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HEBREW GRAMMAR
FOR BEGINNERS
BY
D. D.
PRINTED BY
W. DRUGTJLIN, LEIPZIG
1908
A.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
LESSON I.
THE ALPHABET.
Name
of Sign.
FIRST:
THE TABLE.
A,
OETHOGEAPHY.
SECONDLY: REMARKS.
1.
But
notice:
(1)
a syllable,
At
the beginning
in hour,
e. g.
28
of
av\
ba.
He
That
(2)
end of a syllable,
(3)
That most
e. g.
in
lio\
but,
H2
ha.
if it
had
al-
it,
e. g.,
BMfl
(6) It
is
Samekh and
Sadhe
as
s,
tit.
Samekh
The student
will
A.
OETHOGKAPHY.
Gutturals
(2)
Palatals
(3)
Labials
(4)
Sibilants D,
(5)
Dentals
(6)
Linguals
K, n,
J,
3,
S,
*T,
n,
J>.
p.
a, 5.
1,
T,
P,
S,
Vt.
&, n.
b,
3,
1.
LESSON II.
THE VOWELS.
The vowels have
-&-
Pathah, a as in
fat.
]
Seghol, e as in met.
..
Sere, e as in they.
\ Hiriq,
}
Sureq,
ij'
u,
as oo in toot, or in foot,
Holem, o as o in note.
Qames-Hatuph, o as in
Rem.
used
u,
Kibbus,
__>
as in pit, or as in machine.
in
letters.,
1.
helping to
Tn
not.
sj j cJi
write
the vowels,
are
called
vowel^
cases,
Rem.
3.
He
is
represent long
Rem.
4.
Wau
a.
is
it is
final
letter,
except at
Qames and
Seghol; and in
and Holem.
final u,
and gene-
A.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
LESSON
III.
1.
sign
called Shewa,
_,
called
(2)
sound after a
vocaL e. g., "Atf.
When
Rem.
,
is
Sh ewa mobile,
called
or
short, the
Shewa
is
called
medium,
3.
? ?.
2.
This
letter.
by a vocal Shewa
e- g.
is
(1)
doubled,
When
followed by
e. g. ^tpj?.
show that
full
tVjD,
&9|3.
letter to
called Daghesh-Forte.
must be preceded by a
by a full or half vowel,
is
called Methegh,
it is to be
be doubled,
vowel, and must be followed
dot placed in a
is
is
The
letter to
4.
neous vowel
e,
i,
o,
5.
a final guttural
(i.
e.,
u.
The
sign
of a
short vowel
is
often
added
to the
hurried).
signs, to wit:
...
....
Rem.
Rein.
first of
TIM,
The
vowel
ii,
of
whose
last
the
of
ti]F\$.
IV.
i. e.,
along with the
Sometimes, however, they are written defecwithout the vowel letters.
e.,
i.
On
other hand,
the
vowels,
At
is
letters.
tively,
tively,
It
is
LESSON
6,
rarely,
Rem. 3. Extraordinary
Shewa with the first letter
1.
Shewa but
2.
letters
i,
other
OETHOGEAPHT.
A.
two
^xrtaas<
a<w1ty<+'
dJ^o^oiM^
a,
and
e,
o,
fully.
All syllables begin with a consonant, the only exception being the conjunction u and.
>
2.
Hern.
syllable may begin with two consonants; but
pronouncing them, we must always insert a half vowel
between them. Notice that in Hebrew a consonant followin
When
syllable
ends
with
a vowel,
open; when
it
Rem.
syllable with
1.
is
is
it
is
called
called closed.
By
it
is
wavering.
Rem.
to
2.
two consonants
is
said
be doubly closed.
An
open
<^<^W
syllable
f
,
with
the
^^
long vowel.
lable
is
lable
is
is
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
This
is
syl-
syl-
the ultimate.
But,
it
is
frequently short.
times heightened to
pretonic
or
e.
When
but seldom.
e.
sPretonic
of the impossibility
letter,
become
necessary to
Such
heightening
Nun
where the
Rem.
tone
is
2.
In an open
short vowel
tone,
ordinarily
syllable,
frequently
marked by a perpendicular
sign called
Methegh.
Rem.
3.
aid
in
their pronunciation.
This
is
called a helping
vowel.
is
then
assimilated.
Rem.
syllable,
5.
is
retained,
when the
syllable
becomes open
in
compound Shewa.
OETHOGKAPHY.
A.
6.
consonant which
in a
doubled.
is
The
first of
sonants ends one syllable, and the second begins the next.
ending
Syllables
7.
two
with
consonants
are
found
LESSON
V.
A.
(1)
ring in
Dagesh
2,
3,
1,
name given to the point occurand D, when they are not immediately
lene is the
2,
S,
the
i.
that v has
e.
th,
t.
become
is
f,
letters
p,
and
Rem.
2.
Wau
the
or
Yodh
at
is
the
This is because
lene.
end of the diphthong forms
"-The
silent
it
last letter
Shewa.
the middle of a
When
are aspirated.
half-open.
OETHOGRAPHY.
A.
Hem.
4.
DTiltf
Lamedh
nnbu the
like
2nd.
fern.
Guttural verb.
is
sing, of
Perhaps, in
forte.
B.
1. Makkeph is a sign, resembling a hyphen, put between two, or more, words to show that they are all
accented, as if one word.
t!U~^ >
2.
Methegh
is
ordinarily
the
of the
sign
secondary
Rem.
1.
the copula
Rem.
Methegh
is
2.
1,
resulting from
is
always given to
with a half-vowel.
>
syllable, before
>
(2)
To
letter with
(3)
> (4)
Shewa.
With a toneless
With all vowels
Sere.
compound
when the consonant under
Shewa.
which the compound Shewa occurs
(Except,
(5)
live,
to
(6)
With
course,
With Qames
lables of
(7)
of
D^a
With
in
is
doubled).
of irn to he
and rrn
to
closed.
Yodh
is
nor before
the
syllable
with
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
The Pathah
the tone.
of
Wau
conversive in a half-open
does not
syllable
He when
particle
pointed
(9)
of
without
it
might be confused.
LESSON
1.
Raphe
VI.
is
Rem.
1.
When
the
same
letter is to
be read twice in
the same word without any sound coming between, the letter
is
of
Dagesh forte,
as a half-vowel,
twice,
e. g.
*7?n.
means
any sound, such
comes between, the letter must be written
e. g.
kalla
rhp_.
But,
if
*J:
following another k.
Rem.
Dagesh
forte,
initial
10
A.
the
word accented
of a monosyllable, or of a
letter
first
OETHOGEAPHY.
on the penult.
Rem. 5. Except in the case of
monosyllables con-
*\b,
conjunctive.
Dagesh
Rein.
6.
a.
When
is preceded by a
sometimes sounds
apparent doubling is
a liquid, or Kof,
ear
the
as
if
This
doubled.
it
forte.
Dagesh
takes
e. g.,
"Day for
se-
%neve.
is
in certain
Rem.
7.
it is
final e mnet,
Rem.
or
8.
general
doubled,
written.
is
doubled, Da-
be
never fouud in
]j\rii
final
only apparent
(the
was pronounced
When
usage
should
letter, like
palatals,
sibilants
and
iv
and
y.
The
cannot, readily
nnnn.
Resh
is
W&?
for
ttHfl;
nnn
for
A.
OKTHOGEAPHY.
11
LESSON VII.
PECULIARITIES OF THE GUTTURALS,
The
perfectly
obvious,
that
if
of pronouncing
or impossibility,
difficulty,
them.
It
is
cannot be doubled.
When
vented the system of signs which was meant to represent
the language as it sounded to them, the gutturals X and
J>
had
at
lost their
the
When
compensation.
form.
not heightened. Since, in such cases, the precedingvowel remains short in an unaccented open syllable, the
is
consonant
2.
The
is
said to be
"implicitly
doubled",
e.
g.,
DHi,
is obvious
In the retention of original Pathahs, where in the
absence of a guttural, the a has been changed to i or e,
(1)
or
e,
e. g.,
but
lf?b,
T]ty
but
^Bj?.
12
OETHOGEAPHT.
A.
(2)
more usual e,
Rem. 1. Because
of the
e. g. TV2\.
of the
difficulty
of
a heterogeneous vowel
(i.
pronouncing a
e.
after
e,
i,
o,
6,
it)
bnfc,
With
jrfr.
final
Aleph, we find
mi
and *6s.
Rem.
In the
3.
frequently
first
syllable
employed, before
or
of a
word, a Seghol
is
a:n,
inj;,
3.
nno.
Instead of a
half,
or
obscure, vowel
denoted by
it;
v,7
In many cases, also, a guttural takes a compound
Shewa instead of a simple silent Shewa. "Isytfj-ptiT., ISSn.
Rem. 1.
compound Shewa coming before a vocal
>
Shewa
_,
..,
A.
Rem.
OETHOGEAPHT.
13
2.
But
syllable
When
ti.
not
the tone
in
syllable,
Aleph
prefers
also prefers
Hateph-Pathah.
4.
tened the
quired
preceding
doubling,
its
e. g.,
it,
r in au
LESSON
iP-r
A.
is
heightened to
"iin.
VIII.
#r
to
Rem.
be
y.
its
otiant,
Rem.
it
are aspirated,
e. g.,
At
2.
Rem.
syllables
e. g.,
Ktpn,
&$%
is
$*$.
said to
kt, Vf%
"IDS,
is
other
b$l, *bl.
In exceptional cases,
3.
is
r\fr6a,
guttural,
e. g.,
1.
Aleph
at the
end of
TlNX
In many cases, Aleph throws back its vowel
to the preceding consonant, the Aleph then quiescing in
its own vowel.
Or, speaking perhaps more correctly, it is
still
written to show the root, but is ignored utterly as
to sound, e. g., WptiT) for D^"!, n3*6 for rDl^O.
Shewa,
e. g.,
Rem.
4.
14
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
Dn
Rem.
In a few
7.
cases,
2.
He
is
Arabic usage,
the
end of a word. At the end of a word, it is usually nothing but a vowel letter; but, when it is used as a consonant,
is
a point in
takes
it
it
Rem.
1.
e. g.,
The He
r\f?ft,
rfyl,
Final
called Mappik,,
n%
T&Z.
He
it
represents
But
nsbtt, rfra.
prepositions,
for ]arQ;
Rem.
b^l
2.
The He
dropped,
Rem.
masc.
plural
IS^tt for
e. g.,
3.
In
6.
and
The He
fern,
is
common
Rem.
Aramaic
rf?3;
4.
In
few
*0#
often
more common
other
cases,
Wau
e. g.,
of
or
suffix
absorbed,
of the
Aleph,
pronominal
suffix is
the
of the
or
flSTl.
apparently
He
Yodh
the more
is
through
supplanted by
A.
1.
At
changed
15
<,
OKTHOGEAPHT.
Yodh,
lb],
e. g.,
Wau
J^
nearly always
is
TV.
EhV;
T>
After an
for lb\\
inseparable
junctive, a vowelless
to
form
3.
Yodh
preposition, or
Wau
con-
i.
When
Wau
(1),
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
wi =
iw =
uw =
wti =
awu =
uwu =
yi
as in
ry
as in pi
u as
u as
u as
in
from diyn.
TW from
suwr.
from yakwiim.
in 1^3 from galawu.
u as in >by from yagluwu
in Dip}
(?).
16
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
LESSON
IX.
THE TONE.
Commonly, the tone
1.
Sometimes, however,
Rem.
must be
"D",
"rfyh,
1^3.
Waw
2.
e. g.
bi\
e. g.,
followed
conversive,
draws
occasionally
penult,
^bj5,
e. g.,
Rem.
is
it is
1fi'l,
the
DJ#1,
ti&%
tift'%
'jffy.
penult.
its
a Makkef
ever
accent
above).
See
e,
connected
with
accent of the
(Compare V.
the
and VI. 2
f.
b.
See
inserted between
is
is
in case
Where-
first
an accented monosyllable
word by Makkef, the
thrown back to the ultimate.
is
preceding
the
word
is
h.
is,
if
2.
^nJV See m,
at the
short,
is
s.
from an i
from "J?
in the case of yaiN the original
c. Exceptionally, as
short vowel remains unheightened. See 1.
,MJ^'
is
heightened,
a,
e. g.,
15ft
!!-
A.
Rem.
In pause,
2.
See
^jnfc.
Rem.
ORTHOGKAPHY.
becomes
*ja
17
tja;
rwN becomes
e. g.,
Rem.
npiS; or con-
^5
e. g.,
becomes
4.
(the
pause,
changed from
often
is
versely,
vowel
sjnh
n.
3.
^5.
and
"$;
*ft,
latter
e. g.,
TJJSl
tyl.
See
t.
in
See
u.
6. An a preceding a Heth with Karnes is heightened to Seghol. Thus ^8 becomes in pause 7]N; Dni;v
becomes DHin\ See v.
Rem.
LESSON
X.
Qf s~^z&-
J&
GENERAL REMARKS.
been only
and a, i, ii,
pronounced as the vowels of at, it, but and baa, een, and
shoo. These original pure vowels were liable to the followsix in
to have
a,
1,
u,
ing changes.
1.
Obscuring.
This
is
aa to a or
2.
to
i,
3.
to
e,
u to
o;
and
o.
change of original
and of original i to e. e. g.
a to a or
p, pN,
e; of original
flN;
volves obscuring
bv$l,
u to
btatfli
o;
DK, nx.
This heightening
and lengthening.
2
in-
18
A.
4 Lowering
is
ORTHOGKAPHY.
obscure vowel
a.
8.
becomes obscured
Vitopi, "ilftta,
e,
a (pronounced like a in
it
the 6 of
e. g.,
3.
Original
4.
Original
the
and
It is
as in
blip
^1t3j?,
etc.
?fT3,
all)
2.
(2)
in
to
and
^>3.
SPECIAL TREATMENT.
3TI3;
or the obscured o of
1.
^>3,
remains unchanged,
a (1)
remains,
as
heightened to
a,
e. g.,
e. g.,
in
Vlttj?.
p'HS.
the ultimate of bp
and p^S;
or,
and
and D^Bj?; or to
and "HB.
as in the penult of
Q3T
"D"!
(?)
btop,
A.
(3) It
is
ORTHOGRAPHY.
19
and of
first
and
"'"p'l
radical
(from
of "D^l
l.'H)
(from "nn^).
(4) It
of
^ttp,
is
ened as
attenuated to
^T\ and
IB";,
is
penultimate
as in the
Hiriq,
It
^>top\
in \TJJ
of obscuration.
5.
Original
(1)
of sjyft.
heightened to
(2) Is
e,
and the
ultimate of \k\
(3) Is
the
first
(4) Is
obscuration of
(5)
diyn,
tPty)
a,
~]F\
"]5
when the
and
i
''p'pn.
This
as in the penult of
DD^ptsp.
from yakwim.
6.
Original u
(1)
remains,
as
the penult of
in
)r6t^,
Bhj3; ifta
(3)
Is
heightened to
o,
as in bbfi]
from
^Bp!!;
$"$ from
"6j$.
half-vowel,
as
in
^tppl
from
yaktulu.
(4) Is
(5)
pip; Dip;
from
Dip? etc.
2*
20
OETHOGKAPHY.
A.
C.
The
1.
GENERAL REMARKS.
in inflection.
to
a,
or
unchangeable
6, which has
Nor do
as
flections
and a
in-
inter-
maivt,
c
In
certain
p.JJ
in the construct
cases,
nnifilpi instead of
fi} in
is
fjj.
e. g.,
1,
in
nniDlpl
or
,
:
^Bjj; n$,
6.
(1)
..
or
or
For example:
'
"friajp,
^J?,
e. g.,
in ^BJ3, 1ZX,
Sometimes, an original a
e,
e.
g.,
is
&*$%
"6fcj3,
^13.
heightened in the
syll-
in TIN,
Sftil,
*TIN,
nntan
nnna.
(3)
Sometimes,
the
tone into e,
and
lp|.
an
e.
g.,
original
in
forms
is
heightened
like
2lb,
before
and JTpS,
f>
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
Very seldom, an
(4)
as in
o,
21
s]"l!3.
^3,
and
^"]2>
T"te,
asmuch
In
such cases
all
which
example,
1J"Q>
O^i O^i
it
helps to constitute.
D ^-?;
1D 1?>
TO>
For
n ?? n-?5 ^H'3
So
Dn?"l.
B^Sl,
nbaj?),
in
LESSON XL
CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.
1.
Nun
at
assimilated
to
end of the
the
the
Rem..
1.
e. g.,
to the
of
the
of course, denoted
is,
preposition
)0
is
often
word following
of the
letter
first
is
it,
topp.
Rem.
of
The Nun
a word
The doubling
syllable of
first
letter
first
2.
When
the
first syllable
VU ?
Nun
is
not assimilated,
g.,
t\llb.
r,
Rem.
4.
Occasionally,
especially dentals,
Rem.
it
5.
Nun
In the verb
before
also,
unassimilated,
JHi
to give,
Rem.
a
is
Nun
6.
e. g.,
Where Nun
is
riJii
at the
other
e. g.,
consonants,
""ibi\
assimilated to the
when
first
for fiiro.
22
the
A.
Nun
Rem.
the
is
by Dagesh
ORTHOGRAPHY.
forte,
7.
Lamedh
e. g.,
its
}3ni
Nun
exactly as the
of
Pe Nun
verbs,
e. g.,
Pij?
=inj5\
.,
2.
also, is
ing n.
When
Dagesh
He
In a few cases,
wards,
e.,
i.
to the letter
is
one only
in inflection,
forte,
e. g.,
^"TS for
,|
is
flrtt3.
preceding
it,
in ^pb'Qp for
e. g.,
for npb-,
The vowel
5. a.
of the
quiescing,
b.
In
e. g.,
like
weak
letter
letter
Aleph
which precedes
is
it,
frequently
the Aleph
rifcOj? ?
for n"|(3 p.
it
disappears altogether,
^tt]3Q\
Radical
even in
Is.
52 14.
:
When Aleph
followed
He
e. g.,
OETHOGRAPHY.
23
A.
changed
and XII.
to Teth.
is
LESSON
XII.
When
a particle with
Shewa
prefixed to a
is
word
whose first radical has a simple Shewa, the particle commonly takes a Hiriq, so as to enable us to pronounce the
since three consonants cannot_occur_at_the be-
syllable;
ginning of a syllable*
Rem.
If the
1.
^b.
letter
Yodh
Rem.
e. g.,
first
e. g.,
\T1, "O^.
2.
first
When
2.
of the
loses its
the
Lamedh
first
its half-vowel,
syllable
takes
corresponding
the
sylle. g.,
of
the
short
vowel,
e.
g.,
"HK1,
ojja, tet6.
Rem.
