act

of

act

Sometimes

celebration

get

Christian
will

to

onslaught.

to

seldom,

the

they

the

as

contrive

very

out

afford.

likely

of

them

joys

the

large

fanatical

his

to

in

the

murderers

village, such
occasion

sets

may

are

dies

he

all

juramentado

they

if

Christian

devoted

case

in

that

The

extra

an

touch

finishing

the

to

requisite pitch

the

to

up

life

possible.

as

and, perhaps,

the

puts

opportunity

as

devotee

Assured

frenzy.
the

Christians

excitement

opium

his

devote

to

vow

many

works

pandita
of

religious

extinction

is

PHILIPPINES.

THE

they
is

told

Spanish

hudly wounded,

or

themselves

they

were

slain.
The
and

Mora
looks

disdain.
to

lies
tribes.

all

upon

Religious
with

do

believes

in

that

difference

feeling,

the

superior
are

is

but

the

courage

densely

superior

very

natives

other

this

They

he

may

with

have

foundation
of

ignorant,

the
very

being,

the
a

utmost

great
of

it

deal

bly
proba-

JIuhammadan
few

of

them

"

CRUELTIES

able

being

read

to

pandif.as,

or

generally

limited

they

to

the

The
from
all

the

of

the

do

not

treated

attempts

Dato

Uto,

practiced

walk
be

to

stings

of

within
this

to

burning

mosquitoes
forty-eight

the

the

and

their

legs
after

never

caused

he

Others

they

and

night.

frequent

be

would

by day
at

in

caught
of

sun

he

cruelties

could

the

was

datos

severity.

were

insects

other

slaves

their

the

where
the

master

occasion

tendons

they

of

rays

hours

the

of

who

the

did

latter-day Moros,
of

Those

trees,

and

entirely

utmost

difficulty.

great

them

women

on

the

of

that

so

naked
the

to

the

Death
of

result

treatment.

of

Moros
are

with

bound

exposed

with

had

knees

the

except

barbarities

slaves.

as

of

one

and

wants

refinement

escape

if

badly, although

escape

the

his

to

below

cut

to

for

upon

attempt

an

fared
worst

"Kitab,"

general thing

representative

notorious

was

the

of

capable

were

have

to

appear

the

all

As

establishment.

the

slaves

The

supplied

and

character

refrained

class,

warrior

and

work

their

DATOS.

THE

OF

labor.

of

Arabic.

original

like

anything

of

is doubtful

It

and

datos,

rudimentary

OHUBLTIK8

501

knowledge

smattering

Kuran.

in

it

read

can

Is of

priests,

the

term

The

write.

or

DATOS.

THE

OF

classes, from

thieves.

born

itself

presents

readily

all

as

from

They
and

from

strangers,

the

rob

sultan

whenever

neighbors
as

to

much

the

sacope,

opportunity
or

kinsmen

apparently

as

for

"

502

PHILIPPINES.

THE

the

pleasure

the

object
THE

The

derived

from

MOKO

IS

NOT

far

is

madan;

indeed

the

hardly

recognize

him

short

very
and

Kuran

the

particulars

in

confidence
of

Mindanao,

if

he

had

the

this

there

Minister

"a

is but

blood

in

in

and

stated

universe

one

that

space

of
beneath

have
the

our

thoughts.
the

earth

spirits, but

creature,

whilst

the

one

air

inhabited

they expire
soul

of

man

the

looked

of

Moros

He
and

that
is

his
us

and

by spirits.

lives

cession
suc-

illustrated

God.

with

as

was

believe

above

the

sultanate

attraction

omniscient,
The

gain

During

copies

and

are

unusually

who

chief

the

and

of

man,

that

fanciful

to

veins."

sundry

the

tion,
informa-

of

contrived

the

ways
al-

investigators

been

Justice

his

which

omnipotent,
is

of

have

impart

have

intelligent

very

person

and

recital

He

Toward

regarding

to

to

respect.

the

microscope

refusal

the

tion
prohibi-

stern

reticence

with

of

Philippines

the

Moro

drink.

strong

appears

visits,

this

flat
off

put

are

its

religious belief,
a

The

dictates

the

violates

greatest

with

would

civilization

to

up

of

white

of

papers,"

for

Muham-

co-religionist.

Mussalmin

their

of

of

living

Worcester

fortunate

"a

as

orthodox

an

Moslem

in

meet

nature.

desire

MUHAMMADAN.

being

indulgence

of

else

or

from

of

displayed

generally

from

aa

MODEL

frequently

against
strangers

act

stolen.

Moro

falls

the

the
on

death

nipresent,
om-

form
the
mals
Aniof

forever.

"

It

enters

THE

MORO

the

body

the

through

that

the

maintain

the

the

to

hell,

to

the

in

earth
soul

the

evil,

suffers
of

body

is the

of
into

brings

its

the

the

time

taken

suffering

would

the

upon

fuel

earth,

and

the

judgment

There

in

is

ber
mem-

fire

no

from?"

come

t Loir

expiate

punishment

own

neath
be-

it goes

offending

According

heaven.

pairs
re-

according

pain.

wicked

panditas

regulated
The

of

fact

the

by

consigned

torment

seat

soul

eventually

misdeeds.

his

"Where

course

are

he

the

that

until

Is

man

it

immediately

others

oblivion

bad

life

Some

soul

God;

in

rest

of

where

hell.

the

to

character

of

of

the

the

leaves

proved

is

of

top

and

sensitive.

death

presence

The

day.

after

the

During
as

is

503

in

purpose,

body,

structure

that
to

that

entire

whole

hole

aperture.

same

the

permeates

BELIEF.

through
for

contrived

skull,

RELIGIOUS

to

and

sins

priests

some

mental

and

atonement

In

physical
before

comes

death.

The

piirged
but

body,

will

of

in

the

by

the

earth,

will

wind

Weigher,
heavy

that
to

confronted

be

with

who

will
sin

"gold

wait

until

At

great

like

have

Moro

good

world.

the

be

will

Certain

glorified.
souls

soul

will

the

final

the

time,

and

all

by
place

and

souls
of

sent

one

of

at

the

be

carried

to

will

Michael,
in

that

those

Calvary,

Gabriel,
each

that

teach

reckoning

the

the

as

diamonds,"

air,

Mount

be

form

same

theologists

in

the

the

the

the

bad

end

where
and

scales.

is,

of
up

they
the
Souls

hell.

"

504

Till]

The

the

Morns
Old

know

MOEO

the
and

his

of

overtaken

were

changed
Those

who

who
made

for

changed

to

the

fruit

of
and

to

this

different
of

One

seaweed
her

day

inebriation

his

had

made

parts

of

the

CHRIST

like

fish.

People

the

patriarch

survive.

to

The

those

Chinaman

who

woman

be

may

and,

the

Moro

into

eating

was

fish

under

seen

called

skin

its

unsuccessful

of

the

Minister,
off

his

get

people

called

guard,

attempts,
to

country,

aversion

the

taken

in

made

the

an

planation
ex-

pork.

to

of

state

ing
follow-

statement:

AND

MUHAMMAD

Christ,

ourselves,

several

strong

friend,

interesting

"Jesus

limbs

with

taking

monkeys;

turned

was

in,

set

providentially

became

most

day.

Worcester
in

hornhill.

rain

chance

became

of

FLOOD.

beast.

and

some

hills

water

of

join

flood

the

THE

and

to

tales

flood.

box,

bird

had

the

to

the

was

dugong,

that

took

of

the

by

the

and

rest,

even

OF

into

opportunity

forms

to

of

nights

and

sort

the

people,

of

"Mosa,"

marvelous

STORY

went

each

the

neglected

THE

days

family

pair

one

who

forty

and

story

OF

characters

"No,"

them
all

their

VERSION

When

them

Like

have

they

of

some

adventure.

primitive,

prominent

"Sulaiman,"

around

fabulous

Noah

the

"Ibrahim,"

"Yaktib,"

woven

TIIE

all

Testament,

"liaud,"
have

PHILIPPINES.

but

called

IN

by

great,

the

and

MOKO

Moros

good,

LEGEND.

Isa,
and

was

very

man

power-

"

506

the

immediate

the

beyond

of

authority

The

Moros

recent

years

The

Zamboanga,
the

an

effort

of

the

the

unhoalthiness
many

eighty
service

the

Isabel,

of

The

Moros

Yakan

or

they

dato

Their

Tagal,

present

whose

San

at

name

the
was

been

Ramon,

site

of

Pedro

near

of

of

iiasilan,

military

model

Cucvas,

acquired

of

of

under

had

who

sented
repre-

character

had

the

the

the

depot

down

planned

man,

regime
circum-

Visayan,
to

the

or

penal

which

Zamboanga,
farm.

enviable
un-

of

Spanish

is yet,

sent

laws

an

curious

very

probably

and

death-trap.

Malamaui.

close

check

was,

criminal

settlement
at

in

held

were

natural

MOEOS.

with

disregard

the

towards

but

God,

the

capital

Basilan

for

reputation

the

Nevertheless,

AN

the

post,

of

of

of

disease,

to

at

willingly.

islet called

neighboring

the

the

was

the

force.

YAK

THE

another

had

Spaniards
on

AKD

village

from

with

in

feature

veritable

the

it

embraced

BASILAN

At

of

invested

was

soldiers

than

in

account

on

casualties, due

cent,

Moros

still

more

climate,

the
per

is

and

Sulu.

the

fort

be,

to

the

years

crusade,

old

nominal.

resulted

at

among

posts

(axes,

pay

Irihnio

authorities

of

to

garrison
post

the

proved

of

negligence

the

entire

these

merely

was

collect

to

Spanish

It

man

compelled

where

town.

For

white

never

earliest

of

neighborhood

the

were

annihilation

as

PHILIITINES.

THE

The
escape

is

convict,
with

"

SWAY

STRANGE

of

two

fields

his

fellow

Spanish
carbine

they

officer

in

with

which
their

the

house

of

come

out

and

his

at

the

bed

alacrity

and

Pedro

shot

carbine
that

the

before

place

Yak

dead.

him
the

upon

THE

the

before

the

STRANGE

SWAY

glad

were

hut

with

unequal

his

weapon

then

turned

with

such

install

to

of

out

very

use

villagers

they

fallen

convict

assembling

his

to

never

rolled

was

to

called
was

from

could

an

The

daybreak
of

combat

and

village

chieftain

and,

landing,

Pedro

emerged

soon

keeper,
shop-

On

invitation

an

of

day

tliey needed,

whom

the

The

the

Chinese

nearest

upon

and

and

shield.

for

one,

Ayala,

to

Basilan.

the

Such

Moro,

coast

what

to

to

once

fight.

by

of

over

dato,

declined

the

murdered

store

crossed

boat,

they proceeded

with

the

taking

away,

night following

the

they

plundered

lanee

followed
on

Here

the

killed

guard,

got

in

work

them.

coup.

securing

and

507

at

their

charge,

readied

they

Whilst

overcame

immediately

They

FOREIGNER.

prisoners.

day

one

OF

his

effect
him

in

data.

OF

FOREIGNER

OVER

MORO

COMMUNITY.

after

another

for

bravery

the

Moros,

time

subdued

Pedro

Dato

he

maintained

had

and

and,
for

rapidly
which

rule

established

equal

charmed

control
with

neighboring

of

was

having

practical
his

the

an

of

villages
a

(ho

iron

In

entire
hand

reputation

influence

life.

and

one

with
a

short

island.

He

hundreds

"

508

PHILIPPINES.

