Spain

12/15/2014
SpainWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Spain
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Spain( i /spen/
Spanish:Espaa[es
paa]( )),
officiallythe
KingdomofSpain
(Spanish:Reinode
Espaa),[a][b]isa
sovereignstate
locatedonthe
IberianPeninsulain
southwestern
Europe.Its
mainlandis
borderedtothe
southandeastby
theMediterranean
Seaexceptfora
smalllandboundary
withGibraltarto
thenorthand
northeastbyFrance,
Andorra,andthe
BayofBiscayand
tothewestand
northwestby
Portugalandthe
AtlanticOcean.
AlongwithFrance
andMorocco,itis
oneofonlythree
countriestohave
bothAtlanticand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain
KingdomofSpain
ReinodeEspaa[a][b]
Flag
Coatofarms
Motto:"PlusUltra"(Latin)
"FurtherBeyond"
Anthem:"MarchaReal"
0:00
MENU
Locationof Spain( darkgreen )

inEurope( green&darkgrey )
intheEuropeanUnion ( green )[ Legend]
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Mediterranean
coastlines.Spain's
1,214km(754mi)
borderwithPortugal
isthelongest
uninterruptedborder
withintheEuropean
Union.
Spanishterritory
alsoincludesthe
BalearicIslandsin
theMediterranean,
theCanaryIslands
intheAtlantic
Oceanoffthe
Africancoast,three
exclavesinNorth
Africa,Ceuta,
Melilla,andPen
deVlezdela
Gomerathatborder
Morocco,andthe
islandsandpeones
(rocks)ofAlborn,
Chafarinas,
Alhucemas,and
Perejil.(The
SpanishEmpire
withitspeakinthe
1600shadincluded
muchmoreterritory
seeworldmap.)
Withanareaof
505,992km2
(195,365sqmi),
Capital
andlargestcity
Nationallanguage
Madrid
Recognisedregional
languages
AragoneseAsturian
4026N342W
Spanish[c]
BasqueCatalan
GalicianOccitan
Ethnicgroups(2011)
87.8%Spanish
12.2%others
Demonym
SpanishSpaniard
Government
Unitaryparliamentary
constitutionalmonarchy
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Spainisthesecond
largestcountryin
WesternEuropeand
theEuropeanUnion,
andthefifthlargest
countryinEurope.
Modernhumans
firstarrivedinthe
IberianPeninsula
around35,000years
ago.Itcameunder
Romanrulearound
200BCE,after
whichtheregion
wasnamed
Hispania.Inthe
MiddleAges,the
areawasconquered
byGermanictribes
andlaterbythe
Moors.Spain
emergedasaunified
countryinthe15th
century,following
themarriageofthe
CatholicMonarchs
andthecompletion
ofthecenturieslong
reconquest,or
Reconquista,ofthe
peninsulafromthe
Moorsin1492.In
theearlymodern
period,Spain
becameoneof
history'sfirstglobal
Monarch
PrimeMinister
FelipeVI
MarianoRajoy
Legislature
GeneralCourts
Upperhouse
Lowerhouse
Senate
CongressofDeputies
Formation
Dynastic
Defacto
Dejure
1479
1516
1715
Nationstate
Constitutionaldemocracy
Currentdemocracy
JoinedtheEEC(now
theEU)
1812
1931
1978
1986
Area
Total
504,645[2]km2(52nd)
Water(%)
195,364sqmi
1.04
Population
2013estimate
46,704,314[3](28th)
2011census
46,815,916[4]
Density
92/km2(106th)
240/sqmi
GDP(PPP)
Total
Percapita
GDP(nominal)
Total
2014estimate
$1.534trillion[5](16th)
$32,975[5](33rd)
2014estimate
Percapita
$1.400trillion[5](14th)
$30,113[5](28th)
Gini(2013)
33.7[6]
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colonialempires,
leavingavast
culturaland
linguisticlegacy
thatincludesover
500millionSpanish
speakers,making
Spanishtheworld's
secondmostspoken
firstlanguage.
mediumhigh
HDI(2013)
0.869[7]
veryhigh27th
Currency
Euro()(EUR)
Timezone
Summer(DST)
CET(UTC+1)
CEST(UTC+2a)
Dateformat
dd.mm.yyyy(Spanish
CE)
Drivesonthe
right
ModernSpainisa
democracy
Callingcode
+34
organizedinthe
ISO3166code
ES
formofa
parliamentary
InternetTLD
.es[d]
governmentundera
constitutional
a. ExcepttheCanaryIslands,whichobserveUTC+0(WET)andUTC+1during
summertime.
monarchy.Itisa
developedcountry
withthe14thlargesteconomyintheworld.ItisamemberoftheUnited
Nations,NATO,OECD,WTOandmanyotherinternational
organizations.
Contents
1Etymology
2History
2.1PrehistoryandpreRomanpeoples
2.2RomanEmpireandtheGothicKingdom
2.3MiddleAges
2.4ImperialSpain
2.5Liberalismandnationstate
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2.6SpanishCivilWaranddictatorship
2.7Democraticrestoration
3Geography
3.1Islands
3.2Mountainsandrivers
3.3Climate
4Governance
4.1Branchesofgovernment
4.2HumanRights
4.3Administrativedivisions
4.3.1Autonomouscommunitiesandautonomouscities
4.3.2Provincesandmunicipalities
4.4Foreignrelations
4.4.1Territorialdisputes
4.5Military
5Economy
5.1Recentbackground
5.2Propertyboomandbust
5.3Qualityoflife
5.4Agriculture
5.5Tourism
5.6Energy
5.7Transport
6Demographics
6.1Urbanization
6.1.1Metropolitanareas
6.2Peoples
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6.3Minoritygroups
6.4Immigration
6.5Languages
6.6Education
6.7Religion
7Culture
7.1MonumentsandWorldHeritageSites
7.2Literature
7.3Art
7.4Cinema
7.5Architecture
7.6Musicanddance
7.7Cuisine
7.8Scienceandtechnology
7.9Sport
7.10Publicholidaysandfestivals
8Seealso
9Notes
10References
11Externallinks
Etymology
TheoriginsoftheRomannameHispania,fromwhichthemodernname
Espaawasderived,areuncertainandarepossiblyunknowndueto
inadequateevidence.Downthecenturiestherehavebeenanumberof
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accountsandhypotheses:
TheRenaissancescholarAntoniodeNebrija
proposedthatthewordHispaniaevolvedfrom
theIberianwordHispalis,meaning"cityof
thewesternworld".
JessLuisCunchillosarguesthattherootof
thetermspanisthePhoenecianwordspy,
TreasureofVillena,a
meaning"toforgemetals".Thereforeispnya
BronzeAgetreasure
wouldmean"thelandwheremetalsare
hoard.
forged".[9]Itmaybeaderivationofthe
PhoenicianIShpania,meaning"islandof
rabbits","landofrabbits"or"edge",areferencetoSpain'slocationatthe
endoftheMediterraneanRomancoinsstruckintheregionfromthe
reignofHadrianshowafemalefigurewithaconeyatherfeet,[10]and
Strabocalleditthe"landoftherabbits".[11]
HispaniamayderivefromthepoeticuseofthetermHesperia,reflecting
theGreekperceptionofItalyasa"westernland"or"landofthesetting
sun"(Hesperia,inGreek)andSpain,beingstillfurtherwest,as
Hesperiaultima.[12]
Thereistheclaimthat"Hispania"derivesfromtheBasquewordEzpanna
meaning"edge"or"border",anotherreferencetothefactthattheIberian
PeninsulaconstitutesthesouthwestcorneroftheEuropeancontinent.[12]
Two15thcenturySpanishJewishscholars,DonIsaacAbrabaneland
SolomonibnVerga,gaveanexplanationnowconsideredfolkloric.Both
menwroteintwodifferentpublishedworksthatthefirstJewstoreach
SpainwerebroughtbyshipbyPhiroswhowasconfederatewiththeking
ofBabylonwhenhelaidsiegetoJerusalem.ThismanwasaGrecianby
birth,butwhohadbeengivenakingdominSpain.Hebecamerelatedby
marriagetoEspan,thenephewofkingHeracles,whoalsoruledovera
kingdominSpain.Heracleslaterrenouncedhisthroneinpreferencefor
hisnativeGreece,leavinghiskingdomtohisnephew,Espan,fromwhom
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thecountryofEspaa(Spain)tookitsname.Basedupontheir
testimonies,thiseponymwouldhavealreadybeeninuseinSpainbyc.
350BCE.[13]
History
Iberiaenterswrittenrecordsasaland
populatedlargelybytheIberians,Basquesand
Celts.Afteranarduousconquest,the
peninsulacameundertheruleoftheRoman
Empire.DuringtheearlyMiddleAgesitcame
underGermanicrulebutlater,muchofitwas
conqueredbyMoorishinvadersfromNorth
Africa.Inaprocessthattookcenturies,the
AltamiraCave
smallChristiankingdomsinthenorth
paintings,[14]in
graduallyregainedcontrolofthepeninsula.
Cantabria.
ThelastMoorishkingdomfellinthesame
yearColumbusreachedtheAmericas.A
globalempirebeganwhichsawSpainbecomethestrongestkingdomin
Europe,theleadingworldpowerforacenturyandahalf,andthelargest
overseasempireforthreecenturies.
Continuedwarsandotherproblemseventuallyledtoadiminishedstatus.
TheNapoleonicinvasionsofSpainledtochaos,triggeringindependence
movementsthattoreapartmostoftheempireandleftthecountry
politicallyunstable.PriortotheSecondWorldWar,Spainsuffereda
devastatingcivilwarandcameundertheruleofanauthoritarian
government,whoseruleoversawaperiodofstagnationbutthatfinished
withapowerfuleconomicsurge.Eventuallydemocracywaspeacefully
restoredintheformofaparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy.Spain
joinedtheEuropeanUnion,experiencingaculturalrenaissanceand
steadyeconomicgrowth.
PrehistoryandpreRomanpeoples
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ArchaeologicalresearchatAtapuerca
indicatestheIberianPeninsulawaspopulated
byhominids1.2millionyearsago.[15]In
Atapuercatherehavebeenfoundfossilsofthe
earliestknownhomininsinEurope,theHomo
antecessor.Modernhumansfirstarrivedin
Iberia,fromthenorthonfoot,about35,000
CelticcastroinA
yearsago.[16]Thebestknownartifactsof
Guarda,Galicia.
theseprehistorichumansettlementsarethe
famouspaintingsintheAltamiracaveof
CantabriainnorthernIberia,whichwerecreatedfrom35,600to13,500
BCEbyCroMagnon.[14][17]Archaeologicalandgeneticevidence
suggeststhattheIberianPeninsulaactedasoneofseveralmajorrefugia
fromwhichnorthernEuropewasrepopulatedfollowingtheendofthelast
iceage.
ThelargestgroupsinhabitingtheIberianPeninsulabeforetheRoman
conquestweretheIberiansandtheCelts.TheIberiansinhabitedthe
Mediterraneansideofthepeninsula,fromthenortheasttothesoutheast.
TheCeltsinhabitedmuchoftheinnerandAtlanticsidesofthepeninsula,
fromthenorthwesttothesouthwest.Basquesoccupiedthewesternarea
ofthePyreneesmountainrangeandadjacentareas,theTartessianswere
inthesouthwestandtheLusitaniansandVettonesoccupiedareasinthe
centralwest.AnumberoftradingsettlementsofPhoenicians,Greeksand
CarthaginiansdevelopedontheMediterraneancoast.
RomanEmpireandtheGothicKingdom
DuringtheSecondPunicWar,anexpandingRomanRepubliccaptured
CarthaginiantradingcoloniesalongtheMediterraneancoastfrom
roughly210to205BCE.IttooktheRomansnearlytwocenturiesto
completetheconquestoftheIberianPeninsula,thoughtheyhadcontrol
ofitforoversixcenturies.Romanrulewasboundtogetherbylaw,
language,andtheRomanroad.[18]
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TheculturesoftheCelticandIberian
populationsweregraduallyRomanized
(Latinized)atdifferingratesindifferentparts
ofHispania.Localleaderswereadmittedinto
theRomanaristocraticclass[e][19]Hispania
servedasagranaryfortheRomanmarket,and
itsharboursexportedgold,wool,oliveoil,and
RomanTheatre,Mrida
wine.Agriculturalproductionincreasedwith
theintroductionofirrigationprojects,someof
whichremaininuse.EmperorsHadrian,Trajan,TheodosiusI,andthe
philosopherSenecawereborninHispania.[f]Christianitywasintroduced
intoHispaniainthe1stcenturyCEanditbecamepopularinthecitiesin
the2ndcenturyCE.[19]MostofSpain'spresentlanguagesandreligion,
andthebasisofitslaws,originatefromthisperiod.[18]
TheweakeningoftheWesternRomanEmpire's
jurisdictioninHispaniabeganin409,whenthe
GermanicSuebiandVandals,togetherwiththe
SarmatianAlanscrossedtheRhineandravaged
GauluntiltheVisigothsdrovethemintoIberiathat
sameyear.TheSuebiestablishedakingdomin
whatistodaymodernGaliciaandnorthern
Portugal.Asthewesternempiredisintegrated,the
socialandeconomicbasebecamegreatly
simplified:buteveninmodifiedform,the
successorregimesmaintainedmanyofthe
institutionsandlawsofthelateempire,including
Christianity.
Toledo,capitalof
theVisigothic
Kingdom.
TheAlans'allies,theHasdingiVandals,establishedakingdomin
Gallaecia,too,occupyinglargelythesameregionbutextendingfarther
southtotheDueroriver.TheSilingiVandalsoccupiedtheregionthatstill
bearsaformoftheirnameVandalusia,modernAndalusia,inSpain.The
Byzantinesestablishedanenclave,Spania,inthesouth,withtheintention
ofrevivingtheRomanempirethroughoutIberia.Eventually,however,
HispaniawasreunitedunderVisigothicrule.
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IsidoreofSeville,archbishopofSeville,wasaninfluentialphilosopher
andverystudiedintheMiddleAgesinEurope.Alsohistheorieswere
vitaltotheconversionoftheVisigothicKingdomtoacatholicone,inthe
CouncilsofToledo.ThisgothickingdomwasthefirstChristiankingdom
rulingintheIberianPeninsula,andintheReconquistaitwasthereferent
forthedifferentkingdomsfightingagainsttheMuslimrule.