1.
to
a silent one,
preformatives,
Rem.
to live,
the
rrrn,
2.
the
first
vm,
e. g.,
^JBHi, "IOTP,
To be noted are
first
syllable
nfiJD.
<
in
"ib&6.
is
often, with
Dinni
after a prefix of
This
So,
e. g.,
is
to be
and rrn
wont
to close
any kind,
e. g.,
r\VTh,
e. g.,
24
A.
OETHOGKAPHY.
The Methegh
rrrr, Jrn.3.
the syllable
See V,
closed.
is
Rem.
2,
3 (5) above.
When
these consonants
is
nearly always
is
found
cussion whether
the
2,
:
of the
latter
D,
p,
D, or
It
is
open to
1,
6).
Shewas
is
t3.
seems
It
sonant
without a
or
vocal,
short
muet
See
French.
in
it,
somewhat
d.
5.
(p
dis-
silent.
30
is in-
When
(2)
helping vowel
Pathah,
is
one
Hiriq,
is
the
of
is
e. g.,
e. g.,
]ty_.
When
Shureq,
e. g.
u,
verb,
Pathah
is
it
F).
is
whose
last
radical
Wau,
to
the
form
is
a guttural, a helping
lene or
is
Wau
VT3.
It
Yodh, the
the second of
(3)
tive
is
When
for "p B.
""IS
helping vowel
of a
nJ5, "in\
two consonants
Dagesh
forte,
e. g.,
Dagesh
fiJ?Qti\
of this
Tau
is
P,.
Dagesh
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON
1.
The
1.
last
rvao but
Rem.
1.
}ft
is
commonly
vyrp.
If the
following
is
not
g.,
^""B.
consonant
doubled
but
is
Yodh
quiesces
in
with
the
Rem.
precedes,
(a)
is
I.
assimilated to the
e. g.,
25
2.
is
Nun
disappearing,
e. g.,
BWia, tj?; but *nri>?(b) Before ft and n, (1) the Hiriq remains, the Nun
disappears, and the guttural is said by grammarians to
tj"so,
The Nun
(3)
e,
e. g.,
e. g.,
^ijtj, abntt,
Rem.
3.
The
2.
less,
the
prepositions 3,
short
vowel
a.
3,
e. g.,
"'Stt^p.
and b had
originally, doubt-
as follows.
a.
it
is
e. g.,
lowered to
"^33,
JVn ?,
B*13.
b. Before a consonant with simple Shewa,
uated to Hiriq, e. g., ^$3, i}2b.
c.
1K3, b^tib,
it
it
"0!?3.
is
atten-
becomes
26
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
d.
Shewa, e.
When DNtVn
its
Yodh
g.,
quiesces,
and
in consequence
"T^S.
is
quiesces,
e.
D^KS, D^M^,
g.,
D\*frfcO,
Lamedh,
in
like
is
is
doubled,
n2,
e. g.,
Qames and
Tlfcb.
2, D, and b take
Pathah in which Aleph quiesces, e. g., *$~Mb. The tetragrammaton JTIJT takes the same pointing, but is read as
if ri'TK.
After p, we have Wi0 and n^ft, or ffliTD.
Before
h.
2.
(1)
'O'tfrJ
Wau
The conjunction
and
ordinarily pronounced
is
Rem.
1.
But before
is
D'H^N,
Wau
Wau
the
receives
thus resulting in
Eem.
2.
'i'lNI
When
Shewa, the
Wau
Pathah
(and
in
JTliPJ).
a guttural after
Wau
receives a silent
e. g.,
Before
takes the
ivrn instead of
toft
w m
rPiTi.
more easy
to pronounce,
e. g.,
i#>
B.
Wau
The
rpn
27
Lesson
XL VI.
(5)
ETYMOLOGY.
Wau
tjj,
3.
it
begins
Qames,
flej.
THE ARTICLE.
of the assimilated
e. g.,
^sn.v
m, or n, e. g., WpVj,
be Yodh, or one of the liquids
n^*6n, rattan, rbnan.
Rem. When followed by T\ or y, an unvowelled Yodh,
or Mem, is doubled, e. g., mTil, ffTJJJfJ, b^fin, nmnfin.
I,
Mem
is
doubled, also, in
many
other cases,
e. g.,
nilNftn,
2.
3.
Pathah
1.
He
the
Qames,
c.
e. g.,
2.
is
followed by a pretonic
also,
three usages.
e. g.,
3.
the
is
Pathah
is
or
Hatef- Qames,
e.
g.,
$"jnO>
28
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
^00
(pausal form
for snrin).
d.
1.
e. g.,
2.
the
D-njjn.
When
(4)
preceded by the
vowel of the
comes Qames,
mountain,
and
become
f")K
"IS
young
respectively
hull,
piijn,
3H
"in
pilgrimage,
and
"isn,
inn,
"inn,
Dj;n,
]1"ln.
When
(5)
with the
the
wit:
to
DJJ people,
ark,
]1"1K
article,
first
He
article,
being dropped,
Note
The
1.
word
interrogative
of
^-t*^^/
2.
e. g.,
i!Q'
Note
The
2.
Wau
nfojj
it
takes Qames,
no; nn no.
bb$%
2.
Usually
Vojpni,
the Pathah
is
e. g.,
heightened to Qames,
e. g.,
tpi, ^pjj,
forte,
^bjm
inojn,
bto\>x.
its
is
^bjpsj,
^tS^fcO.
e.
g.,
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON
29
II.
\1
a of the penult to
a.
The noun
GENEEAL EEMAEKS.
Hebrew has
in
line
and feminine,
e. g.
Nouns and
3.
absolute
state,
tj"?a
state
only,
may
a king,
The noun
is
adjectives
"sj^sn
state.
The
absolute
D^l?
kings,
D^fcn
e.
g.,
the kings.
and
30
B.
we would
ETYMOLOGY.
the king of
"VJJH "rfyQ
e. g.,
the city;
construct state,
it is
way
and
all
as
syllable,
e. g.,
"\2% Tyj,
as
reversion,
In accordance
and of the
the
e.,
Hebrew vowels by
attenuating, contraction,
of lowering,
in
i.
frfe, rblTti,
accent
r\b%
are
short as
intact.
is
inserted
4.
Naturally
solute state
and
s
.
is
e.g.
Hits,
21J3;
D'OIB,
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
31
Rem. The feminine singular simply places n between the masculine form and the suffixes, the a remaining
before DD and |D, the so called grave suffixes, and beingheightened to a elsewhere.
The
7.
original
ending was
.,
remains before
the Yodh,
e.
g.,
contracted into
to
I*
8.
"
..,
as before n
as in l
This original
...
as before
and
*J;
from
The feminine
or
to,
.,
D3,
)3,
*_
given to
T .
is
into
and )H; or
for ^WD; or,
Dil,
as in "ID
VD1D from in .
1
it
To many forms
SPECIAL REMARKS.
of
words ending
Sometimes,
VTi
iru , *rni.
3.
The
following unusual
written instead of
..
for tp
to
t
for
to
LESSON III.
THE INFLECTION OF UNCHANGEABLE NOUNS.
A B MASCULINE.
1. By an unchangeable masculine noun is meant one
whose absolute singular form remains unchanged before
all endings.
Rein.
is
1.
earlier uncontracted
e. g.,
tf"!Jtf;
TJ>,
B'HJJ.
32
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
One may
2.
(1)
treat as unchangeable
Rem. The
e. g.,
Whether
is
Wp%
1fcJ"D.
When
Rem.
Words
prefore
e.
g.,
is
heightened
D2
Rem.
Ability
1.
unchangeable
to
will only
whether a
tell
final
a or
is
these ways
disposal, there
Rem.
to
2.
is
still
room
In the adjective
e. g.,
JJ1
D^JJI.
the vowel
is
heightened
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
33
D FEMININE.
1. By an unchangeable feminine
noun is meant one
which changes the sufformative of gender only in inflection,
WD, ffl DID.
e. g., n, DID,
Rem. 1. In the case of the singular of the noun before
the
other suffixes,
Rem.
retained
all
e. g.,
The feminine
2.
is
)D,
changeable for
ending n.
original feminine
the
suffixes,
before DD and
all states
plural
and
nouns
of these
in all inflections,
is
e. g.,
un-
niD^D,
1THD1D, D3TI1D1D.
2.
Among
may be reckoned
the following:
(1)
forms,
nnaa), rnisn,
(2)
nw
(from
unchangeable masculine
of all
feminine ending,
e. g.,
(harravah
rvpjg).
n*?3,
HErt,
is
nj?n,
H^DD, nVnfl.
Rem. When
in
e. g.,
nns, rnj;o.
is
e. g.,
nj?DS>,
nacj?,
nabs.
Rem.
When
preceding vowel
(4)
All
changeable,
mno, rnwo,
the
is
third
additional
e.
g.,
rns,
Rem. The a
radical
dissyllables
nnw,
of
is
njgfl,
JYlba
the
guttural,
e.
g.,
nwEfei.
e. g.
^n n^J
?,
"'jhn^S.
34
B ETYMOLOGY.
s*'
LESSON IV.
MASCULINE NOUNS "WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY TWO
SHORT VOWELS BOTH CHANGEABLE.
may be observed
It
1.
for
rule
nouns
all
is,
first
in
absolute
the
construct.
By
state,
possible,
made as long
make it. In the construct
a word of one syllable and the
as
it is
possible in
Hebrew
to
becomes d e var,
shortest possible form in which the combination of consonants can be pronounced; and yet at the same time,
the original form is perfectly clear, the a of the ultimate
having been retained (or recovered by reversion), and the
state,
a,
it
also,
D'H^ is
Hebrew rule
the absolute
ginal penultimate a
*
No
is
tained and
when
when
the original a
is
1*.
to be re-
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
The student
will
that
himself,
see for
35
impossible
is
it
to shorten H^T,
the
is
attenuated.
first
2.
is
heightened to
because a
a,
lost all
consequence be heightened,
When
K^-
e. g.,
it takes a compound
Shewa wherever other consonants would take a simple
3.
Shewa,
e. g.,
a guttural,
a radical
is
pV, nm,
D3J>t2h.
of
double the
e. g.,
5.
^taj?,
ttl?>
originally the
rili^jp
form
etc.
Kattil, heighten
e.
g. rnj?J,
last consonant
is
D^i,
llRi etc.
a guttural, or Resh,
is heightened by way of compensation. This heightened o remains in all forms before sufformatives and
the u
suffixes,
6.
e. g.,
original a
e. g.,
i,
heighten
The
)J5T.
con-
generally like
3*
36
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
a of the penult
anna, nnriK.
rrinK,
LESSON
Y.
SEGHOLATE NOUNS.
nouns which take a helping
two conwhether
these
nouns
should
be
called
segholates,
sonants
originally
more
feminine,
had
one
or
or
or
be masculine,
the
word,
however,
for
Most grammarians use
vowels.
In
broadest sense,
its
all
The
first
short vowel
genitive
is
maXki,
for
the
accusative
malka.
ened to
radical.
When
commonly
these
height-
becomes ybfa.
2. But when the second radical is a guttural, the a
after the first radical is retained and the helping vowel,
also, is a, e. g., 1JJ1
the original a
is
a,
e. g.,
jni.
is
When
heightened to
e,
is
a guttural
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
3.
The construct
4.
Before
is
ES? ?!?.
13 p,
e. g.,
singular
suffixes
all
37
third, radical
is
Where
(1)
strong
the
gutturals take a
letters
compound Shewa,
e. g.,
a compound
vowel,
e. g.,
CD-#i, *pW-
Where
(3)
the
first
or second radical
e. g.,
first
a guttural,
is
radical in the
construct
HDD, *B.
class
Lesson IV,
in
Original form
e. g.,
,w
davar
U11
malk
of singular
Absolute
Construct
w, u
hakam
hasd
nar
nahar
^a
DDn
non
in;
-ijn
D^rn orsba
ns- o'pa
D^aan
nnni
nn:
nnj^
^sn
Dnaq
npn
rnij
vasn
l-ron
nnj
*njn
-q^
sing.
plural
vo^a
njtt
7m
mercy.
6.
The
original
fiyim,
e.
Bern.
1.
When
is
is
a guttural,
it
takes
38
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Before
7.
original
When
is
to be thus
is
it
and
suffixes,
in
changed
is
e. g.,
1J?$B, ^UtB.
a matter of observation,
the article,
e. g.,
n^ib.
When pK
10.
original a to
a,
e. g.,
VlfcfC
heightens the
it
LESSON VI
'
OR
U.
of nouns
it is
heightened to
Hem. Where
forms with
The
2.
sists of
class
the
suffixes,
first
e,
e. g.,
radical
is
a guttural the
commonly obscured
is
to
e,
e. g.,
i,
in
^n,
commonly obscured
to
in
u.
This u
is
suffixes this
narily
radical
ty.'s,
Hatef-Qames becomes
In both of these
3.
e. g.,
ES^B.
vowel
is
ordi-
Seghol,
is
o,
e. g.,
Bh$>;
nifc.
4. When the third radical is a guttural, it takes compound Shewa, where other consonants take simple Shewa,
e. g.,
ddjjsx
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
5.
Singular
39
is
is
otiant.
The
6.
like
above.)
The construct
under the
first
of those
plurals
the
exactly
plural, however,
Where
1.
construct plural,
2.
has
the
whose
for those
first,
ordinarily
original vowel
or second, radical
Rem.
commonly
is
ti
(See lesson V.
a.
Rem.
and
in
1,
obscured
a guttural,
is
it
to e in the
e. g.,
tyy.
In the plural of
ti
ti?~p
from
obscured to o
is
stirs
and
from
tiHj?
radical; in the plural of bn'H from 'tihl, it is heightened to o. The resultant forms are D"Bhtf, D^Bhj?, D^ntjt.
In the plural of tJHh from hudi-s, it is lowered to the compound Shewa and we get as a result CPBhn.
first
and with
and
suffixes VBftj?
D^ttftfPiJ
and D^Kfl;
Dut
once ^3$$).
LESSON
VII.
n:i, rri,
Rem.
1.
tracts into
suffixes, e.
Rem.
e,
g.,
2.
The
e. g.,
3.
(dual
)V$,
11-'
e. g.,
b\8,
Ti
the ay con-
all of these,
Rem.
second radical,
to the
which is unchangeable
nn, im, osnn.
D^a, mb*b,
D^rn,
D^g), wh)n.
Y% an ^ T3-
e. g.,
,t
Of some, no
changeable,
e. g.,
TT\ (See
40
Rem.
4.
original a
is
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
fc^a
absolute
the
iu
singular
otiant.
preserves
The
the
construct
tra.
Rem.
an unaccented
b'h
5.
~
t
at
2.
i
contracted
3.
in
III, e.g..
the
absolute
vowel Seghol,
the a and
struct
T#
JS"K,
\%
)TJ(?),
brt,
p?(?),
a*v
tj;,
is
e. g.,
Wau
Wau
the a
state
])k,
to
n\h, b)y,
contract into
Tjlfl.
In the construct,
b))l whose con-
except in
b\Jl.
and
no helping vowel.
(2) Contract the a and Wau into 6, which remains
unchangeable in the singular, e. g., *)1N, fflK, 113, h l3, 111,
111,
jIH,
D1\ D13(?),
]1D,
TIVi
"W,
^1p,
p%
"Mf,
TW. See
w han
con-
and
oxen and
D^lt^ streets
D'HlEf
of
,l
D" !?}
1
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
41
Nouns with
Wau
.
Wau
are
either
regular
or the
^Rem.
elided,
e. g.
;
ink
*na,
Wj?,
final
Sometimes, the
e. g.,
b, ^3, )3, 3,
Wau
final
T,
0*1,
]p,
or
IV.,
Yodh
^V.,
LESSON
has been
Most
D#, n.
will
be con-
or Hiphil
and
VIII.
Before
all
and
sufformatives
dd ??,
form
forte,
Man.
in
Dagesh
?,
13
(for badd),
Rem.
(for
hagg), nn,
*)3,
3 ?,
*)D,
IS,
Z\
T&.
1.
That
42
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
Rem.
4.
When
struct
"H
e. g.,
dj;,
e. g.,
"lil,
inn;
yn,
nj;n.
The word
state,
e. g.,
D*n, nbfen'D}
but *\m-n\
LESSON IX.
NOUNS WHOSE PENULT IS UNCHANGEABLE AND THEIR
ULTIMATE CHANGEABLE.
1. In nouns whose penultimate is unchangeable and
whose ultimate had originally an a, two cases arise:
(1)
The a
is
light
suffixes;
are found
solute, e.
Rem.
S
lowered to the
to the ori-
fi^fy, ^Ity
Before the grave suffixes the forms of the construct
dV|J7.
the
is
and reverts
before
the light
plural,
is
D^IJJ,
suffixes the
g.,
absolute
e. g.,
retained
^)Vis
in
construct,
e.
g.,
The
and before
original a
all
is
e. g.,
D^BIK, 13B1K.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
43
w.
TYfO from
first radical's
We.
being a guttural,
e. g.,
yw&,
Rem.
The
2.
letter
final
occasionally
is
Rem.
3.
original a
is
Rem.
doubled in
^ttBto.
Compare
tfKSBl
e. g.,
fflN^Bi.
before
4.
4.
all
For
Notice,
endings,
I|
e. g.,
this lesson,
J$D, W12.
LESSON X.
LAST SUBJECT CONTINUED.
1.
"When the
either because
it
penultimate
syllable
is
unchangeable,
by contraction, or because it constitutes a closed, or sharpened, syllable, the vowel of the ultimate syllable, (1) if it
was originally i, is heightened usually in the singular absolute and construct to e, and takes the accent, e. g., ^tplp.
44
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
suffixes,
obscured to
Rem.
..
nibvy,
e. g.,
When
2.
the
'fivp,
last
out
E$%
radical
is
a guttural,
Nouns
it
e. g.,
is
jni\
of this class
gular in n. have
in
il.
\.
r6a,
e. g.,
D3^f
V*bl }
The student
will
(See Lesson
Kal. Imv.
Rem.
is
1.
usually
As
or
meaning,
to
reflexive,
here
learn
XIX.
note
reciprocal in
that the
sense;
Hithpael
but
rarely
passive.
Rem.
2.
An
n,
at the
end of the
first
volition,
person of the
e. g.,
nissnrtt "let
us act wisely".
LESSON XL
NOUNS WHOSE ULTIMATE IS UNCHANGEABLE AND THE
PENULT CHANGEABLE.
1.
These comprise
all
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
in
45
the penult.
bW$
^t?p,
An
Rem.
blBg,
but
bltoj?,
penultimate
original
or
dropped
is
Lesson
When
2.
^^^STX I^ZZl *
the
third
radical
is
Yodh
preceded by
i,
only
vpi
Nouns with preformatives, which through contraction have come to have forms with an unchangeable
ultimate and a penultimate a, are inflected just as if
D^pj,
3.
