Journalism

Journalism is gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an
audience. The word applies to both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to
disseminate it.[1] [2]

of citizen journalism being possible through the Internet.

Using video camera equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and
upload them onto channels like YouTube, which is often
discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets.
Meanwhile, easy access to news from a variety of online
sources, like blogs and other social media, has resulted in
readers being able to pick from a wider choice of ocial
and unocial sources, instead of only from traditional
media organizations.

The media through which journalism is conducted vary

diversely to include content published via newspapers and
magazines (print), television and radio (broadcast), and
their digital versions published through digital media
news websites and applications.
In modern society, the news media is the chief purveyor
of information and opinion about public aairs. Journalism, however, is not always conned to the news media
or to news itself, as journalistic communication may nd
its way into broader forms of expression, including literature and cinema. In some nations, the news media is still
controlled by government intervention, and is not fully an
independent body.[3]

1 Forms

In a democratic society, however, access to free information plays a central role in creating a system of checks
and balance, and in distributing power equally amongst
governments, businesses, individuals, and other social entities. Access to veriable information gathered by independent media sources, which adhere to journalistic standards, can also be of service to ordinary citizens, by empowering them with the tools they need in order to participate in the political process.
Photojournalists photographing President Barack Obama
The role and status of journalism, along with that of the
mass media, has undergone profound changes over the
last two decades with the advent of digital technology and
publication of news on the Internet.[4] This has created a
shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, challenging news
organizations to fully monetize their digital wing, as well
as improvise on the context in which they publish news in
print. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their sta and coverage as traditional
media channels, such as television, grapple with declining
audiences. For instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN
edited its story packages into nearly half of their original
time length.[5]

Main article: Journalism genres

There are several dierent forms of journalism, all with
diverse audiences. In modern society, prestige journalism is said to serve the role of a "fourth estate", acting
as a watchdog on the workings of the government. Other
forms of journalism feature in dierent formats and cater
to dierent audiences.[7]
Some forms include:
Advocacy journalism writing to advocate particular viewpoints or inuence
the opinions of the audience.
Broadcast journalism written or spoken
journalism for radio or television.
Drone journalism use of drones to capture journalistic footage.[8]
Gonzo journalism rst championed by
Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo journalism
is a highly personal style of reporting.[9]

This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad

audience attrition, as a large majority of respondents
in recent studies show changing preferences in news
consumption.[6] The digital era has also ushered in a
new kind of journalism in which ordinary citizens play
a greater role in the process of newsmaking, with the rise

3 ROLE

Photo and broadcast journalists interviewing government ocial

after a building collapse

Investigative journalism: the use of investigation on a subject matter while uncovering news events.
Photojournalism: the telling of a story
through its images.
Tabloid journalism writing that is lighthearted and entertaining.
Yellow journalism (or sensationalism)
writing which emphasises exaggerated
claims or rumours.
Shrimp journalism (or shrimping) - to encourage unsubstantiated sports rumours
through social media.
The recent rise of social media has resulted in arguments
to reconsider journalism as a process rather than attributing it to particular news products. From this perspective,
journalism is participatory, a process distributed among
multiple authors and involving journalists as well as the
socially mediating public.[10]

History

Main article: History of journalism

Johann Carolus's Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is
often recognized as the rst newspaper. The rst successful English daily, the Daily Courant, was published
from 1702 to 1735.[11] The reform of the Dirio Carioca
newspaper in the 1950s is usually referred to as the birth
of modern journalism in Brazil.[12]

Role

Main article: Freedom of the press

Walter Lippmann in 1914

In the 1920s, as modern journalism was just taking

form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher John Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a
democracy. Their diering philosophies still characterize a debate about the role of journalism in society and
the nation-state.
Lippmann understood that journalisms role at the time
was to act as a mediator or translator between the public
and policy making elites. The journalist became the
middleman. When elites spoke, journalists listened and
recorded the information, distilled it, and passed it on
to the public for their consumption. His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex urry of information
present in modern society, and so an intermediary was
needed to lter news for the masses. Lippmann put it this
way: The public is not smart enough to understand complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was
too consumed with their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to
make the information plain and simple. Lippmann believed that the public would aect the decision-making
of the elite with their vote. In the meantime, the elite
(i.e. politicians, policy makers, bureaucrats, scientists,
etc.) would keep the business of power running. In Lippmanns world, the journalists role was to inform the pub-

3.1

Elements

lic of what the elites were doing. It was also to act as a

watchdog over the elites, as the public had the nal say
with their votes. Eectively that kept the public at the
bottom of the power chain, catching the ow of information that is handed down from experts and elites.
Lippmanns elitism has had consequences that he came
to deplore. An apostle of historicism and scientism,
Lippmann did not merely hold that democratic government was a problematic exercise, but regarded all political communities, of whatever stripe, as needing guidance
from a transcendent partisanship for accurate information
and dispassionate judgment. In Liberty and the News
(1919) and "Public Opinion" (1921) Lippmann expressed
the hope that liberty could be redened to take account
of the scientic and historical perspective and that public
opinion could be managed by a system of intelligence in
and out of government. Thus the liberty of the journalist was to be dedicated to gathering veriable facts while
commentators like himself would place the news in the
broader perspective. Lippmann deplored the inuence of
powerful newspaper publishers and preferred the judgments of the patient and fearless men of science. In so
doing, he did not merely denigrate the opinion of the majority but also of those who had inuence or power as
well. In a republican form of government, the representatives are chosen by the people and share with them adherence to the fundamental principles and political institutions of the polity. Lippmanns quarrel was with those
very principles and institutions, for they are the product
of the pre-scientic and pre-historical viewpoint and what
for him was a groundless natural rights political philosophy.