MiddleAges
Thedeathofthe
FrankishleaderRoland
defeatedbyabasqueand
muslimvisigothic(Banu
Qasi)allianceatthe
BattleofRoncevaux
Pass(778),originated
theKingdomofNavarre
leadbyigoArista.
Inthe8thcentury,nearlyalloftheIberian
Peninsulawasconquered(711718)by
largelyMoorishMuslimarmiesfromNorth
Africa.Theseconquestswerepartofthe
expansionoftheUmayyadCaliphate.Onlya
smallareainthemountainousnorthwestof
thepeninsulamanagedtoresisttheinitial
invasion.
UnderIslamiclaw,ChristiansandJewswere
giventhesubordinatestatusofdhimmi.This
statuspermittedChristiansandJewsto
practicetheirreligionsasPeopleoftheBook
buttheywererequiredtopayaspecialtaxand
hadlegalandsocialrightsinferiortothoseof
Muslims.[20][21]
ConversiontoIslamproceededatan
increasingpace.Themulades(MuslimsofethnicIberianorigin)are
believedtohavecomprizedthemajorityofthepopulationofAlAndalus
bytheendofthe10thcentury.[22][23]
TheMuslimcommunityintheIberianPeninsulawasitselfdiverseand
besetbysocialtensions.TheBerberpeopleofNorthAfrica,whohad
providedthebulkoftheinvadingarmies,clashedwiththeArab
leadershipfromtheMiddleEast.[g]Overtime,largeMoorishpopulations
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becameestablished,especiallyintheGuadalquivirRivervalley,the
coastalplainofValencia,theEbroRivervalleyand(towardstheendof
thisperiod)inthemountainousregionofGranada.[23]
Crdoba,thecapitalofthecaliphatesince
AbdarRahmanIII,wasthelargest,richest
andmostsophisticatedcityinwesternEurope.
Mediterraneantradeandculturalexchange
flourished.Muslimsimportedarich
intellectualtraditionfromtheMiddleEastand
NorthAfrica.MuslimandJewishscholars
Hypostylehallinthe
playedanimportantpartinrevivingand
GreatMosqueof
expandingclassicalGreeklearninginWestern
Crdoba.
Europe.Someimportantphilosophersatthe
timewereAverroes,IbnArabiand
Maimonides.TheRomanizedculturesoftheIberianPeninsulainteracted
withMuslimandJewishculturesincomplexways,givingtheregiona
distinctiveculture.[23]Outsidethecities,wherethevastmajoritylived,
thelandownershipsystemfromRomantimesremainedlargelyintactas
Muslimleadersrarelydispossessedlandownersandtheintroductionof
newcropsandtechniquesledtoanexpansionofagriculture.
AljaferaRoyalPalaceof
theTaifaofZaragoza
andtheAragonesekings
afterAlfonsotheBattler.
Inthe11thcentury,theMuslimholdings
fracturedintorivalTaifakingdoms,allowing
thesmallChristianstatestheopportunityto
greatlyenlargetheirterritories.[23]Thearrival
fromNorthAfricaoftheIslamicrulingsects
oftheAlmoravidsandtheAlmohadsrestored
unityupontheMuslimholdings,witha
stricter,lesstolerantapplicationofIslam,and
sawarevivalinMuslimfortunes.Thisre
unitedIslamicstateexperiencedmorethana
centuryofsuccessesthatpartiallyreversed
Christiangains.
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TheReconquista(Reconquest)wasthecenturieslongperiodinwhich
ChristianrulewasreestablishedovertheIberianPeninsula.The
ReconquistaisviewedasbeginningwiththeBattleofCovadongawonby
DonPelayoin722andwasconcurrentwiththeperiodofMuslimruleon
theIberianPeninsula.TheChristianarmy'svictoryoverMuslimforces
ledtothecreationoftheChristianKingdomofAsturiasalongthe
northwesterncoastalmountains.Shortlyafter,in739,Muslimforces
weredrivenfromGalicia,whichwastoeventuallyhostoneofmedieval
Europe'sholiestsites,SantiagodeCompostelaandwasincorporatedinto
thenewChristiankingdom.TheKingdomofLenwasthestrongest
Christiankingdomforcenturies.In1188thefirstmodernparliamentary
seasoninEuropewereholdinLen(CortesofLen).TheKingdomof
Castile,formedfromleoneseterritory,wasitssuccessorasstrongest
kingdom.Thekingsandthenobilityfoughtforpowerandinfluencein
thisperiod.Theexampleoftheromanemperorsinfluencedthepolitical
objectiveoftheCrown,whilethenoblesbenefitedfromfeudalism.
Muslimarmieshadalsomovednorthofthe
PyreneesbuttheyweredefeatedbyFrankish
forcesattheBattleofPoitiers,Frankia.Later,
FrankishforcesestablishedChristiancounties
onthesouthernsideofthePyrenees.These
areasweretogrowintothekingdomsof
BasilicaofSanIsidoro,
Navarre,AragonandCatalonia.[24]For
Len.
severalcenturies,thefluctuatingfrontier
betweentheMuslimandChristiancontrolled
areasofIberiawasalongtheEbroandDuerovalleys.
ThebreakupofAlAndalusintothecompetingtaifakingdomshelped
thelongembattledIberianChristiankingdomsgaintheinitiative.The
captureofthestrategicallycentralcityofToledoin1085markeda
significantshiftinthebalanceofpowerinfavouroftheChristian
kingdoms.FollowingagreatMuslimresurgenceinthe12thcentury,the
greatMoorishstrongholdsinthesouthfelltoChristianSpaininthe13th
centuryCrdobain1236andSevillein1248leavingonlytheMuslim
enclaveofGranadaasatributarystateinthesouth.[25]
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Inthisperiodliteratureandphilosophystarted
toflourishagainintheChristianpeninsular
kingdoms,basedonRomanandgothic
traditions.Animportantphilosopherfromthis
timeisRamonLlull.AbrahamCresqueswasa
prominentJewishcartographer.Romanlaw
AlfonsoX,Librodelos
anditsinstitutionswerethemodelforthe
juegos.
legislators.ThekingAlfonsoXofCastile
focusedonstrengtheningthisRomanand
Gothicpast,andalsoonlinkingtheIberianChristiankingdomswiththe
restofmedievalEuropeanChristendom.Heworkedforbeingelected
emperoroftheHolyRomanEmpireandpublishedtheSietePartidas
code.TheToledoSchoolofTranslatorsisthenamethatcommonly
describesthegroupofscholarswhoworkedtogetherinthecityofToledo
duringthe12thand13thcenturies,totranslatemanyofthephilosophical
andscientificworksfromclassicalArabic,classicalGreek,andancient
Hebrew.TheIslamictransmissionoftheclassicsisthemainIslamic
contributionstoMedievalEurope.TheSpanishlanguageevolvedfrom
Latin,asdidotherrelatedRomancelanguages,andthefirstgrammarwas
published(CantardeMioCidandAntoniodeNebrija).
Inthe13thand14thcenturies,theMarinid
MuslimsectbasedinNorthAfricainvaded
andestablishedsomeenclavesonthesouthern
coastbutfailedintheirattempttoreestablish
MuslimruleinIberiaandweresoondriven
out.The13thcenturyalsowitnessedthe
CrownofAragon,centredinSpain'snorth
east,expanditsreachacrossislandsinthe
Mediterranean,toSicilyandevenAthens.[26]
AroundthistimetheuniversitiesofPalencia
(1212/1263)andSalamanca(1218/1254)were
established.TheBlackDeathof1348and
1349devastatedSpain.[27]In1469,the
crownsoftheChristiankingdomsofCastile
andAragonwereunitedbythemarriageof
Salamancaisoneofthe
UNESCOWorld
HeritageSites.The
SchoolofSalamanca
wastheintellectual
originofhumanrights
theoriesandmodern
internationallaw.
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IsabellaIofCastileandFerdinandIIofAragon.1478commencedthe
completionoftheconquestoftheCanaryIslandsandin1492,the
combinedforcesofCastileandAragoncapturedtheEmirateofGranada,
endingthelastremnantofa781yearpresenceofIslamicruleinIberia.
Thatsameyear,Spain'sJewswereorderedtoconverttoCatholicismor
faceexpulsionfromSpanishterritoriesduringtheSpanishInquisition.[28]
TheTreatyofGranadaguaranteedreligioustolerancetoward
Muslims,[29]andalthoughthetolerationwasonlypartial,itwasnotuntil
thebeginningofthe17thcentury,followingtheRevoltoftheAlpujarras,
thatMuslimswerefinallyexpelled.[h][30]
ImperialSpain
Theyear1492alsomarkedthe
arrivalintheNewWorldof
ChristopherColumbus,duringa
voyagefundedbyIsabella.
ChristopherColumbusfirstvoyage
crossedtheAtlanticandreached
theCaribbeanIslands,beginning
PhilipII'srealmscirca1598.
theEuropeanexplorationand
conquestoftheAmericas,
althoughheremainedconvincedhehadreachedtheOrient.
ChristopherColumbus
meetstheCatholic
monarchsinthe
Alhambra.
AsRenaissanceNewMonarchs,Isabellaand
Ferdinandcentralizedroyalpoweratthe
expenseoflocalnobility,andtheword
Espaa,whoserootistheancientname
Hispania,begantobecommonlyusedto
designatethewholeofthetwokingdoms.[30]
Withtheirwiderangingpolitical,legal,
religiousandmilitaryreforms,Spainemerged
asthefirstworldpower.
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TheunificationofthecrownsofAragonandCastilebythemarriageof
theirsovereignslaidthebasisformodernSpainandtheSpanishEmpire,
althougheachkingdomofSpainremainedaseparatecountry,insocial,
political,laws,currencyandlanguage.[31][32]
SpainwasEurope'sleadingpowerthroughout
the16thcenturyandmostofthe17thcentury,
apositionreinforcedbytradeandwealthfrom
colonialpossessionsandbecametheworld's
leadingmaritimepower.Itreacheditsapogee
duringthereignsofthefirsttwoSpanish
CasadeContratacin,
HabsburgsCharlesI(15161556)andPhilip
II(15561598).ThisperiodsawtheItalian
Seville.
Wars,theRevoltoftheComuneros,theDutch
Revolt,theMoriscoRevolt,clasheswiththeOttomans,theAnglo
SpanishWarandwarswithFrance.[33]
Throughexplorationandconquestorroyal
marriagealliancesandinheritance,the
SpanishEmpireexpandedtoincludevast
areasintheAmericas,islandsintheAsia
Pacificarea,areasofItaly,citiesinNorthern
Africa,aswellaspartsofwhatarenow
France,Germany,Belgium,Luxembourg,and
SanPabloChurchand
theNetherlands.Thefirstcircumnavigationof
SanGregorioCollege,
theworldwascarriedoutin15191521.Itwas
Valladolid.
thefirstempireofwhichitwassaidthatthe
sunneverset.Thiswasanageofdiscovery,
withdaringexplorationsbyseaandbyland,theopeningupofnewtrade
routesacrossoceans,conquestsandthebeginningsofEuropean
colonialism.Alongwiththearrivalofpreciousmetals,spices,luxuries,
andnewagriculturalplants,Spanishexplorersbroughtbackknowledge
fromtheNewWorld,andplayedaleadingpartintransformingthe
Europeanunderstandingoftheglobe.[34]Theculturalefflorescence
witnessedisnowreferredtoastheSpanishGoldenAge.Theexpansion
oftheempirecausedimmenseupheavalintheAmericasasthecollapse
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ofsocietiesandempiresandnewdiseasesfromEuropedevastated
Americanpopulations.Theriseofhumanism,theCounterReformation
andnewgeographicaldiscoveriesandconquestsraisedissuesthatwere
addressedbytheintellectualmovementnowknownastheSchoolof
Salamanca,whichdevelopedthefirstmoderntheoriesofwhatarenow
knownasinternationallawandhumanrights.
Inthelate16thcenturyandfirsthalf
ofthe17thcentury,Spainwas
confrontedbyunrelentingchallenges
fromallsides.Barbarypirates,under
theaegisoftherapidlygrowing
OttomanEmpire,disruptedlifein
manycoastalareasthroughtheir
slaveraidsandrenewedthethreatof
anIslamicinvasion.[35]Thiswasata
timewhenSpainwasoftenatwar
withFrance.
PhilipIIandCharlesV,Habsburg
Spain.CharleswasalsoEmperorof
theHolyRomanEmpire.
TheProtestantReformationschismfromtheCatholicChurchdraggedthe
kingdomevermoredeeplyintothemireofreligiouslychargedwars.The
resultwasacountryforcedintoeverexpandingmilitaryeffortsacross
EuropeandintheMediterranean.[36]
Bythemiddledecadesofawarandplagueridden17thcenturyEurope,
theSpanishHabsburgshadenmeshedthecountryincontinentwide
religiouspoliticalconflicts.Theseconflictsdraineditofresourcesand
underminedtheeconomygenerally.Spainmanagedtoholdontomostof
thescatteredHabsburgempire,andhelptheimperialforcesoftheHoly
RomanEmpirereversealargepartoftheadvancesmadebyProtestant
forces,butitwasfinallyforcedtorecognisetheseparationofPortugal
(withwhomithadbeenunitedinapersonalunionofthecrownsfrom
1580to1640)andtheNetherlands,andeventuallysufferedsomeserious
militaryreversestoFranceinthelatterstagesoftheimmensely
destructive,EuropewideThirtyYearsWar.[37]
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Inthelatterhalfofthe17thcentury,Spain
wentintoagradualdecline,duringwhichit
surrenderedseveralsmallterritoriestoFrance
andtheNetherlandshowever,itmaintained
andenlargeditsvastoverseasempire,which
remainedintactuntilthebeginningofthe19th
century.
TheFamilyofPhilipV
(1743).Duringthe
EnlightenmentinSpaina
newroyalfamily
reigned,theHouseof
Bourbon.