Dlpft,
tJMtffc.
The
TiNB,
e. g.,
remain masculine
N130, Tft,
may be
plural of these
in gender,
feminine
e. g.,
JThlNft,
nioipa.
Rem. So
e. g.,
|itn,
pan,
)1
from
r\"b
verbs,
]inn, jisn.
W2i.
Observe that D^ID comes under the class of unchangeable nouns the form being s arris, and the a heighten5.
ultima
is
written
defectively,
ot the
ZPfitf,
r.
Observe,
and
on the penult,
contrary to analogy;
is
I,
46
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON
XII.
The feminine
1.
nouns, which
of
had
originally
katalcitli,
two
katulath,
In the construct state, the Tau is still rethe Pathah which preceded it; but, the
vowel of the original penult has been lowered to Shewa,
and that of the original antepenult, when a, has been
attenuated ordinarily to t, e. g., rO"l3 from nddavath. In
the construct plural the ending D1 is unchangeable but the
same changes in the original vowels of the penult and
Mtilath, etc.
and
tained
also
nirp.
e. g.,
sluffed
or
it
a,
antepenultimate
the
t:
T -
'
was
u, it
has not been heightened to o except by way of compenbefore gutturals; but the last radical has been
doubled to preserve the distinction between nouns of the
form lidtuldth and those of the form katidath. The former
becomes like iTpS and comes under Lesson III. C D. The
sation
latter
III
becomes
CD.
under Lesson
from katan, and
likewise,
rttttj?
(?).
In the absolute
same form as
to the
and comes,
like H^tajp
plural,
ri
the ending ni
in the singular,
is
i.
is
e.,
appended
the vowel
heightened from a to
a,
or
B.
from
to e,
ETYMOLOGY.
of the antepenult
is
lowered,
mru, ni^ni
e. g.,
4.
the final a
The
is
)3.,
the construct
construct plural
suffixes, e.
all
DDTD-p, Vnini
g.,
5.
MtU, frequently
a-i,
47
Aleph,
e. g.,
is
T0
When
6.
the
first
When
first
or third radical
n-]V.
the
Yodh
radical was a
nouns of
in
for TW&\,
nb, V^K^.
form,
this
e. g.,
or
n2}>
Wau,
for
it
nsjT,
for nTJT,.
radical
first
syllable often
is
a guttural,
becomes Seghol,
is
the vowel of
riblj;,
e. g.,
ni73J.
LESSON
XIII.
kutl,
except that
it
Rem. When
i,
the vowel
rnon,
2.
rn&
The
is
generally obscures
it
to o,
e. g.,
nsbs,
najatq.
the
first
radical
is
a guttural with a or
generally obscured to e,
rbiy.
rn$, mng.
plurals,
however,
e. g.,
But nn and
nsin,
Hj^bn,
nabj;.
as
if
digms
XII and
XIII).
(See Para-
48
B.
Yodk
ETYMOLOGY.
49
entirely in
construct T1K,
Rem.
Rem.
2.
But feminines like np JJ, nj1 J? and niK| are reSee XIII. 1.
Nouns
of most other formations commonly reject alto2.
gether the third radical, and add directly to the second
radical the endings
n, D\, \,, for the masculine, and
h
n_, ffl., for the feminine, e. g., rbh, rf?]J, wbl, *bl, ftbl,
n% rvbl; mn, n^no.
Rem 1. The suffixes are added to their apocopated
forms, e. g., ITl^S, DD^, Y% tiy% irbl, D3r6ll, Vtfil, D3Tfa.
So, also, with all forms whose penult is unchangeable, e. g.,
n% mt, nty, nth, njn, nu, rvbv, ms, na, njjpj?, mno, nawo,
3.
gular.
"!..,
ntap,
Rem.
changeable in
inflection,
e. g.,
is
uj>,
n^o,
ntpo.
in
nntfo,
mtsto,
njjjo,
Nouns ending
2.
fl}
originally
changeable,
(sing,
e. g. ?
ms), nx&
d*^.
is
doubled,
e. g.,
,Tj?J,
D^j?i,
1|?i,
LESSON
Vj?i.
XVI.
Many
nouns arise
letter, e. g., in
3fr>,
50
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
D$
"TIN,
retained, as in "HN,
*h2,
Some
2.
nouns
these
of
In the
seem
to
different roots,
e. g.,
form, as D^a.
To most
of
them we
discussion.
(1) as*,
singular
'38;
"OK
my
Hence
^S*.
the construct
from IJTaK.
into
6,
(2) JIN,
struct
^TnN).
more
and
''Jit?
In the
""JIS
my
plural,
brother
TJK.
(for
the absolute
^111$)
is
M^K
solute
m'TjN
regular and
regular
mnN
and
mnN
contracted;
const,
mTN
contracted.
Plural
(4) nN, no etc. (just like the nj?J> of (!%?).
mno, ninOK (J ust like W3?) witn He inserted as frequently in Syriac.
the singular unchangeable like yi of Lesson
In the plural, there is a poetical form D^N; but
the form in use in prose is D^N (as if from #3N or tittN;
a form tJ>1JN is actually found in poetry, but its plural
would be D^liN) construct "^N, just like the nouns of
Lesson IV, or Lesson V.
etc.; Plural, D^'i
(6) n#N from ntfJK, const. n#K,
ntito)
inflected like D^s, Lesson XV.
(as if from a singular
(5) ti^N in
III.
WN
(7)
ma
Plural D^a,
Qames
in the closed
B.
and sharpened
ETYMOLOGY.
syllable;
51
or
crD
from
~]2,
HIS.
Plural
if
Resh.
'HVl
0^3, ^3
(13)
contracted
D1\
for
DN?
^3.
and DV?$ are found only
in the plural
and
short.
in use
"fitf;
(21)
"!}>,
flection of
(22)
nouns
b%
(23)
*?!*,
52
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON XVII.
VA^'
THE VERB.
1.
The verb
is
The
Transi-
tive
bto]),
are
Intransitive verbs
btofi.
also,
the two
bbj?.
Masc. katala
plur.
sing.
plur.
sing.
plur.
sing,
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
katalti katalnu
Katala
suffixes;
the
ultimate
except
vowel,
a,
before
which receives
the accent;
to a,
drops
bh\),
bftp.
Rem.
No
1.
thus
made
to
i.
e.,
here,
a distinction
is
the noun.
Rem.
form
b^
At
2.
becomes
"?&(?,
e. g.,
!in
?&,
e. g.,
DD
+
+
^ttj?.
bjQ\)
^ttjp
=
=
i.
e.
in pause,
it
it
the
becomes
becomes
DDbojp.
form being
Rem.
1.
rfrtpj?.
differentiate itself
nbtpj?
nbtajp.
to
Both
B.
Rem.
e. g.,
5.
The
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
original
Tau
53
is
^nrftfij?.
first
form being
l^Bj?.
Rem.
&tpj?;
1.
before suffixes
The
form
)-6t3j5
is
a to
still
original ante-
a,
the resultant
found
at
times,
especially in pause.
H3S^.
Rem.
final u,
been
to
3.
e. g.,
In the
first
its
place.
Singular
54
it
is
on the syllable
it is
nnbtaj?,
$k$, ^Sj?
$bk]>,
El? ?*?]??
is
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
1?"? 1
?!?
bto;
(all
Qames
lowered, since
it
The
(1)
form
i.
e.
of the verbs in
the
3rd
and u
1 (e),
(e)
niasc,
sing,
in
e.
g.,
"D3,
where
(o)
first
it
is
second radical,
(2)
The u
e. g.,
Dflth\
of verbs in u
heightened to
is
it
wherever
o,
Elsewhere,
it is
&,
10.
nrto;, Dn*\
When
When
e. g.,
Tf%%
"JVG,
e. g.,
ti?tf,
Tau and
is
Tau
is
is
receives
Dljro, jnitf.
is
Nun
Nun and
is
ttni, tigg,
LESSON
the ^ufformative
written, but
the sufforniative
written and
^BS,
Wtijj,
it
receives
ttgtf.
XVIII.
of the perfect,
Note.
o.
The form
in e
is
not found in
Hebrew
in the
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Pe Nun verb
Lesson
]nr), see
form M.
(See
55
(from
]F\\
verbs of the
from
ni, \Qfi
verbs
Jbj?.
But
Note.
radical
is
or
a,
T5T;
e. g.,
This a
bty\ J>5#\
e. g.,
appears in
it
intransitive,
a guttural,
or weak, verbs
in irregular,
transitive,
heightened
is
light suffixes,
e. g.,
^njJOB^.
In forms
e. g., bb$\ n:VQj?R
obscured to o before the suffixes
QD and
)3,
e. g.,
is
Di^Bj?\
XXVI
Lessons
and
hmi?, na:r, nMJ?; ^nn
following),
(for
e. g.,
^mn),
ty?i?&
a^
(See
suffixes.
^iT.,
(for
toppfl;
nr),
uan
(for O^il?).
The
forms
Kal Imperfect
in
u may be
tabulated as follows:
Plural
Singular
Fem.
Masc.
Masc.
Fern.
3rd person
Yaktiilti-i-a Taktulti-i-a
2nd person
Taktulu-i-a Taktulina
Yaktuluna Taktulna
Taktuluna Taktulna
'aktulii-i-a
Naktulu-i-a
1st
person
like
Rem.
Of the preformatives
1.
^
is
of the Imperfect,
1st
singular
plural
2nd
either
or 3rd fem.
a;
56
B.
As
to sufformatives,
is
rn
s
in
ETYMOLOGY.
always masc. plural
fern.
2nd
fern, singular.
Rem.
The
2.
to i with \
but
Rem.
tence
and
P\,
but with K
is
e. g.,
4.
in pause,
ultimate,
ti
The
un appear
in the
instead of
Shewa
e. g.,
e. g.,
IWSt^.
^fift.
So
also, the
a of the
LESSON
THE
e. g.,
is
e. g.,
SJltaj?'?'!,
e;
^bjpij.
masculine plural,
Rem.
attenuated
obscured to
it is
3.
(i. e.
Rem.
3,
e. g.,
D^"3^3\
XIX.
INFINITIVES, IMPERATIVE,
/J*
1.
The
Infinitive
Absolute
is
The
original form
was Mtdl which becomes by heightening of a in the pretonic syllable and by obscuring of a to 6, ^iER.
2.
The
most
common
use was kutl (Ges. 93 1), a form which is ordinarily retained before suffixes, the u being commonly
syllable,
e. g.,
I^tsj?.
In the
is
Before D3 and
Makkeph,
but
also,
this o
IMBfr.
is
and heightened,
^bp.
B.
Rem.
ETYMOLOGY.
The Active
3.
r6tsj3
Infinitive
Construct are
bv\>,
^jpo.
bto$Q,
Participle
according to Lesson
57
from kattl
"?ftip
is
The feminine
above.
inflected
singular
is
or rhvp.
Rem.
participle,
113.
The Passive
4.
Participle
of the
is
but ^0(?,
fcag,
XI
it
is
heightened to
&,
e. g.,
See Lesson
above.
Rem. In a few
be
where
rfyBj?, l^ajp,
cases, the
e. g.,
*0
mindful.
F\.
This re-
inasmuch as three
g.,
^Djppl,
but exceptionally
'btofi,
*btop.
is
Hiriq,
Qames Hatuf.
LESSON XX.
THE INTENSIVE STEMS, PIEL AND PUAL.
1. The intensive stem
by doubling the second
is
radical.
is
it
is
be-
and heightened,
as
it is
in the
and before
58
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
lowered to Shewa, as
(5)
and before
nibtap.n,
is
before
or
vowel endings
all
all
except DD and
bp_,
it
)3,
6fij?,
(5)
bk]>,
(4)
b$,
3.
Aleph
the
^>t3j?,
btofo
bpx.
sufformatives, except
same as
Kal
in the
stem.
5.
Sometimes, before a final Resh the vowel of the
3rd person singular masculine is heightened to Seghol,
1S^.
e. g.,
retained,
is
In pause, vowels
6.
will
be heightened as usual,
e. g.,
LESSON
XXI.
The
original forms
But
ij.
in
commonly
changes of
vowels occur.
(1)
fect to
(2)
The
i,
a of the preformative
e. g.
The a
is
phft'ft'n.
been changed to
i,
e. g.
the Participle;
in
all
forms of
^t?!?n, ^ib|pn;
Rem.
first
1.
^tpjprt;
The a
^tppo;
b^i,
e. g.,
^t?|?!; lW?$j.
is
e. g.
retained in the
nnbttjpn, tob^jpn.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Rem.
This
2.
59
In Arabic the
vowel
is
in Syriac,
a;
e,
Rem.
3.
But not
the
in
e. g.,
participle,
nor before
suffixes,
e.
g.,
Rem.
preformative
e. g.,
e. g.,
is
for
^tpjr
He
of the
btifil
for
^|?.T,
(see
"^tpipn etc.
4.
The
Infinitives
Absolute are
bto$n,
with suffixes
ftj?n,
DD^JpH.
and b^T\,
60
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON
XXII.
THE NIPHAL.
The a
Shewa.
to
^ttjpi,
e. g.,
The
2.
except
n^B]?^
Participle
that
in
of the antepenult
is
attenuated to
i,
^ttjpl
the
heightened to a,
is
same form
of the
absolute
e. g.,
btsjpi,
the
singular
state
^Ojpi,
as the Perfect,
is
n ^j?^
D^ttjpi, .^Bj?^
nVaj?i, Jv6tppa
3.
Infinitives, the
milated to the
^!?(5in
^t?(21;
becomes
first
is
"?t?|?n
etc.
Nun
stem
of the
e. g.,
is
assi-
becomes
bto^y
e,
This
finitives,
but the e
is
e. g.,
^tpj?'!,
all
^t?jj>tfj "i^i?/?-
is
forms
Before
retained,
n^tojjn, ni^oj?n.
e. g.,
4.
absolute,
He
occurs once.
5.
is
6.
first
The vowel
]3
the final
person singular
is
as often
as
e,
i.
e.
/toj?N,
as well
as ^BJ5X.
7.
\12fi)\,
]?!$$,
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
61
THE HITHPAEL.
B.
1.
stem,
forms,
Imv.,
and
lowered
in
forms
all
before
the suffixes
D3 and
The He
without
endings
all
(4)
)D,
is
(4)
of the preformative
dropped, or absorbed,
is
HantS^n.
4.
is
and
Participle.
of
M^nn.
2$,
ta,
e. g.,
D,
ly
transposition
e. g.,
e. g.,
}3*n Is.
and $
"Wflpn, "Ofi^E
j?\!B2n.
is
(3)
vowel or
obscured to Seghol before
(1) ngtogjpft; (2) rubBpnn,
e. g.,
typnn,
sufformative;
consisting
1.
takes
In the
t,
the
16.
written,
forte,
e. g.,
Darin.
Rem.
it,
e. g.,
is
"i^nn, Nisan.
Occasionally,
with
other
letters
assimilation
occurs.
5.
ori-
6.
aisan,
kisi^.,
p^p,
wm\
originally a passive in
in
all.
62
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON XXIII.
THE PERFECT KAL WITH
may be
It
1.
we
get:
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
katala
btoft
for a
more
suffixes,
original
e. g.,
+ hu = with contraction
+ hi (or ha) = with contraction
+ ka, with proper changes
+ ni
+ hem
+ hen
+ kem
+ ken
+ nil
+ ki becomes ^t?]?.
Taking katalath
(2)
SUFFIXES.
taking
suffixes
l^ttj?
^^(?
^taj?
^^J?
D^taj?
)?tSJ?
t
D; ?^(?
?
)$V$
^l?j Dut
katalath
Forms ending
2.
in a vowel
di-
lowering
etc. of
i,
e.
g.,
&, but
inftfi]?;
^btaj?,
but lN^Bfc.
The ending
3.
of the
is
changed to
form
^Pbttft
before suffixes.
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
forms
but ^aj?;
"^aj?
these variations
63
to
e.
but ttnbap.
"OrtoBj?
For none
of
is
LESSON XXIV.
PERFECTS OF DERIVED STEMS WITH SUFFIXES.
All forms of the
1.
changeable before
first
suffixes, e.
tilti'p&j?,
g.,
2.
The 3rd
fern.
changed,
e. g., 'iiyjSDrT.
rfrajpn with
e.,
i.
and
^taj?
Except,
Wi-tofcjJCJ.
n becomes a before %
sing, becomes r6aj? and
^ttjpn,
Rem.
becomes
bto])
b\)
before
DD and
]3,
e. g.,
*JS2]? r
S3S2j?.
3.
is
teristic
e. g.,
}n$j32.
LESSON XXV.
THE COHORTATIVE AND
1.
The
it
charac-
its
so-called Cohortative
is
/
JUSSIVE.
formed by appending
n^taj?.
Rem.
1.
ending H t
is
n"?aj?nK.
as in the
Kal Imperfect
the original a to
Rem.
an, the
2.
This
Nun
of
and Hithpael,
in a, the vowel
is
as well
heightened from
a.
J1
is
which
64
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
^&j?K, n|Vaj?K,
e. g.,
2.
2nd masc.
sing.,
3^Jp|?.
It is to be rendered
English by the auxiliaries "will", "let", etc.
v**,,t 3. The Jussive is a shortened form of the Imperfect,
rjfpv jux where shortening is possible, to denote command etc. In
Arabic, there are five moods of the Imperfect, which maybe called Indicative, Subjunctive, Jussive, and Energetic
The first three have the endings of
(two of this last).
;
in the
"
(/*
of the
in
2J^A
','
the
cases
of the
noun
ti,
a,
The Jussive
in
Hebrew
(now that the old endings have been dropped), only in the
Hiphil, e. g., b^l becomes bto])l and ^taj?j, ^9JPR In forms
of the Hiphil with endings, the Jussive coincides in form
with the ordinary Imperfect.
Rem.
1.
Rem.
is
**
Imperative
It will
is
LESSON XXVI.
THE IMPERFECT WITH SUFFIXES.
1.
The forms
of
all
Rem. Instead
plural
2.
is
of the
employed before
Of the forms
before suffixes.
Imperfects
suffixes,
ending in
e. g.,
a vowel
1
'in^tpj?'.,
im^tSjT,
masculine
suffixes.
ETYMOLOGY.
C.
(1)
(2)
Lower
b.
Rem.
(1)
e.
65
..
(2)
(3)
..
1.
in
D3 and
)D,
obscure
(a)
m'?^;
e. g.,
^nS^p^)^,
e. g.,
else,
*ftt3]?1,
Vl7B{?1,
e. g.,
rj,
everywhere
f,
else,
T\b^\]
^6tpj?' .,
e. g.,
D3 and
before
e.
)3,
e. g.,
*f?Bj??,
g.,
^H^I3(2\
fflfc&pl,
retained before
(2) Is
DD and
]D,
e. g.,
*$$% 2^3^.
a,
e. g.,
WJlfcW,
nj>nyf\
3.
the
energetic
retained before
With
VI,
this
iriot^,
e. g.,
Rem.