THE

of

stories

told

are

of

slightest opposition
death.
visitor

One

which

ridden

his

friend
in

the

the

as

he

mount

Pedro

in

leash

by

the
a

chieftain

being

ado

more

shot
his

presented

realized

friendly

on

the

excellent

vantage
ad-

island

the
with

terms

selves.
them-

pardoned

were

the

with

terms

the

of

State

the

with

inhabitants

unruly

against

on

himself

who

Isabel,

man

crimes

lived

he

just

it, and

and

ingratiate

at

having

His
and

saddle

the

to

authorities
of

held

in

sat

contrived

Spanish

without

affirmative,

horse,

had

The
have

to

visitor.

the

to

like

that
a

village

house.

would

if he

answered
rider

Pedro's

Daio

to

is

admire

to

nearby

ate
immedi-

stories

happened
from

with

met

similar

many

Moro

up

asked

of

wishes

The

practices.

despotic

his

to

Zamboanga

from

upon

his

resident

governor.
The
island

the

to

domination
full

of

fact
but

belief
the

of

of

turbulent

that

he

was

Philippines
have

of

the

bands
to

attempt

highly
The
from

be

probably

that

of

of

only
in

to

everywhere

believe

lives.

Almost

and

enjoy
a

one

is

not

an

measure

degree
The

harm.

this

over

arms,
fire-

possessed

grealer

impervious

siich

in

them

much

man

due

was

among

iulisanas

injure

administration

remarkable

Moros

charmed

dangerous

acts

this

that
all

to

their

natives

certain
the

dividuals
in-

leaders

distinction.

To

only useless,

but

foolhardy.
of

barbarity,

General
was

Arolas,

characterized

though
by

the

free
un-

"

THE

in
to

who

only Spaniard

order

the

among

their
the

of

people
The

the

ing, however,
understand

can

of

sign

of

which

idle

fulfillment.

His

talk,

order

In

Arolas'

day,

and

Colony,

white

that

they

would

not

that
to

shed

who
street

sand

be

done

had

once

issued

leaves

cigar

promptly

an

stub
fined

or

and

story

of
native

A
paper

not

wont

day

forbidding

streets.

day,

was

the

covered

twice

twice

scrap

tween
be-

Spanish

were

Governor

order

lowed
fol-

in

town

under

week."

his

\ipon

of

sure

slave.

or

streets

done

not

His

inevitably

cleanest

the

Arolas

threats.

was

regularly swept

were

a 8

that

cleanest

The

as

construe

little distinction

the

the

people

ill,was

or

daio

was

it, but,

it

their

was

and

needed

he

threw

Sulu

anywhere.

"if

declare,

made

brown,

probably

administration
with

Ho

and

men

good

denote

appreciation

no

feeble

or

disobeyed

by punishment.
white

as

unruly

term

learned

soon

it entailed

whether

promise,

have

invariably

They
in

the

These

respect

they

they

weakness.

indulged

never

hut

juslioe, but

kindness,

with

men

hint

some

the

"papa,"

Arolas

affection,

not

two

islands.

called

Moros

was

maintaining

these

afford

dealing

of

means

southern

of

may

former

in

methods

spheres

effective

the

as

succeeded

the

509

AROLAS.

and,

ever

Moros,

respective

most

Pedro,

of

flinching severity
the

OF

RULE

MASTERFUL

to

it

soon

was

the

white
upon

rent
cur-

trees

man

the

thrashed.

"

510

PHILIPPINES.

THE

The

wide

by
laid

are

cement

of

trace

Spaniards,

the

building

the

of

present

dered
bor-

trees,

right angles.
loft

was

and

it

shade

at

town

and

brick,

with
and

ancient
took

walls

defensive

the

1878,

in

to

preparatory

lined

uniformity

exact

sidewalks,

ample

and

gutters

with

out

Scarcely

and

thoroughfares

when

cleared

the

town,

with

redoubts

and

site
its

block-

lliHW'S.

SULU.

MODERN

Sulu
centre

of

capital

was

and

the

was

of

the

several

public

substantial

with

has

been

it is

and

than

only
few

Moros

and

hundred

coast,

to

They
and

who

nipa

absent.

of

the

painted

are

the

used

for

For

the

troops.
in

merchandise,

roof
There

stone

come

the

certain

on

large

market

constructed.

good

beautiful

anchorage
one

the

south

to-day.

entirely

quarter

sized

hundred,

salubrious

The

to

produce

is
of

hut

of

recently

Sulu

is

the

native

appearance

buildings

and

purposes

residence

and
the

the

on

ealsomine,

dwelling

Sultans

capture

islands.

with

accommodation

days

his

northern

Filipino

its

unfamiliar

an

treated

or

the

are

have

from

white,

has

the

Maibun

to

Sultan

houses

visitor

After

transferred

the

of

capital

Morodom.

here
The

ancient

military post

only

little

four

of

with

whom

Moros,

are

place, enjoying

lation
popu-

good

water

runs

more

climate.
is

good
yards

and

into

pier

stone

the

sea,

with

light-

"

"

Oriental

;vy

them

thus*

women

burdens

their

upon

an

upright

of

and

the

J'

heads,

graceful

"

"

house

the

at

IS

MORO

THE

and

Singapore
The

trade.
of

hands

of

is

work

it

as

soon

the

and
with

creatures

The

collection

have

declared
and

quantities

in

is

of

pearl-oyster
miles,
the

an

present

and

sea-produce,

these

it

is

time.

absolutely
the

attack

the

the

development
suited

area

fifteen

approximates
of

large

bed

to

than

more

of

demand

the

perfect

most

the

of

the

large

in

secured

the

where

judges

extension.

great

are

ia

Archipelago

competent

of

capable

waters,

for

extent

remain

at
are

Sulu

the

of

mother-of-pearl

that

said

the

are

can

and

in

plunge

with

knife.

exist
It

often

men

but

sharks,

in

dive

minutes

is

home

and

and

only

kindly
at

are

world,

encounter

that

Pearls

all

at

The

several

the

and

swim

arid

the

principal industry

the

takes

confidence.

for

will

SEA.

THE

Children

in

surface

frequently

fearless

he

walk,

can

divers

the

OF

water.

and

ease

expert

They

the

in

entirely

amphibian

an

which

they

remarkable

under

almost
to

with

most

interishmd

large

almost

is

MAN

IS

MORO

connected
as

with

Chinese.

Moro

kind

doing

business

export

THE

The

and

Manila,

erable
consid-

of

port

communication

direct

having

consequence,

is

511

SEA.

THE

OF

Sulu

it, for

of

end

MAN

mollusks.
of

growth

thousand
sufficient
whole

ditions
con-

the

square
to

supply

world

for

mother-of-pearl.
The

search

for

pearls

ia

very

precarious

occupa-

"

612

THE

tion, and

the

tally

that

dollars.

shell

of

devoid

the

the

and

it

hand,

is

said

discovered

since,

hut

it

worth

single pearl

years

oyster

product.

bivalves,

other

few

dental
inci-

merely

certain

more

yield

not

it

thousand

On

Englishman,

an

the

five

did

they

consider

of

of

kept

twenty-five
that

divers

collection

was

found

was

Moro

the

to

PHILIPPINES.

holding

sixty-five

pearls.
THE

"There
to

the

that
are

ORIGIN

have

the

the

obtained

amongst

the

of

formed

the

found

part

to

rid

itself

to

this

in

shape,

of

the

of

is

substance
the

human

in

theory,
stunted

encysts

because
in

of

them

growth,

find

however,

is caused
which

the

caused

by

the

in

foreign

that

bearing

lends

shells
excrescences,

until
same

bodies

comparatively

the

tion
secre-

layers,

much

by
pearl

the

excites

pearl-fishers

they

were

with

idea,

concentric

encysted,

they

at

connection

in

which

theory

world

new

irritation

renders

experience

in

which

this

thought

oyster

body

and

and

formation

an

matter,

therein,
The

the

states

raindrops

the

they

foreign body

some

nacreous

as

of

as

author

prevailing

that

is

the

foreign

manner

natives

on

of

presence

the

scientists

effort

of

pearls,

The
.

is

into

as

advanced

ancient

petrified dewdrops

sunbeams.

an

One

the

Columbus,

from

amongst

theories

receive

converted

afterwards

time

to

PEARL.

of

pearl.

rises

oyster

THE

all sorts

been
of

origin

OP

bedded
em-

less.
harm-

weight
irregular
or

"

shell

having
likely

Sultan

some

of

the

waters

Sulu

his

with

in

the

the

owner

moat

From

potentate,

found

from

time

time,

to

specimens

rare

their

of

secured

world,

the

the

have

treasury

been

always

territory.

own

low

ran

haw

pearls

finest
of

his

from

of

the

funds

as

arc

parasites,

by

yield pearls."

to

The

coml.H'd

honey

613

INDUSTRY.

MOTHER-OF-PEARL

London

to

way

Paris.

and

Sultan,

The

hox

after

full

his

in

of

pearls

of

extraordinary

recovered
sold

few

pilgrimage
a

The

hard,

greatly

silvery,

to

the

commercial

of

the

Sulu

this

bringing

region
great

as

to

fine

ranks

the

price

coat,
is

The

pearl.

the

defray

be

must

SULU.

which

adds

especially

teristic
charac-

mother-of-pearl,

highest

in

the

hundred

nine

as

his

collection.

OF

iridescent

value,

but

stolen

the

lie

INDUSTRY

MOTHER-OF-PEARL

THE

order

very

sess
pos-

value,

of

Mecca.

to

of

possessor

in

to

Subsequently

portion

known

was

disappeared.

they

his

the

present

from

1879,

1882

of

expenses
at

in

successor

and

gems,

died

death

and

3on

who

too,

market,
dollars

ton.

chief

The

material

ornamental
and
the

was

the

of

sources

the

chief

Sulu

are

of

centre

its transfer

world's

Torres

to

the

this
of

Until

trade
the

British

supply

of

Strait, Western

Archipelago.

short-sighted policy

forced

the

the

Colonial

port

1886

this
tralia,
Aus-

Manila

Orient,

but

Oovcrnment
of

Singapore.

"

THE

614

The

is

through

years

worth

the

from

in

London,

and

worked

is

one

fact,

past
of

the

of
that

the

the

material

small

The

of

shipped

American

raw

States
than

British
the

to

factories.

consideration,

United
more

bands

it. is
in

up

in

States

territory, but

American

whence

no

United

condition.

into

consumed
the

of

abnormal

an

Singapore

business

by

in

derived

is

States

trade

present

product

PHILIPPINES.

one

has

as

for

million

is

thia
terial
ma-

passes
porters
im-

United
The

proved
several
dollars'

annually.

"

VITAL

ISSUES.

"

"

518

is, to

those

eligible
of

cent,

per
of

the

which

of

plank

be

members

leading

America

in

ordered

and
desire

its

them

of

majority
wealthy

the

second

the

pelago
Archi-

the

and

Territory

veloped
de-

people

in

force

under
the

foundation

the

islauds.

of

Filipinos,

and

of

them
In

five
a

the

themselves,

provincial

genernl

the

provincial
were

the

Americans

civil

to

governor

was

not

was

people
officers

to
were

under

came

and
ernments
govare

in
tirely
en-

elect
pointed.
apthe

government
increased

was

which

sassination
as-

government

selected

central

of

guerrillas,

and

left

great

fear

sovereignty,

was

other

law.

of

their

to

educated,

"

protect

present

It

Certain

commission

islands
-the

wellable

were

provincial government

The

civil-seevice

to

American

autonomous.

governor.

people

municipal

the

The

the

by

as

up
the

in

overcoming

inlimidation

such

now

with

and

just

They
town

every

who,

making

in

establish

to

had

party

sympathized

always

respectable

people"

together

the

under

the

Federal

the

there.

in

and

joined

and

as

first, as

of

government
with

unite

that,

1 party,

era

peace

self-government,

received,

Americanistas

been

was

of

State.

The

election
I'e d

States;

hope

of

coiirse

might
as

United

the

the

which

15

organization

second

the

of

expressed

the

in

then

of

The

formed

was

plank

sovereignty

the

after

hardly

constitute

population.

Then, too,
main

who

vote,

began

the

party

to

total

governments

McKinley.
n

PHILIPPINES.

THE

by

subsequently

the

three
ap-

"

ORDER

pointed,

who

did

have

not

in

the

was

the

veto

of

quasi

passed

wag

powers

considerably

will

form

until,

and

enlarged

branch

under
and

will

of

had

action

elected

act

an

been
and

extended.

be

the

by

which

government

by Congressional

assembly

one

done

was

Commander-in-Chief,

the

confirmed

popular

this

but

resided

power

government

July, 1902,

in

commission,

That
All

as

military

formed

act

War.