Thedeclineculminatedinacontroversyover
successiontothethronewhichconsumedthe
firstyearsofthe18thcentury.TheWarof
SpanishSuccessionwasawideranging
internationalconflictcombinedwithacivil
war,andwastocostthekingdomitsEuropean
possessionsanditspositionasoneofthe
leadingpowersontheContinent.[38]Duringthiswar,anewdynasty
originatinginFrance,theBourbons,wasinstalled.Longunitedonlyby
theCrown,atrueSpanishstatewasestablishedwhenthefirstBourbon
king,PhilipV,unitedthecrownsofCastileandAragonintoasingle
state,abolishingmanyoftheoldregionalprivilegesandlaws.[39]
The18thcenturysawagradualrecoveryandanincreaseinprosperity
throughmuchoftheempire.ThenewBourbonmonarchydrewonthe
Frenchsystemofmodernisingtheadministrationandtheeconomy.
Enlightenmentideasbegantogaingroundamongsomeofthekingdom's
eliteandmonarchy.MilitaryassistancefortherebelliousBritishcolonies
intheAmericanWarofIndependenceimprovedthekingdom's
internationalstanding.[40]
Liberalismandnationstate
In1793,SpainwenttowaragainsttherevolutionarynewFrench
RepublicasamemberofthefirstCoalition.ThesubsequentWarofthe
Pyreneespolarizedthecountryinareactionagainstthegallicizedelites
andfollowingdefeatinthefield,peacewasmadewithFrancein1795at
thePeaceofBaselinwhichSpainlostcontrolovertwothirdsofthe
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islandofHispaniola.ThePrimeMinister,ManuelGodoy,thenensured
thatSpainalliedherselfwithFranceandinthebriefWaroftheThird
CoalitionwhichendedwiththeBritishvictoryattheBattleofTrafalgar
in1805.In1807,asecrettreatybetweenNapoleonandtheunpopular
primeministerledtoanewdeclarationofwaragainstBritainand
Portugal.Napoleon'stroopsenteredthe
countrytoinvadePortugalbutinstead
occupiedSpain'smajorfortresses.The
ridiculedSpanishkingabdicatedinfavourof
Napoleon'sbrother,JosephBonaparte.
JosephBonapartewasseenasapuppet
TheThirdofMay1808
monarchandwasregardedwithscornbythe
Spanish.The2May1808revoltwasoneof
byFranciscodeGoya
manynationalistuprisingsacrossthecountry
depictsanepisodeofthe
SpanishIndependence
againsttheBonapartistregime.[41]These
War.
revoltsmarkedthebeginningofadevastating
warofindependenceagainsttheNapoleonic
regime.[42]Napoleonwasforcedtointervenepersonally,defeating
severalSpanisharmiesandforcingaBritisharmytoretreat.However,
furthermilitaryactionbySpanisharmies,guerrillasandWellington's
BritishPortugueseforces,combinedwithNapoleon'sdisastrousinvasion
ofRussia,ledtotheoustingoftheFrenchimperialarmiesfromSpainin
1814,andthereturnofKingFerdinandVII.[43]
Duringthewar,in1810,arevolutionarybody,theCortesofCdiz,was
assembledtocoordinatetheeffortagainsttheBonapartistregimeandto
prepareaconstitution.[44]Itmetasonebody,anditsmembers
representedtheentireSpanishempire.[45]In1812aconstitutionfor
universalrepresentationunderaconstitutionalmonarchywasdeclared
butafterthefalloftheBonapartistregimeFerdinandVIIdismissedthe
CortesGeneralesandwasdeterminedtoruleasanabsolutemonarch.
Theseeventsforeshadowedtheconflictbetweenconservativesand
liberalsinthe19thandearly20thcenturies.
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Spain'sconquestbyFrancebenefitedLatin
Americananticolonialistswhoresentedthe
ImperialSpanishgovernment'spoliciesthat
favoredSpanishborncitizens(peninsulars)
overthosebornoverseas(criollos)and
demandedretroversionofthesovereigntyto
thepeople.Startingin1809Spain'sAmerican
TheProclamationofthe
coloniesbeganaseriesofrevolutionsand
SpanishConstitutionof
declaredindependence,leadingtotheSpanish
1812inCdiz.
Americanwarsofindependencethatended
Spanishcontroloveritsmainlandcoloniesin
theAmericas.KingFerdinandVII'sattempttoreassertcontrolproved
futileashefacedoppositionnotonlyinthecoloniesbutalsoinSpainand
armyrevoltsfollowed,ledbyliberalofficers.Bytheendof1826,the
onlyAmericancoloniesSpainheldwereCubaandPuertoRico.
TheNapoleonicWarleftSpaineconomicallyruined,deeplydividedand
politicallyunstable.Inthe1830sand1840sAntiliberalforcesknownas
CarlistsfoughtagainstliberalsintheCarlistWars.Liberalforceswon,
buttheconflictbetweenprogressiveandconservativeliberalsendedina
weakearlyconstitutionalperiod.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1868
andtheshortlivedFirstSpanishRepublic,amorestablemonarchic
periodbegancharacterizedbythepracticeofturnismo(therotationof
governmentcontrolbetweenprogressiveandconservativeliberalswithin
theSpanishgovernment).
Inthelate19thcenturynationalistmovementsaroseinthePhilippines
andCuba.In1895and1896theCubanWarofIndependenceandthe
PhilippineRevolutionbrokeoutandeventuallytheUnitedStatesbecame
involved.TheSpanishAmericanwarwasfoughtinthespringof1898
andresultedinSpainlosingthelastofitsoncevastcolonialempire
outsideofNorthAfrica.ElDesastre(theDisaster),asthewarbecame
knowninSpain,gaveaddedimpetustotheGenerationof98whowere
conductingananalysisofthecountry.
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Althoughtheperiodaroundtheturnofthe
centurywasoneofincreasingprosperity,the
20thcenturybroughtlittlepeaceSpainplayed
aminorpartinthescrambleforAfrica,with
thecolonisationofWesternSahara,Spanish
MoroccoandEquatorialGuinea.Itremained
neutralduringWorldWarI(seeSpainin
WorldWarI).Theheavylossessuffered
duringtheRifWarinMoroccobrought
discredittothegovernmentandundermined
themonarchy.
SpanishgeneralJuan
Prim,PrimeMinisterof
Spain,withhis
governmentafterthe
GloriousRevolution,
1869.
AperiodofauthoritarianruleunderGeneral
MiguelPrimodeRivera(19231931)ended
withtheestablishmentoftheSecondSpanish
Republic.TheRepublicofferedpoliticalautonomytothelinguistically
distinctregionsofBasqueCountry,CataloniaandGaliciaandgave
votingrightstowomenandwasincreasinglydominatedbyleftwing
politicalparties.IntheworseningeconomicsituationoftheGreat
Depression,Spanishpoliticsbecameincreasinglychaoticandviolent.
SpanishCivilWaranddictatorship
GuernicabyPablo
Picasso,episodeofa
bombingduringthe
SpanishCivilWar
(ReinaSofaMuseum).
TheSpanishCivilWarbrokeoutin1936.For
threeyearstheNationalistforcesledby
GeneralFranciscoFrancoandsupportedby
NaziGermanyandFascistItalyfoughtthe
Republicanside,whichwassupportedbythe
SovietUnion,MexicoandInternational
Brigadesbutitwasnotsupportedbythe
WesternpowersduetotheBritishledpolicy
ofNonIntervention.Thecivilwarwas
viciouslyfoughtandthereweremany
atrocitiescommittedbyallsides.Thewar
claimedthelivesofover500,000peopleand
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causedtheflightofuptoahalfmillioncitizensfromthecountry.[46][47]
In1939,GeneralFrancoemergedvictoriousandbecameadictator.
ThestateasestablishedunderFrancowas
nominallyneutralintheSecondWorldWar,
althoughsympathetictotheAxis.Theonly
legalpartyunderFranco'spostcivilwar
regimewastheFalangeEspaola
TradicionalistaydelasJONS,formedin
1937thepartyemphasizedFalangism,aform
Francogivingaspeech
offascismthatemphasizedantiCommunism,
inibarin1949
Catholicismandnationalism.GivenFranco's
oppositiontocompetingpoliticalparties,the
partywasrenamedtheNationalMovement(MovimientoNacional)in
1949.
AfterWorldWarIISpainwaspoliticallyandeconomicallyisolated,and
waskeptoutoftheUnitedNations.Thischangedin1955,duringthe
ColdWarperiod,whenitbecamestrategicallyimportantfortheUSto
establishamilitarypresenceontheIberianPeninsulaasacountertoany
possiblemovebytheSovietUnionintotheMediterraneanbasin.Inthe
1960s,Spainregisteredanunprecedentedrateofeconomicgrowthwhich
waspropelledbyindustrialization,amassinternalmigrationfromrural
areastocitiesandthecreationofamasstourismindustry.Franco'srule
wasalsocharacterizedbyauthoritarianism,promotionofaunitary
nationalidentity,thefavouringofaveryconservativeformofRoman
CatholicismknownasNationalCatholicism,anddiscriminatorylanguage
policies.
In1962,SalvadordeMadariaga,founderoftheLiberalInternationaland
theCollegeofEurope,metinthecongressoftheEuropeanMovementin
MunichwiththeoppositorsofFrancosregimeinsidethecountryandin
theexile.Therewere118politiciansfromallfactions.Attheendofthe
meetingsaresolutioninfavourofdemocracywasmade.[48][49][50]
Democraticrestoration
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Postersofthefirst
electionsunderSpanish
Constitutionof1978,
showingpoliticalleaders
includingAdolfoSurez
(firstpresident),Manuel
Fraga,FelipeGonzlez
andSantiagoCarrillo.
WithFranco'sdeathinNovember1975,Juan
CarlossucceededtothepositionofKingof
Spainandheadofstateinaccordancewiththe
law.WiththeapprovalofthenewSpanish
Constitutionof1978andtherestorationof
democracy,theStatedevolvedmuchauthority
totheregionsandcreatedaninternal
organizationbasedonautonomous
communities.
IntheBasqueCountry,moderateBasque
nationalismhascoexistedwitharadical
nationalistmovementledbythearmed
organizationETA.Thegroupwasformedin
1959duringFranco'srulebuthascontinuedto
wageitsviolentcampaignevenafterthe
restorationofdemocracyandthereturnofa
largemeasureofregionalautonomy.On23February1981,rebel
elementsamongthesecurityforcesseizedtheCortesinanattemptto
imposeamilitarybackedgovernment.KingJuanCarlostookpersonal
commandofthemilitaryandsuccessfullyorderedthecoupplotters,via
nationaltelevision,tosurrender.
Duringthe1980sthedemocraticrestorationmadepossibleagrowing
opensociety.Newculturalmovementsbasedonfreedomappeared,like
LaMovidaMadrilea.On30May1982SpainjoinedNATO,followinga
referendum.ThatyeartheSpanishSocialistWorkersParty(PSOE)came
topower,thefirstleftwinggovernmentin43years.In1986Spainjoined
theEuropeanEconomicCommunity,whichlaterbecametheEuropean
Union.ThePSOEwasreplacedingovernmentbythePartidoPopular
(PP)afterthelatterwonthe1996GeneralElectionsatthatpointthe
PSOEhadservedalmost14consecutiveyearsinoffice.
On1January2002,Spainfullyadoptedtheeuro,andSpainexperienced
strongeconomicgrowth,wellabovetheEUaverageduringtheearly
2000s.However,wellpublicizedconcernsissuedbymanyeconomic
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commentatorsattheheightoftheboomwarnedthatextraordinary
propertypricesandahighforeigntradedeficitswerelikelytoleadtoa
painfuleconomiccollapse.[51]
On11March2004alocalIslamistterrorist
groupinspiredbyalQaedacarriedoutthe
largestterroristattackinSpanishhistorywhen
theykilled191peopleandwoundedmore
than1,800othersbybombingcommuter
trainsinMadrid.[52]Thoughinitialsuspicions
Spainhasbeena
focusedontheBasquegroupETA,evidence
memberoftheEuropean
soonemergedindicatingIslamist
Unionsince1986
involvement.Becauseoftheproximityofthe
2004election,theissueofresponsibility
quicklybecameapoliticalcontroversy,withthemaincompetingparties
PPandPSOEexchangingaccusationsoverthehandlingofthe
incident.[53]At14Marchelections,PSOE,ledbyJosLuisRodrguez
Zapatero,obtainedaplurality,enoughtoformanewcabinetwith
RodrguezZapateroasthenewPresidentedelGobiernoorPrime
MinisterofSpain,thussucceedingtheformerPPadministration.[54]
TheproportionofSpain'sforeignborn
populationincreasedrapidlyfromaround1in
50in2000toalmost1in8in2010buthas
sincedeclined.In2005theSpanish
governmentlegalizedsamesexmarriage.The
burstingoftheSpanishpropertybubblein
201112Spanish
2008ledtothe200814Spanishfinancial
protestsinMadrid,
crisisandhighlevelsofunemployment,cuts
ingovernmentspending,resurgentCatalan
duringthe200814
nationalismandtheArabSpringservedasa
Spanishfinancialcrisis.
backdroptothe201112Spanishprotests.In
2011MarianoRajoy'sconservativePeople's
Partywonelectionswith44.6%ofvotesandRajoybecametheSpanish
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PrimeMinisterafterhavingbeentheleaderoftheoppositionfrom2004
to2011.On19June2014,themonarch,JuanCarlos,abdicatedinfavour
ofhisson,whobecameFelipeVI.
Geography
At505,992km2(195,365sqmi),
Spainistheworld's52ndlargest
country.Itissome47,000km2
(18,000sqmi)smallerthanFranceand
SanSebastinwithSantaClara
IslandinGipuzkoa.
81,000km2(31,000sqmi)largerthan
theUSstateofCalifornia.Mount
Teide(Tenerife)isthehighestmountainpeakinSpainandisthethird
largestvolcanointheworldfromitsbase.
Spainliesbetweenlatitudes26and44N,andlongitudes19Wand5
E.
Onthewest,SpainbordersPortugalonthesouth,itbordersGibraltar(a
Britishoverseasterritory)andMorocco,throughitsexclavesinNorth
Africa(Ceuta,Melilla,andPendeVlezdelaGomera).Onthe
northeast,alongthePyreneesmountainrange,itbordersFranceandthe
tinyPrincipalityofAndorra.AlongthePyreneesinGirona,asmall
exclavetowncalledLlviaissurroundedbyFrance.