1.
ployment of
of the
the suffixes
Nun
contracts into
with
into
Hi..,
certain,
em-
n,
n|na^.
In addition to
Nun
(called
and
this visible,
by grammarians,
Dagesh
demonstrative, or energetic), a
in the first
*3_;
letter of the
forte
of the
suffix
Nun
is
epenthetic,
often found
second masculine
Rem.
before
e. g.,
Nun
and
?T
t
epenthetic
^1^T
To forms
4.
1
2.
\5,
a consonant,
For ^
1STP, n^BB^.
"3 is
occasionally found,
e. g.,
5.
is
e. g.,
change of accent
e. g.,
and
H.,
"O^SIN.
in a
'in.
form with a
suffix will, of
66
B.
Sometimes
6.
in
ETYMOLOGY.
suffixes,
M ^U5to^
LESSON
XXVII.
THE
*~1
A.
1.
2.
THE INFINITIVES.
o,
e. g.,
form ^(P,
Rem.
Rem.
'frtpE.
e. g.,
1.
2.
e. g.,
suffixes,
ti
it
its
ori-
obscured
takes the
TW
to
form,
as
it
were,
one
silent,
ifstfb.
Rem.
3.
The
Infinitives
exactly like
Of
suffixes.
D^tflj?.
word.
WITH
for me.
nouns,
e.,
Rem.
my
gathering,
I gather.
IX
4.
e.
and X.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
B.
1.
67
THE IMPEEATIVES.
Imperfects,
with the
Tau
preformative
way
omitted,
affix
ir6tsp_ri,
original characteristic
common form
-in^tpjpn,
inVtppfl, irfrtpj?
e. g.,
irpbtppfl,
liTbtpp,
irfrtpjpn,
with
with the
of the
suffix
the less
ir6t3|?
He
the suffixes in
may be compared
I^tpj?
l^ppl,
sing, suffix.
C.
1.
The
THE PARTICIPLES.
adjectives,
participles;
It
really verbal
and as such
))")
^b^ paying me
come
e. g.,
DiTin
Hiphil
is
evil.
be indistinguish-
to
their pursuers, or
Rem..
The
Participle
unchangeable in
in-
in-
flection;
Thor.
LESSON
XXVIII.
Wau
Wau
conversive, or consecutive,
is
the conjunction
68
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
following
it,
takes
it,
With
2.
nr6ttpj
when the
Wau
is
conversive,
No
in
is
''fl'pap
ultimate,
Wau
the
the Perfect,
Wau
ordinary
to the
nnStspl
e. g.,
but
Wau
With
3.
the Imperfect,
Wau
the
2,
bb$%
e. g.,
be doubled, the
person singular,
Wau
e. g.,
b'VQft},
That
is,
before \ D,
pronunciation,
it
bbfil).
first
^bjpisn.
Where
cannot be doubled.
it
The
Wau.
of the
doubled,
is
conversive.
and
is
context alone
is
it
not doubled in
e. g.,
b])\),
4.
penult,
6.
e. g.,
perfect,
Hj?!
may come
&T<|
perfect
n'pBK
''Fnpb'i
Df?*!
may be
a perfect with
"itfKis,
when I
for Dp*l.
resolved into an
Wau
conversive,
shall visit.
Imi.
e.,
Hence, the
in the apodosis.
LESSON XXIX.
'
mM
"
PE GUTTURAL VERBS.
5
is
to
1.
The
quickest
way
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
69
nog
etc.
first syllable
of the
tive
Kal
in
e. g.,
"Hoy, ipm.
(4)
first
Nun
e. g.,
in
g.,
Niphal wherever
nojr,
*Toj>n.
Hatef-Pathah,
e. g.,
y OKI, tea.
70
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON XXX.
PE ALEPH VERBS.
verbs are but a sub-class of Pe Guttural
from which they differ in but a few particulars.
^in fact, most verbs whose first radical is Aleph belong
Pe Aleph
1.
tifij
verbs,
to
Pe Guttural
the
io, bin, m,
2.
The
that
is,
*)dn,
Pe Aleph
-n, nn,
distinguishing
there
class,
peculiarity
ns>,
Rem.
of
Pe Aleph
verbs
t$&,
These are
verbs.
and ns.
e. g.,
"U?K\
f?3N'\
tntf"
Two
i.
e.,
>")pN
and
T)1N,
to wit: *]b&0
to the penult,
tn' s 1.
In pause, however,
we
Wau
conversive,
e. g.,
"II3&W,
LESSON XXXI.
AYIN GUTTURAL VERBS.
1.
B.
Since
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
71
gutturals
stems,
it
the
Yi,
irttp,
3.
nns,
)rj3,
mon than
not,
radical
is
This
1JD.
is
usually heightened.
Rem. They
the Resh,
5.
When
tt13, tons.
e. g.,
vowel
is
Rem.
^bsr.,
e. g.,
^nt^.
e. g.,
tantr,
This a
is
suffixes,
viBnti^;
suffixes
e.
g.,
and
e'g., nhb*i\.
He
is
shortened,
e. g.,
Dr6'?l,
n^l.
LESSON XXXII.
LAMEDH GUTTURAL VERBS.
At
the
is
gutturals He,
72
B.
these
ETYMOLOGY.
m ?^,
1
Tyhtfn, ni^tf,
a,
e. g.,
nb\tf,
n^tf.
i.
e.,
n^i, rh&,
Rem.
1.
heightened to
Rem.
e. g.,
2.
yrfffi,
3.
the
a,
e. g.,
yto&\,
suffixes, this
*fcfffi, ttjfefl;
but
is
Mo^\
is
lowered,
tfhtf.
third radical,
4.
e. g.,
narrVtfri.
Lomadh
silent
e.
g.,
Shewa under
also, silent
ciation,
e. g., nniti*.
Rem.
1.
heightened to
Rem.
Rem.
helping
2.
e. g.,
Before
is
flJN^'S-
suffixes,
this
form
is
regular,
e.
g.,
Pathah
The question
arises as to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
tive,
is
is
73
ever found.
Participial forms, however, which have an e heightened
from an original
it
1,
keep the
to a in the construct,
e in the absolute,
e. g.,
but change
r6$, PQUp.
lesson xxxin.
LAMBDH ALEPH VERBS.
^^ZZ^-r r^^
.*- t^Z^jZ^
g^^
1.
Wherever Aleph
vfypj,
they require
e. g.,
Or,
K3IS,
is
it
if
n^an,
NEB"
e. g.,
,,
aspirated,
2.
Where Tau
e. g.,
The
3.
At
is
*~~*~^^^*^
^^J^jF^-^*
^^^
ft**"
then heightened.
it
is
riN^ft.
original characteristic
times retained,
c*+
j&^&r** -^
nNiatp.
^A.
/^t
SOi, K3rj;
*^'*2^
e. g.,
u of the Hophal
is
some-
N^n.
IfcOfcy,
to a, so as to cause
it
to
harmonize
LESSON XXXIV.
PE NUN VERBS.
1.
When
the
Nun
occurs
at
the
f^S^dc^
end of the
initial
)
e. g.,
^^^^r
[C&rf^'Tpr*
74
B.
Rem.
ETYMOLOGY.
1.
Rem.
2.
^Difl,
e. g.,
On
e. g.,
^iH.
"ltoil,
Nun
preceding vowel
is
e. g.,
DPll
is
e. g.,
2.
dropped,
e. g.,
Rem.
has
t^SH.
ordinarily remains,
35^, DJ}\
*)&?.,
other consonants,
e. g.,
li,
Nun
a,
1.
a or e (from
in
is
ntfa,
)Fl;
Bfe,
nn (See
i),
Nun
the
is
3 (3) below).
is
e. g.,
nj?3,
nrtf?
Rem.
This Infinitive
2.
is
a, innj?, inn.
Rem. 3. When the Nun
e. g.,
is
is
attenuated to Hiriq,
wjfi,
not dropped,
Rem.
Nun
suffixes,
is
When
4.
The
5.
sufformative
Dagesh
is
forte,
li,
is
o (from
in
the
ti),
is
e. g.,
but one
e. g.,
it
^bl
e. g.,
cohortative
followed by a guttural,
Imperfect
the
not dropped,
Rem.
is
5H1
e. g.,
nnni
Nun
for
nnini
etc.
written, but
is
When
it
the
receives
lini
light suffixes,
ened to
(3)
e. g.,
UJV,
before D3,
The
ttfl,
e. g.,
Infinitive
construct
nn (from
comes nn,
inn, D?nn.
e. g.,
\n*ft\,
IHin,
mn; and
short-
E^nN.
nini).
drops
Before
both
Nuns
and
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
4.
The verb
nj?,
i.
treated in the
and Imperative, as
e.,
wn^,
niife,
is
75
njT,
Kal Im-
if
the
first
^njV, tiin^,;
DDnnj?.
LESSON XXXV.
AYIN AYIN VERBS.
<*">-
A?c/*/ 4r'" ^e ^ h
Some
we are
When
1.
the
verbal
form has
and the
no sufformative only
original vowel
is
generally
to oe left in
This vowel
is
the tone,
Rem.
thiii
is
Tsere.
3.
radical
to
the
meond and
heightens
the
vowel
\j4
76
of
B.
preformative
the
unchangeable
into
e.
it,
SDVT,
g.,
2.
of a
vowel,
which
tttf;
ETYMOLOGY.
When
the vowel
e.
g.,
Dp,
heightened
is
When
3.
affixed
titfsj;
ttbV.
ttfctf!,
Rein.
is
it
then doubled,
is
if
a guttural or Resh,
is
possible,
e. g.,
But
njn.
ty"\,
is
e. g.,
nrilip, nri12pi,
nniipn, nniiwn.
in the
radical.
it
causes
When
4.
a consonant
(i.
e.
in
the
accented
to
be lowered,
5.
tracted
e. g.,
2ST, ab".,
1
^J
in
ti
of the
the D
is
)2Q\,
The
ultimate to
np.
D?2pa,
and the a
Before endings
etc.
this
becomes
3D13,
of the
e,
thus making
e. g.,
fDp, D^spo,
of the penult to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
When
8.
always lowered,
is
the
to
always short
are
formative
added
are
sufformatives
or
suffixes
forms,
contracted
77
e. g.,
12D,
'inap'j;
a guttural or
is
with
"^"l
more usual o
perhaps for
for neBftn.
1
,,
JTlStt,
DJHfi.
in
or u.
(2)
with o written
)1"in
ttttBfo.
(6)
(7) sjjit
'
it
for
(3) ttlUtZ
fully.
(5)
(8)
nntfn
wnri
here as an intransitive
Niphal Perfect; nfefc^ Niphal PartiH2Di Hiph. Imperfect; nipi Hiph. Imperfect with
like
ciple;
fern,
^"JS
}3Df\
Kal
e. g.,
The
9.
(1)
withdrawn,
is
!?|
(9) HSBto
suffix.
10.
are used:
(1)
(2)
first
regular
form
form which
like
inserts
btiQ,
e.
g.
Mn,
liTftgP,!,
an unchangeable 6
has
the
Rem.
same vowels
1.
The
unchangeable,
changes,
Rem.
e. g.
e. g.,
2.
after the
radical,
tyn, ^in.
as
regular
the
verb
m]&,
e. g.,
root,
e. g.,
but
J>I2W>
first syllable
Piel,
)^\,
suffers
in
all
the
same
WfiLp\.
y?n, ^in.
LESSON XXXVI.
PE
WAU
VERBS.
78
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
2.
it is
usually contracted
When
When
When
Rem.
the
Some
2.
more common i.
3. The Kal Imperative
but Bh"
JH;
Imperfect.
If so
is
t,
from
Kal
is
e. g. IBfrl,
tsh),
(p.
2JT.
4.
The
HBh from
inflected exactly as
The
2.
rQ$, njn.
e. g.,
But, also,
suffixes,
if
Rem.
with
JINX.
Before
1.
tsh".-
Rem.
which have
first
a,
or
1fD$,
e. g.
i,
is of a form
nT, nT, mT;
like NT"! or
fect
^N
*s
varied,
IflJH,
1J1K3.
WBh.
LESSON XXXVII.
PE YODH VERBS.
1.
Pe Yodh
Yodh
originally
Lesson
XXXVI,
Rem.
drawn
to
1.
e. g.,
Ty*,
This a becomes
the
penult,
e. g.,
3
e,
btpfy,
pS'l.
It
is
with-
becomes a
in
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
pause,
e.
g.,
heightened to
Rem.
]tfW; where,
a, e. g., Wt2\
The
2.
79
an original a
also,
and Imperative of
Infinitives, Participles
found
is
e. g.,
Rem. Singular
Yodh, the
in
the pointing
is
3.
the
first
radical
Kal and
been Nun,
is
for
b^\
if
the
m%, NV.dh&&~~*
first
radical
^^7^"
LESSON XXXVIII.
AYIN
active,
all
Wau
The
1.
e.
g.,
Dj5,
Wau
radical was
or
Hiphil, just as
e. g., pSJ,
b'b]]
first
WAU
had
W^**
^ ^jLfjfa
^p
VERBS,
is
Hiphil Jussives,
e. g.,
D|^,
D[?\
Rem.
1.
0,
e. g.,
QpB,
Dfl
a,
e. g.,
and
]fl
riO|5,
But the o
nflis.
where
shortened
it is
DFlBte.
is
?jnj2,
D|?,
niij?,
D^Jtpj^,
"'DJ?,
VI3;
Dj?^; in
pause
Dp*}.
%^j&6s^t&<> ^r^
^^ '^
^'
80
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
The Jussive
with
DpJ, in
suffixes, ^HttpM.
The
2.
with
not yakwim.
to
Wau
is
contracted with u to
u,
with a to
6,
i.
the
Wau
is contracted with an a,
Preceding and following in the Inf. Abs. Kal, e. g.,
Dip from kawam; in the Niphal Imperfect. Imperative and
Infinitive, e. g. DIpH, Dip from yinkawam.
(b) Following, as in the Kal Imperfect and Imperative
in a, e. g. $1^ from yavwas; in the Niphal Perfect and
Participle, e. g. Dips from nakwam.
(3) Wau is contracted with i in the Hiphil throughout,
so as to form i unchangeable, e. g., D^pH from hikwim;
D"p} from yakwim.
Rem. 1. The Jussive Imperfect is an exception to this.
See above under 1. Rem. 3.
(2)
(a)
Rem.
2.
The
Participle Hiphil
is
we
Niphal
union vowe l 6
and
Hiphil
sufformatives.
changed
to
ii,
is
stems
between
the
is
commonly
ii
verb were Pe
(the last
form
first).
exactly, as if the
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
81
6,
e. g.,
stem.
Dipnn; pi3;
(3)
D1p, D)?1p,
Dn.
]B1V;
^3^3.
e. g.,
from kalkal.
Rem.
When
6.
before the
diately
Tau
is
D'p, D1p.
e. g.
of a suffix, the
Dagesh
forte,
vie, nriD.
e. g.,
7.
fern.
sing,
and 3rd
2nd
plur. of
fern. sing,
of
on the penult,
nop, IDp;
ftttp),
npifrfl;
accent
8.
is
nn,
rdj,
e. g.,
riD^ii,
*ran (article
HlS^n,
^P5;
wj?;, *&$%,
JTin, K1IT,
K^fl,
LESSON XXXIX.
A YIN YODH VERBS.
These verbs are exactly
that
in
Kal
the
Infinitive
like
Ayin
Wau
construct,
verbs, except
Imperative,
and
Imperfect,
tsto,
is
Rem.
1.
That
in
Kal and
Rem.
e. g.,
Rem.
i
2.
Sometimes
the
Infinitive
construct
has
u,
nftt.
becomes
in pause
3.
e (by heightening
hto*).
82
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Rem.
4.
When
is
Tau
This
written.
is
has
form D^K,
the
cohortative
Rem.
is
The Imv.
6.
even
Wau
after
The
conversive.
no"^^.
of the
Kal
e. g.,
the Imperfect
like
is
1
D*
^, Hifi^.
LESSON XL.
LAMEDH HE
Originally, the third radical
when
final,
VERBS.
was Wau, or Yodh;
this
>
its
but,
preceding
From
Lamedh He.
He.
a radical,
is
Lamedh
as a
it
receives
Mappik and
e. g., nil
this He is
When final
the verb
is
treated
Guttural verb,
In the Perfect, a
1.
n%
It
never a
He
this
final
is
heightened to
a,
e. g.
of the
nban, rb)r\.
4.
sing.
For the
cons.
final
e.
g.,
'hi.
Tlbl,
Tlbl.
plur.
fern. sing,
The
Infinitive
absolute
of the
e.
In
all
of
these
forms,
it
Hophal
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
e. g.,
83
i"6a
rtgn.
With
e. g.
&,
^?afi;
6$:
*V$\
a
preceding vowel of Kal into
and of
into
e,
n^i
rvfci,
all
i,
of the Pual
and Hophal
i,
e. g.
r\M or n^a.
diphthong,
10.
e. g.,
The
is
ano-
malous
the
in
that
same form,
it
e. g.
in He,
e. g.,
Rem.
1.
Rem.
2.
'pan,
bm.
!"6a
'
84
12.
to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
the forms
first
plural,
But
rnban,
e. g.,
Kal the a
in
is
In the case
suffixes is
n%
n^a
sing.,
fern,
^nss,
e. g.,
rnVa,
but D36a.
lan^a.
sing.,
the
to
3rd
the
of
e. g.,
lowered before
is
Bern.
dp and
*J,
]2,
e. g.,
In pause ^"in.
?f?a.
13.
added
and
Note
directly,
,,
e. g.,
WIST,
The
ininttfR
fern. plur.
The remaining
off
the
n..,
forms,
or n., and
i.
add the
e.
all
suffixes to the
second radical
e. g.,
naV?n,
LESSON XLI.
PE GUTTURAL AND "S VERBS WITH 2ND, OR 3RD
RADICAL WEAK.
The verbs
of both the
1.
of
classes
Pe Guttural
weak verbs
to
2"]%,
SpJJ,
Examples
rhp,
onnn.
of forms: D^nnsa,
" T
t
r
2.
(1)
nm, rf?&
&B& in.
vi if
Examples:
as nan, non,
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
85
LESSON XLIL
VERBS PE NUN WHOSE THIRD RADICAL
IS
WEAK.
weak
verbs.
^;
is
guttural,
e.
g.
TVpb.
^rjjr, np_.
LESSON XLIIL
PE WAU AND PE YODH VERBS WITH 3RD RADICAL
WEAK.
1.
Third radical a
Wau or
Yodh,
e. g.,
PIT.
Examples:
ntre,
3.