519

the

of

power.

MeKinley

EDUCATION.

member

Secretary

President
was

AND

that

By

in

law-making

ita

and

1006,
of

power

the

islands.
The

Iadronism.

of

to

with

under

in

constabularyii as

reduced

ever

has

it

The

of

the

had

so

or

next

educational

thing

which
and

system,

imported

children,

and

and
to

and

has

almost
was

sent

exercise

done

by

over

the

rection
insur-

islands.

its

abuses,

work
so

task

of

wholly

only

on

suppressing

by Filipinos.
to

establish

American
the

in
lions
mil-

many

called

thousand

the

nuisance

the

been

was

each

(5,500,

the

remarkable

The

done

of

defects

occupied

instances.
been

less

of

done

army

of

history

its

has

The

four
has

the

in

scouts,

close

to

islands

many

ladrones

were

it

people.

three

The

the

has

whole

the

on

policing

in

in

sary
neces-

Numbering

the

t.adkonism

constabulary

but

after

been

it became

Philippine

3,500

years

suppression

constabulary

officers.

of

two

this

native

American

the

was

do

to

of

assistance

the

than

force

done

was

order

In

create

province

which

thing

next

islands

beneficent

an

ers
teachto

teach

influence

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

520

that

teachers,
from

There

that

tho

who

people

in

system

is

the

the

have

the

short

Government

of

are

now

of

the

FOK

normal

at

study

expect

to

we

will

who

fill the

getting

in

training

of

ranks

able

be

(lie

to

schools

teachers

that

when

he

in

no

youth

the

English

students

we

with

less

than

Filipino

child

English

and

learning

is

of

We

teachers

every

education,

is

sources

Filipino

to

little,
part

in

these

so

or

preparing

are

From

of

elementary

an

of

Filipino

offer

means

the

100

the

Filipinos,

study,

of

send

hut

Contempt.

we

Filipino

America.

in

shall

but

the

English.

There

cent,

per

plishing
accom-

islands,

on

Or

10

age,

We

English-speaking
decade

about

of

the

English,
SHEERS

school

schools.

to

year

of

number

large

very

only

learn

attempt

say

teaching

learn

to

not

are

are

to

cational
edu-

the

do

we

in

as

the

THEIK

teaching
islands

time

say

been

teach

to

JUSTIFICATION

do
We

not

among

of

and

desire

people

quite contemptuous

are

results.

who
so

criticism

but

uable
val-

most

exercise

to

Philippines,

perfect,

is

education.

high esteem,

and

there

were

which

able

are

substantial

persons

that

considerable

system

English,

Certain
who

in

been

very

people

of

government,

hold

has

the

almoners

as

and

of

adapted

to

studying
learn

the

trades.
The
the

eagerness

Filipino

finds

with
its

which
cause

English
in

the

is

badge

studied
of

by

equality

"

PUBLIC

the

which

regime

efforts

our

desire

system

to

rid

get

of

in

English
must

it

is

in

islands

brake
the

90

to

islands

and

hope

be

given

education,

and

it

judgment

that

if

to

in

do

so

order,

order,

for

appropriation
construction

short

have

we

in
the
of

of

the

gkow

and

come
be-

up

speak

English.
of

preparation
kind

of

shall

he

any

there

wo

are

in

to

the

receive

the

fact

to

islands

under

from

the

and

of
we

the

the
not
can-

lic
pub-

construct

was

longer.

Indeed,

which

$1,000,000

or

mentary
ele-

that

people

generation

the

an

self-government,

act

in

people

this

upon

islands.

roads,

we

to

attempted

first

but

ignorant

is

for
of

children,

which

duty

our

them

prepare

them

for

chance

pinos
Fili-

intelligent public opinion,

of

cent,

per

improvements

the

popular,

teach

the

teach

Islands
in

of

stay

only

the

to

such

preparing

are

shall

Philippine

that

them

the

essential

in

teach

can

adults

for

hardly

childbew

the

discharge

expect

the

We

masses

reason

agree

cannot

can

the

felt

its

short

We

through

finds

we

We

the

contempt

which

islands.

Under

by

with

year.

of

should

the

in

that

thb

the

the

islands.

self-government

that

first

the

absolutely
of

safety

Next

the

before

permanent

found

in

Spanish

Filipinos

as

until

people

the

of

thoroughly

men

the

the

generation.

wait

Now,

that

inconsistent

English
English

fear

education

States

United

of

521

constitutes.

study

educate

to

probably

is

the

favored.

not

offered

opportunity

Spanish
was

IMPROVEMENTS.

it

comes

passed
treasury

control

of

was

for

the

"

THE

522

PHILIPPINES.

This

military government.
economically

aa

and

not

doubt

has

the

But

country.

macadamized

the
that

it

effect

roads

it does

dreadful

for

all

the

caused

good

tropics

much

to

is

so

keep

due

due

taxes

and

necessarily

authorities

upon

road

in

pair
re-

the

and
death

the

this

to

the

destructive

the

to

rinderpest,

from

in

rains

torrential

the

as

governor,

original construction;

local

local

the

depression,

cattle
of

failure

of

aa

its

military

considerable

in

agricultural

nearly

have

done

requires nearly

as

the

possible by

expended

was

money

of

quent
conse-

depression,
neglect

to

the

repairs.
The

Commission

contracted

spend

to

of

half

been

the

but

We

is true.

left

anybody

work

at

had

we

the,
that

understand
Cebu.

It

the

unsettled

from
work

if you

It

do
is

have

not

attract

difficult

the

money

to

inducing

has

and

tractors,
con-

many

and

the

an

country

not

the

by

even

former

contractors

many
secure

the

taken

in

that
are

when

leaving

Since

capital,

but

in

understood,

there

little

very

conditions

abroad.
even

is

where

bids,

contractor

Englishman,

Philippines,
there

be

must

active, enterprising
like

work.

has

expended.

succeeded

not

Iloilo

been

for

about

Colquhoun

and

yet

not

struction
con-

and

Mr.

Cebu

advertised

undertake

to

islands

has

have

islands

the

for

has

the

Manila,

Iloilo.

money

appropriated

This

and

in

more

at

Cebu

at

that

complains

works

and

millions

two

millions

two

port

million

expended

has

the

will.

doing

of

Millions

"

"

"

sire

being

now

we

can

millions

more

The

in

the

will

be

in

and

other

which

take

to

COURT

OF

of

the

instance, numbering

the

judges

entire

Archipelago,

bringing

the

to

administration
no

of

part

one

take

justly

of

more

organization

its

difficultybecause
Spanish

English

into

ignorance

of

than

of

the

has

the
the

Spanish,

and

Filipino

the

the

well,
of

judges

think

which

we

judiciary,
with

English,
of

of

the

part

covering

interpreting

because

of

which

surrounded
of

with

courts

work

be.

in

been

into

the

their

in

necessity

language

and

JUDGES

American,

should

sit.

judges

and

government

pride

created

understanding

an

justice

the

and

fifteen, in
part

natives

favorably

compare

doing

people

natives,

for

courts

States,

are

ers
foreign-

the

view,

have

we

which

FlLIPINO

and

establish

that

American

now

native

are

and

will

judges
court

be

THREE

first

the

society

is to

against

this

native

supreme

while

to

roads,

and

in

Court,

should

any

is

roads.
rail-

of

wagon

done

lie heard

courts

both

American

the

construct

proposed

was

could

SUPREME

are

that

sure

economical

more

have

States

declined

in

courts

the

am

business

we

It

United

the

We

only.

of

construction

much

it is to

which

Americans

that

four

is

the

revolutionize

system.

is called

The

it

than

thing

judiciary

and

spent

is,

will

third

what

legislation

if

and

islands.

The
a

roads,

on

requisite

truth

railroads

and

islands

the

the

railroads

construct

in

spent

secure

523

JUDICIARY.

THE

and

and

what

there
may

and

great
from

from

necessary

American

pro-

"

and

cedure,

the

of

judges

much

We

disturbed

not

law

stantive

of

the

and

mortgage,

adopted

of

It

is

of

itself

few

crimes

is

their

by

United

and

the

jury.

the

to

prevent

to

civil

extended

right
Now,

to

have

to

made

justice.

by

general
code.
criminal

the

arms

been

the
in
and

and

people,
A

exigencies

from

abuse

an

provisions

Mr.

were

which,

McKinley

the

by
to

ponent
op-

therein.
the

press

these

of

included

bear

of

LIMITATIONS,

confirmation

rights

his

keep

The

meet

the

all

Ihit

nical
tech-

so

political offenses

been

added

place

California

adapted

has

the

adopted

Congress

to

of

people

of

the

Bill

of

Rights,

the

the

right

frequently

the

have

was

to

effective.

well

instructions

their

States,

the

been

which

the

CONSTITUTIONAL

of

and

Root,

all

have

THE

virtue

be

in

We

vestibule

follows

change

privileges.

WITHIN

the

sub-

the

civil,

take

to

lawyer

in

quite

the

codes.

Spain, eliminating

ladronism,

of

ably
reason-

embraced

is

procedure

to

seems

substantial

no

have

were

procedure,

Otis,

and

winch

acute

of

religious offenses,
and

system

slightest

which

forever

General

the

procedure,

an

code

simple,

code

of

enable

to

criminal

order

of

code

stamping
The

the

could

commercial

code

Spanish
as

of

the

civil

in

islands,

chief

the

codes,

the

than

the

expected.

have

civil

American

and

overcome,

smoothly

more*

been

been

the

nevertheless

lawj

substantive

have

to

seem

works

of

civil

of

ignorance

necessary

the

obstacles

of

PHILIPPINES.

THE

524

to

asked

Mr.

the

islands
cept
ex-

trial

by

in

let-

"

RIGHTS.

PERSONAL

from

ters

whether

secured

to

they

it. is true

the

still

not

rule?

With

to

right

mentioned

of

trial

that

apply

by

will

Bill

and

jury

he

if

the

Islands.

the

like,

Bights,

right

to

his

right

of

the

province

is
every

the

save

it will

first

say

Islands

bear

to

noyances
an-

Spanish

preservation

of

the

assert

the

are

and

Philippine

for

about

rights

surveillance

should

the

court

civil

under

and

in

Philippine

the

this

to

in

the

to

of

to

the

encountered

they
respect

entitled

of

subject

inhabitant

any

all

that

inhabitants

which

that

resident

suspicious individuals,

Boston,

Are

525

right
and

arms,

secured

he

to

him.
It

be

may

hidronism

is

times

at

in

habeas

martial

else

it is

not

people

arrested

My

answer

to

the
is

fact.

that
of

exhibition

and

nation
force

in

as

being

and

the

ignorant

the

instigators

people,
is

question

and

its

is asked

independence

of

and

be

prosecution

from

the

the

whether

the

free

the

and

islands

Bill
man

by
and

flag

the
is

diers
solican
Amer-

tion
invita-

an

by

government

suppression
of

Manila

American

killed,

against

violation

no

In

by violence,

violence

Are

plays?

American

and

upon,

overwhelmed

as

been.

the

the

asked,

is

seditious

have

which

spit

represented

are

The

play

necessary

Everywhere

true.

question

they

where

suspend

to

exhibiting

is that

upoh

stamped

to

for

Cavite,
been

and

is not
the

Now,

of

it has

law

this

corpus,

the

that

ingrained

so

declare

to

of

writ

that

by
of

of

arrest

Rights.

may

peaceable

persecution

advocate
means

by

the

"

THE

526

My

Government.
a

the

party-

PHILIPPINES.

Nationalist

the

is

do

insurrecto,

not

that

the

is

this

he

incident

country

is

by peaceable
we

relieve

the

have

history.
she

of

Urdaneta,
little

very

the

influence

of

friction

islands

the

Spanish

secret

pendence,
indereau
bubut
in

that

he

not
can-

pendence
inde-

advocating

she

islands

out

of

of

of

the

their
in

of

islands.