Islands
SpainalsoincludestheBalearicIslandsintheMediterraneanSea,the
CanaryIslandsintheAtlanticOceanandanumberofuninhabitedislands
ontheMediterraneansideoftheStraitofGibraltar,knownasplazasde
soberana(territoriesunderSpanishsovereignty),suchastheChafarinas
Islands,Alhucemas,andthetinyPerejilislet.TheisleofAlborn,located
intheMediterraneanbetweenSpainandNorthAfrica,isalso
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administeredbySpain,specificallybythe
municipalityofAlmera,Andalusia.Thelittle
PheasantIslandintheRiverBidasoaisa
SpanishFrenchcondominium.
Island
Tenerife
Population
899,833
Majorca(Mallorca) 862,397
GranCanaria
838,397
Lanzarote
141,938
Ibiza
125,053
Fuerteventura
103,107
MtTeide,Tenerife,
CanaryIslands.
Minorca(Menorca) 92,434
LaPalma
85,933
LaGomera
22,259
ElHierro
10,558
Formentera
7,957
Arousa
4,889
LaGraciosa
658
Tabarca
105
Ons
61
Mountainsandrivers
MainlandSpainisamountainouscountry,dominatedbyhighplateaus
andmountainchains.AfterthePyrenees,themainmountainrangesare
theCordilleraCantbrica,SistemaIbrico,SistemaCentral,Montesde
Toledo,SierraMorenaandtheSistemaPenibticowhosehighestpeak,
the3,478mhighMulhacn,locatedinSierraNevada,isthehighest
elevationintheIberianPeninsula.ThehighestpointinSpainistheTeide,
a3,718metre(12,198ft)activevolcanointheCanaryIslands.The
MesetaCentralisavastplateauintheheartofpeninsularSpain.
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ThereareseveralmajorriversinSpainsuchas
theTagus,Ebro,Guadiana,Douro,
Guadalquivir,Jcar,Segura,TuriaandMinho.
Alluvialplainsarefoundalongthecoast,the
largestofwhichisthatoftheGuadalquivirin
Andalusia.
Climate
Threemainclimaticzonescanbeseparated,
accordingtogeographicalsituationand
orographicconditions:[55][56][57]
OrdesayMontePerdido
NationalPark,World
HeritageSiteinthe
Pyrenees.
TheMediterraneanclimate,characterized
bywarmanddrysummers.Itisdominant
inthepeninsula,withtwovarieties:Csa
andCsbaccordingtotheKppenclimate
classification.TheCsbZone,withamore
extremeclimate,hotterinsummerand
BeechforestofTeja
NegainGuadalajara.
Roedeer,Iberianwolf,
GoldeneagleorGriffon
vulturearefoundhere.
colderinwinter,extendstoadditional
areasnottypicallyassociatedwithaMediterraneanclimate,suchas
muchofcentralandnortherncentralofSpain(e.g.Valladolid,
Burgos,Len).
Thesemiaridclimate(Bsh,Bsk),locatedinthesoutheasternquarter
ofthecountry,especiallyintheregionofMurciaandintheEbro
valley.IncontrastwiththeMediterraneanclimate,thedryseason
extendsbeyondthesummer.
Theoceanicclimate(Cfb),locatedinthenorthernquarterofthe
country,especiallyintheregionofBasqueCountry,Cantabria,
AsturiasandpartlyGalicia.IncontrarytotheMediterraneanclimate,
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winterandsummertemperaturesareinfluencedbytheocean,and
havenoseasonaldrought.
Apartfromthesemaintypes,othersubtypescanbefound,likethealpine
climateinthePyreneesandSierraNevada,andatypicalsubtropical
climateintheCanaryIslands.
Governance
TheSpanishConstitutionof1978isthe
culminationoftheSpanishtransitionto
democracy.Theconstitutionalhistoryof
Spaindatesbacktotheconstitutionof1812.
Impatientwiththeslowpaceofdemocratic
politicalreformsin1976and1977,Spain's
TheRoyalPalaceand
newKingJuanCarlos,knownforhis
SantaMaralaRealde
formidablepersonality,dismissedCarlos
AriasNavarroandappointedthereformer
LaAlmudenainMadrid
AdolfoSurezasPrimeMinister.[58][59]The
resultinggeneralelectionin1977convenedtheConstituentCortes(the
SpanishParliament,initscapacityasaconstitutionalassembly)forthe
purposeofdraftingandapprovingtheconstitutionof1978.[60]Aftera
nationalreferendumon6December1978,88%ofvotersapprovedofthe
newconstitution.
Asaresult,Spainisnowcomposedof17autonomouscommunitiesand
twoautonomouscitieswithvaryingdegreesofautonomythankstoits
Constitution,whichneverthelessexplicitlystatestheindivisibleunityof
theSpanishnation.TheconstitutionalsospecifiesthatSpainhasnostate
religionandthatallarefreetopracticeandbelieveastheywish.
AsofNovember2009,thegovernmentofSpainkeepsabalancedgender
equalityratio.Nineoutofthe18membersofthegovernmentarewomen.
UndertheadministrationofJosLuisRodrguezZapatero,Spainhas
beendescribedasbeing"atthevanguard"ingenderequalityissuesand
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alsothat"[n]oothermodern,democratic,administrationoutside
Scandinaviahastakenmorestepstoplacegenderissuesatthecentreof
government".[61]
TheSpanishadministrationhasalsopromotedgenderbasedpositive
discriminationbyapprovinggenderequalitylegislationin2007aimedat
providingequalitybetweengendersinSpanishpoliticalandeconomiclife
(GenderEqualityAct).[62][63]However,inthelegislativebranch,asof
July2010only128ofthe350membersoftheCongressarewomen
(36.3%).[64]ItplacesSpain13thonalistofcountriesrankedby
proportionofwomeninthelowerhouse.IntheSenate,theratioiseven
lower,sincethereareonly79womenoutof263(30.0%).[65]TheGender
EmpowermentMeasureofSpainintheUnitedNationsHuman
DevelopmentReportis0.794,12thintheworld.[66]
Branchesofgovernment
Spainisaconstitutionalmonarchy,withahereditarymonarchanda
bicameralparliament,theCortesGenerales(GeneralCourts).The
executivebranchconsistsofaCouncilofMinistersofSpainpresided
overbythePrimeMinister,nominatedandappointedbythemonarchand
confirmedbytheCongressofDeputiesfollowinglegislativeelections.By
politicalcustomestablishedbyKingJuanCarlossincetheratificationof
the1978Constitution,theking'snomineeshaveallbeenfrompartieswho
maintainapluralityofseatsintheCongress.
Thelegislativebranchismadeupofthe
CongressofDeputies(Congresodelos
Diputados)with350members,electedby
popularvoteonblocklistsbyproportional
representationtoservefouryearterms,and
aSenate(Senado)with259seatsofwhich
208aredirectlyelectedbypopularvote
andtheother51appointedbytheregional
legislaturestoalsoservefouryearterms.
CongressofDeputies.
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HeadofState
KingFelipeVI,since19June2014
HeadofGovernment
PrimeMinisterofSpain(PresidentedelGobierno,literally
PresidentoftheGovernment):MarianoRajoyBrey,elected20
November2011.
DeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterforthePresidency:
SorayaSenzdeSantamara.
Cabinet
CouncilofMinisters(ConsejodeMinistros)designatedbythe
PrimeMinister.
SpainisorganizationallystructuredasasocalledEstadodelas
Autonomas("StateofAutonomies")itisoneofthemostdecentralized
countriesinEurope,alongwithSwitzerland,GermanyandBelgium[67]
forexample,allAutonomousCommunitieshavetheirownelected
parliaments,governments,publicadministrations,budgets,andresources.
Healthandeducationsystemsamongothersaremanagedregionally,and
inaddition,theBasqueCountryandNavarrealsomanagetheirown
publicfinancesbasedonforalprovisions.InCataloniaandtheBasque
Country,afullfledgedautonomouspolicecorpsreplacessomeofthe
Statepolicefunctions(seeMossosd'Esquadra,Ertzaintza,PolicaForal
andPolicaCanaria).
HumanRights
TheGovernmentrespectsthehumanrightsofitscitizensalthoughthere
areafewproblemsinsomeareas,thelawandjudiciaryprovideeffective
meansofaddressingindividualinstancesofabuse.Thereareallegations
thatafewmembersofthesecurityforcesabuseddetaineesandmistreated
foreignersandillegalimmigrants.AccordingtoAmnestyInternational
(AI),governmentinvestigationsofsuchallegedabusesareoftenlengthy
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andpunishmentswerelight.Violenceagainst
womenwasaproblem,whichtheGovernment
tookstepstoaddress.
Spainprovidesoneofthehighestdegreesof
libertyintheworldforitsLGBTcommunity.
AmongthecountriesstudiedbyPewResearch
Centerin2013,Spainisratedfirstin
acceptanceofhomosexuality,withan88%of
societysupportingthegaycommunity
comparedto11%whodonot.[68]
Europridefestival2007
inMadrid
Administrativedivisions
TheSpanishStateisintegratedby17autonomouscommunitiesand2
autonomouscities,bothgroupsbeingthehighestorfirstorder
administrativedivisioninthecountry.Autonomouscommunitiesare
integratedbyprovinces,ofwhichthereare50intotal,andinturn,
provincesareintegratedbymunicipalities.InCatalonia,twoadditional
divisionsexist,thecomarques(sing.comarca)andthevegueries(sing.
vegueria)bothofwhichhaveadministrativepowerscomarquesbeing
aggregationsofmunicipalities,andthevegueriesbeingaggregationsof
comarques.Theconceptofacomarcaexistsinallautonomous
communities,however,unlikeCatalonia,thesearemerelyhistoricalor
geographicalsubdivisions.
Autonomouscommunitiesandautonomouscities
Autonomouscommunitiesarethefirstleveladministrativedivisioninthe
country.Thesewerecreatedafterthe1979andcurrentconstitutioncame
intoeffectinrecognitionoftherighttoselfgovernmenttothe
"nationalitiesandregionsofSpain".[69]Autonomouscommunitieswere
tobeintegratedbyadjacentprovinceswithcommonhistorical,cultural,
andeconomicaltraits.Thisterritorialorganization,basedondevolution,
isknowninSpainasthe"StateofAutonomies".
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BayofBiscay
Asturias
Cantabria
Thebasicinstitutionallawof
BasqueCountry
France
Galicia
Navarre
eachautonomouscommunityis
Andorra
Castile
theStatuteofAutonomy.The
andLenLaRiojaAragonCatalonia
StatutesofAutonomyestablish
Madrid
thenameofthecommunity
Balearic
Islands
accordingtoitshistorical
Castile Valencia
Extremadura LaMancha
identity,thelimitsoftheir
Portugal
territories,thenameand
Murcia
Andalusia
Mediterranean
organizationoftheinstitutions
Sea
ofgovernmentandtherights
Canary
theyenjoyaccordingthe
Atlantic
Islands
Ocean Gibraltar(UK)
Ceuta
constitution.[70]
Melilla
Thegovernmentofallautonomouscommunitiesmustbebasedona
divisionofpowerscomprising:
Atlantic
Ocean
aLegislativeAssemblywhosemembersmustbeelectedbyuniversal
suffrageaccordingtothesystemofproportionalrepresentationandin
whichallareasthatintegratetheterritoryarefairlyrepresented
aGovernmentCouncil,withexecutiveandadministrativefunctions
headedbyapresident,electedbytheLegislativeAssemblyand
nominatedbytheKingofSpain
aSupremeCourtofJustice,undertheSupremeCourtoftheState,
whichheadthejudicialorganizationwithintheautonomous
community.
Catalonia,GaliciaandtheBasqueCountry,whichidentifiedthemselves
as"nationalities"weregrantedselfgovernmentthrougharapidprocess.
AndalusiaalsotookthatdenominationinitsfirstStatuteofAutonomy,
eventhoughitfollowedthelongerprocessstipulatedintheconstitution
fortherestofthecountry.Progressively,othercommunitiesinrevisions
totheirStatutesofAutonomyhavealsotakenthatdenominationin
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accordancetotheirhistoricalregionalidentity,suchastheValencian
Community,[71]theCanaryIslands,[72]theBalearicIslands,[73]and
Aragon.[74]
Theautonomouscommunitieshavewidelegislativeandexecutive
autonomy,withtheirownparliamentsandregionalgovernments.The
distributionofpowersmaybedifferentforeverycommunity,aslaidout
intheirStatutesofAutonomy,sincedevolutionwasintendedtobe
asymmetrical.OnlytwocommunitiestheBasqueCountryandNavarre
havefullfiscalautonomy.Asideoffiscalautonomy,the"historical"
nationalitiesAndalusia,theBasqueCountry,Catalonia,andGalicia
weredevolvedmorepowersthantherestofthecommunities,among
themtheabilityoftheregionalpresidenttodissolvetheparliamentand
callforelectionsatanytime.Inaddition,theBasqueCountry,Catalonia
andNavarrehavepolicecorpsoftheirown:Ertzaintza,Mossos
d'EsquadraandthePolicaForalrespectively.Othercommunitieshave
morelimitedforcesornoneatall,likethePolicaAutnomaAndaluza[75]
inAndalusiaortheBESCAMinMadrid.
Nonetheless,recentamendmentstoexisting
StatutesofAutonomyorthepromulgationof
newStatutesaltogether,havereducedthe
asymmetrybetweenthepowersoriginally
grantedtothe"historicalnationalities"andthe
restoftheregions.
Finally,alongwiththe17autonomous
communities,twoautonomouscitiesarealso
partoftheStateofAutonomiesandarefirst
orderterritorialdivisions:CeutaandMelilla.
Thesearetwoexclaveslocatedinthenorthern
Africancoast.
HalloftheConsellde
Cent,localbodyof
Barcelonabetweenthe
13thand18thcenturies.