TO,
J>T_,
e. g.,
JTP,
H3\
Examples:
LESSON XLIV.
VERBS WITH 2ND AND 3RD RADICALS WEAK.
1.
"TID.
The second a
guttural, the
3rd a Resh,
e. g.
VIQ.
e. g.,
1HO,
86
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
2.
Treated
like
n\.
e. g.,
3.
Partake
S*3J5.
of the
of both,
peculiarities
e. g.,
*n|,
g.,
N^2,
e.
See
Paradigm XLIV,'2(?).
4. Second radical Wau. 3rd radical a guttural, e. g.,
Wau remains firm and verb treated as Lamedh
Jft3.
guttural only,
e. g.,
JJtt\
5.
e. g.
as
Lamedh He
only, e.
g.,
SJN12, K12^,
WDJ,
e. g.,
also,
812.
of
K12, 1K12,
|,
n$\
ITJ;
ruwrifi;
nj#, nn,
(1)
e. g.,
nnj?, nntf.
Most
of these partake
nj$, nno,
(2) rnj?
wn&, nna,
nj^i,
e. g.,
He,
e. g.,
(3)
differs
Wau
(3rd. sg.
if
yt^.,
lit.
spl]?.
nn^
radical
in certain forms,
e. g.,
nnpittfn,
Mrw$n;
inpiti^
LESSON XLV
VERBS WITH ALL THE RADICALS WEAK.
1. When the first radical is a guttural and the verb
Ayin Ayin, e. g., Tl$, bb$, MR, ITJ1. (See XLVI), bbu, )in, ppn,
Jinn, )ijj. Examples 7VhN, Imv. -rnfc or ni; Niph. nnJ;
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Pi. JTTjK,
Dn*l0;
brr or
bn)-,
When
2.
of the
the
first
peculiarities
radical
of
all
is
87
)rv;
three classes,
e. g.,
T\t$"),
njn.
Examples: nn^n, wi, Jinan; man, wi; nY, kt, jom, *nrn,
nn, w; run; nna, nT; rt^pn, mkt, trw; nrjnn, 'jh;
3.
When
nn"3,
e. g.,
^^
the
first
or JTIi
WT
4.
When
the
first
WT
g.,
cons
jn (in pause),
JH o r
ijrjn,
? ) I nf
JH.5 Niph.
Dnjnn; jna, D^na.
radical is a Nun, it remains firm,
( for
ffPC;
is
Examples:
VTH, ))
two
(Yodh),
LESSON
THE VERBS
XLVI.
,TH
AND
.TH.
1.
PPrr
^Wl
The verb
verb,
"n
or
as
88
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON XL VII.
THE NUMERALS.
THE CAKDINALS.
A.
1.
The
D^i
nns
T\)Ui
*in{*
e. g.,
one year,
nn'Nfcn
tt^N
^W
one man,
D1 1
ri)3K
the dual,
e. g.,
one
WfiV
is
not expressed,
So,
cubit.
tivo
days;
also,
DISCS']
two
e. g.,
is
f^K
is
one
expressed by
1i$
ten curtains;
V?^
The number
JYIKja
(B^
is
D^Ol n~$$
*T$y. before
*lte>}>
eleven
is
ten, to constitute
is
B.
7.
construct,
89
The other
masculine
the
ETYMOLOGY.
ending
plural
D^B*
e. g.,
the
to
masculine
singular
30.
is
heightened,
but,
V2n,K;
e. g.,
D^^ns.
8.
may
in the construct.
and two,
The word
9.
400
800
for one
niKfi
hundred
DVWD
200
const. ni8;
rVUSO,
is
(for
10. The word for one thousand is *)% D^. *$), dual
D^?K=2000; 3000 n*pbx Tltfty, or D^K MB^tf etc.
11. The word for ten thousand is K13"l; 40000=12"i J>an
or ^H n^2"l; 20000=D h:n or *)^ tTHfcj?.
12. As to the number of the object numbered, the
,,
(2)
three
&2&
The
singular
The
plural
to
ten,
e.
is
is
g.,
H1S
g.,
e.
tihtf,
D^K
riB^B*,
JYIKfi
W,
JJB/.
(3)
(4)
eleven
The dual
The
to
is
plural
is
*iB>j>
eleven cities
(D' 13>
D'OB*
is
g.,
DW,
nineteen inclusive,
stars; DWBtt
e.
e. g.,
0^313
twelve princes;
feminine).
nB>j>
DnB
tfu'r-
90
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
tS^K
men.
bullocks.
(5)
precedes
ray
e. g.,
Dnfcjj his
servants.
Or,
the noun
if
singular,
vhH
e. g.,
is
a collective,
t\bx
angels; 712T\
mtf ngo
itffl
e.
ijsbj?
U*gb$\
years.
(7)
etc.,
"s'pK
also,
D^0 2200
g
thousands of myriads; n:^ nD .Z6>0 years
thing numbered,
of the
the
rtNOl
7\$
Jive years
dred years.
13.
in the
The
nf$
D'HJJ
may
stand
3000;
UW
e. g.,
tsfctf
D^K
ten cities.
e. g.,
V$)
D^btt/
r\$Z
B.
1.
(1)
board
THE OEDINALS.
= the
board.
e. g.,
"rnisn
ahj?n,
first."
the one
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
(2)
follows
(3)
idiom; nriN
HitJto
e. g.,
ding \
the
to
cardinal,
e. g.,
^BKfo in
Rem.
fourth,
tf*e
1.
e. g.,
Rem.
2.
in
3.
after
W&>
^tf,
T3#
VPft
eighth
month
^VT\
The
prosthetic
*)py]
g.
Sixth
and
fifth
Wn
the
"'T^, e g-> ^1 h ?
VfflQ the tenth month.
Aleph
D1 S3
T5TD
^pn, as
Rem.
and usually
by inserting another \
7ze
Jltftnn JV.an.
2.
keep
91
is
dropped
^e
/owrf/i day.
forming
in
second a short
i,
e. g.,
*<$$,
Second
form
*}&%
is
of the
is
formed by appending n,
Vtf,
e. g.,
Bhha iw
second month.
3.
The feminine
JYOBfrl the
second year;
W&b&r\
e. g.,
Hi!^n
The
ordinals above ten are expressed by the carwhich commonly in such usage precede the noun,
e. g., Bfth "i&jpflBtya in the eleventh month; Bhh n&JJ D^tfa
in #ie tivelfth month; nitf rnt>jrc6l^a i <7*e thirteenth year;
nv 1^ njntfa on tfie seventeenth' day ; Bhtf? "inKl D'nfcjja
o>; */ie twenty-first of the month; ^Ihb ntfeni D'HfcJja on
Me twenty-fifth of the month; nitf JDBft D"b6^3 ifi Me
4.
dinals,
Rem.
the year
1.
is
enumerated,
Rem.
2.
D^a^Ka
e. g.,
D^b$ ni^a
nnjtfn
in the
ni^'a
e. g.,
titon
nit^a
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
The numeration
Etymology
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
I.
A.
i.
^p
j. (i)
and
2. n, a,
(i)
b.
pnp
*wp,
(2)
d^
(2)
^fi% nin^(Read^^),
nia-fi
^p^, 7TI
(3)
(2)
bb%$\
"tfiKj,
'^13
nyn, rcni
pi, $*.'
(4). jan,
(3)
(5)
^5,
(4)
C.
THE ARTICLE.
1.
D^n
mn, f$n,
v?n,
"$pn,
-vttpn,
D^n,
amn
I IV
tftfin. (3)
'
IV
nn"jp,
or
n'7PD.
Ordinarily, n,
e.
vowelled letter n,
Pathah,
(2)
'
"I
2.
1.
nr6, n$p.
Tin
iv-
(i)
ib*$
'^nV,
$$,
(4)
nnit
(6). jry\,
bb$*\
\"i8i,
v:it'
(i)
*),
2.
(i)
nvfafc,
tow, ogi,
T
tepgj,
(2)
dviWj.
(3)
1.
nJFitf]
\>nb
B.
(i)
nirrp c^ufp).
ts^D,
(3)
e. g.,
2)
$&^t
Q^
^nb.
HE INTERROGATIVE.
g.,
ipn,
e. g.,
n3fcn,
n^Tinn
tSypn
nspn
nnj5p?n.
"*&$>
3.
4.
2.
Before an un-
Occasionally,
Occasionally,
letter
Dagesh
it
it
receives
receives
forte,
e. g.,
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
rv-
n-.-
u
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<=>
nil r\
P
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& 3
bo
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fi
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p q
p p
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n n *
3
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o
s
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a
a S
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
CI*
Kit CI?
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Q O O O O
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C*~
r- r* r*
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ii
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
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53
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*5-
CV.
n
*
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n-
n=
m. v\~
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*-
na
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n:-
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na
10
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TABLES OP PAEADIGMS.
G\
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fl\
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n
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n;
w
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r-- r~>
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bo
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
n\
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file
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11
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
12
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9
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
13
TABLES OF PABADIGMS.
14
#f. Br;
f"
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
53
G- G- G-
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r
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a
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M-
35- 55=
X- X:
r r r
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55
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35
r
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15
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
16
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g*
cr D- Er C'
*=
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S3u S3 1
s-
JI-.E-.E .E-
n n n n
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17
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
Or
oi
^c
eh
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i;
n-
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m* n- n- n
y-
r"
>-
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GO
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pn
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W>cS
0
g
s
a j^a -
/n j%.
cd
*>
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#-,
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
18
5
1 1
n
* g
m=
- r:::
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O
25" 3S
3C" 36
f>
'
tf
S
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s
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p" pv
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n.
q- c:
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a
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Ml Ml Ml
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c,
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c;
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
a- sk a-' a
S
>i3
.
**
c- c* c- o
n
n n n
J> J3> a* J3'
n j^ c; i^
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f c r~c;
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o
GO
o
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ft
&
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tZ IZ
r-
n-1
c;
n:-
n.
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
20
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5C8
52
308
JZ
fZ
53
Qi
308
C,
C,
&
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. sz xz sz
tz
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TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
SZ XI!
r" *r
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rf
*5*
s?
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TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
22
r?
-^
n-
n> n>
f\-
<s
c;
c;
n:
pi:-
n n
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
Pp&P
i i
a
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CI-
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n.
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TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
24
r^snti3^Cij:ni:i^.i3irjj:|A
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
25
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
TABLES OP PARADIGMS.
>,
g
8
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a
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27
n nn: n-
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TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
28
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
30
fa
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
v
31
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
32
gl g? Gr
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g.
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eh
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55
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33
w
rf
a^a
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
r
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a S- a
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
n's
n^-
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35
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TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
36
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
39
40
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
41
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
42
13
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
g
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13
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45
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
n
n n
n *^
n. nn:
ft
ph
nmi
rr-
fr
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n: n n:
"in
IS"
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n n n rj
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n, n> ?
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r* n
n n
r:
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o o o
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
Ft
rv ni
r\-.
S3
47
TABLES OF PABADIGMS.
48
r-n
c8
r r
g r- "
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^ n n
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13
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n n
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nl
a
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CO
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
tz
49
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
50
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TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
-TV
JNh
fX
53
13
a a
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51
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
52
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pH
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I,
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
iz
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53
'
'
'
'
'
03&1;
v
vfah,
t
V^;
Vfe,
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
54
WITH SUFFIXES.
nrfta, D3^S; Wta; irlfe,
T
t
6.
(1)
v
/
The Perfect
it
'
'
'
'
D?^n.
(2)
(3)
The' Imperative
(4)
The
Infinitive
(5)
The
Participles
7.
D?^P; DJI^;
W%
^5-
inV,
D^ni^;
frfo,
Dp^,
FORMS TO BE NOTED.
rnp#;
^;
flt^.
ntf?. n$#\
XLI.
1.
verbs,
which
are
also
Ayin Resh, or
Ayin Guttural.
Examples:
HD1H,
DflDVJ,
Din,
1DTT;
'
-
v
t
:it'
.
Si"
'
sQilK,
it'
DmnK,
v
:
nn*r,
nn*o.
- v:iv
i v:iv
'
Pe Guttural
2.
verbs,
Lamedh He.
(i)
rfijflp,
na^., nj^jbg,
"in:,
^!,
onxDn,
Dn\
i^Dnn, nn*ODn\
bn,
ion,
_
_
...-.,-/ i^nn.
tv:iv'
t'
nn,
nn#,
intfri; ns, insto.
V
T
T T
(2)
(3)
'
'
'
;:
iv
-. ,-
'
'
XLII.
(i)
The
nbj, n$jj,
natsn.
third radical
nw,
tr,
3rd
Wau
-b?.,
RADICAL WEAK.
or
vtep,
Yodh
b*i,
(n'6).
vib*}, nidi,
'
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
(2)
nm,
nin,
$,
a*
yr\,
nan.
2.
The
in^, k&,
&",
55
3.
The
*o#n,
or nat?, ini^;
nafcy
njp:, vftjg?,
XLIII.
PE
WAU AND
The
1.
rnin, niv,
mn,
2.
The
3.
htt
3rd
jnT*,'
jru,
ymn,
VERBS WITH
2nd
AND
3rd
RADICALS WEAK.
1.
(1)
nfe np,
n&,
(2)
nnift,
$g,
D'^3,
w4
"3.
or
Yodh G76).
'inns,
ni^,
Wau
the third
njin;
IT
1
i3
Htsj,
n:K13f) or nri&Jfl;
'
f
7
lifc,7
nDfcta,
_. ,7
T
ddk*,
K3,
fW3,
-. ,7
T
TT
>
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
56
or
*oa\
inwa\
wan,
.... an, nwan,
i
i
i'
i
7
'
(3)
'
The second
'
Wau
or
anaan.
wan.
-:
guttural.
TO-
W|i
2.
The second
(1)
Wau,
Yodh
or
nyjB^!
a P 0C
The second
(2)
inia,
nqritfv
irunij?\ piur.
(T]"b)-
an Aleph.
cons.
Inf.
Piel
Kal
nSOj?,
n")p,
nlj?^
inKlj?,
1fitfJ#;
fcTD.
XLV.
NT, NT,
3.
4.
NT"I, VFiF\\
: it
'
nNlfll; HNIH,
nfinj,
I -:n'
nq^, nnj.
5.
6.
Pe
Pe
Guttural, Ayin
Wau
mr,
nmy, ,tw\
mi?,
^NfliX
,-fiN,
Lamedh He.
-i\ VTton-
XLVI.
and fpn.
,TH
II
IT
1.
nVlN,
/TH,
nrrn,
,T.T,
\T,
\T1,
JTVI;
' VTI,' Vfa,
iV
:'
v
*i
v
ii
t :it*
i
v r
'
yin;
v:
2.
'
m\
or
,Tn
ii
'
'
n\n:.
mv^,
.Tin,
rrm,
rrm, n\Tt; nw,
v:
t
i
f
v:'
s
nti,
Tn.
tpi,
ti,
nrrn or n n- mm,
vi\
.:'
"
v
.: %
'
iv'
:it
'
;
'
'
'
'
r '
'
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
XLVII.
57
58
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
Seventy tflfctf,
Eighty
D^btf,
Ninety
Q^,
One
300
t^p
hundred J1KQ.
100 np,
map.*
200
np, map, map.
1000
4oo'nio j;2-).
'
100000
*fe$
*$ niD.
,-jKp."
dijtikd.
T
&*$.
2000
d^n.
20000 *# D'ntyy.
200000 s^N DNTIKp.
300000 B^#
16000 Niri.
rQ#3
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
GESENIUS'
HEBREW GRAMMAR
WITH VOCABULARIES
BY
Ph.
D, D.
D.,
PRINCETON
1906
is
of the orthography
The
grammar.
illustrate,
which the
sections,
examples
following
Hebrew
All
who masters
student
working
vocabulary
illustrations will
of the
book:
as
well.
the
meanings
The
in English.
sections
of
this
be found to correspond to
"Notes on Hebrew Orthography and Etymology".
These "Notes" have been
prepared especially for those who cannot afford to purchase the larger and more expensive grammar. It is the
hope of the author, that all who can will procure both
the grammar of Gesenius and the "Notes on Orthography
and Etymology".
the
sections
in the
will
author's
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
The
Consonants,
nnDBpiino^ti3nnv
nnr^DBprBB^m^
irDSiiostDnnjKnDfiDp
^DI35n^D|flf
f
tr'
n
tk....
u
in
*u
b^
i:
jv
a3- aT
yn nn
s 3
^|-
j;
n 3T
..
1()i
'
n n d s
7a,b
'
ua
'
'
:n an jh iw is ia *n
The
iw
Vowels,
Vowel
letters,
jto
Ji5
13 ui 13
nu ma
na na na 25
ai
Mappik.
A.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
mn
nin nn
^ ^ ^
iK
K^a
bs
tib
^n ^n
nn ^n
^ ^ & Mb mb
)n
2b rbT b$ bx
,t
'
^a
jw
]n jn
jj
13
nn nn
ij
6"
v*b
ft
^n
tjh ijn
^^
Va
^n- rhT
a& no
jn nia ja
nn
nn nn nK nK nn nb
--TTTT"
nn on
nn
n^
Kin
..
rj;
*s
*)K tons
nfe ais
jn
ps ny
ap n&
ns?
bij;
aiy
#^
III.
Shewa,
Metheg,
and
i^tap^
t:
Dagesh
forte.
i^&in
#n
jt?
nb>*
nt?
^
T
^n nbK
n^
n# n# aib>
t?n
b>b> #p bib* &v
ty'ip
n& nn nn na n^n nK nn br\" inT n#
n# n& n^ nn ns
#k #in
## n v^
v:
ni&n
~:
nnn
-f
-( b )-
Vsan "ote:
na^nKn
10C)
16C>
22f
nxmbr
- t -
^n
d - i^tsp
^nt?
-g
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
$5
n$3j?j mtfCK
-i-
-e
jkd
nm&
naa
\sn
3^1
pjj^l fi^gfe
-i-
D'JStf
-
nn^
d-
^n?
bip
- li
pmr
n^
-'-
^J
25b
IV.
I.
Unchangeable
vowels.
^d
-c
-f
rri ^ni
-1
h-
e-
^w
t
lb
136
Syllables.
Sylla
nw
d-
i!p
t
g - =tt!
>:
k~
^13
ftgg
up\\
nop
n&sn
-p-
e#p
^|> *ptOH
n^tbpri
njtjji
na^
n&ri
n?D
'
- 26a
rhw
n&K
1311
~
~ t
|v y
rni?
mira
T~
vb
--
jnsn?
bvp
nitt
ibfcp
-: iv:iv
n^e
-h
fibtop
t: -It
b&p
"I-
^ep
^in
-*-
b
bbb te ph?: p| - 13 21
f i? p-^&
C
nt^3
\TJ AWT!} 'IS
KS&I
P^lTl
v -: r
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t
-
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:DiTS
ip
T
:i
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T
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it
kst
pn^
fttf
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^8
ni
AT T
teTi
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Asp^ion
*
and
:raA.,.tio.