Spain's

five

when

1564,

much

too

the

tain
cer-

religious

sovereignty

by

to

fleet

friars, including
the

under

but

from

commander

it is not

by force,

could,

we

the

islands

assumed

and

friars

as

Angustinian

to

the

over

say

control

peaceful

orders

With

that
and

exertions

the

cans,
Domini-

"

Recoletos,

men

of

these

for

centuries

to

make

gave

of

the

service

suffices

far

as

the

The

and

in

citizenship

for

in

Jesuits.

people.

even

military

Augustinians,

three

pected
sus-

surveillance,

to

It

over

brought

were

not

the

possession

Archipelago,

whole

by

growing

five

take

fo

not,

situation

as

ships, -and

five

advocacy

means.

took

Legaspi

sent

able
peace-

membership

which

factors

Spain

by

of
his

attempted,

political

disturbing

say

convicted

or

whose

where

in

FREE.

not

that

is

in

plank

loud

from

prosecuted

Next

to

subjected

be

police,

an

be

may

There

may.

"

suspected
is

he

independence

mean

one

physical-force party,

of

of

obtaining

means.

that

party

"

platform

that

is

answer

They
them

taught
other

Franciscans,

religious

orders

Christians

them

instruction.

the

of
arts

Until

of

and

labored
the

pino
Fili-

ture
agriculthe

nine-

"

TIIICFRIAIt

teenth
natives

by

natives'

rights.

Before
and

up

the

of

feeling

when

the

Suez

became

taxes

Filipinos,
and

young
of

educated

liberty
The

in

sentiments.

the

brought

were

Philippine

limit

no

with

duty
their
of

shown

in

number
and

the

were

300

were

against

revolution
killed

by

of
the

imprisoned

of

government

in

opposition

priests
and

1808,

people
and

as

civil

of

such
and

whose

loving

islands

and

civilization.
was

when
and

to

the

engendered

was

friars

the

use

opinion,

the

the

ment.
govern-

to

the

those

higher

tions
concep-

glad

self-sacrifice

for

have

to

hostility

Christianized

people

vengeance

together

of

The

prosecution

that

against

utmost

had

and

was

and

people

knew

spirit

it

abused.

was

their

creased,
in-

hospitality

were

in

this,

greatly

administration

authorities

and

iards
Span-

of

the

began

detection

Hence

friars

to

reactionary

were

instruments

which

and

better

Spanish

friars, who

tlie

Filipino

grew

to

were

and

hy

rectorships

horoes

offices

freely offered,

so

for
Added

opened

heavier,

filled

clergy

native

rivalry

the

orders

there

however,
the

islands,

of

their

partly

islands.

was

the

he

to

their

the

into

the

over

protection

natives

between
of

out

Canal
to

sincere

century,

throughout

came

the

last

jealousy

friars, growing

parishes

their

hierarchy

the

During

527

gny.it control

received

they

permitted

the
in

of

reason

1800

natives.

exercised

they

century

LANDS.

subjected

tion
devopared
pre-

The

sufficiently
40

the

decessors
pre-

of

their

insurgents
to

all

sorts

"

528

indignities

of

American

best

acres

caused
the

the

land

did

Courts

the

of

resort

general

of

unpopular
A

seemed

basis

and

Vatican,

of

banks

price

for

necessary

of

accompaniment
much

to

has

the

be
been

the

last

sulted
re-

followed

the
of

the

cal.
criti-

was

this

reached

tion
ques-

the

and

lauds
;

borrowed
of

the

description
purchase
the
from

with

the

in

the

negotiation

December

been

desired,
reduced

of

upon

perfecting

have

upon

was

year

has

rents

1898.

situation

agreement

made

purchase

the

undertaken.

was

right

instance

consultation

fixed

was

awaiting

islands

of

after

price

purchase

it

the

1903.

the

must

have

The

for

and

wise,

general

orders.

Rome

to

from

would
at

of

only

one.

to

had

rents

people

110,000

1896

rents

title

serious

very

not

and

their

rents,

friars

such

There

religious

visit

islands

collect

to

some

the

for

judgments.

eviction

the

the

tenants,

from

collection,

also

attempt
in

for

but

just accruing

and

opened

them

to

rents

any

it

orders

religious

their

became

clear,

then

of

of

400,000

their

among

collection

collect

not

of

the

by

the

by

public feeling

ownership

revolt

the

released

of

state

isi.ANits

being

were

this
the

agrarian

question

the

that

in

an

They

to

Tn

surprising

until

suffering

anil

troops.

is not

to

PHILIPPINES.

THE

of

number

of

the

is

titles

and

the

land.*
lands

of

something

tract
con-

for

money

and

the

the

in

the

the

veys
sur-

As

and

friars
over

erred

in

an

sult
re-

the

1,000
to

tin?

"

530

PHILIPPINES.

THE

have
be

them

accepted by

the

immediate
with

will

civil

do

to

we

essential

thai

in

our

issue

and

into

of

their

fitness
the

the

the

the

for

plans

the

do

to

ofiices

with

the
but

islands,
that

States,

plan
that

of
we

is
now

is

to

set

the

present

education

the

of
agree

readily

may

not

my
that

out

idea
we

of

are

is

fix

is

wholly

of

the

the
at

then

time

for
of

islands.
fault.

islands,

if

if

as

certainly
even

and
in

Filipinos
if

one

fill its

abandon

to

the

purpose,
United

the

If

all

to

it is, our

The
wc

the

thrust

wane,

that

and

duty

the

in

it

going,

government

but

government,
must

the

promise

as

conservative,

in

ment,
move-

have

the

follows

intelligent Filipinos,
one

needs

of

it is

The

self-government

fail.

must

education
move

most

gradual

self-government
wishes

in

and

possible,

conservative,

future

tion,
educa-

it, then
as

must

and

them

to

for

along.

it

construction

interest
of

part

far

as

help

for

of

of

begun,

extending

part

success,

immediate

the

will, then

Now,

self-government

assist,

intelligent

politics, and

one

of

art

should

have

opportunity

an

the

be

to

the

to

as

them

they

them.

we

of

good,

should

they

order
of

support

that

plan

people

mislead

by exercising

government,
in

in

with

hut

unpalatable,

not

must

learning

of

control

on

Rut

this

political

the

willl

speak

must

we

be

may

liberty, of giving
and

it, it

for

independence

of

promise

truth

right

are

trying

fitted

are

Filipinos,

the

it.

accept
we

as

The

truth.

exact

they

future.

Dealing

if

when

independence

leave

moment

in

the

"

OF

iESTION

few

proposed,

years

and

the

regarded
aide,

as

and

will

existed

under

in

Now,
of
to

return

which

such

the

with
to

vested

to

If

change.
then

and

that

this

The
in

much

the

declarations

heard
the

of

is

in

favor

to

most

of

fit

and

it said

subject

real
the

be

to

It

over.

made,
is

difference

who

by people

who

with

government
and

the
not

not

see

the

and

They

are

have

did
of

view

fundamental.

for

oppose

they

ference
dif-

between

conventions

those

liberty

invite

absolute

an

independence

for

of

and

ought

the

from

self-government,

for

that

unwise

away

of

islands

to

aliens

to

conditional

people

wisdom

is the

Aguinaldo

an

people,

government

the

between

ment,
govern-

and

me

ence
pres-

necessary

well-ordered

the

wean

petition

petition

difference

favor

the

waytion
condi-

the
is

promise

the

that

when

islands

declaration

point

on

the

are

turn

difference

great
of

of

to

I have

present

the

the
the

to

he

to

by

made

the

independence

of

signers.

any

of

signers

thought

the

such

cease

fall

things,

seems

by

people

ought

we

promise

it

will

that

agree,

on

the

the

in

rigliisto

discussion

of

sustain

which

go,

Aguinaldo.

issue

of

be

will

received

will
will

rapidly

and

an

importance

them

education

interests,

introduce

has

presence,

States

civil

secure

531

teachers

which

condition

order

independence
the

United

maintain
to

their

benefit,

American

English,

from

impetus

an

of

study

the

INDEPENDENCE.

ers
signmine.

really
gloss

of

constitutional

"

freedom
will
of

1-hr; bill

and

have

never

that,

taught

to

in

or

twenty

in

in

the

enabling

Saxon
of

bringing

in

important
world

civil

where

My

people.

To

have

secured

civil

liberty,

will

turn

will

be

The

government

who

involve

any

upon

such

the

in

of

that
us

them

nasty
the

is

of
for

disaster

as

is

reside
of

is

policy
that

we

who

differ

of
that

liberty

few.

and

petition
be

the
it

we

them

to

with

the
to

or

the

done,

our

civil

seems

job

of

minority,

which

discharge
bad

principles

extending

job.

Anglo-

have

we

small

signers

with

rid

first, in thinking

imposed

of

stand

getting

what

political control

and

lost

the

opponents

to

over

the

succinctly,

contending

are

islands

the

standpoint

others

the

and

other,

benefit

matter

gradually

are

result

establish

the

portant
im-

people

with

the

portant
im-

people,

each

in

is

the

of

one

the

drink

Filipinos, by

we

opponents

our

these

touch

standpoint

What

and

effect

should

and

control.

political
in

the

to

ence
experi-

among

into

state

political

understand

shall

they

liberty.

Filipino

them

learn,

to

are

as

of

to

and

whom

of

Knglish

solidarity

people

favor

suggest.

education

of

cent,

some

others
of

difficult

so

any

as

in

am

themselves,

per

without

as

the

creating

90

years,

govern

lesson,

learning

steps
in

five
years,

the

regard

to

such

to-day,

in

whatever,
say,

how

people

grossly ignorant

whatever.

force

verily believe,

rights, which,

people

assume

be

can.

of

any

the

teaching

I cannot

is

PHILIPPINES.

THE

532

that

of

cently
de-

with

them

duty

which

is

prophesied.

going
It

to

is

"

THE

said

that

it

absolutism
As

long

of

Islands

develop,
a

desire

to

desire

to

the

it

rid

of

in

of

it

his

in

of
be

islands,

It

the

leads

Filipino

the

to

give

is

with

such

people

their

Filipinos

their
men

before

rid

into

the

get

to

of

the

pines,
Philip-

anxiety

finds

people,

ing
deriv-

Philippine

control

of

the

for

the

American

to

association

will

over

heroine

anxiety

in

who,

character,

may

distrust

dently
evi-

government,

the

financial

up

so

urge

years

Senator

American

and

who

anxiety

Their

hell.

that

fit the

however

get

association

from

willing

that

to

commercial

government.

people

foar

the

to

is said

unconsciously

.States

desire

earnest

of

expense
this

their

of

"sentimental"

themselves

United

THEM

advantage

never

Tn

help,

our

few

frame

go.

of

altruism,

Those

agree.
in

will

it

petitioners,

call

islands

it

lions
mil-

the

the

we

eighty

absolutism

Now,

would

if

of

it at

for

not

the

the

of

consigned

Islands

do

the

of

need

sacrifice.

they

let

and

attitude

reason

do

islands, they put

the

expressing

its

and

sufficient

working,

the

who

to

in

What

spirit

the

speak

the

to

spirit

people

and

what

over

think

and

tyranny

abeyance.

is

up

who
be

to

delivery

set

them

politics."

"lunar

in

poor

effort

as

of

authority

the

country

well

those

by

be,

altruistic
or

lift

national

groat

exercise

contrary,

help

spirit

responsible

this

kept

the

on

the

who
are

in

lie

to

533

SITUATION.

country.

those

as

THE

OF

implant

this

people

sure

to

will

in

Philippine

is

LOGIC

get

self-

rid

shall

of
come
be-

profitable.