Provincesandmunicipalities
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Autonomouscommunitiesaresubdividedintoprovinces,whichservedas
theirterritorialbuildingblocks.Inturn,provincesareintegratedby
municipalities.Theexistenceofboththeprovincesandthemunicipalities
isguaranteedandprotectedbytheconstitution,notnecessarilybythe
StatutesofAutonomythemselves.Municipalitiesaregrantedautonomy
tomanagetheirinternalaffairs,andprovincesaretheterritorialdivisions
designedtocarryouttheactivitiesoftheState.[76]
Thecurrentprovincialdivisionstructureisbasedwithminorchanges
onthe1833territorialdivisionbyJavierdeBurgos,andinall,the
Spanishterritoryisdividedinto50provinces.Thecommunitiesof
Asturias,Cantabria,LaRioja,theBalearicIslands,Madrid,Murciaand
Navarrearetheonlycommunitiesthatareintegratedbyasingleprovince,
whichiscoextensivewiththecommunityitself.Inthiscases,the
administrativeinstitutionsoftheprovincearereplacedbythe
governmentalinstitutionsofthecommunity.
Foreignrelations
Afterthereturnofdemocracyfollowingthe
deathofFrancoin1975,Spain'sforeign
policyprioritiesweretobreakoutofthe
diplomaticisolationoftheFrancoyearsand
expanddiplomaticrelations,enterthe
EuropeanCommunity,anddefinesecurity
relationswiththeWest.
MarianoRajoyinaG20
SummitinMexico.
Spainisapermanent
guestoftheG20.
AsamemberofNATOsince1982,Spainhas
establisheditselfasaparticipantin
multilateralinternationalsecurityactivities.
Spain'sEUmembershiprepresentsanimportantpartofitsforeignpolicy.
EvenonmanyinternationalissuesbeyondwesternEurope,Spainprefers
tocoordinateitseffortswithitsEUpartnersthroughtheEuropean
politicalcooperationmechanisms.
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Spainhasmaintaineditsspecialrelationwith
HispanicAmericaandthePhilippines.Its
policyemphasisestheconceptofan
Iberoamericancommunity,essentiallythe
renewalofthehistoricallyliberalconceptof
"Hispanidad"or"Hispanismo",asitisoften
referredtoinEnglish,whichhassoughtto
linktheIberianPeninsulawithHispanic
Americathroughlanguage,commerce,history
andculture.
TheIberoAmerican
Summit,inSan
Salvador,2008
Territorialdisputes
SpainclaimsGibraltar,a6squarekilometre(2.3sqmi)Overseas
TerritoryoftheUnitedKingdominthesouthernmostpartoftheIberian
Peninsula.ThenaSpanishtown,itwasconqueredbyanAngloDutch
forcein1704duringtheWaroftheSpanishSuccessiononbehalfof
ArchdukeCharles,pretendertotheSpanishthrone.
ThelegalsituationconcerningGibraltarwassettledin1713bytheTreaty
ofUtrecht,inwhichSpaincededtheterritoryinperpetuitytotheBritish
Crown[77]statingthat,shouldtheBritishabandonthispost,itwouldbe
offeredtoSpainfirst.Sincethe1940sSpainhascalledforthereturnof
Gibraltar.TheoverwhelmingmajorityofGibraltariansstronglyoppose
this,alongwithanyproposalofsharedsovereignty.[78]UNresolutions
callontheUnitedKingdomandSpain,bothEUmembers,toreachan
agreementoverthestatusofGibraltar.[79][80]
TheSpanishclaimmakesadistinctionbetweentheisthmusthatconnects
theRocktotheSpanishmainlandontheonehand,andtheRockandcity
ofGibraltarontheother.WhiletheRockandcitywerecededbythe
TreatyofUtrecht,Spainassertsthatthe"occupationoftheisthmusis
illegalandagainsttheprinciplesofInternationalLaw".[81]TheUnited
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Kingdomreliesondefactoargumentsofpossessionbyprescriptionin
relationtotheisthmus,[82]astherehasbeen"continuouspossession[of
theisthmus]overalongperiod".[83]
AnotherclaimbySpainisabouttheSavageIslands,aclaimnot
recognizedbyPortugal.Spainclaimsthattheyarerocksratherthan
islands,thereforeclaimingthatthereisnoPortugueseterritorialwaters
aroundthedisputedislands.On5July2013,SpainsentalettertotheUN
expressingtheseviews.[84][85]
SpainclaimsthesovereigntyoverthePerejilIsland,asmall,uninhabited
rockyisletlocatedintheSouthshoreoftheStraitofGibraltar.Theisland
lies250metres(820ft)justoffthecoastofMorocco,8kilometres
(5.0mi)fromCeutaand13.5kilometres(8.4mi)frommainlandSpain.
ItssovereigntyisdisputedbetweenSpainandMorocco.Itwasthesubject
ofanarmedincidentbetweenthetwocountriesin2002.Theincident
endedwhenbothcountriesagreedtoreturntothestatusquoantewhich
existedpriortotheMoroccanoccupationoftheisland.Theisletisnow
desertedandwithoutanysignofsovereignty.
BesidesthePerejilIsland,theSpanishheldterritoriesclaimedbyother
countriesaretwo:MoroccoclaimstheSpanishcitiesofCeutaandMelilla
andtheplazasdesoberanaisletsoffthenortherncoastofAfricaand
PortugaldoesnotrecogniseSpain'ssovereigntyovertheterritoryof
Olivenza.
Military
ThearmedforcesofSpainareknownastheSpanishArmedForces
(FuerzasArmadasEspaolas).TheirCommanderinchiefistheKingof
Spain,FelipeVI.[86]
TheSpanishArmedForcesaredividedintothreebranches:[87]
Army(EjrcitodeTierra)
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Navy(Armada)
AirForce(EjrcitodelAire)
Economy
Recentbackground
Spain'scapitalistmixedeconomyisthe14th
largestworldwideandthe5thlargestinthe
EuropeanUnion,aswellastheEurozone's4th
largest.
ExamplesofSpain's
military:aircraft
carrier/assaultshipJuan
CarlosI(L61),multirole
fighterEurofighter
Typhoon,BoeingCH47
Chinook,universaltank
Leopard2
Thecentrerightgovernmentofformerprime
ministerJosMaraAznarworked
successfullytogainadmissiontothegroupof
countrieslaunchingtheeuroin1999.
Unemploymentstoodat7.6%inOctober2006,a
ratethatcomparedfavourablytomanyother
Europeancountries,andespeciallywiththeearly
1990swhenitstoodatover20%.Perennialweak
pointsofSpain'seconomyincludehigh
inflation,[88]alargeundergroundeconomy,[89]and
aneducationsystemwhichOECDreportsplace
amongthepoorestfordevelopedcountries,
togetherwiththeUnitedStatesandUK.[90]
TorreAgbar,
Barcelona
Bythemid1990stheeconomyhad
recommmencedthegrowththathadbeendisruptedbytheglobal
recessionoftheearly1990s.Thestrongeconomicgrowthhelpedthe
governmenttoreducethegovernmentdebtasapercentageofGDPand
Spain'shighunemploymentbegantodropsteadily.Withthegovernment
budgetinbalanceandinflationundercontrolSpainwasadmittedintothe
Eurozonein1999.
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Sincethe1990ssomeSpanishcompanieshavegainedmultinational
status,oftenexpandingtheiractivitiesin
culturallycloseLatinAmerica.Spainisthe
secondbiggestforeigninvestorthere,afterthe
UnitedStates.Spanishcompanieshavealso
expandedintoAsia,especiallyChinaand
India.[91]Thisearlyglobalexpansionisa
competitiveadvantageoveritscompetitorsand
Europeanneighbours.Thereasonforthisearly
expansionistheboominginteresttoward
Spainisamemberof
SpanishlanguageandcultureinAsiaandAfrica
theSchengenArea,
andacorporateculturethatlearnedtotakerisks
theEurozoneandthe
inunstablemarkets.
EuropeanSingle
Market.
Spanishcompaniesinvestedinfieldslike
renewableenergycommercialisation(Iberdrola
wastheworld'slargestrenewableenergyoperator[92]),technology
companieslikeTelefnica,Abengoa,MondragonCorporation,Movistar,
Hisdesat,Indra,trainmanufacturerslikeCAF,Talgo,globalcorporations
suchasthetextilecompanyInditex,petroleumcompanieslikeRepsoland
infrastructure,withsixofthetenbiggestinternationalconstructionfirms
specialisingintransportbeingSpanish,likeFerrovial,Acciona,ACS,
OHLandFCC.[93]
Propertyboomandbust
TheadoptionoftheEurosawamarked
reductionininterestratestohistoriclows.The
growthintheSpanishpropertymarket,which
hadbegunin1997,acceleratedandwithina
fewyearshaddevelopedintoaproperty
bubble,financedlargelybythecajas(regional
savingsbanksundertheoversightofthe
regionalgovernments)andfedbythe
historicallylowinterestratesandamassive
CuatroTorresBusiness
AreainMadrid
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growthofimmigration.TheSpanisheconomywascreditedforhaving
avoidedthevirtualzerogrowthrateofsomeofitslargestpartnersinthe
EU.[94]
Spain'seconomycreatedmorethanhalfofallthenewjobsinthe
EuropeanUnionoverthefiveyearsending2005.[95][96]Thebubble
implodedin2008,causingthecollapseofSpain'slargepropertyrelated
andconstructionsectors,causingmasslayoffs,andacollapsingdomestic
demandforgoodsandservices.BytheendofMay2009,unemployment
reached18.7%(37%foryouths).[97][98][99]
Atfirst,Spain'sbanksandfinancialservicesavoidedtheearlycrisisof
theircounterpartsintheUSandUK.Thiswasparticularlythecasewith
Spain'sinternationalbanks,BancoSantanderandBBVA,thathad
diversified,internationalportfoliosandhadactivelylimitedtheir
exposuretohousingmortgagerisk.BancoSantanderwasabletoprofit
fromtheglobalfinancialcrisisbytakingoverdistressedBritishbanking
firms.[100]However,astherecessiondeepenedandpropertypricesslid,
thegrowingbaddebtsofthesmallerregionalsavingsbanks,thecajas,
forcedtheinterventionofSpain'scentralbankandgovernmentthrougha
stabilisationandconsolidationprogram,takingoverorconsolidating
regionalcajasandfinallyreceivingabankbailoutfromtheEuropean
CentralBankin2012.[101][102][103]
Qualityoflife
In2005theEconomistIntelligenceUnit's
qualityoflifesurveyplacedSpainamong
thetop10intheworld.[107]In2013the
samesurvey(nowcalledthe"Wheretobe
bornindex"),rankedSpain28thinthe
world.[108]
Theurbantransformationof
Bilbaohasbeenhailedasan
exampleof"smartcity"
thinkingandimproved
qualityoflife.[104][105][106]
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In2010,theBasquecityofBilbaowasawardedwiththeLeeKuanYew
WorldCityPrize,[109]anditsmayoratthetime,IakiAzkuna,was
awardedtheWorldMayorPrizein2012.[110]ThecityofVitoriaGasteiz
receivedtheEuropeanGreenCapitalAwardin2012.[111]
Agriculture
Cropareaswerefarmedintwohighlydiverse
manners.Areasrelyingonnonirrigated
cultivation(secano),whichmadeup85%of
theentirecroparea,dependedsolelyon
rainfallasasourceofwater.Theyincluded
thehumidregionsofthenorthandthe
northwest,aswellasvastaridzonesthathad
notbeenirrigated.Themuchmoreproductive
regionsdevotedtoirrigatedcultivation
(regadio)accountedfor3millionhectaresin
1986,andthegovernmenthopedthatthisarea
wouldeventuallydouble,asitalreadyhad
doubledsince1950.Particularlynoteworthy
wasthedevelopmentinAlmeriaoneofthe
mostaridanddesolateprovincesofSpain
ofwintercropsofvariousfruitsand
vegetablesforexporttoEurope.
Avineyardgrowing
grapesforRiojawine,
LaRioja
Amarketgardenof
Murcia.
Thoughonlyabout17%ofSpain'scultivated
landwasirrigated,itwasestimatedtobethe
sourceofbetween4045%ofthegrossvalueofcropproductionandof
50%ofthevalueofagriculturalexports.Morethanhalfoftheirrigated
areawasplantedincorn,fruittrees,andvegetables.Otheragricultural
productsthatbenefitedfromirrigationincludedgrapes,cotton,sugar
beets,potatoes,legumes,olivetrees,mangos,strawberries,tomatoes,and
foddergrasses.Dependingonthenatureofthecrop,itwaspossibleto
harvesttwosuccessivecropsinthesameyearonabout10%ofthe
country'sirrigatedland.
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Citrusfruits,vegetables,cerealgrains,oliveoil,andwineSpain's
traditionalagriculturalproductscontinuedtobeimportantinthe
1980s.In1983theyrepresented12%,12%,8%,6%,and4%,
respectively,ofthecountry'sagriculturalproduction.Becauseofthe
changeddietofanincreasinglyaffluentpopulation,therewasanotable
increaseintheconsumptionoflivestock,poultry,anddairyproducts.
Meatproductionfordomesticconsumptionbecamethesinglemost
importantagriculturalactivity,accountingfor30%ofallfarmrelated
productionin1983.Increasedattentiontolivestockwasthereasonthat
Spainbecameanetimporterofgrains.Idealgrowingconditions,
combinedwithproximitytoimportantnorthEuropeanmarkets,made
citrusfruitsSpain'sleadingexport.Freshvegetablesandfruitsproduced
throughintensiveirrigationfarmingalsobecameimportantexport
commodities,asdidsunflowerseedoilthatwasproducedtocompete
withthemoreexpensiveoliveoilsinoversupplythroughoutthe
MediterraneancountriesoftheEC.
Tourism
TheclimateofSpain,itsgeographiclocation,
popularcoastlines,diverselandscapes,
historicallegacy,vibrantcultureandexcellent
infrastructure,hasmadeSpain'sinternational
touristindustryamongthelargestinthe
world.Inthelastfivedecades,international
tourisminSpainhasgrowntobecomethe
secondlargestintheworldintermsof
spending,worthapproximately40billion
Eurosorabout5%ofGDPin2006.[112][113]
Benidorm,oneof
Europe'slargestcoastal
touristdestinations
Energy
Spainisoneoftheworld'sleadingcountriesinthedevelopmentand
productionofrenewableenergy.In2010Spainbecamethesolarpower
worldleaderwhenitovertooktheUnitedStateswithamassivepower
stationplantcalledLaFlorida,nearAlvarado,Badajoz.[115][116]Spainis
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alsoEurope'smainproducerofwindenergy.In2010itswindturbines
generated42,976GWh,whichaccountedfor16.4%ofallelectrical
energyproducedinSpain.[117][118][119]On9November2010,wind
energyreachedaninstantaneoushistoricpeak
covering53%ofmainlandelectricity
demand[120]andgeneratinganamountof
energythatisequivalenttothatof14nuclear
reactors.[121]Otherrenewableenergiesusedin
Spainarehydroelectric,biomassandmarine
(2powerplantsunderconstruction).[122]
WindturbinesinGalicia.