T
o^8p
n^-te-n ofcirb-nK :m-b - 16
wrtntf ^&rr-ni> n^snan mn d ft
^-^ t^nfrra
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nntn
nbw
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v
D
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it
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t
a
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n^ria rrna
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v
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it
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e-
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wptf* nbir
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r
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r.
t.
it
it
Makkeph
and
Methegh.
4
Vl
xr6T ite
" T
~ iphe.
Kapha
2
Dagesh
eesh
-
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
forte
...
nw3
n*6
t
it
- -
rp&B
t
t
tvrhup
t
it):
^nn
-i-
nn^ee
nun
dp ni
I T
-1
naa
V -
1KP5
VII.
ityjo
h-
nv
ities of
the
Gutturals.
I"
T T
th.
T T
T T
m_
&6 (fj
yto& nn
-
bv'B
h-
yj*m
ffja
ana
it
ni;n
- t:
it
mn Tin n^n
:
nfewa
v v:
iv
innm
v
nfeitfi
-
iv
- 22
^i>n
T
IV
'
yu
onnn
k - prip^
nb ^BpK
t t:
v:
"
-1
IV
yfcu?
nin|
npj np^
-
rts
na
^
^?n
nnw
:
p^nn tontf
n^'in
nnna
t
t t~:
tw
i-
ji^o ji^o
srar n^tfn nn
i^ntD
W
13
jn
^n
r6b>'
^ mpp ^n
nana
v
v
:
n^n
nan
J33
n^ n^
*-
t^an;;
)1\?0 )l^ri
n^'nn
t t:
*
IT
$$
jkd
" "
IT
-e
k-
^$fi *nj
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IT
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vekp
n^s" n&h"
-
nn&
nnn
tt
ina
inn
TV
T V
it
wi
Peculiar-
tf?
It
^v
WtfO
20
>
'
n&i?
T T
D^IBSp
^njpp
12
pnnn
ttn
- r
v
v v
:"ns-nfety
v n
rpitf
~ fafc
nfety
t
v
t
v
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nsna
:na
t
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- t
It:i\
rbti
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^ ww -
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:irn:^
t
t
t
nBto
t
isd
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xtihtf
T T
t:
it
v: iv
-t
wnn nnMK
I
it
m
nnl?#
- t
t
iwt
nnis
- t
t
i3nn
t
nfcrn
v
:
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
n d5^ ib
Pin -uk
man
rantf
r6i>n
Tfin
~:
~:
r"
nojl
"r
T3
hjko
T
~:
"
~: it
it
V 2 V$ V&
"
ni& mb$
irin
riap
dimj
--
q~
tt&3
Hon
-p-
"fcffij
!?? ttft
T W0
23
J-
TV.
mabn n^tjn T3 d^i
*W1 to^
^ajj d totefr tow?^ npabe
ib^
afe on nia e ie# wrbtib nirn ^83
_ t
-: it
rfra
~
T
rm&
n&
im^tf
" T
-g- 1 -
14a
nii
t
mt #*nT :np
T
?
ipi
V
-c
<
ww
IT
k-
- f-
71$;
T T
ko^j
.IT
1^ ^9 n? ppi ntfin
rfei nnre s^ ^3
mirm rrwra rAtf
TTTT
24b
la
-c
I*
vrfe
n?
ns|
rqjjb
d-
t0 rrprr^ n*r?
n^'in p^n
rftep
nrtep
nil
It
v
t
t t
aft
nW>
t
tattb
-
wte
a- t
n!?fiDp
tit it
-*-
h-
-e
-1
^ \t
n-
ism
IX.
The Tone.
d-
f
trfeAT ni>i&T
I
p
I
v t
'
-.
p-
*6tbp
did
T
'AT
t: tIt
^n ^n n
^i
nbITi- nn
'AT
T AT
s
29
i"
"ietf'3
sfch
dHi
nvh
~
V
^tbp
it
- f-
~~
m i>sn
~
sfjoi^ *rty!
rfpi
||-
i-
i!i
tIt
:at
atf-awi
T
T
k-
p to
Di^
Dinm
.: rtn
t
2.
Changes of
Wau and
I*
n^M
^tDp
AT T
'
it
^bp"!
raT
wto
II
I
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
at v
it
it
Drorp
at v
-a 9
im in
#*n nns
tt t bbp
-It
t:
/r na jnp $p H? D?7
fi
tei
-c
nbtop
tt>:
'
The
-
lh a
>
"f
Vowels.
-1
p i?
n|e
tjifil
ro^
igb
1^5 ^n$ m
^Ji
r-
2.
Changes
Chang
of
nrn
tt
^fip
J:
Vow
tsjyfc
d-
I :
rfoa
T
T
"
27.
>
t t ~:
ks!
^3 #&fe
-:
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njhs
Jt t
sjy)*
Df
uan
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IT
n^tDpit
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^
nb
q-
t \
rri
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nil
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pN
n?Tp n.?D
k-
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atJt
vat
h-
n3i3 npis
HDttip
irr3#
it
jnibnpj
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I:
n-
ij^j
npfi
^DID itep
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te# nio
t
t t
t t
itep^ n^top
urn rraa
t
t
:
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IT
c-
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n^top^ tep^s
I :
n&9
^-n#
T T
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1
nitf
jnf?#
it
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}3
nfe
t
-e
w'
-1
Dg?
-1
p n.n
nriwn ^ib
it
Dpnyi
Dnyn nnnn *m
T
IV
nip ^te
^'in nan
vm
--
-*
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
*$h
nv^
xtsi
np'b
n^ d run;
Man n&nn
-
KDan
Twyfr
n&s^ri
^i
b-
ntpir
:
Vt^i
B.
-c
03 np $n
n-
wips m
tiiji
"
*H-5
,Tm
ffi\^
I :
^ni
*fjjj
ira
at^ri
-f
vtf &p
fina
$$2
^^i?-
a 28
xn
Rise of
d-
Consonants.
New
ib^
bb^
rno
- t
^^5
nwa "nsa -
te^ mvpi
XI.
Changes of
54C
(
^9
" 1_
"
h-
>
*f?w ibii
ijjitf
in&n Nana
k-
19
W!
hny^.
n^ri^
rm wi
aa^i:
^ii nn:
nfft
jrr
*Am
I
Syllables.
laaru
v
it
pr## n^
Vowels and
iv
-e
p#a
^ra
ovitoa rnvrt
t
t:
_b_
#:!&
na
-:
a?
I.I.
The
o&i?
In-
mvid xrr
d-
102
Preposi-
tions.
1
n-?a ntfr ?
n&a
k-
nta
-g-
-f
ib*6
-1 -
in Part II.
8
2
The Coni
B.
t:
Article
t t
pjfl
mi
The
junction
Wau.
ETYMOLOGY.
D^wyi
D^n
mvnn
tt
b-
n^ii&n
:
^in
v
tftfnn
n&in&n
t
d\*6w
-< d>
nnn
ij'ihj
wi
##n -
-ifcyi
104d
>
nnirn
*t
TiD\n
:
35
-c-
-nan nvftan
dmh b^kh nan
t
v:
nnn n&hn
'rnn
e^irtn awnn f
nMha
T
T
T "
nnn dj?h h Tan n3$n p&n -*- 'on njjjin
k ann mnn
nn&hnn
jton
nnnn
pun
t
t
t t
It
t
- -
-1
t:
oh^
it:
tyi?
:p"in
nan
:oyn
- T
*at
t t:
rrt
v v
I
II.
The
Personal
Pronouns
^&t
*}$
~:
^iaT
^ila
unis
a\n Kin n
:
32 and Par
p a e 536
it
fl:
29n
(
nn
nna
t t
t nna
Mnit uni- unia
t
v <
29 )
n n
D'tJlD
~:
nn dj u ^ sj 1 \
nan nn n$j nn ]jn n^j
in J3 jo n
]H jg
Action ''DID
IT
- -
b
>
p.
91
of the
Masculine
Noun.
)D1D
D^DID DD1D
1JD1D ^OID
?[t?lD
^JDID
ETZMOLOGT.
B.
$v
wirtoi
wo
-h
J.
>
s-
wito
-
tifc
t \
f-
d-
9
-c
Di^ts
rftna
t:
it
hds3
~
t
jDpiD nppiD
-e
iv
srnn
I
ini^
ip6*D
^6lD
DD1D
1D1D HD1D
iTDID
T
T
TV
V
^DID
]i?D)ti
-1
id^did
WDK3 VD1D
tdid
J
III.
*oiNT
*'
141
b<
14
'
'
93W Par
Ii '
'
91b
'
89a 39a>
'
'
,,r -
Unchange-
Suffixes.
IT
iirts
A.
........
T ^ss^Dte
jtoid
- T :nsio
~T
T
iw
fcftjfi
m gular
nw miW *?
oun.
sculina.
- T
^
nm *^n
:
^ij fapyj
Kin
:p^S 133 :r\D Ti# :tn?>
-to nn^t jTin
jn& in thv mm
-t im^ nnp
-It
T_
mas
5nfl?
- T
IT
~ T
g-
c
91 4
<
"
B.
Plural
Noun.
rrm ?
1
D^ato D5
ip^ jg^j
T# jd^s
:*jya*
p j; DiT^JI
djhi? niss
10
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nwo p wea h|
p^s nn
re:n tsflrp
:dti& inn
itmt td^id
&p :ann aan^
v
tjmc^ napT jot^s jyrv jmo? n^jns
myn pnn mag pa
Jit
121& 92 ^'
132 ^
'
896 8 b
'
>mpn
It
IT
~~
'
s
-
'
Eem
91P)
8
'
lj
-
>
Par
'
Id
-DnoiD
nnoiD
.utew
" T
T T
T T
.widid
'iriD^D
T T
'-.
C.
Sin ular
rm
:nm nan^DD
jffim nsio
:-:
rfeon :nm
un&n
tnato srnpn
t
t
tnaftn
t
itm
:rfrra
t
in^nn
t
i-
jrfrru
t
nnpn
np'Hsm
It
tIt \
it
it
rAna
t
srrfchri
npnn
nun
ans
n&#
mntbtf
natent
:mrr
~
- T
~ T
- T
t
)t \ t
:
tfwnap
jtnDttrtr am tnDinm^
-It
mnnr rram
mm npn m^b :nta&rriw
r
hdidh n^5 jtwi nDin-^u nana :imim
nmn mnnr naa# irwtrrnp
nMnrrta
r
inattn nwen^r nnai tannics :n^mn
:npta
)r \
:it
)- \
:iT
it
IT
t -
r-
t -
IT
it
IT
t - I
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
D.
ftfyg
fry
Par. I
95,
ttie#
jijnj
t
11
d>
91 g
h
>
{
>
>
>
U*>
87 L
>
- t
*;
^
p
tD^W b^HSJ
s'spA'fo
127 a
al
e-
**
^3Tbin
tjiTflirT
it
DpTinn
t'D^jg
v:
i"
i-
- t
TiiM-to na#
- t
tffljnan
^ t -
-1
DTibinn
r
:rflnsa
it
IV.
"
&OS
T
93
'
'
kk
'
92
b"g
>
84
f" J >
iv.
Masculine
which had
originally
it
I:
v t t
~:i-
lisia
t
:
two short
it
m# ^ ma Tiasn
- t
t t
y owels,both
changeable.
\t
JSIYMOLOGY.
b.
uvn
\}pt iirjp
t ~:
it
:D^ij
-.
..
it
vt
^s
Ttejfg
\ .
T T
P3T1
..
iv
....
it
V.
4-
FIRST CLASS.
A.
Hem.
93.
V.
Noun 8
Masculine
:
,",,..
fi rs t
g-n, Par. I
column of Par.
:p?b
a
>
at
45
'
a
-
and 47 a
"e
and the
>
'
:^
:<T$3
mate tnanw
jp^o
:mpn
itiw
:?pite tnnxtt
v- b^w :n^ri
-t
DS^W :?fipis t^Q *T$1 n1 ^ ^|5V
tnnitt
tco^w :p^n sdtw tn^&i'OTi
:"
t
Piio'&wibd
:toto
_
-t
t t
:
vl
:i~
v t
:lr
"-:i-
n$ib
w'?
njjpn
nitf
wip
'-:
r^?
rotf
~ t
nib
ib^
vprji) ipijs
HW
1183
Til- :taWn
v
13$
*p!00 fyi
iai
:!?hh
vv
t
j^j t^w^
wnar^i;
/:
ri~:r
it
^y
trow*
bn"
t t
:
Tint
"
:
:DW?rn
t
.
n^
:n^m
n*ttn i^d
- t
*it
13
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
mo
isr
v:
nrisn
it
- v
*:!":
Dn^n n?^
iv
>
it
nbi?6
t^rijsn
sjJTjiri
':
i#8
*dj
IT
VI.
B.
:tw w:nsi -
93 "*' Par
c,e,f
52a>
'
Classes.
m^u
v
ram :n\i^r
i it
v: it
it
~'i
iston
v
^n
::
i~
nnot
*: v
:dv6*6
n^nfcni
- t
b^P t^nfe^
tmt - p#
-tit n^'npn
t
:wnn nva wan
#tfn n^
:in D^'inn
V T
t
;
I"
t: IV
ni? ?
W' H^5
*Q?3
tp^J?0
D^a 13^ 1J
.
..
;-
p#
SDT&3
......
13?
**n?P
fcfctj
....
in?
;
)T
14
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
it
t_
it
VII.
Nouns with
Middle or
Last letter
Wau
"
^1X13 ~~ Eem u z
fcOH
"
&$n in
v
93
'
Par
'
'
53a_c
'
'
'
ki#
:n\nn
T
T
n
xva
V T
ttnbton
it
or
Yodh.
HW33 :ninini
D^in
n^nan
rem npEin
tt
ttt:it
:
:it
it
r^natDWisn
:t:
t
b^k
:it
i&tf
- t
t:t
I:
:*nn-
-;..
Dmtfm
irina
:it
nnni
tro&i
oa
it inh cran
v
t
-pdsi niib
v t
it
VIII.
Maisculine
Nouns from
roots whose
jq*h
T
^$3
**
xpo-u:
*ti>v
' ~
p3
Eem aa
\3&
T
'
bb cc
'
'
93
>
Par
"
xl n
-
:n^ns spBJP?
btstyi p3^*n
second and
third radicals are the
same.
it
" t
it
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
niiT
:itt
rprrte
t
\
Iit
tea
...
15
n&# urmn
^y
n&ty"
- t
- It
it
D^n- i*iD,Tte
Date
_
v
:ni*n
-
(it
it
iv
15D
m
V
TW
nan
*te# r&sirte
- t -:
t
it
rram-te
t
t
nanrbt^*
-
di^ti
:mpn-te
v
t
t
it
nw
:ltin
naatf
t
isaa
:wa
jnnnrrte
i&irte
rap
- t
t
t
^^
k/
IX.
UNCHANGEABLE.
IS
ro^p tn^aopa do
#$
1\
^*opD :i^aip-tei
it
jn^tea
:
D^aaten
:
niaa
t
pan ^e^e
pi
tein 1153
nana
:
nan inip'nsn
:Jt
lx
>
tn^atfinn-te
t
t
^jnprr
ne^ri
Nouns
^r
is
un-
16
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
X.
coined,
^foW *ON
D3?^
-hv
50 and 54
Rem
IIIb
93
>
d^i#
^bj? jrnirin
ll' 88
'
*TW
dj?n
nsbi
rtflH nnnn ^na- mato mnrr nun
t t
*
i-
: -
it
rbfc-^
:v^k
isto
:D&nn
Has
-. bpn
t:i
t
t
t
nmb
t t
..
i^pnn
:
J-
n&snru
t
:ft
it
ni;
t -
jpitDsrnfci
it ~
XI.
who
fin
syllable
is
IS
UNCHANGEABLE.
Par IY Rem
rrn w&i njpp'! t^vn-bv
IDS
J- t
93
"" xx
'
'
'
85
84k
" w1
'
'
n
'
50
iTp tj^n
un-
changeable
f?nj lain?
win ^9^
Kin
m?*]
##n
:t^h
ij^
nnjee
w&n
p&j?
ngpa
jnn pig
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
D^?n
n^ \}1b^3 vn^i
tuh&n
rfili?n
17
Xli.
FEMININE NOUNS
HAD ORIGINALLY
(1)
(2)
OTHERS
:it
rm^
?tt
95
Par
'
"c
Ila
-
Rem
s- n
48g_k
'
XII
'
Feminine
:d\1^
1:1513
J3|
Nouns
from
Masculine
(1)
Nouns
t
t )t
nnin'n
'
b^k rtej
:nDD mfcpn
nbna :n*6&
_
vi t
;:
iv
nn&n
tn^npn~ vb$&
~ nnn
t
tt - tnp^s
t
t
:dy6*6 nninn
niacin
npirc
id^ow
t
t
\-.\T
D^iba
i"
tfh
:#$
mate
:nin
t
*p3 n|Bj?
i"
it
n^ thd
v v
1-
n^ipn
t 'it
nan
I'
M^>&:
which had
originally
two short
vowels, and
sS
ers
with the
t
same
nflection
and
changes.
*niiT nngiri
:ni:D^n n*^p f in
XIII.
jtesn
wjw -
95
>
Par
la> bi
Ci
Rem.
<h
w- h
XIII.
Feminine
Nonn.
formed from
Masculines
which had
originally
""
one short
V,
I
18
t t
Durban "nate
n&Dni)
ninb
_
- -t
-- T
n^'-b"-n
v
v -:
t
v: it
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
rrirT
t
t -:
vitt
.1
nna
inmso tmn&
tt:it
"
n^y lv^a nn^'D nn :ia nnbw
tt
nix
*6i
hvftp*
Tit
- :i -
"
XIV.
and Par.
rftm-^a
arto&tfn
t
t
:
na-panfi
~
t
mms
Taprl qjni ?n
:
-.
94b
p-r,
main^
tt:iv
:iwna
t
-it
Rem.
Ill,
"
g
90
>
pa
brn^ifc
:~
v v
#a^n#m isnn
~
nw #;
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iv
ibtfjji
t t
:
t t -
it
t -
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v v
-:
iv
t-
t -
...
iv
v v
:nrTjn^35 pirn
iv
nm
19
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XV.
and 46
frlfrfH^
tfjgjfl
Rem.--
thllf 3
mra
11
'
<
93
'
"
87
a,
%'8 ^-^ ^D
XV.
Nouns from
^ Lomadh He
Roots.
Compare
VI'
above.
:nn? nirftp
'
to;
:djtt
,We
D^ign
jnirp
nb|
^$3 ne#p?
ifi'33
_,
niaa
^7fZni!?
v
'
a>^
u-a-te
t*o
??