"

534

THE

Now,
because
heeome

do

feel

the

our

If

it

take

the
and

people

better

relation

danger

hut

of
which

to

our

that

thus
it

might

arise

if

fall

the

the
is

going

such

of

had

an

be
evil

stench

in

that
for

bad.

rights,
ble.
proba-

European

do

ity,
capac-

the

ence
influ-

long

time

not

think

influence.

spoils government
a

and

upon

theie

said

Philippines
will

of

self-government

strain

it is

go

government

to

the

to

is most

case

amount

But

pare
pre-

present

vested

protect

wiser

habits

dwell

not

NOT

it has

become

the

intervening

Government

into

do

set

and

LIKELY

to

people

an

governing

were

the

Filipinos by

limited.

far

the

he

done

revolution, anarchy,

we

in

there

can

maintain

order

event

however

upon

of

intervention

government

of

republics

maintain

such

allowed

years

prepare

is it not

allow

to

and

will

cannot

In

it

five

than

misgovernments?

foreign

If

Filipinos

time

may

thoroughly

the

to

we

thoroughly

popular government,

so-called

sorts

that

of

is

the

should

to

principle

fifty years

or

If

years

for

that

end

certain
all

for

for

the

at

forty

part,

Why

islands?

on

ernment
gov-

take

people

them.

work

our

decent

twenty

or

;\ears

until

staying
will

the

people

independence,

it to

objection

what

have

request

grant

justified,

Filipino

Filipino

leave

to

five

stay

people,

to

will

the

we

the

is

feeling

after

people

impatient

properly
the

which

people

he

wc

in

this

and

educated,

Filipino

American

that
that

sure

there

and

think

not

well

PHILIPPINES.

the

there,
nostrils

I
of

agree

that

everyone,

"

DEVELOPMENT

but

as

OF

of

matter

fact

the

and

judges,

think

it

the
fair

only

Democrats

many

the

fidelity, and
suitable

the

islands,

think

the

Government

worked

the

Filipinos

in

has

the

trial

from
of

the

What

the

is material

at

all)

of

Government

greatly
the

than

more

guiding

the

secure

hand

it

people

need

under

the

under

United

the

brake

of

approval.

and

of

that
if

of

the
the

powers.
ment
govern-

auspices
Capital

the

all,

indeed

(if

government

on

ber
mem-

requisite

States.

under

in

them

slowly

more

value

some

independent

an

their

first

now,

secure

given

of

policy

every

islands,

can

the

government

worthy

will

and

that

the

of

government

it

is

that

the

in

war,

of

make

much

come

been

made

in

in

misleading

the

has

States

government

would
came

United

in

of

put

ing
obtain-

successful

the

and

to

Filipino

development

has

it

with

criticism

injury

of

himself

the

Philippine
is

standard

publicans.
Re-

are

stringent

upon

unwillingly

development

of

people

attacks

beginning,

it strain

the

continuance

because

islands,

While

as

government

fairly

great

perhaps

upholding

the

It

into

about

enforced

is

of

islands,

more

whole

been

their

the

there

as

tirely
en-

politics

difficulty in

the

have

been

are

much

law,

for

agents.
and

is much

we

anti-imperialists

there

men

law,

there

getting competent

criticism

of

govern

personnel
I

appointees

civil-service

while

has
the

that

civil-service

national

535

knowing

say

the

ISLANDS.

government

oilier
to

in

A
than

the

Without

nonpartisan.
all

THE

will

which

United

of

it

the
feel
has

Statea

"

PHILIPPINES.

THE

536

it

than
The

would

cost

to

will

he

and

improvements
for

the

treble

or

Our

of

quadruple

fortunate

is
from

policy
additional

The

more

Filipinos

the

the

islands,

the

islands

those

in

the

hope

and

their

peculiar products

States,
whole

Philippines

it

will

of

into

the

islands

beneficial
is

to

it

the

inviting

and

both.

impracticable,

the

benefit

of

creating

is

which

under
it wild

for

that

the

of

United

trade

cannot

these
to

as

United

the

develop

of

Now,

ultimately
wall,

capital

country

with

tariff

the

and

this

to

the

greater

markets

tendency

the

in

we

them

give

we

well-ordered

association

the

the

teach

we

more

If

behind

charge.
dis-

maintained.

the

the

sumed
as-

thus

succeeds

way.

of

islands,

the

the

business,

and

may,

have

country,

States

be

we

pray

in

ippines
Phil-

also

for

maintaining

business

is

being

its

profitable

mere

take

will

doubtless

poliey

tranquility
the

than

have

we

shall

islands,
of

more

better

and

products,

the

methods

the

government,

ter
bet-

"The

duty

this

of

develop

the

much

be

standpoint,

assurance

we

be

must

we

that

selfish

of

government

This

which

duty

it is the

try
coun-

risk.

Philippines

the

the

conditions

changing

Filipinos."

the

It

the

in

poliey

the

into

will

present
a

followers.

permanence

character

uncertainty

and

have

their
under

for

best

The

country

the

whore

reduced.

vastly

his

getting capital

of

people

the

and

Aguinaldo

under

suppose

tween
be-

but

stances,
circumthat

"

THE

538

and

and

analysis
all

are

that

think

soon.

For

my

will

he

science

sadly
it

in

and

theory

self-

of

art

cluding
in-

even

and

educated,

and

they

in

practice

may

learn

may

of

trial

the

independence
of

test

the

carrying

I
the

must

people

OPPORTUNITY

TO

be

it to
so,

people
the

defects.

of

the

of

before

we

become
BE

never

The

of

only

of

even

the

the
of

control

self-government

if

INDEPENDENT,

other

Islands,

which

them

they

Will.

like

the

will
can

an

Is

Republic?
by

government

countries,

standard

give

Plato's

like

The

come.

Philippine

people

in

capable

perfect government

it will

advance

?
how

asked

am

in

insist

to

now

political capacity

legislative chamber
But

unreasonable

rather

seem

promising

one

and

assembly

in

ignorant

cent.,

per

borne

the

cultured

the

valuable

of

cent,

political education,

of

between

it not

upon

by

of

10

cating
communi-

be

in

tutored

It

population

must

per

remaining

popular

the

90

so.

it.

most

the

too

just government.

Does

If

be

cent,

per

need

in

difference
on

the

but
1

to

the

of
It

the

only

need

government,
the

offer

government.

it is not

of

medium

it will

and

thinks

desire

people

useful

measures.

legislature

Colquhoun,

intelligent part

who

Filipinos

find

hut

this

them

The

not.

self-restraint

legislative

Mr.

friend,

think

of

that

are

giving

wishes,
the

to

mind

are

imperfect

an

their

the

successful

my

part

school

for
we

and

consideration

calm

necessary

It is said

PHILIPPINES.

the

government

always
be

laid

have
down

"

TIIR

ia

DUTY

the

that

education

in

office.

People

public opinion
is

the

which

which

Islands.

If

we

progresses,

gratitude
which

we

"A

of

for

property

and

wise,

firm

hope

of
back

under

the

the

with
to

honor

and
that

the

United

this

of

arms

sovereignty

of

Islands
the
at

and

in

day
Manila

the

upon

the

of

their

labors

God

and

protection

set

of

labor

for
cerns
con-

in

country,

come

when

pine
Philip-

which

all

may

of

paths

the
to

obligation,

their

tions
instruc-

religious freedom,

people

conscience

to

his

Commission

this

Philippine

American

the

Islands,

give protection

to

and

the

guidance

through

gratitude

in

rests

States

all

to

charge

performance

full
the

the

said

it

as

obtaining

Philippine
of

the

programme,

on

obligation

unselfish

prosperity

Islands.
the

and

in

supporters

count

he

United

That

move

the

wins

spoke

life, civil

and

firm

and

peace

the

while

intelligent

an

to

out

the

when

sacred

and

Government

it

McTCinley

Secretary Root,

high

follow

of

officers

is

ought

and

people

the

their

of

gent
intelli-

an

self-government.

reasonably

President
to

of

we

mentary
ele-

by

forming

there

we

may,

may

of

of

whom

capable

educated

lie

control

among

are

hope

shall

539

simple principles

capable

toward

goal

Philippine

be

to

which

opinion,

shall

understand

to

and

STATES.

UNITED

people

common

government,

THE

OF

the

the

tants
inhabito

gave
their

look
tory
vic-

land

people

of

States."

"

540

THE

the

Concerning
for

the

point

the

of

people

attendant
the

islands

thus

far

injury

which

United

the

life

to

in
I

either

immediately

the

least

been

of

or

of

the

be

the

attempt

to

the

seriously

in

put

benefit

of

the

imported
States.
the

force
the

the

that
two

provided

of

has
because

not

from

years
the

the

affected
the

demand

islands

of

which
was

Congress

laws

for
in

the

respect

the

islands

and

of

Congress

has

There

duty
to

injuriously
for

the

States

charge

longer.

export

in

for

States

Act

by

tablished,
es-

savors

session

between

for

directly

islands,

and

there

such

United

trade

postponed

This

the

the

Islands,

United

trading

are

anything

out

only thing

of

present

of

the

The

basis

to

islands

in

coastwise

shipping

policy

which

those

one

dreadful

government

of

no

respect

point

States,

the

the

States,

rebate

the

itself.

made

the

in

table
regret-

Philippine

individuals

trans-oceanic

been

been

the

during

United

now

of

the

use

that

with

to

order

the

of

able

expense

and

of

to

United

Government

can

to

the

selfish

either

benefit,

them

under

the

Certainly

done

to

is

resulted

and

opponents

done

by
a

the

challenge

has

far

law

effects

everything

which

or

baleful

izing
demoral-

one

except
of

ness
busi-

new

no

thus

occurred.

the

which

Philippines.

think

has

have

insurrection,

which

greed
see

States

the

is

will

maintenance

show

can

prone

nation,

during
of

of

spirit

the

the

upon

loss

so

any

this

which

States,

upon

out

that

objection

United

effect
to

PHILIPPINES.

hemp

hemp

on

the
Hie
is

has

United
trade
so

of

great

"

TAXPAYING

that

the

There

islands

has

of

the

because

000,

have

counter

benefit,

imports

from

the
the

equaled

not

however,

was

other

been

and

of

three

favor

the
of

docs

nation

of

Tlie

the
the

wealth

islands

to

United
and

its

people.

is,

of

for
three

domestic
years

give

sufficient
may

intellectual

to

the

It

this

is

pinos
Filithe

poses
pur-

feeling

that

feeling

that

nation

out

carry

by

foreign
wealth

the
out

carry
of

the

capacity

of

development

taxpnying

indication

every

properly

determined
and

port
sup-

the

is

lieving
re-

has

encourage.

States

course,

It

and

power

tlioinsolves

The

who

is altruistic.

there.

and

gift

of

accomplish

to

credit,

enacted

those

to

that

every

purpose

fbiendly

much

In
been

of

policy

feeling

nation

revenue

the

its

Administration

afford

well

sacrifice

the

which

may

of

the

has

This,

including

attitude

on

legislators

has

for

as

States,

rectified.

islands,

The
in

be

$2o0,-

hemp.

the

collected

he

the

on

which

dollars

there.

out

would
of

the

of

Government
who

one

of

millions
distress

easily

can

about

United

by

legislation

the

in

rebate

rebate

provided

to

the

into

the

of

was

duties

miscalculation

respect

lias

islands

islands

it.

to

respect

by

which

the

wit,

aggregate

pardonable

was

the

in

equivalent
to

caused

been

income

the

in

monopoly

unexpectedly

reduction

541

CAPACITY.

which

that

use.

produced

For
in

of

which

plans
in

nishing
fur-

the

country

terial
ma-

and

the

country

it

produces

the

last

the

islands

two

or

has

"

542

been

and

war

loss

of

the

draft

succumbed

dependent
this

three

cattle

the

glad

to

able

are

known

only

and

spread

are

restocked

the

of

the

"With

and
will

demands
in
The

surplus

for

which

can

hemp,

or

what

is

Philippine

commercial
insufficient

plantations
foe

ture,
agricul-

restored

by
the

number,

less,
will, doubt-

and

with

which

which

to

present

meet

selves
them-

islands.

in
the

the

is

what

called
Of

the

produced

be

"abaca."

the

of

am

islands

in

usual

revenue

terrors

been

their

Archipelago

Philippine

no

are

recurrence

the

have

improvements

part

every

of

the

in

when

self-supporting,

be

always

it.

conditions

to

of

Philippines

have

shall

otherwise

furnish
the

will

islands

countries

attempted

that

normal

cattle

the

the

priated
appro-

difficulties

preventing

so

rinderpest

when

islands

of

disease,

farmers.

breeding

method

from

the

assist

scientists

our

been

recovery

other

have

that

has

enormous

in

have

Congress
to

the

live

who

however,

say,

slow.

from

to

those

to

discovered

have

the

but

importation

which

the

dollars

of

millions

restocking plantations,

attending

lie

necessarily

must,

the

which

of

Agriculture
and

by

chiefly by

cent,

per

animals

such

upon

blow

ninety

only

not

and

also

rinderpest.

the

to

but

cholera,

animals,

reduced,

and

impaired

seriously

the

in

PHILIPPINES.