Spainisthefourth
producerofwindpower
NonrenewableenergysourcesusedinSpain
arenuclear(8operativereactors),gas,coal,
andoil.Fossilfuelstogethergenerated58%of
intheworld.[114]
Spain'selectricityin2009,justbelowthe
OECDmeanof61%.Nuclearpower
generatedanother19%,andwindandhydroabout12%each.[123]
Transport
TheSpanishroadsystemismainlycentralized,withsixhighways
connectingMadridtotheBasqueCountry,Catalonia,Valencia,West
Andalusia,ExtremaduraandGalicia.Additionally,therearehighways
alongtheAtlantic(FerroltoVigo),Cantabrian(OviedotoSanSebastin)
andMediterranean(GironatoCdiz)coasts.Spainaimstoput
onemillionelectriccarsontheroadby2014aspartofthegovernment's
plantosaveenergyandboostenergyefficiency.[124]TheMinisterof
IndustryMiguelSebastiansaidthat"theelectricvehicleisthefutureand
theengineofanindustrialrevolution."[125]
SpainhasthemostextensivehighspeedrailnetworkinEurope,andthe
secondmostextensiveintheworldafterChina.[126][127][128]Asof
October2010,Spainhasatotalof3,500km(2,174.80mi)ofhighspeed
trackslinkingMlaga,Seville,Madrid,Barcelona,Valenciaand
Valladolid,withthetrainsreachingspeedsupto300km/h(190mph).On
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average,theSpanishhighspeedtrainisthefastestoneintheworld,
followedbytheJapanesebullettrainandtheFrenchTGV.[129]Regarding
punctuality,itissecondintheworld(98.54%ontimearrival)afterthe
JapaneseShinkansen(99%).[130]ShouldtheaimsoftheambitiousAVE
program(Spanishhighspeedtrains)bemet,
by2020Spainwillhave7,000km(4,300mi)
ofhighspeedtrainslinkingalmostall
provincialcitiestoMadridinlessthanthree
hoursandBarcelonawithinfourhours.
Thereare47publicairportsinSpain.The
busiestoneistheairportofMadrid(Barajas),
AVEhighspeedtrains.
with50millionpassengersin2011,beingthe
world's15thbusiestairport,aswellasthe
EuropeanUnion'sfourthbusiest.TheairportofBarcelona(ElPrat)isalso
important,with35millionpassengersin2011,beingtheworld's31st
busiestairport.OthermainairportsarelocatedinMajorca(23million
passengers),Mlaga(13millionpassengers),LasPalmas(GranCanaria)
(11millionpassengers),Alicante(10millionpassengers)andsmaller,
withthenumberofpassengersbetween4and10million,forexample
Tenerife(twoairports),Valencia,Seville,Bilbao,Ibiza,Lanzarote,
Fuerteventura.Also,morethan30airportswiththenumberofpassengers
below4million.
Demographics
In2008thepopulationofSpainofficiallyreached46millionpeople,as
recordedbythePadrnmunicipal(Spain'sMunicipalRegister).[131]
Spain'spopulationdensity,at91/km(235/sqmi),islowerthanthatof
mostWesternEuropeancountriesanditsdistributionacrossthecountry
isveryunequal.Withtheexceptionoftheregionsurroundingthecapital,
Madrid,themostpopulatedareasliearoundthecoast.Thepopulationof
Spainmorethandoubledsince1900,whenitstoodat18.6million,
principallyduetothespectaculardemographicboominthe1960sand
early1970s.[132]
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NativeSpaniardsmakeup88%ofthetotal
populationofSpain.Afterthebirthrate
plungedinthe1980sandSpain'spopulation
growthratedropped,thepopulationagain
trendedupward,basedinitiallyonthereturn
ofmanySpaniardswhohademigratedto
Valencia.The
otherEuropeancountriesduringthe1970s,
Mediterraneancoastis
andmorerecently,fuelledbylargenumbers
themostdensely
ofimmigrantswhomakeup12%ofthe
inhabitatedareainSpain.
population.Theimmigrantsoriginatemainly
inLatinAmerica(39%),NorthAfrica(16%),
EasternEurope(15%),andSubSaharanAfrica(4%).[133]In2005,Spain
institutedathreemonthamnestyprogramthroughwhichcertainhitherto
undocumentedaliensweregrantedlegalresidency.
In2008,Spaingrantedcitizenshipto84,170persons,mostlytopeople
fromEcuador,ColombiaandMorocco.[134]Asizeableportionofforeign
residentsinSpainalsocomesfromotherWesternandCentralEuropean
countries.ThesearemostlyBritish,French,German,Dutch,and
Norwegian.TheyresideprimarilyontheMediterraneancoastandthe
Balearicislands,wheremanychoosetolivetheirretirementor
telecommute.
SubstantialpopulationsdescendedfromSpanishcolonistsandimmigrants
existinotherpartsoftheworld,mostnotablyinLatinAmerica.
Beginninginthelate15thcentury,largenumbersofIberiancolonists
settledinwhatbecameLatinAmericaandatpresentmostwhiteLatin
Americans(whomakeupaboutonethirdofLatinAmerica'spopulation)
areofSpanishorPortugueseorigin.Around240,000Spaniardsemigrated
inthe16thcentury,mostlytoPeruandMexico.[135]Another450,000left
inthe17thcentury.[136]Between1846and1932itisestimatedthat
nearly5millionSpaniardsemigratedtotheAmericas,especiallyto
ArgentinaandBrazil.[137]ApproximatelytwomillionSpaniardsmigrated
tootherWesternEuropeancountriesbetween1960and1975.Duringthe
sameperiodperhaps300,000wenttoLatinAmerica.[138]
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Urbanization
Metropolitanareas
Source:"reasurbanas+50",
MinistryofPublicWorksand
Transport(2013)[139]
Geographicaldistributionofthe
Spanishpopulationin2008
Autonomous
Metroarea
community Government
Rank
data
Population
Otherestimations
Madrid
Madrid 6,052,247 5.46.5m[140][141]
Barcelona
Catalonia 5,030,679 4.25.1m[140][142]
Valencia
Seville
Andalusia 1,294,867 1.21.3m
Mlaga
Andalusia
953,251
Bilbao
Basque
Country
910,578
7 OviedoGijnAvils
Asturias
835,053
Valencia 1,551,585 1.52.3m[143]
Zaragoza
Aragon
746,152
AlicanteElche
Valencia
698,662
10
Murcia
Murcia
643,854
Peoples
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TheSpanishConstitutionof1978,inits
secondarticle,recogniseshistoricentities
nationalities(acarefullychosenwordto
avoidthemorepoliticallycharged"nations")
andregions,withinthecontextofthe
Spanishnation.Forsomepeople,Spain's
identityconsistsmoreofanoverlapof
differentregionalidentitiesthanofasole
Asturianfolkmusicians
Spanishidentity.Indeed,someoftheregional
withbagpipes.
identitiesmayevenconflictwiththeSpanish
one.Distincttraditionalregionalidentities
withinSpainincludetheBasques,Catalans,Galicians,Cantabriansand
Castilians,amongothers.[144]
Itisthislastfeatureof"sharedidentity"betweenthemorelocallevelor
AutonomousCommunityandtheSpanishlevelwhichmakestheidentity
questioninSpaincomplexandfarfromunivocal.
Minoritygroups
Spainhasanumberofdescendantsofpopulationsfromformercolonies,
especiallyLatinAmericaandNorthAfrica.Smallernumbersof
immigrantsfromseveralSubSaharancountrieshaverecentlybeen
settlinginSpain.TherearealsosizeablenumbersofAsianimmigrants,
mostofwhomareofMiddleEastern,SouthAsianandChineseorigin.
ThesinglelargestgroupofimmigrantsareEuropeanrepresentedby
largenumbersofBritons,Germans,Frenchandothers.[145]
Thearrivalofthegitanos,a
Romanipeople,beganinthe
16thcenturyestimatesofthe
SpanishGitanopopulation
fluctuatearound700,000.[146]
Therearealsothemercheros
CeutaandMelillahaveabigpopulation
ofnorthafricanancestry.
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(alsoquinquis),aformerlynomadicminoritygroup.Theiroriginis
unclear.
Historically,SephardiJewsandmoriscosarethemainminoritygroups
originatedinSpainandwithacontributiontoSpanishculture.[147]The
SpanishgovernmentisofferingSpanishnationalitytosephardiJews.[148]
Immigration
AccordingtotheSpanishgovernmentthere
were5.7millionforeignresidentsinSpainin
2011,or12%ofthetotalpopulation.
Accordingtoresidencepermitdatafor2011,
morethan860,000wereRomanian,about
770,000wereMoroccan,approximately
Marbella,Mlaga,where
390,000wereBritish,and360,000were
Britonswhoarethe
Ecuadorian.[149]Othersizeableforeign
thirdbiggestimmigrant
communitiesareColombian,Bolivian,
communityinSpain
German,Italian,Bulgarian,andChinese.
resideinlargenumbers.
Therearemorethan200,000migrantsfrom
SubSaharanAfricalivinginSpain,
principallySenegalesesandNigerians.[150]Since2000,Spainhas
experiencedhighpopulationgrowthasaresultofimmigrationflows,
despiteabirthratethatisonlyhalfthereplacementlevel.Thissudden
andongoinginflowofimmigrants,particularlythosearrivingillegallyby
sea,hascausednoticeablesocialtension.[151]
WithintheEU,Spainhadthe2ndhighestimmigrationrateinpercentage
termsafterCyprus,butbyagreatmargin,thehighestinabsolute
numbers,upto2008.[152]ThenumberofimmigrantsinSpainhadgrown
upfrom500,000peoplein1996to5.2millionin2008outofatotal
populationof46million.[153][154]In2005alone,aregularisation
programmeincreasedthelegalimmigrantpopulationby700,000
people.[155]Thereareanumberofreasonsforthehighlevelof
immigration,includingSpain'sculturaltieswithLatinAmerica,its
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geographicalposition,theporosityofits
borders,thelargesizeofitsunderground
economyandthestrengthoftheagricultural
andconstructionsectors,whichdemandmore
lowcostlabourthancanbeofferedbythe
nationalworkforce.
PalmadeMallorca
Anotherstatisticallysignificantfactoristhe
wherealargepopulation
largenumberofresidentsofEUorigin
ofGermanslive.
typicallyretiringtoSpain'sMediterranean
coast.Infact,SpainwasEurope'slargest
absorberofmigrantsfrom2002to2007,withitsimmigrantpopulation
morethandoublingas2.5millionpeoplearrived.[156]In2008,priorto
theonsetoftheeconomiccrisis,theFinancialTimesreportedthatSpain
wasthemostfavoureddestinationforWesternEuropeansconsideringa
movefromtheirowncountryandseekingjobselsewhereintheEU.[157]
In2008,thegovernmentinstituteda"PlanofVoluntaryReturn"which
encouragedunemployedimmigrantsfromoutsidetheEUtoreturnto
theirhomecountriesandreceiveseveralincentives,includingtherightto
keeptheirunemploymentbenefitsandtransferwhatevertheycontributed
totheSpanishSocialSecurity.[158]Theprogramhadlittleeffectduring
itsfirsttwomonths,just1,400immigrantstookuptheoffer.[159]What
theprogramfailedtodo,thesharpandprolongedeconomiccrisishas
donefrom2010to2011inthattensofthousandsofimmigrantshaveleft
thecountryduetolackofjobs.In2011alone,morethanhalfamillion
peopleleftSpain.[160]Forthefirsttimeindecadesthenetmigrationrate
wasexpectedtobenegative,andnineoutof10emigrantswere
foreigners.[160]
Languages
Spainisopenlymultilingual,[161]andtheconstitutionestablishesthatthe
nationwillprotect"allSpaniardsandthepeoplesofSpainintheexercise
ofhumanrights,theirculturesandtraditions,languagesand
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institutions.[162]
Spanish(espaol)officiallyrecognizedintheconstitutionasCastilian
(castellano)istheofficiallanguage
oftheentirecountry,anditisthe
rightanddutyofeverySpaniardto
knowthelanguage.Theconstitution
alsoestablishesthat"allotherSpanish
languages"thatis,allother
languagesofSpainwillalsobe
officialintheirrespective
ThelanguagesofSpain
autonomouscommunitiesin
(simplified)
accordancetotheirStatutes,their
organicregionallegislations,andthat
Aranese(a
the"richnessofthedistinctlinguistic
dialectof
modalitiesofSpainrepresentsa
Occitan),co
patrimonywhichwillbetheobjectof
Spanish
official
[163]
specialrespectandprotection."
officialandspoken Asturian,
TheotherofficiallanguagesofSpain,
coofficialwithSpanishare:
Basque(euskara)intheBasque
CountryandNavarre
Catalan(catal)inCatalonia,the
BalearicIslandsandinthe
ValencianCommunity,whereits
distinctmodalityofthelanguage
isofficiallyknownasValencian
alloverthecountry recognized
Catalan/Valencian, Aragonese,
coofficial
recognized
Basque,co
Leonese,
official
unofficial
Galician,co
official
Extremaduran,
unofficial
Fala,
unofficial
(valenci)and
Galician(galego)inGalicia
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Asapercentageofthegeneralpopulation,Basqueisspokenby2%,
Catalan(orValencian)by17%,andGalicianby7%ofallSpaniards.[164]
InCatalonia,Aranese(arans),alocalvarietyoftheOccitanlanguage,
hasbeendeclaredcoofficialalongwithCatalanandSpanishsince2006.
ItisspokenonlyinthecomarcaofVald'Aranbyroughly6,700people.
OtherRomanceminoritylanguages,thoughnotofficial,havespecial
recognition,suchastheAsturLeonesegroup(Asturian,asturianualso
called"bable",inAsturias[165]andLeonese,llions,inCastileandLen)
andAragonese(aragons)inAragon.