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34 47 103
96 91
'
'
'
'
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ormation
nlsrn irrsa
s
? t"iwo
:dT9?
3|?i inning rvn ? nftfiq nrrns
1
^wfe P7
?~
ra ^n "O^
N r# ming
20
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
run
p&i
:nn\^
-T
.*: n^T-mm
"
nTrera isno
run tnnftn w$r\T nW^nnawi
n
T
nr6
V T
...
taw
v itt
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nua
u^p
hi
t _
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nnn note
totfi
u^a
it
:^n ^a
tfjgji
tn^tf
t
rrtii&a
t t
it
):
(T
t t
tpr irrta
..
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"
mt
^i
:1tp
vn
XVII.
Thee Perfect
Kal
itep
tep
v6dp
ntep
~ ,T
T
~ ,T
- 4-
*08D
i^ojj
' IT
'
b>
l03
^ei? fi^ej?
nan :ntyn
#*h to t
hsdm t^b
t w
t t
-bv
:|fibep arftej?
im
ttfcto
iy3
'
44a
IT
it
rs-nfcK ?pto
it
it
was trim
t
- t
^Dierrto
man :nwiT^
t -
nisn-p
natf
:toifc^
T
t t ~:it
:nnT
nm nw
^ipfc
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mixxt
vb :tt
v
v
tv Tito dd-dis
tiiki
TTDi
I
v v
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:
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V! IT
IT
it
IT
it
nns
ainn
vnch in na& :pa
:Ttoe
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t
VIT T
T TIT
:
IT
B.
V!
ETYMOLOGY.
t -
rbw
-
&
"t
:dd^
irfiirnav
v t
^tbg :nnnpT *6
nte^T
:iit
it
T - -
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ifitett
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nrnia
t?a
itt
it
t :- t
21
te& ^-*
:?pDn
t
IV
v v
^ru
- t trna *im ^J?
t
forms.
*HEJ
XVIII.
teps
&ej?i9 tej?j
do^t
jdit^??
T?3
^wi
nn
:5jT~te m*p
vii t
-it
^tpjpri
iv
"
t-:
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xvi".
u^ Q^n
n#j?]-i :riin
4 c, 47
te^
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it
1135
iD^
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'1?W *6 :vnin^
t
Imp
ct
22
B.
ppl Dhj
ipi
voidto
t
aaT
ETYMOLOGY.
n? ^r^| Til?
*6 nWi
dpi *nm
r
n^gl Pit
iviititP
*Ip^?
XIX.
THE
*'*
n^ptip
nS nitop
pa
p,e
INFINITIVE, IMPERATIVE,
heg
ntop
fl^fcp
-- 45 46 50
>
D^&p
*itop
'
\top
^idjj
nap
iKd
:
#8
fcpn
o^
\rtib
}
it
ib^
t^a
tDwaan- ^aao
ntoa
t t
nnnp
:^m
~:
i&rin upjjj
t - _
:
ias>
T T
ja
)i
:api rohng
jj^
o$p
:
^j?
D?ps
IT
iirnprn ?
kti isrna
ivt
:
rrrisfc
npsfr
truBf
t
mnan usd
xnsnV
feter6
:i-
n'rnpt n.n
v t
:anna
vit v
dh :^ne inp
aat^
-
it
aw
v -
? n5^'
#ab
nm
trMibrrtoa
_
t
t
t
^ marT iwi mat*T nn
t -
:^pn
iv
rrj^fe
T$p
rtip
wng
rfek
^?b nng
-tp
23
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
f^3 bg
nytoEJ nrigi
n^pn
"i^8
*rn&&n
ttfnjarj
XX.
tb )ti?& :v^T
,t^ ra^p
^^
np
-^p
w'^ip
Tp Tyn
*DFK* 13 R
dtm nD jiTniD^s
1*0} t^pn I3p3
^^ l^f!
nso ?
infc
033^
tW^p
'
tfi<#]p?
^ ^W
:|1"iq
H338
52
tfjQia^
ti-in?
twjTj
"
Bf3p^ tpfta
pjs D33
^3
DD^g n3 :n^n
:]to
nsD
npw
JBflJJ Dlpfc?
n^
15113
V^3
..
XX.
Piel
and
Pual.
^ti
SftgiD
'TU
Dj?#
^3
24
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
gijj
was
D1^
tfp3 tnpTJ
t -
t -:
it
-.
^f?3 JD3T0
Tfl?Wp plS Vfl ^'(53^
jitn
it
t -:
ar^e
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XXI.
TWn
'bv ina
tt
t
e^p^
:m
d?sk Tp$
dw: :pn
tt:t
i*
]Wn - 53
nvn zh
:njn
t -
^59*
nj83
*S&J3
it
nplp
on
nnri
*>s s?inj
trrirrt
t
r
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*p&i
p# ^3 ^ a^tno rpn%
inrn-^3i
-:
t
t
-.
irrifcn
ura B^pi
!:
B.
25
ETYMOLOGY.
XXII.
?ihw"n
-j
in ^d
t
- 51 54
:pn i&vb nna nhjn
*top&n) ig^ri
...
v: iv
b^B njiT
ra^jaw
nsnfne
n:TP :n 0^
wj^ mpj
mw
ngee^ nrjeee
iMtp bipD
XXII.
phal and
Hithpael.
n&tfn
t t
'
Dip&rr
*?
inp
11 ??
&WP
#73*
n ?5)
^sn:^
Darns?;? ^!?wb
nriB :\}1*6
p3B*rnw
Q^ri lis? db
t^riipn
26
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
t t -
-:
nn
oasn
WMrrna
^
"~:r
v
-it
XXII!.
^&p ^ap - 57 - 59
ip^ep in'pep u^p iptep n^tDj? t?p sftpj?
un^pp ^9R ^V^Op ^BJ? T^Bp
XXIII
The Perfect
i**ift>j?
itep ntep
nnip^tpp
CTi^ep
nnnin^ej?
Ditep
t):
outep
-
ontep
_
t
J:
nntep.
ttiAtop
-I:
t
t):
it
>:
n^fen
v -
t
-
v v -
i-
iv
t
t
r^Bp
:man raism
Bp^ej?
iTQtf
t t
nniaft
v v
vrjftep ifl^ep
-it:
it
_
:
i"
I '
it
vew
i-
tonus
t
it
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
27
XXIV.
XXIV
'
i"
HW^
Dp T9p tfWtffl
D^IP?
nnpn
*TW
,,
VTTPp^ .^5'!
5j!|ib^5n
it
^3?3
*TIM? ^f?
*B^3
b'm
nbmb
t :
i-
atea
mm
tt>:it:
nn
T ~
w.9m :nmn
ttit
:
- t
^w
sprat
v t
itt
:\3&fc
v
nm^a n^
tib
rai&n
- writes
t
tin^ia
-
sprite*
\jki
-:i
n^-isn
tit I
^ 57 - 59
origan
nn
t
t -
rib
ftTT^p?
nm
:jm6i
nto
^
inn mta
tirot t^am
svijbrsnn
).:
t t
pun la^i was rns^a t^maa *6
i-
spites
Pit:
t t
it
derived
Stems with
Suffixes.
28
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
wtbta
t
:wnra iD^mrn
-
Drons
spiral
t
t
iv
it
n$n
:un^
spi3?W5
*}3&
XXV.
and
Jussive.
sjbtf rrjeig
n^3^ tn^spg
:dtm? ipyj?
:*p3n-nK
_
v
v
i6v&$
t
v
ib
/-:
it
}"
v v:
it
:<r
iv
n^iJK
iltfDS-ria
v
pW
?[^ki
t -:
Ds^tes
mw
t
it
v t t
sjmba niDD
r&i;
t
I
it
tnshfeu
|/Tnn
jm*n
t
v
it
1
wb nans rt
t -:
:^ Ton ^ ^'^
nn^
t
it
XXVI.
4yg
'
57
>
>
D^pi
^p
ti$W
^ppl
Suffixes.
58 60
B.
w'?^
^tpp:
29
ETYMOLOGY.
nis^l
ttj^pl
bn^tjfpi?
^e#
n^
^303
jd^TQ^J^"^ ^??
1
-nip'tnfrfr
:^1?W
Da^-^g
'3
#1*8
mrtj^ tuu&ftO
'3
j^rf! d*i
qn3n Dtf|fr tr& T n?3#
nun? d#3^
tn^i^ fB ^i^
*$y&$
Tp W5^
jf#
tiSTT!
:Dl!?tf
H^
^31
tDTton-p
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WP!
^-
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:^3j3^rr3|5ew^e^^Q^p7?TO
.
)T
-V
-r
/2^A^^
->
IT
-.j./.<^2h
'
'
'
30
B.
sjtnifl
^3
^11?^ 3ft$
/:::
ETYMOLOGY.
n^g^
xbvufnp
^T}$
t^^Dljl
t v
TOW^
N!"^
Vl^C
XXVII.
^^
n1rp
t
^nWtn
Pr
and
pa rt ic iPl e
with
..
^n
i-
ntnn
V
T "
iT|pn
u?
iv
'
in
frfrjj
^3i^ ^s^j?
^bts
:blT|
t^p^.SS anjj
*ibd-w
V "
"
tv I:
nsstt njipp
:n#B T_|
tBpdptp ^8
inft?W
^bd
fcrnan
T
'
61
v: it
it
tisjj
n^tfn
utfrft
t:
3
Dnnrrna iina
:D^ffl
t
:n^"
t
igia
15P&
np_s
tfflsrijsjyft^j
ft
15? in
nnetf :"5p33
it
it
31
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
TIW^
tDiTn^7
T-3? ? "fl^O
T
lr,
XXVIII.
WAU
i^D^nj
ipro
'
:m&# - Dnfin
s
..
,v
opije 1&3
i3p3
-.:
w
I
IDM^l
DBfi
- :r
tt fc^p
!
xx
-
tri^pi fljtfD
intanjp
- 49
noi
id-t? irure-M
- dab?
>v
t
tDTODfc^
fl&Btel
~
t
t:-t D^tffi
ty'p?n
i3w n^n-^j?
tnirra ^#31
- t
:
it
n^'i
v v
i
-
ntDDn
:
im
tisi
t t
ito^i
jfrwr nj^gn
t
~:
it
*a?r!?s?
32
it
t -
-t
t t
ibt^n
rat?'j?3
v t
:^|
t
t - :it
ma 5jn
rotai
:nbn
t
t
\
it
tit:
ijfe
nnrtet n
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
it
*i-
ima^ nurrta-na
t
t t
^s^nns
it
&5tr'Kv
rr&D*i
it
:
I:
I <
-.
-:
di^'s
D3^'3
:I-it
):
iv
inTNJ
^Tpjji
&?^'
t _:
XXIX.
PE GUTTURAL VERBS.
x * ,x
Pe
%?
:te^ 62 63
Danina
:^a
WialinaDK
v
t
v
v
t
*%$% \\$? ^r^ :is? Dpsn r:njEipbn
>
pPUp
nxaa
r
^i?
:p$jj
it
~:
piquing
#arp_l :ni^q
-:
I"
:Tn^aa^aKfi:DW"in
nriDWi
t
t
v
1
v: iv
^rnau
nan
:wna ibun nnb
t
t
.
v:iv
ntfK- :unittDB6
*6 n#
nain
t
v
v v _
:n^M
iT^n
~ t
t t -:
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it
it
p#t& gtk
it
itt
it
139 mni?
-
nn bp
t
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iv
'
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nisnnv
v
&6
^3^33 1#W
.{-
rum
t
t:it
tbss-
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I"
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i^sa
it
-fair
spijnjj
:^i?
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\Tbv
-
m#
^a
nptfn
It
33
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nri>
t
iv
'
"
....
- t
..
..
_.
nrvt
tfnm ipib~ D^tfn nterr~ ^ir^in
t
^man
DS^nn
p^nn
:pn
- tT-itorrnK
T
T
V
T
in?
tfn ^b tmTOn
*6 nmir
- r
ns&m
t
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..
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:
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tor
ni^3
D#a nn^
t
^u
I"
it
:w0
ru&feo
nfir
nni;
t t v:iv
t
:
^gn
ptrp
:pa
nmn
:nDnoto
VT T
T
I
TIT
v:iv
"
34
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XXX.
PE ALEPH VERBS.
XXX.
Pe Aleph
Verbs.
sjirjn
>
_-*-^
^X/
t^
d,
1!
?*^
*6 impish
'
ibfcfo
v v
- v:iv
?^ irwt ^W
p?s h
:?
~:
v:
m Jinan nratf m
-: it
iv
1|
1
-
nfcn
it?
n feata ^s- n
v :
no :&^p
^
:
irb
*6
mpn tntnan
bvn
nvb rata d^u
t t~:
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rri
v v
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it
nntfn nwi
:mtfn rrtas n&Bfo&
t
:nnm
r6^n
t
^n - - t :^tt- p^s- m^
t
m&n
:Ti>nT i^'nin^n
un-^ ITT n^tf
_ _
_ T
ms
tt
v:
i"
-:
w m#
_.
-:
ti-
v:i\
XXXI.
Verbs.
nosn ran#
nra
it
jv^
n^'a
nip&s
Itv -:
}&n#
ntyn
t w
it
rasi
tant^
:
64
nn^rw
i
TV
Tn
tannic
T
'
tn^tr
"
IT
35
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
T -
n)wwj
didd
I"
rp
jbm di;d spiso rihi \\$m\
mIL
:na#n Dims
:5p"Q& nmna :vn ima
^ra
-:it
iv
v t
Ta
...
^nan
t
mi
urra-D
tfi&to
it
IT
:nan
v
IT
^nw'n
ton?
3 ng T irn urn*
ipTi n^??n
iMrpjf?]
inn} *6 rt jn?i
infc
^ igw n^wi
*6 noin
tfia
tffls
d^
PS~D
v.v
Jim pa nnn
:fi^
:it
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tonWK
t -
m&to
t
nin^-n
t
v
i"
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it ~:
ds
nrto iw#} :nw"
tn^ann
T
t
v:
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:tei;
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:it'~:
v t
ran
Di>if?
tDDiDH- t t ^n mini
t
t t
t
npire
ntom
m&i
prr.i
^-Di- ^nia nD'i
t
t
"
T T
V
rpb fins n^Djn ijnyj t^na
D?gn i3
it
i"
-: IT
-t
it
.it
topni :n
whti
_ ma tmrn-te
.._ &h
V T
VII T^V
T"
wintf n^Kt natw ttn^> Kin tnrvbn
:
^jib? tfp^x m) :nnjrrn# jh?? d^o?
_.
iv
_ T
it
"I:
IT
npnfc^:
mlwj ngrrts
36
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
#nj?
thvtyi
rejo
rn^^
ib*6
XXXII.
LOMADH GUTTURAL
LLomadh
Guttural
Verbs.
T -
IV
^n^
tij^S
bninrm
t
it
-.
jn^'K
ppri?
:pn ^3fi
D^g
tp&tfi
i-
^riato
T
.
..
rt&
-
is
^nD^'
rrifc
it
i"
-:
:^nnb
it
it
I"
:nrn3
_
rfabn
inv^ttn n^to
- "
|v v -
man
...
"IT
rP33E i^Yjapp^
niMij
VERBS.
TOW
npsra
*T2($
it
it
W3&
vb6# nroD :mn^'
^
:
tnib bpV2
it
jte3*_3
t t
roil*
t
:it
nnno
t
:
'
37
ETYMOLOGT.
B.
XXXIII.
urn nty?
ifep
"i
trfr
nn0
tWse
n?
rural
t
woo
geH
^nj
^T^?
M1B
jdwjpjHw nyii
mk^ &
"
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nib mpj^
it
dsik
tow*?.
KS'in ron
\fl|>
tnnyi
fftyrci
IE
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nrn$Ttf *|7
:rvhn D^tf-p3$
rrjiMJja
|1iT^?
PE NUN VERBS.
-y:s #3 -io^'V:
-q Kin :on^n-|a
:i3t$p
nnna y3
oa* ri^.33 p$
tons '^?i
tftsfl
tfcq
JVnfcHS? in#3
0?
tTJJT?
ijflpi
'VI
66
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is?
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_t
5^lJ?D ?^
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Verb "
tta
tizpvfr
M"! 16
^>W!
38
t t
nm
-
ny$ *)*fo
isn
ft
_
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it
it
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t \ -:
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bwfltf^nn
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
:^nri ^nfta
tfb
tD^yn hns
*^3"fi8 np n??^5
iv
"
^31
uftto}
|-
nnn
..
- t
tv
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it
nn*y? b$
ii&>>Bft
sftna
ib*ft ntrra
tiv
fti?
nwrm
n\s^ i#k
Dtfa
:niiT
t
bap
:nHon
timnDn&fc^nfcr
ffarun
D^ft
" t
t
t
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39
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
~:
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njrian
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nrato
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XXXV.
AYIN-AYIN VERBS.
iwbvt iDG^'nto^
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Ayin-Ayin
Verbs.
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t - t
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40
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
&
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nbm abn
:n&
bxv n&&&
v y -
tib
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naon
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wvb
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
^i:^^pto
nia TO21K
t t
nant dm
*t
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npn rfou
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41
it
vntsto D^nnn
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nn-^nt nrrs"^
mm
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42
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
itsp3$
nnin 1^93
sjj-rns
*6 :^gt
jrr
XXXVI.
Pe wau,
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69
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
to^a-rig
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v t
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PE YODH VERBS.
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Verbs.
44
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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nmn ^pann
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parrel;
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45
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
:D
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iiDrn
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46
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
f$
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
vwa
rr&r
t
47
urr&r6iann
in
~ - :nina
t t t tit
n-tn
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trin^i- la-pas
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B.
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XL.
LOMADH HE
xL
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VERBS.
:?natf
hv -
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vitt
t
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49
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
iv
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ntoan
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....
i^n
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t
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t
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50
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
va
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nnip
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nai
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B.
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52
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
on
mm nm"
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PE GUTTURAL AND
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VERBS WITH 2 nd OR
RAD. WEAK.
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53
ETYMOLOGY.
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as
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54
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nan
nate-n
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55
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XLIII.
AND
V'S
3 rd
VERBS WITH
RAD. WEAK.
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IS a* tnj^p r\mb 6?v
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VERBS WITH
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56
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
tib
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57
ETYMOLOGY.
XLV.
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nnat
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v
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60
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B.
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82
II.
"A.
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1369
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137
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1351
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1393
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1395
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1375
1396
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1376
1397
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1356
1377
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1357
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Pp^'
1358
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1399
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1379
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1359
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1360
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1401
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1402
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1403
BflTlg 1383
Bhj? 1363
1384
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H^JPI 1385
&& 1365
ny^P
D^l-I
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n^?P
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1362
B.
1 Father.
2
3
future.
4 Needy.
5 To mourn.
6 Mourning.
46 Hinder, western,
47 End,
28 Treasure, treas- 48
49
ury.