THE

is
the

only country

known

forty-one

Manila

as

Spanish

in

language

provinces

of

Islands,

quantities
means

at

least,

fifteen

of

hemp.

of

communication

produce

now

To-day,

owing
and

to

trans-

"

NATURAL

portation,

is wild

there

or

it would

plants

were

be

the

market.

which
demand

doubt

hemp

would

far

Many

of

parta

nuts.

in

the

years,

planted

for

more

the
the

than

five

and

the

and

cocoanut

the
of

the

no

than

of

the

islands
in

the

however,
of

was

the
the

dried

the

which

total

the

for

where

the

ten

there

tistics
sta-

will

cattle,

or

trees

market

the

cocoanut,

hemp

for

have

try.
indus-

cocoanut

has

been

rice, although

there

it

better
of

amount

advantage

importation,

until

years
rice

their

buy

to

years

small

of

been

of

demand

to

grow

three

the

largely planters

hemp

The

cocoa-

have

constant

of

the

import

to

comparatively

amount

fifteen

or

Philippines.

actual

is

so

in
within

rice, preferring

of

rice

rich

number

meat

Since

of

islands

draft

the

increased

profit

Therefore,

are

increase

an

Laguna

over,

There

the

raising

of

times

rising.

has

abandoned
out

is

is

price

habit

in

The

price,

very

was

war

before.

which

copra,

the

reau,
Bu-

provinces

while

that

are

province

since

there

were

food

the

on

doubled.

the

value

islands

...

which

be

that

great

it

put

of

might

exceed

cultivated

Agricultural

our

number

reduce

In
two

to

and

texture

show.

now

last

in

and

rot

provinces

replace by

by

might

to

tlie

good

offered

the

so

of

so

to

raised

is

allowed

many

is not

that
be

production

product

In

H3

are

necessary

could

foe

its

used.

experiments

no

hemp

hemp

opportunity

From
I have

of

which

hemp

which

in

fields

many

stripped

not

are

RESOURCES.

ago,

the

tion
destrucwhich

production

duced
re-

in

the

"

544

THE

islands

far

and
had

below

what

during
be

to

PHILIPPINES.

the

was

last
in

expended

about

year

the

feed

to

necessary

ple,
peo-

gold,

$12,000,000,

importing

rice

industries

in

from

French

China.
TIic
CAPABLE

of

OF

and

COX

produce

the

markets
tariffs

for

by

much

reduced.

Should

States

be

to

opened

the

thriving,
in

each

and

all,

tobacco

and

the

much

and

the

of

opening

the
that

the
as

have

as

with

of

it will

the

for

that

United

the

to
not.

maintain

States

destroy
of

either

country,

the

association

Philippine

Islands,

it

ket
mar-

for

great
in

are

tween
be-

is

beet

favor

of
scious
con-

sugar

or

feeling

that

which
our

beet

majority

Islands,

and

is

both

purpose

represent

the

this

product

I know

this

Philippine

that

become

difference

very

United

American

islands.

but

industry
we

the

which

believe

the

here

interests

the

would

the

tariff

the

of

the

mean

the

have

it is certain

the

markets

tobacco

long

by

of

demand

in

trouble

countries,

amount

the

is

Cuba,

tobacco

industry

affect

not

of

tobacco,

people

markets

prosperity

reduction

and

sugar

the

it would

sugar

opposed

various

llie total

extensive

so

in

the

the
and

to

but

and

sugar

tobacco

probably

poverty
that

the

next

world,

Philippines,

although

would

at

the

and

sugar

such

imposed

Isabela

which,

the

in

in

any

Cagayan,

lands

tobacco

as

are

Island

The
rich

as

of

provinces

been,

both

land

tobacco

inlands

the

INCREASE.

It ABLE

sugar

best

the

that

SIDE

the

contain

Union,

tobacco

contains

Xegros

world,

is

and.

sugar

we

duty

now

to

"

546

THE

and

railways
doubt

no

and

other

that

the

this

islands

The

would

ihen

development,

trade

conditions

United

between

be

States

with

the

trebled

in

United

the

Government

of

islands

under

the
that

have

States

course

of

five

of

the

as

been

the

from
the

of

war

and

natives

has

all

it.

not

the

the

It

business

in

its wake

to

supply

American
driblets
of

in

those

for

and

larger

supplying

in

the

that

army

of

they

had

made

American
it

sums

the

who

purpose

demand
as

that

adventuresome

the

was

with

be

has

by

those

used

always
so

of

parture
de-

before

pending,
of

part

regard.
ready

the
This

assent

in

were

pathy
sym-

spirits who
establishing
all
the

capital
turned

it,

never,

was

the

on

persons

found
the

it

natural,

was

The

army

goods,
or

as

army.

would

declared

while

position

of

or

attitude

resistance

no

fit for

and

pinos
Fili-

single step

began,

our

the

do

the

ern
gov-

the

This

been

the

Filipinos

themselves

Government,

was

and

followed

could

the

possible

The

would

it

of

fortunate,
un-

into

to

as

there

meet,

army

with

benefit

showed

the

lias

varied

did

policy

of

close,

that

are

traced.

went

Government.

insurrection

its

at

the

they

of the

know,

be

States

Filipinos

many

attitude

as

to-day

self-government

as

personnel

islands

promise

for

extend

rapidly

that

far

distinct

business

easily

can

United

Philippines

as

the

cause

the

it would

and

their

the

in

the

to

i-espect

merchants

and

of

material

i'H.

yen

in

PHILIPPINES.

into

that
army

they
for
in

came

the

things

ness
busiwhich

"

THE

the

did

Government

companies

the

the

of

American

easily

the

civil

new

which

American

largely

for

profitable,

the

for

market

time

almost

have

which

made
of

of

United

is

that

the

patronize
come

into

view

the

such

and

that

business

the

islands

is
a

from

set
an

of

has

now

by

continues,

back

gone
towards
are

not

and

merchants

entirely

the
The

improve.

to

unfortunate,

new

merchants

Government

attitude

Filipinos

ness
busi-

condemnation

have

their

This

situation

of

diers
sol-

15,000,

to

Filipinos

the

ia

to-day

their

American

make

that

75,000

reduced

to

their

it is

made

Government

customers

that

them.
the

failure

their

States
is

hence

The

part

of

tone

The

the

Civil

hesitate

not

for

scapegoat
fact

do

the

be

Philippines

the

independent

merchants

they

and

been

now

the

newspapers
the

supplies

the

attract

might

took

the

the

for

to

American

entirely disappeared.

such
and

demands

hostility

condemning

in

anti-Filipino community.

whose

and

in

years
thus

soldiers

as

subscribers,

community

an

so

the

readily

their

and

of

far

The

four

or

attempting

so

order.

established

were

advertisers
the

them

appeared

merchants

of

in

make

three

emphatic

most

trading
tially
substan-

has

feeling

many

Government

and

Filipinos

by

were

the

that

American
the

felt

and

of

policy

first

tiie

caught

contempt

Filipinos,

of

during

five

or

embracing

enterprise

occupation.

situated
and

organized,

American

islands

in

547

Four

supply.

not

thus

were

all

BUSINESS.

LOCAL

the

to

the

pinos
Fili-

disposed
there
who

different

to

must

shall
stand-

"

648

There

point.

for

7,600,000

are

Christian

7,000,000

dress

and

this

is

no

America,

American

people

decry

to

best
call

to

foot.

effort

wiser,

it

link
the

radical

built

few

it would

general

of

without
is the

rich

of

time

guaranty

link

of

fifty miles

or

in

the

business

than

but

lines

to

shall

where

of

he

is
troduce
in-

have

quite probable
would

it
to

to

and

the

tal
capi-

attempt

there

province
and

in

induce

to

income,
to

trunk
is

wrong

lines

possible

built

it

chants
mer-

the

on

railroad

railways

before

instance,

forty

hemp

of

and

change.

Commission,

system

and

For

line

the

and

them,

American
off

it

alien

an

advancement

gotten

he

not

am

that

from
of

no

their

assert

their

guaranty

to

here

fun

projected

without

process

short

be

devoted

to

the

come

are

make

words,

should

seems

other

which

build

to

towards

have

are

Philippines

to

not

TKAnE.

custom

Philippines

There

There

attract

hut

There

there

have

enough

names,

In

that

know

to

them

development.
the

way

every

in

islands

ton
cot-

year,

should

that

FlLIPINO

but

man,

the

not

the

of

amount

Germany.

fact

low
fol-

to

American

each

goods

the

WINNING

TO

business

in

and

ton

col

except

houses

ATTENTION

is

these

large

islands

England

from

why

reason

from

all

nearly

the

into

anxious

willing

sports,
A

customs.

imported

is

them,

accept

the

these,

imitative,

are

American

styles,

American

goods

to

Of

Filipinos.

Filipinos

ideas, willing

now

American

is

PHILIPPINES.

THE

await
be

tablished.
es-

that

constructed

I.cgaspi, where
it has

been

ens-

"

THE

dollars

forty

it

perhaps,

so,

of

south

to

"With

the

would

which

has

Philippine
construction

of

of

not

most

invested

cases

main

hut

for

of

is

the

who

in

the

long
"The

the

as

the

contracts

in
the

delay,
in

Question

to

Manila,

but
my

been
and

contemplated

in

of

surance
as-

countries

two

the

passage
I

shall

discouraged,
position

granted

authority

railroad

motive

present

construction

culties
diffi-

an

'ongress.*

not

to

American

furnish

he

opposition

any

the

am

the

require

of

In

securing

postpone

mny

amount

respeet

The

shall

session

next

lias

with

delay

come
in-

would

that

between

necessary

continue

Commission

upon
1000."

which

the

years.

percentage

investment

the

the

thirty

dividends.

cent,

the

of

the

on

probably

association

deeply regret
as

per

islands

until

the

pared,
pre-

for

cent,

Aparri

would

absolutely

hill

is

and

oppose

longer

than

five

less

from

business

of

capital

line

construction

profitable

those

of

siderable
con-

been

guaranty

exceeding

not

has

franchises

per

impression

my

trunk
of

of

for

five

guaranty

sufficient,
the

than

more

in

authorizing

with

railways

certain.

capital

hill

struction
con-

Manila

not

am

House,

grunt

the

from

cart;

seeure

bringing

the

t to

rumen

this

islands,

passed

Gove

of
of

the

to

to

to

seasons

carabao

guaranty

though

hemp

for

possible

hope, however,
amount

day

without

519

three

or

he

Batangas,

actually

two

Mexican

line

RAILROADS.

Iaat

the

during

tomary
pay

PROJECTED

will

system

for

expect

to

make

lie

early

menced
com-

in

Authoh.