IntheNorthAfricanSpanishautonomouscityofMelilla,RiffBerberis
spokenbyasignificantpartofthepopulation.Inthetouristareasofthe
Mediterraneancoastandtheislands,EnglishandGermanarewidely
spokenbytourists,foreignresidents,andtourismworkers.
Education
StateeducationinSpainisfreeandcompulsoryfromtheageof6to16.
Thecurrenteducationsystemwasestablishedbyaneducationallawof
2006,LOE(LeyOrgnicadeEducacin),orFundamentalLawof
Education.[166]
Religion
RomanCatholicismhaslong
ReligionsinSpain
beenthemainreligionofSpain,
Catholicism
69%
andalthoughitnolongerhas
Noreligion
26%
officialstatusbylaw,inall
Otherfaith
2%
publicschoolsinSpainstudents
Noanswer
3%
havetochooseeitherareligion
Numbersfromthefollowingsource:[167]
orethicsclass,andCatholicism
istheonlyreligionofficially
taught.AccordingtoanApril2014studybytheSpanishCentrefor
SociologicalResearchabout69%ofSpaniardsselfidentifyasCatholics,
2%otherfaith,andabout26%identifywithnoreligion(9.4%ofthetotal
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areatheists).MostSpaniardsdonotparticipateregularlyinreligious
services.ThissamestudyshowsthatoftheSpaniardswhoidentify
themselvesasreligious,59%hardlyeverornevergotochurch,15%go
tochurchsometimesayear,8%sometimepermonthand14%every
Sundayormultipletimesperweek.[167]
Altogether,about22%oftheentireSpanish
populationattendsreligiousservicesatleastonce
permonth.[168]ThoughSpanishsocietyhas
becomeconsiderablymoresecularinrecent
decades,theinfluxofLatinAmericanimmigrants,
whotendtobestrongCatholicpractitioners,has
helpedtheCatholicChurchtorecover.
Santiagode
Compostela
Cathedral,A
Coruaterminus
oftheCaminode
Santiago
TherehavebeenfourSpanishPopes.DamasusI,
CalixtusIII,AlexanderVIandBenedictXIII.
Spanishmisticismwasanimportantintellectual
fightagainstProtestantismwithTeresaofvila,a
reformistnun,ahead.TheSocietyofJesuswas
foundedbyIgnatiusofLoyola.
Protestantchurcheshaveabout1,200,000
members.[169]Thereareabout105,000Jehovah's
Witnesses.TheChurchofJesusChristofLatterdaySaintshas
approximately46,000adherentsin133congregationsinallregionsofthe
countryandhasatempleintheMoratalazDistrictofMadrid.[170]
AstudymadebyUnindeComunidadesIslmicasdeEspaa
demonstratedthattherewereabout1,700,000inhabitantsofMuslim
backgroundlivinginSpainasof2012,accountingfor34%ofthetotal
populationofSpain.Thevastmajoritywascomposedofimmigrantsand
descendantsoriginatingfromMoroccoandotherAfricancountries.More
than514,000(30%)ofthemhadSpanishnationality.[171]
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Therecentwavesofimmigrationhavealsoledtoanincreasingnumber
ofHindus,Buddhists,SikhsandMuslims.AftertheReconquistain1492,
MuslimsdidnotliveinSpainforcenturies.Late19thcenturycolonial
expansioninnorthwesternAfricagaveanumberofresidentsinSpanish
MoroccoandWesternSaharafullcitizenship.Theirrankshavesince
beenbolsteredbyrecentimmigration,especiallyfromMoroccoand
Algeria.
JudaismwaspracticallynonexistentinSpainfromthe1492expulsion
untilthe19thcentury,whenJewswereagainpermittedtoenterthe
country.Currentlytherearearound62,000JewsinSpain,or0.14%ofthe
totalpopulation.Mostarearrivalsinthepastcentury,whilesomeare
descendantsofearlierSpanishJews.Approximately80,000Jewsare
thoughttohavelivedinSpainontheeveoftheSpanishInquisition.[172]
Culture
Culturally,SpainisaWesterncountry.Becauseofthegreatstrengthof
theRomanheritageinalmosteveryaspectofSpanishlife,Spainisoften
describedasaLatincountry.Nevertheless,therehavebeenmany
influencesonmanyaspectsofSpanishlife,fromartandarchitectureto
cuisineandmusic,frommanycountriesacrossEuropeandfromaround
theMediterranean,throughitslonghistory.
MonumentsandWorldHeritageSites
ItshouldbenotedthathatafterItaly(49)and
China(45),Spainisthethirdcountryinthe
worldwiththemostworldheritagesites.At
thepresenttimeithas44recognizedsites,
includingMontePerdidoatthePyrenees,
whichissharedwithFrance.[173]Inaddition,
Spainhasalso14Intangibleculturalheritage,
AqueductofSegovia,
Roman.
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or"Humantreasures",Spainranksfirstin
EuropeaccordingtoUNESCO'sIntangible
CulturalHeritageList,tiedwithCroatia.[174]
1984ObrasdeAntoniGaud(in
Spanish)(Barcelona).
1984MonasterioySitiodeElEscorial
enMadrid(CommunityofMadrid).
SantaMaradel
Naranco,pre
romanesque.
1984CathedralofBurgos(Burgos).
1984Alhambra,GeneralifeyAlbaicn
(Granada).
1984HistoriccentreofCrdoba
(Crdoba).
1985SantaMaradelNaranco
(PrincipalityofAsturias).
SantClimentdeTallin
ValldeBo,
Romanesque.
1985CaveofAltamiraandPaleolithic
CaveArtofNorthernSpain(Cantabria,
PrincipalityofAsturias,Vizcayaand
Guipzcoa).
1985Segovia'soldtownandit's
Aqueduct(Segovia).
1985SantiagodeCompostela'sold
CathedralofBurgos,
Gothic.
town(LaCorua).
1985vila'soldtown,wallandchurches(vila).
1986MudjarArchitectureofAragon(Teruel,Zaragoza).
1986ParquenacionaldeGarajonay(SantaCruzdeTenerife).
1986CiudadviejadeCceres(Cceres).
1986HistoriccityofToledo(Toledo).
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1987Cathedral,alczarandGeneral
ArchiveoftheIndiesinSeville(Seville).
1988Salamanca'soldtown
(Salamanca).
1991PobletMonastery(Tarragona).
1993ArchaeologicalEnsembleof
Mrida(Badajoz).
SantaMarade
GuadalupeMonastery,
Mudjar.
1993SantaMaradeGuadalupe
Monastery(Cceres).
1993CaminodeSantiagode
Compostela(ComunidadForalde
Navarra,Huesca,LaRioja,Burgos,
Palencia,Len,LugoandLaCorua).
1994ParquenacionaldeDoana
(Cdiz,HuelvaandSeville).
LlotjadelaSeda,
Renaissance.
1996HistoriccityofCuenca(Cuenca).
1996LonjadelasedadeValencia(Valencia).
1997PalaudelaMsicaCatalanaandhospitaldeSantPauin
Barcelona(Barcelona).
1997LasMdulas(Len).
1997OrdesanationalparkandMontePerdido(Huesca).
1997MonasteriesofSanMillndelaCogolla(LaRioja).
1998RockartoftheIberianMediterraneanBasin(Alicante,
Castelln,Valencia,Teruel,Huesca,Zaragoza,Albacete,Cuenca,
Guadalajara,RegionofMurcia,Jan,Almera,Granada,Tarragona,
LridayBarcelona).
1998UniversityandhistoricalcityofAlcaldeHenares
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(CommunityofMadrid).
1999Ibiza,biodiversityandculture(IslasBaleares).
1999SanCristbaldeLaLaguna(SantaCruzdeTenerife).
2000ArchaeologicalSiteofAtapuerca(Burgos).
2000PalmeralofElche(Alicante).
2000CatalanRomanesqueChurchesoftheValldeBo(Lrida).
2000RomanWallsofLugo(Lugo).
2000ArchaeologicalEnsembleofTarraco(Tarragona).
2001MisteryplayofElche(Alicante).
2001CulturallandscapeofAranjuez(CommunityofMadrid).
2003RenaissancemonumentalsitesinbedaandBaeza(Jan).
2006VizcayaBridge(Vizcaya).
2007TeideNationalPark(SantaCruzdeTenerife).
2009TowerofHercules(LaCorua).
2010PrehistoricRockArtSitesintheCaValleyandSiega
VerdePaleolithicArt(Salamanca).
2011TheCulturalLandscapeofSerradeTramuntana(Islas
Baleares).
2012Heritageofmercury(AlmadnandIdria)(CiudadReal).
AlhambrainGranadawithSierraNevada.
Literature
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TheearliestrecordedexamplesofvernacularRomancebasedliterature
datefromthesametimeandlocation,therichmixofMuslim,Jewish,
andChristianculturesinMuslimSpain,inwhichMaimonides,Averroes,
andothersworked,theKharjas(Jarchas).
DuringtheReconquista,theepicpoemCantardeMioCidwaswritten
aboutarealmanhisbattles,conquests,anddailylife.
Othermajorplaysfromthemedievaltimeswere
MesterdeJuglara,MesterdeClereca,Coplas
porlamuertedesupadreorElLibrodebuen
amor(TheBookofGoodLove).
DuringtheRenaissancethemajorplaysareLa
CelestinaandElLazarillodeTormes,while
manyreligiousliteraturewascreatedwithpoets
asLuisdeLen,SanJuandelaCruz,Santa
TeresadeJess,etc.
BronzestatuesofDon
QuixoteandSancho
Panza,withMiguelde
Cervantes,inthePlaza
deEspaainMadrid.
TheBaroqueisthemostimportantperiodfor
Spanishculture.Weareinthetimesofthe
SpanishEmpire.ThefamousDonQuijotedeLa
ManchabyMigueldeCervanteswaswrittenin
thistime.Otherwritersfromtheperiodare:
FranciscodeQuevedo,LopedeVega,Caldern
delaBarcaorTirsodeMolina.
DuringtheEnlightenmentwefindnamessuch
asLeandroFernndezdeMoratn,Benito
JernimoFeijo,GasparMelchordeJovellanos
orLeandroFernndezdeMoratn.
DuringtheRomanticism,JosZorrillacreatedoneofthemost
emblematicfiguresinEuropeanliteratureinDonJuanTenorio.Other
writersfromthisperiodareGustavoAdolfoBcquer,Josde
Espronceda,RosaladeCastroorMarianoJosdeLarra.
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InRealismwefindnamessuchasBenitoPrezGalds,EmiliaPardo
Bazn,LeopoldoAlas(Clarn)orVicenteBlascoIbezandMenndez
Pelayo.Realismoffereddepictionsofcontemporarylifeandsociety'as
theywere'.Inthespiritofgeneral"Realism",Realistauthorsoptedfor
depictionsofeverydayandbanalactivitiesandexperiences,insteadof
romanticizedorstylizedpresentations.
ThegroupthathasbecomeknownastheGenerationof1898wasmarked
bythedestructionofSpain'sfleetinCubabyUSgunboatsin1898,which
provokedaculturalcrisisinSpain.The"Disaster"of1898ledestablished
writerstoseekpracticalpolitical,economic,andsocialsolutionsinessays
groupedundertheliteraryheadingofRegeneracionismo.Foragroupof
youngerwriters,amongthemMigueldeUnamuno,PoBaroja,andJos
MartnezRuiz(Azorn),theDisasteranditsculturalrepercussions
inspiredadeeper,moreradicalliteraryshiftthataffectedbothformand
content.Thesewriters,alongwithRamndelValleIncln,Antonio
Machado,RamirodeMaeztu,andngelGanivet,cametobeknownas
the'Generationof98.'
TheGenerationof1914or
Novecentismo.Thenext
supposed"generation"of
Spanishwritersfollowingthose
of'98alreadycallsinto
questionthevalueofsuch
MigueldeUnamuno,JosOrtegay
terminology.Bytheyear1914
GassetandFedericoGarcaLorca
theyearoftheoutbreakof
theFirstWorldWarandofthe
publicationofthefirstmajorworkofthegeneration'sleadingvoice,Jos
OrtegayGassetanumberofslightlyyoungerwritershadestablished
theirownplacewithintheSpanishculturalfield.
LeadingvoicesincludethepoetJuanRamnJimnez,theacademicsand
essayistsRamnMenndezPidal,GregorioMaran,ManuelAzaa,
MariaZambrano,Eugenid'Ors,andOrtegayGasset,andthenovelists
GabrielMir,RamnPrezdeAyala,andRamnGmezdelaSerna.
Whilestilldrivenbythenationalandexistentialquestionsthatobsessed
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thewritersof98,theyapproachedthesetopicswithagreatersenseof
distanceandobjectivity.SalvadordeMadariaga,anotherprominent
intellectualandwriter,wasoneofthefoundersoftheCollegeofEurope
andthecomposeroftheconstitutivemanifestoftheLiberalInternational.
TheGenerationof1927,wherepoetsPedroSalinas,JorgeGuilln,
FedericoGarcaLorca,VicenteAleixandre,DmasoAlonso.Allwere
scholarsoftheirnationalliteraryheritage,againevidenceoftheimpactof
thecallsofregeneracionistasandtheGenerationof1898forSpanish
intelligencetoturnatleastpartiallyinwards.
Thetwomainwritersinthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturywerethe
NobelPrizeinLiteraturelaureateCamiloJosCelaandMiguelDelibes.
Spainisoneofthecountrieswiththemostnumberoflaureateswiththe
NobelPrizeinLiterature,andwithLatinAmericanlaureatestheymade
theSpanishlanguageliteratureoneofthemostlaureatesofall.The
Spanishwritersare:JosEchegaray,JacintoBenavente,JuanRamn
Jimnez,VicenteAleixandreandCamiloJosCela.ThePortuguese
writerJosSaramago,alsoawardedwiththeprize,livedformanyyears
inSpainandspokebothPortugueseandSpanish.Hewasalsowellknown
byhisIberistideas.
Art
ArtistsfromSpainhavebeenhighlyinfluentialinthedevelopmentof
variousEuropeanartisticmovements.Duetohistorical,geographicaland
generationaldiversity,Spanisharthasknownagreatnumberof
influences.TheMoorishheritageinSpain,especiallyinAndalusia,isstill
evidenttodayandEuropeaninfluencesincludeItaly,Germanyand
France,especiallyduringtheBaroqueandNeoclassicalperiods.