29
To be
last.
Where?
Isle.
50 Enemy.
light.
7 Stone.
30 Light.
5L
How?
8 Pool.
31 Light-giver.
52
Ram.
9 Mist.
32 Sign.
53 Terror.
33 Then.
54 There
34 To go.
35 Ear.
55 Ephah.
12 Man.
13 Sardius.
36 Hi.
LORD.
10
11 Glorious.
To
56
give ear, 57
Man.
58 Certainly, only.
to hear.
37 Brother.
59
16 Base.
38 One.
60 Food.
To
18 Love.
19 Tent.
hold of.
41 Possession.
42 To be behind.
20 Or.
To
21
desire.
22 Desire.
23 Foolish,
24 Perhaps.
.
fool.
eat.
lay 62 Food.
40 To
seize,
To
61 Food.
39 Sister.
love.
not.
How? Where?
14 Red.
15 Ground.
17
is
63 God.
concern-
64 Unto,
ing.
65 Not.
43 After.
66 These.
44 Another.
45 Back,backwards. 67 God.
The numbering of
Hebrew
6*
84
II.
B.
Way.
68 God.
100
69 Idol.
101 Lion.
70
71
Dumb.
Widow.
102
73 Mother.
If, or,
134 To be despised*
135 To spoil.
136 Spoil.
104 Long.
105 Palace.
137
To
75 Handmaid.
107
76 Cubit.
108 Fire.
77
133 Shame.
belong.
103 Length.
72 Ox, thousand.
74
To
132 To be ashamed.
To be
firm, Hi.
109
curse.
78 Truth.
Ill
Woman.
To be
prove, to
138
To
choose.
139 Youth.
110 Assyria.
to believe.
To
test.
guilty.
140 Choice.
141
To
trust.
142 Security.
Womb.
79 Faithfulness.
112 Guilt.
143
80 To be strong,
113 Happiness.
144 To under-
courageous.
114 Ashera.
To
115
stand.
(1)
With
82 Saying.
(2)
83 Saying.
116 She-ass.
84 Saying.
117 Well.
81
85
To
say.
gather.
act perfid-
87 Prisoner.
iously.
nostril,
anger.
120
To be
alone.
being".
151 Weeping.
152 Not.
121 Separation.
122 Alone.
154 Uselessness.
123 To cease.
93 Finger.
94 Beside.
149 First-born.
150 Birth-right.
119 Garment.
90 To bake.
91 Ephod.
ing.
147 House.
86 To bind.
88 Bond.
89 Also,
145 Between.
155
To
mix.
156 To swallow.
125 Emptiness.
126 To be
terrified.
159 Son.
160
To
build.
161
On
account oi
98 Ark.
130 Income.
99 Cedar.
131 Well.
164 To burn.
H.
165
To
B.
196 Mighty,
cut, Pi. to
85
hero.
fortify.
166 Fortification.
197 Power.
228 To drive
167 To cleave.
168 Morning.
198 Lady.
199 Roof.
229 Pasture.
230 Shower.
169 Oxen.
231
170
171
To
To
create.
172 Hail.
173 Speckled.
174
175
176
177
178
179
Iron.
To
flee.
Fat.
Bar.
Covenant.
To
kneel; Pi.
203 Great.
204 Tower.
233 Pestilence.
234 Cause.
205
206
207
208
209
Body.
235 Word.
236 Wilderness.
To
237 Honey.
to speak.
Nation.
sojourn.
Sojourner.
238 Fish.
To snatch
239 Fish.
240 Corn.
182 Flesh.
183 Cook.
take captive.
181 Blessing.
drive; Pi.
232
210 Valley.
211 To exult.
212 To lay bare,
180 Knee.
To
201 To be great.
202 Greatness.
sway.
to bless.
cleave
unto.
tion.
seek.
To
out.
242 To judge.
243 Judgment.
244 Dispute.
184 Daughter.
185 Virgin.
214 Captivity.
215 To roll.
216 Heap, wave.
247 Sufficiency.
248 Poor.
249 Door.
217 Idol.
250 Blood.
251 To be
187 Excellency,
pride.
188 Excellency,
218 Roll.
pride.
189
219 Also.
To redeem.
To be high.
like,
silent.
191 High.
220 To repay.
221 Camel.
252 Likeness.
253 To be dumb.
192 Boundary.
222 Garden.
193
223 To
254
255
256
257
190
Hill.
194 To be power
ful.
195 Man.
steal.
224 Vine.
225 Cypress.
226 Lot.
Tear.
To
tread.
Road.
To
seek, to
enquire
of.
86
258
II.
Hi. to
bring
forth grass.
B.
292 To remember.
261 Vanity.
294
295
296
262 To meditate.
297
inter-
rogation.
263 Glory.
264 Oh!
month.
sing.
329 New.
299 To be a whore. 330 To be in pain,
300 Whore.
tremble.
298 Psalm.
265 Wealth.
266 To be.
267 Palace, temple. 301 Whoredom.
302 Anger.
268 Hin.
269 To go.
303
To
270 To praise.
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
Cry.
271 Praise.
272 Hither.
273 To roar.
274 Tumult.
275 Behold.
276 To turn over,
overturn.
277 Mountain.
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
To
To
slay.
conceive.
Conception.
To
break, ruin.
Wolf.
To
pilgrimage.
324 To gird.
325 Girdle.
Male.
326 To cease.
Memorial.
Thought.
327 Chamber.
To prune; Pi. to 328 New moon,
293 Memorial.
259 Grass.
260 Sign of
323 To go on a
291 Olive.
'
disperse.
Sunrise, east.
To
sow.
Seed.
Arm.
To sprinkle.
Bowl.
To
To
hide.
bind, to
inflict pain.
slaughter.
Sacrifice.
317 Pain.
Altar.
318
319
320
321
Pride.
Gold.
To flow.
To be strange.
Stranger.
old.
Old, elder.
To
To
332 To
see.
333 Vision.
cry.
To be
bind.
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
Seer.
Vision.
To be
strong.
Strong.
To
sin.
Sin.
Sinner.
Sin.
Sin.
Wheat.
Live, living.
To
live.
Life, animal.
Life.
Strength.
Pain.
Army,
fort.
Incantation.
351 Without.
Scar, wound.
352
353
354
355
To
gird, to
saddle.
322 Pilgrimage.
Bosom.
To be
wise.
Wise.
Wisdom.
II.
B.
87
357 Milk.
361 Wounded.
362 Window.
363 Beginning.
364 To dream.
365 Dream.
366 To pass,
change.
367 To deliver,
393 To
trust.
422 Keep back.
394 To want.
423 To think, devise, count.
395 Want.
396 To be willing, 424 Thought.
to wish.
425 To be dark.
426 Darkness.
397 Will, wish.
427 Darkness.
398 To hew.
428 Dark, obscure.
399 Arrow.
arm.
400 Division.
368 To divide, part. 401 Trumpet.
369 Part, portion. 402 Court.
370 Part.
403 To decree.
371 Apportion404 Statute.
429 To seal.
430 Seal.
431 Related by
432
405 To investigate.
bution.
406 To be dry,
433
372 Warmth.
desolate.
434
373 To desire.
407 Drought.
435
374 Desire.
408 Sword.
436
375 Wall.
437
409 Desolation.
376 Wrath.
410 Drought.
438
377 Ass.
411 To dread.
439
378 To spare.
412 Dread.
440
379 To violate.
413 To be hot,
441
380 Pitch, cement.
angry.
442
381 Five.
414 Anger.
443
382 Fifth.
415 To devote, put 444
383 Fifty.
under the ban. 445
384 To encamp.
416 Ban.
446
385 Camp.
417 To pluck, ap- 447
386 Spear.
proach.
448
ment,
distri-
marriage.
Relation by
marriage.
To be
afraid.
Affright.
To
slaughter.
Slaughter.
Butcher, cook.
Cook.
To immerse.
Ring.
To be
pure.
Pure.
Purification.
Purification.
To be
good.
Good.
Goodness.
Goodness.
88
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
II.
B.
Order, row.
Good
Dew.
Wine.
482
483
484
unclean.
To be
485
Unclean.
486
Uncleanness.
487
To conceal.
488
Little ones.
Before,
not
yet.
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
To
pluck, tear.
part.
ity.
To be
To be
able.
516
born.
517 To pour.
Child, son.
518 To form.
519 To burn.
daughter.
520 Substance.
489 Son.
490 Birthplace.
491 Generation.
492 To
494
495
Increase.
496
To be dry.
Dry ground. 497
To be weary. 498
Wearied.
499
500
Hand.
Jubilee.
cast, Hi.
to thank.
469 Thanksgiving.
To know.
Knowledge.
To
To
530 Fear.
Sea.
Right hand.
Right.
suck.
Price, glory.
To
lay a snare.
Snare.
To be
Fear.
To go down
531
To
532 Descent.
found.
502 To add.
503 To instruct,
to chastise.
504 Instruction,
chastisement.
Day.
Dove.
To be one.
appoint.
to teach.
534 Law.
535 Moon.
536 Curtain.
537 Thigh.
538 Side.
539 To drive out,
possess.
place.
507 To counsel.
540 There
508 Counsel.
541
509
510
Only.
Pi. to expect, 511
512
to hbpe.
513
481 To be good.
afraid.
Afraid.
Suckling.
505 To
Together.
To make.
522 To be precious.
523 Precious.
South.
go.
howl.
Jew.
Together.
521
524
525
526
527
528
529
To
501 Foundation.
give.
Oil.
Child,
River Nile.
To
Leaf.
468 To
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
To
is.
sit.
Forest.
542 Sitting.
Beautiful.
543 Seat.
Beauty.
544 Settler.
545 To be sleepy.
546 Sleepy.
To go
Exit,
out.
II.
547 Sleep.
B.
89
90
II.
643 That,
in order
that.
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
To
take.
Booty, jaw.
679 Angel.
To
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
glean.
Chamber.
Tongue.
Very.
One hundred.
651 Anything.
652
B.
Pi. to refuse.
653 To
reject,
despise.
654 Megiddo.
655 Shield.
656 To measure.
657 Measure.
658 Why?
659 Pi. to make
To
To
shake.
To draw
To rule.
out.
712 Proverb.
Salt.
713
714
715
716
To escape.
To be king.
718 To commit
Work.
Besides.
Ruling.
Family.
Man, dead.
Loins.
717 Oracle.
King.
adultery.
Queen.
719 To despise.
Kingdom.
Kingdom.
Kingdom.
721 Prophet.
To
690 Saying.
722 Hi.
691 From.
723 To fade, be a
692 To divide.
693 Candlestick.
694
Gift,
meat-
offering.
haste.
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
710
711
look.
fool.
724 Bottle,
lute.
725 Fool.
726 Foolishness.
Near.
Wonder.
To die.
Death.
To wipe out.
To-morrow.
Morrow.
698
699
700
701
Treachery.
730 Before.
Veil.
731 Prince.
Intestines.
732 Pusher.
Cave.
733 To touch.
702 To
find.
To be
To
Price.
703
To
704 Bitter.
736 Plague.
To
737 Plague.
rain.
bitter.
Rain.
705
Water.
Kind.
706 Rebellion.
To sell.
To be full.
708 Anointing.
707
To
rebel.
anoint.
709 Anointed.
strike.
739 Free-will
offer-
ing.
II.
741
B.
To wander,
move.
742 Removal, uncleanness.
743
To
thrust, to
push.
744 To vow.
745 Vow.
746 To lead.
747 River.
748 Habitation.
749 To
rest.
750 Rest.
91
802 To be pure,
773 Stroke.
innocent.
Pure.
Pureness.
To
avenge.
Vengeance.
Vengeance.
Called.
Light, lamp.
To
lift
up,
carry.
ing.
751
Pleasant,
813 Burden.
sweet.
Shoe.
754 Wave
755 Nazarite.
756 Separation.
784 Childhood.
785 Lad.
815 To deceive.
786 Lass,
817
757 To lead.
758 To inherit.
787
759 Wady.
760 Inheritance.
790 Soul.
offering.
762 Serpent.
763 Brass.
To
788 To
girl.
breathe.
fall.
791 Flower.
793 Pillar.
forsake.
770 Delight.
771
To
smite.
798 To guard.
799
To
pierce.
800 Female.
801 Speckled.
To
kiss.
818 Eagle.
819 To give.
820 Gift.
821 To break down.
822 To pluck, to
break.
794 Pillar.
764 To stretch out. 795 Pi. To preside,
to lead.
765 Mat, bed.
796 Perpetuity.
766 Rod, tribe.
797 To snatch
767 To plant.
away.
768 Plant.
769 To leave, to
816 Breath.
823 Seah.
824 To go around.
825 Around.
826 Divan.
827 Thicket.
828
829
830
831
To
close.
Horse.
Mare.
To come
to
an end.
832 Whirlwind.
92
II.
B.
836
837
838
839
840
869
870
871
To cover.
Cover, thicket. 872
Covering, cur- 873
Merchant.
Thorn, pot.
Wagon.
906 High.
Unto.
907 Ascent.
Eden.
Flock.
908 Above.
909 Yoke.
Flute.
910 Deed.
To
911 Deed.
879 Congregation,
Fine
To
flour.
880
881
Blindness.
882
Threshold.
883
To lament.
Lamentation. 884
851 Count, recount 885
886
852 Book.
853 Scribe.
887
888
854 Sapphire.
855 Number.
889
856 Eunuch.
890
857 To hide.
891
892
858 Hiding.
859 Cloud, thicket. 893
894
860 To serve.
895
861 Servant.
896
862 Service.
863 Body of ser- 897
898
vants.
864 To pass over. 899
865 Bank, beyond. 900
lay on.
ber.
905 Burnt
Rock,
cliff.
903 Leaf.
904 Upper cham-
Round.
highway.
To be foolish.'
842 To forgive.
843 Embankment,
841
902 To go up.
Heifer.
874
875
876
877
878
tain.
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
Calf.
witness.
Witness.
912
Again.
Iniquity.
hide.
known
witness.
Testimony.
To
offering.
time.
To
Iniquity.
917
Iniquity.
918 Pillar.
919 By, opposite to.
920 Labor, sorrow.
921 Depth.
To
fly.
Bird.
To awake.
Blind.
Blindness.
Skin.
Goat.
To
forsake.
Strong.
Strength.
Stronghold.
To
help.
stand.
925 Meek.
926 Misery.
927 Aiflicted.
Help.
930 Cloud.
Eye.
931 To becloud.
Spring.
932 Dust.
933 Tree.
City.
n.
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
To be
B.
pained. 966
To
tithe.
93
1000 Corner.
Pain.
967 Ten.
1001 Face.
Pain.
968 Tithe.
1002 Within.
969 Tenth.
To be strong. 970 Ten.
971 Twenty.
Bone.
972 Smoke.
Strong.
Counsel.
To
shut up.
942 Restraint.
943 Heel.
944 Consequence.
945 Ringed.
946 To be sweet,
to pledge, to
mix, to go
down.
1004 To carve.
1005 Carved image.
1006 To do.
973 To press upon. 1007 Deed.
1008 Deed, reward.
974 To be rich.
1009 Footstep,
975 Riches.
976 Time.
time.
977 He-goat.
1010 To open.
978 Corner.
979 Beauty.
980 To meet.
1012 To
981
To redeem.
947 Evening.
982 Redemption.
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
983 Mouth.
Raven.
1003 Passover.
1011
Wound.
visit,
miss,
muster.
1013 Officer.
1014 Precept.
1015 Office.
1016 To open.
984 Here.
985 Tobedispers- 1017 Young bull.
1018 Heifer.
Sunset.
ed.
To be naked. 986 Snare, gin.
1019 To separate.
Nakedness.
987 To dread.
1020 To be fruitful.
To set in order. 988 Dread.
Order.
1021 Fruit.
989 Governor.
Uncircum1022 To blossom.
990 Concubine.
cised.
991 Ni. to be won- 1023 Veil.
957 Foreskin.
1024 To break
derful.
958 Cunning.
down.
992 Wonder.
959 Naked.
1025 Violence.
993 To escape.
960 Naked.
1026 To break, to
994 Escaped.
annul.
961 Neck.
995 Remnant.
962 Herb.
996 Hith. to pray. 1027 To spread.
1028 Horseman.
963 To make, do. 997 Prayer.
998 Lest.
964 Work.
1029 To strip off.
1030 To transgress.
999 To turn.
965 Tenth.
Desert.
Pledge.
94
II.
1031 Transgres-
B.
II.
1112 To buy,
co
possess.
1113 Possession..
1114 Possesion.
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
Cane.
End.
Extremity.
Extremity.
End.
To be angry-
1121 Anger.
1122 To cut
down, be
B.
1142 Head.
1143 First.
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
Beginning.
1174 Breadth.
1175 Broad.
1176 Pi. to love,
have mercy.
1177 Mercy.
girl.
Womb,
girl,
1179
Many.
mercy.
Multitude.
1180 To brood.
Myriad.
1181 To wash.
Myriad.
1182 To be far.
many.
llf.0 To be
1183 Far.
1151 Fourth.
In vain.
1184
1152 To lie down.
1153 To tremble.
1154 To go about.
1185 To ride.
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
Foot.
1186 Chariot.
1187 Chariot.
Footman.
1188 Property.
To
To
To
rule.
1189 Fraud.
persue.
1190 Pomegranate.
To move, to
nigh
1160
Strife, case.
Hi. to offer.
1161
Strife.
shortened.
1123 Harvest.
1124 Cold.
1125 To call,
to
meet.
1126 Meeting,
To be
1128 Midst.
1129 Near.
1130 Offering.
1131 City.
1132 Horn.
1133 To rend.
1134 Board.
1135 To
argue, to 1191
creep.
strive.
against,
1127
95
listen.
1136 To be hard.
1137 Hard.
1192 Reptile.
1193 To sing.
1164
1165
1166
1167
Smell.
1196 Hungry.
To be high.
High place.
Heave
1198 Shepherd.
1199 Friend.
1200 To be evil,
offer-
ing.
1168 To shout.
1169 Shout, sound.
sociate.
break
in
pie-
ces, to pierce.
1139 Bow.
1170 To
1171 To be poor. 1201 Evil, bad.
1172 To be large. 1202 Evil, wicked-
1140 To
1173 Broad.
1138 To conspire
see.
run.
ness.
96
II.
1203 To shake.
B.
II.
]292 To forget.
B.
97
98
H.
B.
1386 Yesterday.
1387 Continual.
1388 To be perfect.
1389 Perfection.
1390 Perfect.
1391 Perfect.
1392 Perfection.
Jackal.
1399 Deep
Abhorrence.
1400 Deliverance.
To err.
To sew.
To lay hold of.
To smite, to
1401 Nine.
sleep.
1402 Nine.
1403 Ninety.
1404 Ninth.
blow.
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