"

THE

5S0

to

the

presa

Islands
such
a

of

eoine

is

of

amount

of

amount

the

by

mistaken

of

naturally

his

from
that

the

that

he

will

do

Philippine

middle

of

about
and

because
four

them

agriculturist.

an

house,

at

in

the

will
do

you

time

in

begin

until
work

the

nine

million

do

go

will
the

on

ascribe

know

to

ten

again

at

four

terial
ma-

the

labor

been

said

million

100,work

of
is

through

his

probably

see

in

seat

the
he

and
in

Filipino

him

that

morning
or

large

number

not

you

or

as

or

The

you

counts
ac-

and

agricultural

'When

not

the

have

Islands.

day

has

large

sugar,

involve,

who

any

window

you

o'clock

all

fact

try

islands,
of

to

The

past

production,

number

islands,

the

lounging

habits,
up

in

their

the

Islands.

the

Chinamen,
to

of

in

of

to

which

times

in

they

dent,
inci-

discouraging

most

amount

and

apt

labob,

In

large

hut

the

diseuuragc.

to

laborer.

cost

the

not

raised

is

it is

Philippine

The

in

while

of

the

of

which

majority

the

been

the

none

kind

in

persons

half

village

for

hemp,

natives.

and

000,

basis

has

of

of

permit

resources

legislation,

question

tropical

amount

of

the

tobacco,

part

of

to

rice

in

for

will

as

material

nevertheless

ought

the

Philippine

Government

government

minority,

conditions

Filipino

him

small

the

of

of

the

of

generous

opposition

now

made

and

local

delay

the

patience,

large

the

the

to

Opposition

heen

and

in

and

not

just

development

islands;

any

upon

proper

claims

legitimate

authority

one's

PHILIPPINES.

the

o'clock

laziest

has

has

front

been

worked

fields, and
and

work

"

THE

for

two

three

or

insufficiency
the

of

PBICE

OF

Americans
how

also

lie

is loud

the

compared

cost

in

Hong

that

with

is

considerably

very

contending
as

Chinese

world,

is that

they

in

the

and
of

their

the

of

reports

exceedingly

on

difficult

drilling

and

natives,

and

of

the

as

as

much.

while

to

the

The

from

the

the

in

no

The

efficiency
"We

pay,
men

have

Benguet

its

work

and
to

is

aster's

partment
De-

labor

Filipino

employed

now

Road
work

in

the

most

about

3,000
like

of

the

that

work

gel through

constructing

not

number,

same

accomplishment

are

trol,
con-

whatever

efficiency is nothing

they probably
who

of

to

Mexican

Quartcrm
the

ciency
effi-

laborers,

their

about

the

Philippines

complaint

that

good

wish

under

3,000

construction

the

fifty cents

is

has

their

American,

proportion

about

encouraging.

coolies

really

has

not

and

what
the

that

in

best

wages

hut

Manila

done.
army

the

is
in

authorities

the

as

of

there

well

is

in

way

and

of

part

city

the

Mexican,

properly

are

all

Philippines

conditions

employment,

its

paid

are

$1.25

and

The

finds

he

am

considered,

labor

Philippine

labor

of

ended,

China.

economy

are

the

hopeless.
and

on

product

the

the

and

over

that

when

probably,

dispute
are

for

labor,

in

in

labor

tale

the

regime

in

Kong,
all

less

the

that

labor

the

Since

Spanish

of

the

is because

heard

has

the

the

Islands

This
DOUBLED

he

before

was

of

denunciation

laborer.

and

there,

The

later.

or

PROBABLY

HAS

labor

his

in

Filipino

LABOR

went

cheap

sundown

until

hours

merchant

American

551

QUESTION.

LABOR

in

about
harbor

"

THE

552

works

their

in

Filipinos

difficult

moke

to

labor

of
the

give

to

cock

pit

them

school.

show

only

with

William

is

Home

because

how

work

the

made

they

There

they

hut,

day
is

such

certainly

it will

There

inter-island
number

of

ships

islands

could

not

only

in

the

now

that

by

it is

of

that

then

the

mineral

same

It

discovered

the

therein.

is

at

not

tant
dis-

There

considerable

quite

Without
arterial

an

some

islands

are

in

portation
trans-

there.

in

there

wealth

after

it,though

their

with

Filipinos.

between

engaged

Cuban

means

that

sure

available

and

much

acquainted

islands

trade,

in

work.

to

of

of

be

in

the

live;

feel

teeism,
absen-

found

introduced.

be

may

is

but

deal

mine

vein

how

he

not,

of the

been

bonanza

coal

quantities.

proldem

easily taught, and

great

have

shall

that

done,

were

is doubtless

with

be

less

labor

Filipinos

were

lie true

to

prove

islands,

island

naiives

band,

experiments

construction

laborers.

good

will

thing

the

should

foremen

"white

the

the

the

reports

in

difficulty originally

They
a

desertions,

of
the

eight

natives.

These

teaching

Van

railways

less

solution

have

about

use

it

fiesta days they give

their

have

they

church,

1,000

found

they

rest

Americans.

the

that

Philippines

Sir

On

They

the

Gulf

to

now

They

furnish

houses,

vacation.

but

and

800

first

need.

foremen

natives

than

the

they

white

and

At

workmen,

secure

of

upwards

quarries.

tiian

cent,

per

employed

have

Company"

very

"

and

Pacific

Atlantic,

The

Manila

at

PHILIPPINES.

siderable
con-

large
it

the

circulation.

"

554

The

true.

into

the

his

climate

aim

working

entirely

in

the

in

the

if

he

to

be

hygiene,

of

will

road
the
Under

land

the
time

of

capital

of

months

as

of

to

the

of

that

the

land

that

are

Government.

the

There

is every

35

degrees

80

degrees.

natives

remainder

of

for
the

at

there

as

the

the

tion.
auc-

small
many

months

usually

wet

so

months

temperature

in

five
the

and

millions

present
that

is

owned

and
session
the

of

islands,

will, under

settlement

prospect

public

Fahrenheit,

than

more

town

may,

sixty-five millions,

opened

adjournment

beautiful,

at

summer

remaining

is

by

This

be

are

During

not

owned

remainder,

regulations,

as

reaching

ever,

is estimated

acres

at

low

as

force

and

except

which

Canada.

at

live

they choose,

climate

of

Baguio,

offered

tric
elec-

qiiite like

Congress,

and

and

an

into

business

in

unprofitable.

down
if

be

September,

the

year

rarely,
It

it

and

go

at

houses

as

year

and

make

going

the

the

August

of

province

or

which

rules

Manila,

Adirondack^

engaged
creel

The

climate

for

ordinary

railroad

offers

will

place

same

of

the

islands

from

established

be

lots and

cost, buy

by

hours,

Americans

of

reached

it is

but

the

the

out

prevents

so

man,

health.

miles

150

adjournment

to

the

in

bad

regulations,

the

is

lots

be

in

neglect

from
is

live

to

going

and

day,

laboring

not

from

one

the

as

one

free

climate

summer

the

for

twelve

in

of

fields

does

soon

prevent

middle

which

Benguet,

which

does

possible

and

years,
of

PHILIPPINES.

THE

land

and

by

the

land

purchase
of

gress.
Con-

will

be

"

THE

taken

both

by

up

maximum

the

cultivation

for

the

of

law

in

land

stock

be

may
FUTURE

OF

be

would
a

to

the

will

in

the

feel

of

with

of

may
itation
limThe

but

surround

that

of

with

driven
bill

pending

it

Course

certainty,

health,

sinking

sure

vision
pro-

the

probably

conditions

the

profit requires.

ply
sup-

all

wells

in

Congress

that

the

population

for

the

benefit

Philippines
are

not

entitled

to

single

measure

that

has

we

approve

But

purpose.

it

happens,

that

benefit

the

of

generally
Filipinos

profitable

to

for

the

will

Islands

Philippine

of

Chamber

interested

in the

islands,

the

with

of
on

the
selfish

Commerce,

felt

do

United

will

as

commerce

justified

in

or

policy

it

so

the

only
more

base

not

grounds,
and

for

States

do

present

act

fortunately
we

pinos
Fili-

its chief

as

Philippines

the

possibilities of
have

it

States.

continuance

that

not

of

single

everything

and

United

pass

and

happens,

so

association

their

is the

that

so

is

increase.

and

prayer

companies

Isi,ANDS

ihe

which
I

hold

make

irrigation

board

from

water

sufficiently extensive

private

effective

for

low

too

There

hygienic

is

company

much

prophesy

to

I he

encourage,

We

if

The

products.

PHILIPPINE

country,

rapidly

the

evaded

an

pure

is

companies,

dangerous

life, due

over

which

by

THE

change

of

other

by

is

but

555

Americans.

purchase

sugar,
of

the

and

limitation

cultivation
in

with

for

This

acres.

PROSPERITY.

Filipinos

limitation

2,500

own

OF

REQUISITE

my

toward

but

as

this

is

naturally

in

these

referring

tant
dismore

"

656

PHILIPPINES.

THE

than

heretofore

there

and

the

industrial

possibility

trade

of

the

to

of

between

conditions

existing
and

improvement
United

the

the

crease
in-

and

States

the

Philippines.
The

first

Islands

is

by
be

taught

and

they

should

them

the

country

in

the

form

the
to

from

is

the

be

opposed
people
they

of

the

in

the
the

the

could

for

is

it

the

maintaining

the

present

strictly civil
such

but

introduce

the

issue

of

as

that

at

once

the

in

into

independence,

the
of

the
when

present

great

present

permanent,

need

petitioned

present

of

partly

be

politics

of

in

remnant

uplifting

shall

am

great

saving

on

liberty basis,
is

should

present

government

which

petition

that

not

of

up

all

independence

the

aid

whose

with

the

the

great

of

future.

independence
that

is

change

islands,

building

increase

Filipinos

the

tranquility,

is the

the

for

oppose

i3

is

everybody

to

that

It

desire

it, but

which

bear

to

asking

in

Filipinos

immediate
to

denced
evi-

government,

;i

arise

the

bring

government,
is

that

Filipinos.

islands

conservative

promise

the

islands

islands

and

Philippines

well-onlered

The

such

ventured

independence

fitted

in

have

be

government

in

conventions

to

to

are

need

need

political

promised

the

pine
Philip-

the

should

political agitation

that

argument

from

government

that

this

of

advantages

disadvantages

of

it

and

government..

learn

the

in

Hence

the

in

prosperity

tranquility,

well-ordered

must

given

of

requisite

and
lar
popu-

secured.

for

cannot

the

islands

fitness

for

self-

"

and

government,
of

the

present

always

and

the

by

lest

timid

of

reason

their

promise

There

is

islands.
to

if, as

It. is certain

be
is

in

the

the

to

give

Why

let

not

themselves

petition

which
not

they

giving

broader

them

the

and

islands,
to

the

prosperity

an

railroads
of

having

why

not

of

Filipino

people,

as

to

aifd

that

is

when

of

signed

of

them

of

the
in

is

all

of

through
is

tial
essen-

and

their

the

tional
educa-

health
the

laws,

islands

to

to

the

beneficial

has

portunity
op-

an

which

spread

done

doing

Islands,

extensively

in

of

Why

business

it

then

effect

that

offering

the

whether
then

who

Philippine

their
on

self-

care

the

is

improvement

an

take

tranquility

of

insist

subject everything
examination

and

breach.

people

which

built

ise
prom-

understand.

to

the

for

as

something

of

market,

development

system,
and

the

to

full

have

to

good

policy,

in

lilted

islands

able

to

generation,

next

the

the

little

beneficial

everything

of

helps

generation,

regarded

with

very

present

as

be

not

the

be

should

the

tranquility

shall

will

suffer

promise

present

or

intermeddle
are

the

politics

of

that

have

people

it

Why

the

take

in

violent

shall

misunderstood

be

present

the

oe

we

to

llio

probable,

failure

need

with

complied

government

the

no

the

they

aid

which

give independence

to

because

tranquility

secure

front,
in

ment
ele-

yet

bringing

prominence

The

one.

the

to

and

success,

change

irreconcilable

government.
no

hy

port
sup-

conservative

the

its

to

the

from

away

government

is essential

which
is

frighten

will

557

POLICY.

BROADER

THE

been

done

"

THE

558

for

the

they
labor,
the

that

Philippines

have

been

the

wisdom

ol

liberty, when
popular

enlarged

experience

closer

association

has

liberty

and

have

to

therein,

with

unselfishly

we

led

the

them

on

to

the

tion
ques-

desire

and

retention

which,

country

better

of

gradually

they
the

of

principles

discuss

what

in

enjoyment

the

can

is

of

dignity

from

they prefer
the

the

and

self-restraint

learned

self -government

do,

can

taught

indispensable

whether

it,

or

civil

independence

grant

government

and

they

successful

whether

elevated

political control

civil

PHILIPPINES.

by

of
its

ance,
guid-

conditions,

"

"

"

Cvntiu

of"

Island

Boho],

population

anil

Siquijor,

152.