DuringtheGoldenAgewefindpainterssuchasElGreco,JosdeRibera
andFranciscoZurbarn.AlsoinsideBaroqueperiodDiegoVelzquez
createdsomeofthemostfamousSpanishportraits,likeLasMeninasor
LasHilanderas.
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FranciscoGoyapaintedduringahistorical
periodthatincludestheSpanishIndependence
War,thefightsbetweenliberalsand
absolutists,andtheraiseofstatenations.
JoaqunSorollaisawellknownimpressionist
painterandtherearemanyimportantSpanish
paintersbelongingtothemodernismart
movement,includingPabloPicasso,Salvador
Dal,JuanGrisandJoanMir.
Cinema
Pedro
Almodvarand
PenlopeCruzin
Cannes.
LasMeninas(1656),
DiegoVelzquez,Museo
delPrado.
Spanishcinemahas
achievedmajorinternationalsuccessincluding
OscarsforrecentfilmssuchasPan'sLabyrinthand
Volver.[175]InthelonghistoryofSpanishcinema,the
greatfilmmakerLuisBuuelwasthefirsttoachieve
worldrecognition,followedbyPedroAlmodvarin
the1980s.Spanishcinemahasalsoseeninternational
successovertheyearswithfilmsbydirectorslike
SegundodeChomn,FlorinRey,LuisGarca
Berlanga,CarlosSaura,JulioMedem,Alejandro
Amenbar,andbrothersDavidTruebaandFernando
Trueba.
ActressesasSaraMontielorPenlopeCruzare
amongthosewhohavebecomeHollywoodstars.
Architecture
Duetoitshistoricalandgeographicaldiversity,Spanisharchitecturehas
drawnfromahostofinfluences.Animportantprovincialcityfoundedby
theRomansandwithanextensiveRomanerainfrastructure,Crdoba
becametheculturalcapital,includingfineArabicstylearchitecture,
duringthetimeoftheIslamicUmayyaddynasty.[176]LaterArabstyle
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architecturecontinuedtobedevelopedundersuccessiveIslamic
dynasties,endingwiththeNasrid,whichbuiltitsfamedpalacecomplex
inGranada.
Simultaneously,theChristiankingdomsgraduallyemergedand
developedtheirownstylesdevelopingapre
Romanesquestylewhenforawhileisolatedfrom
contemporarymainstreamEuropeanarchitectural
influencesduringtheearlierMiddleAges,they
laterintegratedtheRomanesqueandGothic
streams.Therewasthenanextraordinaryflowering
ofthegothicstylethatresultedinnumerous
instancesbeingbuiltthroughouttheentireterritory.
TheMudjarstyle,fromthe12thto17thcenturies,
wasdevelopedbyintroducingArabstylemotifs,
TheSagrada
patternsandelementsintoEuropeanarchitecture.
FamliabyAntoni
Gaud,Barcelona
ThearrivalofModernismintheacademicarena
producedmuchofthearchitectureofthe20th
century.AninfluentialstylecentredinBarcelona,knownasmodernisme,
producedanumberofimportantarchitects,ofwhichGaudisone.The
InternationalstylewasledbygroupslikeGATEPAC.Spainiscurrently
experiencingarevolutionincontemporaryarchitectureandSpanish
architectslikeRafaelMoneo,SantiagoCalatrava,RicardoBofillaswell
asmanyothershavegainedworldwiderenown.
Musicanddance
Spanishmusicisoftenconsideredabroadtobesynonymouswith
flamenco,aWestAndalusianmusicalgenre,which,contrarytopopular
belief,isnotwidespreadoutsidethatregion.Variousregionalstylesof
folkmusicaboundinAragon,Catalonia,Valencia,Castile,theBasque
Country,GaliciaandAsturias.Pop,rock,hiphopandheavymetalare
alsopopular.
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Inthefieldofclassicalmusic,Spainhasproduceda
numberofnotedcomposerssuchasIsaacAlbniz,
ManueldeFallaandEnriqueGranadosandsingers
andperformerssuchasPlcidoDomingo,Jos
Carreras,MontserratCaball,AliciadeLarrocha,
AlfredoKraus,PabloCasals,RicardoVies,Jos
Iturbi,PablodeSarasate,JordiSavallandTeresa
Berganza.InSpainthereareoverfortyprofessional
orchestras,includingtheOrquestraSimfnicade
Barcelona,OrquestaNacionaldeEspaaandthe
OrquestaSinfnicadeMadrid.Majoroperahouses
includetheTeatroReal,theGranTeatredelLiceu,
TeatroArriagaandtheElPalaudelesArtsReina
Sofa.
Flamencoisan
Andalusianartistic
formthatevolved
fromtheSeguidilla
ThousandsofmusicfansalsotraveltoSpaineachyearforinternationally
recognizedsummermusicfestivalsSnarwhichoftenfeaturesthetopup
andcomingpopandtechnoacts,andBenicssimwhichtendstofeature
alternativerockanddanceacts.[177]BothfestivalsmarkSpainasan
internationalmusicpresenceandreflectthetastesofyoungpeopleinthe
country.
Themostpopulartraditionalmusicalinstrument,theguitar,originatedin
Spain.[178]Typicalofthenortharethetraditionalbagpipersorgaiteros,
mainlyinAsturiasandGalicia.
Cuisine
Spanishcuisineconsistsofagreatvarietyofdisheswhichstemfrom
differencesingeography,cultureandclimate.Itisheavilyinfluencedby
seafoodavailablefromthewatersthatsurroundthecountry,andreflects
thecountry'sdeepMediterraneanroots.Spain'sextensivehistorywith
manyculturalinfluenceshasledtoauniquecuisine.Inparticular,three
maindivisionsareeasilyidentified:
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MediterraneanSpainallsuchcoastal
regions,fromCataloniatoAndalusia:heavy
useofseafood,suchaspescatofritoseveral
coldsoupslikegazpachoandmanyrice
baseddisheslikepaellafromValencia[179]
andarrsnegre(arroznegro)from
Catalonia.[180]
Paella,atraditional
Valenciandish[179]
InnerSpainCastilehot,thicksoupssuch
asthebreadandgarlicbasedCastiliansoup,
alongwithsubstantiousstewssuchascocidomadrileo.Foodis
traditionallyconservedbysalting,likeSpanishham,orimmersedinolive
oil,likeManchegocheese.
AtlanticSpainthewholeNortherncoast,includingAsturian,Basque,
CantabrianandGaliciancuisine:vegetableandfishbasedstewslikepote
gallegoandmarmitako.Also,thelightlycuredlacnham.Thebest
knowncuisineofthenortherncountriesoftenrelyonoceanseafood,like
theBasquestylecod,albacoreoranchovyortheGalicianoctopusbased
polbofeiraandshellfishdishes.
Scienceandtechnology
Inthe19thand20thcenturiesscienceinSpain
washeldbackbyseverepoliticalinstability
andconsequenteconomicunderdevelopment.
Despitetheconditions,someimportant
scientistsandengineersemerged.Themost
notablewereMiguelServet,SantiagoRamn
yCajal,NarcsMonturioliEstarriol,
CeledonioCalatayud,JuandelaCierva,
LeonardoTorresyQuevedoandSevero
Ochoa.
RoquedelosMuchachos
Observatory,Institutode
AstrofsicadeCanarias.
Sport
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1992Summer
Olympicsin
Barcelona.
WhilevarietiesoffootballhadbeenplayedinSpain
asfarbackasRomantimes,sportinSpainhasbeen
dominatedbyEnglishstyleassociationfootballsince
theearly20thcentury.RealMadridC.F.andFC
Barcelonaaretwoofthemostsuccessfulfootball
clubsintheworld.Thecountry'snationalfootball
teamwontheUEFAEuropeanFootball
Championshipin1964,2008and2012andtheFIFA
WorldCupin2010,andisthefirstteamtoeverwin
threebacktobackinternationaltournaments.
Basketball,tennis,cycling,handball,futsal,
motorcyclingand,lately,FormulaOnearealso
importantduetothepresenceofSpanishchampionsinallthese
disciplines.Today,Spainisamajorworldsportspowerhouse,especially
sincethe1992SummerOlympicsthatwerehostedinBarcelona,which
stimulatedagreatdealofinterestinsportsinthecountry.Thetourism
industryhasledtoanimprovementinsportsinfrastructure,especiallyfor
watersports,golfandskiing.
RafaelNadalistheleadingSpanishtennisplayerandhaswonseveral
GrandSlamtitlesincludingtheWimbledon2010men'ssingles.Innorth
Spain,thegameofpelotaisverypopular.AlbertoContadoristheleading
SpanishcyclistandhaswonseveralGrandTourtitlesincludingtwoTour
deFrancetitles.
Publicholidaysandfestivals
PublicholidayscelebratedinSpainincludeamixofreligious(Roman
Catholic),nationalandregionalobservances.Eachmunicipalityis
allowedtodeclareamaximumof14publicholidaysperyearuptonine
ofthesearechosenbythenationalgovernmentandatleasttwoare
chosenlocally.[181]Spain'sNationalDay(FiestaNacionaldeEspaa)is
12October,theanniversaryoftheDiscoveryofAmericaand
commemorateOurLadyofthePillarfeast,patronessofAragonand
throughoutSpain.
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TherearemanyfestivalsandfestivitiesinSpain.
Someofthemareknownworldwide,andevery
yearmillionsofpeoplefromallovertheworldgo
toSpaintoexperienceoneofthesefestivals.One
ofthemostfamousisSanFermn,inPamplona.
Whileitsmostfamouseventistheencierro,orthe
runningofthebulls,whichhappensat8:00am
from7to14July,theweeklongcelebration
involvesmanyothertraditionalandfolkloric
SanFermn
events.ItseventswerecentraltotheplotofThe
festival,Pamplona
SunAlsoRises,byErnestHemingway,which
broughtittothegeneralattentionofEnglish
speakingpeople.Asaresult,ithasbecomeoneofthemost
internationallyrenownedfiestasinSpain,withover1,000,000people
attendingeveryyear.
OtherfestivalsincludethecarnivalsintheCanaryIslands,theFallesin
ValenciaortheHolyWeekinAndalusiaandCastileandLen.
Seealso
ListofSpainrelatedtopics
OutlineofSpain
SpainWikipediabook
Notes
a. âbTheSpanishConstitutiondoesnotestablishanyofficialnameforSpain,
eventhoughthetermsEspaa(Spain),Estadoespaol(SpanishState)and
Nacinespaola(SpanishNation)areusedthroughoutthedocument.
Nonetheless,theSpanishMinistryofForeignAffairsestablishedinan
ordinancepublishedin1984thatthedenominationsEspaa(Spain)and
ReinodeEspaa(KingdomofSpain)areequallyvalidtodesignateSpainin
internationaltreaties.Thisterm,KingdomofSpain,iswidelyusedbythe
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internationaltreaties.Thisterm,KingdomofSpain,iswidelyusedbythe
governmentinnationalandinternationalaffairsofallkinds,including
foreigntreatiesaswellasnationalofficialdocuments,andistherefore
recognizedastheofficialnamebymanyinternationalorganizations.[8]
b. âbInSpain,otherlanguageshavebeenofficiallyrecognizedaslegitimate
autochthonous(regional)languagesundertheEuropeanCharterforRegional
orMinorityLanguages.Ineachofthese,Spain'sofficialname(Spanish:
ReinodeEspaa,pronounced:[reinoeespaa])isasfollows:
Aragonese:ReinodEspanya,IPA:[reinoespaa]
Asturian:ReinudEspaa,IPA:[reinuespaa]
Basque:EspainiakoErresuma,IPA:[espaiakoeres
uma]
Catalan:RegnedEspanya,IPA:[renspa]or[reneespaa]
Galician:ReinodeEspaa,IPA:[reinoeespaa]
Occitan(Aranese):ReiaumedEspanha,IPA:[rejawmeespa].
c. ^TheofficialSpanishlanguageoftheStateisestablishedintheSection3of
theSpanishConstitutionof1978tobeCastilian.[1]Insomeautonomous
communities,Catalan,GalicianandBasquearecoofficiallanguages.
AragoneseandAsturianhavesomedegreeofofficialrecognition.
d. ^The.eudomainisalsoused,asitissharedwithotherEuropeanUnion
memberstates.Also,the.catdomainisusedinCatalanspeakingterritories.
e. ^Thelatifundia(sing.,latifundium),largeestatescontrolledbythe
aristocracy,weresuperimposedontheexistingIberianlandholdingsystem.
f. ^ThepoetsMartial,QuintilianandLucanwerealsoborninHispania.
g. ^TheBerberssoongaveupattemptingtosettletheharshlandsinthenorth
oftheMesetaCentralhandedtothembytheArabrulers.
h. ^FortherelatedexpulsionsthatfollowedseeMorisco.
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References
1. ^"TheSpanishConstitution"
(http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.h
tm).Lamoncloa.gob.es.Retrieved26April2013.
2. ^"AnuarioestadsticodeEspaa2006.1parte:entornofsicoymedio
ambiente"
(http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_01entor.pdf).Instituto
NacionaldeEstadstica(Spain).Retrieved5June2014.
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NacionaldeEstadstica(Spain).Retrieved5June2014.
3. ^"PopulationFiguresat1January2013"
(http://www.ine.es/en/prensa/np788_en.pdf).InstitutoNacionalde
Estadstica(INE).Retrieved13August2013.
4. ^"CensosdePoblacinyViviendasde2011"
(http://www.ine.es/prensa/np756.pdf)(inSpanish).InstitutoNacionalde
Estadstica(INE).
5. âbcd"Spain"
(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?
pr.x=74&pr.y=15&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.
&br=1&c=184&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=
0&a=).InternationalMonetaryFund.Retrieved1November2014.
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Categories: Spain Constitutionalmonarchies CountriesinEurope

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Locationof Spain( darkgreen )

Madrid 6,052,247 5.46.5m[140][141]

Catalonia 5,030,679 4.25.1m[140][142]

Andalusia 1,294,867 1.21.3m

Valencia 1,551,585 1.52.3m[143]

52. ^"AlQaeda'claimsMadridbombings' "

Categories: Spain Constitutionalmonarchies CountriesinEurope

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