1-11,

invasion.

30,

of,

Province

Bulacan,

22(1.

22S.

40.

internal,

400.

Manila's

future,

Manila

253-57.

257-75.

trade,

export

155.

indehlcdness,

Hritisli

241-81,

trade,

of

balance

154,

in,

224,

18.

area,

484-8(5.

uprising
Bonded

Commerce,

ucd.

423-20.

foreign,

to

opened

247.

Real

335-37.

cultivation,

of,

i'rovinco

.".2.

33.

348.

441-43.

349.

402-04.

Cathedral,

157.

and

350;

products.
220.

219,

system,

57.

with,

costume

and

manner

of

life,

Eleatio,

of,

expulsion

the

147.

influence

on

trade,

Invasion,

00.

07.

147,

of

circumnavigator
122.

world,

113,

llnroniendcros,

144.

inniiifimtion.

the

Sebastian,

Juan

first

415.

414.

400.

510-21.

210,

21S,

145-47.

3!!").

Filipinos,

The

of

I'Mui-atiou

conflicts

20.

28.

Kailh.piakos.

Chinese"

82-00.

inhabitants,

Karlv

230-38.

114,

181,

182.

148,

257-75.

trade,

Export

405.

Churches,

system,

service

115-17.

44,

118-20.

Cock-nu'litina;.
oil.

Cocoanut

(17.

311-13.

274.

275.

Benguet,

153.
40.8.

454,

327-30,

03.

Filipinos"
as

3"0-51.

laborers.

of.

character

218.

education,

323-2C

Philippines.

the

(54.

387-80.

48,

of

Fauna

00-71.

Climate.

culture.

358.

144.

18.

area.

483,

in,

uprisings

in

area

various

resources,

railroad.

proposed

Coffee.

208.
of,

55.

population

Coal,

fiber,

Currency

features,

54,

etc.,

Civil

297,

470-82.

capital,
physical

Census.

31310,

414.

412,

vide

522.

of"

Island

Cebu,

274,

273,

Cultivation,

470-82,

City,

(ifi,

Cotton

412.

of,

Province

380.

385,

08,

Copra,

Costumes,
150,

insurrection,

Cebu

270-81.

468,

308.

307,

241-14.

Mexico,

Copper,

478.

381-855,

Cattle-raisins.
Cavite.

with

trade

transportation,

30.

River,
Carabao,

Filipinas,

Coinpafiiii

244-47.

.137-44.

profits.

ami

expense

Caravan,

425.

map,

334-44.

Cacao,

fitness

for

550-52.

90-100.
219.

self-government.

529-34.

"

Continued.

Filipinos
home

43541.

life,

448-00.

pastimes,
peasant

Katipunan

Socio;-,

445-47.
vide

Labor,
of

the

Philippine.

;ii;i,

302.

Province

Union,

of,

33.

31.

300-70.
lie

Lagiina
rrituliiliims,

l''ore"try

Filipinos.

04-5.

La
i''i)i-(Kis,

102.

443-45.

character,

superstitions,
Flora

4ili!-50(t.

JuramenuiduK,

"

riiW

lioinlioii,

Lake

;!7r"-~";.

Taal.
Friars.

The"
to

attempts

Christianize

pan,
Ja-

Lake

149,

140-42,
conflicts

"vii!i

Province

Laguna,
Taal,

Legaspi,

ties,
authori-

Miguel

flrat

important

41.

40,

23.

150.

civil

132-30.

of,

22,

of,

subjects

137-

ile,

123.

governor,

527.

services

Lope/,

the

natives,

124,

125.
39.
loss

of

influence,

purchase

their

of

221,

528.

222,

Province

Lcp;inlii-Iiuntoe,

140.

130,

33,

lauds,

385,
Island

Levie,

520.

of

Industries.
rise

in

of, 129-32,

power

46,

387.

386,

Guimaras,

Island

of,

features,

in,

uprising

18.

area.

53,

railroad,
155.

385-87.

Gutta-percha,

Li

Ma

187-89,

120,

riile

Lumber
llK'liwiivs.

278.

221,

the

invades

lluiig

ippiues,

226.

Health,

and

proposed

407-09.

resources,

53.

population

181,

180,

"

487.

520.

etc.,

Governors-general,

"

480,

physical
Gold.

of,

387.

riiH-

127.

woods,

eomnuT-

clal.
521-23.

270,

Lumber
Child

Holy

of

Liwon,

Island

Pi-oviiu-c

Sur.

Iloilo,

400-71.

Import

of,

33,

3-1

431-60.

mountains.

21.
features,

population

Iron,

253-57,

Isabella,

extension,

vide

Jinlii'inrv
213-11,

49.

20-31.

128-30.

887.
Province

of,

32,

33

Maguey
-Tolo,

sources,
re-

345.

dissensions,
08,

18,
of

32-48.

rivers.
344.

20-2.
area,

division

railroad

Internal

and

provincial

522.

trade,

Indigo,

of"

descrlpive,

physical
IlncoK

309-70.

industry,

480.

Cebu,

Snlu.
system,
52:;,

fiber,

Maize.
Mala
524.

296,

297.

345.
van

migrations,

79-82.

491-93.

"

Moros

Manila

captured
city

and

old

of

new,

225.

Improvements,

map

ments,
Improve-

proposed

opened

trade,

foreign

to

improvements,

247.

origin,

280,

present

281.

Marlnduque,

ride

of"

features,

population

Mnshate.

307.

Island

of

physical

'79.

478.

features,

and

Mindanao.

Island

493-506.

physical
etc.,

features,

58-61.

population
Mindoi'o.

and

physical
etc..

resources,

50.

of

Monteses.

of,

1-84.

de

Palace,
and

Province

Viwiya,

18.

area.

405.

404,
ride

Palawan,
472,

criminals,

Blac-na-bate,

171.

Paragua.
Province

Pampanga,

473.

278,

Paeto

"

features,

population

Minerals,

3;:.
18.

area,

of

Island

381-84.

38,

of,

Province

39,
Nueva

resources,

491-508.

473-75,

347.

Eeiia.

Nncva

491-93.

invasion,

5(1.

railroad.

346.

Nina,

18,

area,

industry,

sugar

5(10-08.

Inhabitants,

Malay

and

population

"

resources,

50.

])T'ojH)sed
of

"

features,

55,

etc.,

29.

28,

414-1(5.

18.

of

Island

Ni'jrros,

resources,

area.

volcano.

Mestizos,

Harlan.

'

Negritos,

physical

oopulatlon

108-

152-57,

uprisings,

Nativi
"

51.

etc.,

92.

ISO-

iroveniimut,
211.

18.

area,

896,

493-95.

104-00.

tribes,

Municipal

resources,

industry.

cuttle,

superstitions,

organization,

210,
and

Mariveles,

refuge

and

various

50.

etc.,

405-07.

tribes,

social

abaca,

Island

physical

51(0.

409,

104.

502-05.

410-18.

hemp,

yon

401-93.

religion

suburbs,

ipelago.
arch-

southern

of

iuramentudos,

211.

472.

471,
113.

government,

210,

government,

municipal

Manila

497-

customs,

501.

datos.

invasion

413.

port

149.

Spaniards,
and

depredations,

41)1.

of

with

costumes

3111-422.

map

106-12.

99.

barber
of,

living,

clash

423-27.

future,

description

of

227.

improvements,

and

rlbai-acteriKtic'Fi

151.

British,

by

commercial

Ma

"

"

of,

38.
4fi.

48,

385-83.
405.

58,

Pampanga
Tanay.

400.

30,

River.
Island

capital,

of

31.

"

466-71.

"

Island

Panay,

of

Revenue,

Continued.

physical

Rico,

features,

ami

railroad,

L'fiii":isiii;m,

yield,

18.

area,

25li.

255,

varieties,

population
proposal

07.

resources,

m-a..

etc.,

541,

225,

"

381,

332.

332-34,

544,

543,

57.

Province

of,

35,

Rio

(Irande

do

Mindanao.

59,

""Mi.

Paragua,

of

Island

physical

features,

population

and

Paslg

River,

Pearl

Industry,

Philippine

58.

etc.,

18.

area,

31,

Rizal.

JosC,

Rizai,

Province

103-08.

"

398,

Rubber

plant,

Samar,

Island

of,

40.

380,

381.

300.

511-14.

Archipelago"

ii.m'jcuiiui'c,

climate,

:;sr,-.-U5.
00-71.
211-281.

commerce,
cultivated

early
fauna

and

forest

Mora.

lands.

natural

302.

of,

17.

physical

and

18-20.

social

of,

Province

Spanish

and

400-08.

Island

Sorsogon.

18.

area,

477.

fortress,

Simii.jor,

features,

political,

population

Santiago

IS,

in,

08.

minerals,

features,
52.

rcniontados,

75-116.

contained

beauties,

etc..

position

ants,

islands

477.

physical

03-5.

301.

geographical
inhabit

3G0.

119-57.

history,

of
"

350,

area,

capital,

484-80,
of.

40.

48.

administration.

180-

nomic
eco-

200.
conditions
in

reviewed

addresses

of

population.
public,

II.

358,

alcaldes,

102-04.

eneonienderos,

350.

judicial

(fl.

".i,

vegetable

Population,

515-5!).

prod

nets.

past

and

(15,

present.

280.

511,

officials,
governors,

Spices,

281.

40(i.

470,

Provincial

200,

208-3ol.

473-75,

400,

Archipelago,

220.

lands.

Tawi

482-544,

Snlu

r'llc

Snhi

Tawl.

184-

government,
211,

5110-11.

City.

212.

Suln,
555.

202,

01 i,

and

Puhlie

184-80,

522.

system,

80,

180-02.

07.

408,

481.

J81.

105-200.

system,

provincial

SuHl
Postal

182.
180.

municipal

Sugar,

112-10.
PorN.

181.

governors-general,

20.

Taft

184.

182,

audencia.

112-10.

hinds,

rivers.

Win.

357.

358.

Island

of

"

551,
500-11.

capital.
pearl

industry,

phvsical
etc..

511-14.

features,

02.

population

and

"

Tan]

of

Visayan

eruption,

Win.

Tuft.

23.

22,

volcano,

story

II.,

1,

24-7.
of

Review

social

by,

Tarlac,

Tawi.

Islands

banditti,

472.

boat

linn.

-Imili

37.

grazing

of"

features,

and

resources,

of,

telephone

345,

478.

beauties,

32.

tems,
sys-

86,

74,

.103, 304.

and

305-00.
Walled

302.

ride

Volcanoes,

270-72.

cultivation,

of.

301,

470,

544,

Taal,

Mayon

Apo.
City

of

Manila,

3!ffl-

410.

Water-power,
400.

473-75.

characteristics

vans,

403-63.

curing,

of

484-80.

industry,

sugar
Visa

475-77.

478.

reimmlados.

340.

investment,

Visayan,

tives,
na-

1711-83.

sites.

natural
44,

221.

an

method

the

466-71.

Siquijor.
finrl

220,

as

13.

68.

Tobacco,

of

407-00.

historic

18.

area,

Province

THiwiph

Teoslnte,

487.

62.

population

Tea,

4T3.

grounds.

Iloilo,

T.-iyjiliiiK.

403-05.

Q-uimaras,

physical
etc.,

of,

Negro

Boand

403-514.

characteristics

168-72.

Province

Tawi

the

515-5!).

rebellion,

Tngul

of

Mils-

Samar,

Cebu,

I'imav,

nomic
eco-

title

I.eyte,

hol,

litic:!
po-

and

conditions
Islands,

Islamls,

bate,

Weaving
Woods,

553.
industries.

cnivnneri'iii],

470.
05,

302-

"