John Dewey

perts and scholars are welcome in Deweys framework,

but there is not the hierarchical structure present in Lippmanns understanding of journalism and society. According to Dewey, conversation, debate, and dialogue lie at
the heart of a democracy.

But Lippmann turned against what he called the collectivism of the Progressive movement he encouraged with
its de-emphasis on the foundations of American politics
and government and ultimately wrote a work, The Public Philosophy (1955), which came very close to a return
to the principles of the American founders.

While Lippmanns journalistic philosophy might be more

acceptable to government leaders, Deweys approach is a
better description of how many journalists see their role
in society, and, in turn, how much of society expects journalists to function. Americans, for example, may criticize
some of the excesses committed by journalists, but they
Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not tend to expect journalists to serve as watchdogs on govonly capable of understanding the issues created or re- ernment, businesses and actors, enabling people to make
sponded to by the elite, it was in the public forum that informed decisions on the issues of the time.
decisions should be made after discussion and debate.
When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas
would bubble to the surface. Dewey believed journalists
should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. Over time, his idea has been imple3.1 Elements
mented in various degrees, and is more commonly known
as "community journalism".
This concept of community journalism is at the centre of
new developments in journalism. In this new paradigm,
journalists are able to engage citizens and the experts and
elites in the proposition and generation of content. While
there is an assumption of equality, Dewey still celebrated
expertise. Dewey believed the shared knowledge of many
to be far superior to a single individuals knowledge. Ex-

Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book The Elements of Journalism.[13] Because journalisms rst loyalty is to the citizenry, journalists are obliged to tell the truth and must
serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals
and institutions within society. The essence of journalism
is to provide citizens with reliable information through
the discipline of verication.

Professional and ethical standards

ticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election.

Main article: Journalism ethics and standards

4.1
While various existing codes have some dierences,

News photographers and reporters waiting behind a cordon in

New York City, in May 1994

most share common elements including the principles of

truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability as these apply to the
acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent
dissemination to the public.[14][15][16][17]

PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

Failing to uphold standards

Such a code of conduct can, in the real world, be dicult to uphold consistently. Reporting and editing do not
occur in a vacuum but always reect the political context
in which journalists, no less than other citizens, operate.
Journalists who believe they are being fair or objective
may give biased accountsby reporting selectively, trusting too much to anecdote, or giving a partial explanation
of actions. Even in routine reporting, bias can creep into
a story through a reporters choice of facts to summarize,
or through failure to check enough sources, hear and report dissenting voices, or seek fresh perspectives. A 2011
study of journalism in online video found that although
most news videos adhere to traditional production practices (e.g. editing and audio quality), they tended to use
more relaxed standards for content (e.g., use of sources,
fairness). Videos using these more relaxed standards received more views.[24]

A news organizations budget inevitably reects decisionmaking about what news to cover, for what audience, and
in what depth. Those decisions may reect conscious or
unconscious bias. When budgets are cut, editors may sacrice reporters in distant news bureaus, reduce the numSome journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the Euro- ber of sta assigned to low-income areas, or wipe entire
pean ones,[18] also include a concern with discriminatory communities from the publications zone of interest.
references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disabilities.[19][20][21][22] Publishers, owners and other corporate executives, esThe Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe pecially advertising sales executives, can try to use their
approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of powers over journalists to inuence how news is reported
Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the and published. Journalists usually rely on top managepresumption of innocence, in particular in cases that are ment to create and maintain a rewall between the news
and other departments in a news organization to prevent
still sub judice.[23]
undue inuence on the news department. One journalIn the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Prac- ism magazine, Columbia Journalism Review, has made it
tice of the Press Complaints Commission.This includes
a practice to reveal examples of executives who try to inpoints like respecting peoples privacy and ensuring ac- uence news coverage, of executives who do not abuse
curacy. However, the Media Standards Trust has crititheir powers over journalists, and of journalists who recised the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed sist such pressures.
to secure public trust of newspapers.
Because of the need to please many dierent and someThis is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the times powerful audiences, journalists often make a blan20th century, where the media market was dominated by ket claim to objectivity, even neutrality, which convesmaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an niently coincides with the requirements of the market.
overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of Although some analysts point to the inherent diculty
balance or objectivity.
of maintaining objectivity, and others practically deny
Because of the pressure on journalists report news that it is possible, still others point to the requirements
promptly and before their competitors, factual errors oc- of a free press in a democratic society governed by public
cur more frequently than in writing produced and edited opinion and a republican government under a limited conunder less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a ma- stitution; leaving out key information too often happens.
jor daily newspaper may contain several corrections of According to this latter view, direct or implicit criticism
articles published the previous day. Perhaps the most fa- of the government, political parties, corporations, unions,
mous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was schools and colleges and even churches is both inevitable
the Dewey Defeats Truman edition of the Chicago Daily and desirable, and cannot be done well without clarity
Tribune, based on early election returns that failed to an- regarding fundamental political principles. Hence, ob-

5
jectivity consists both in truthful, accurate reporting and
well-reasoned and thoughtful commentary, based upon a
rm commitment to a free societys principles of equality,
liberty and government by consent.

police or prosecutors; withholding their sources can land

journalists in contempt of court, or in jail.

In the United States, there is no right to protect sources

in a federal court. However, federal courts will refuse to
force journalists to reveal their sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and
5 Legal status
theres no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to
testify even when ordered to can be found in contempt of
Main articles: Freedom of the press and Media law
Governments have widely varying policies and prac- court and ned or jailed.

6 See also
Lists of journalists
Citizen Journalism
Creative nonction
Hallins spheres
History of American newspapers
Journalists at a press conference

tices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the
press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research or publish.
Journalists in many nations have some privileges that
members of the general public do not, including better
access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public ocials,
celebrities and others in the public eye.

History of journalism
Journalism education and Journalism school
Journalism ethics and standards
Journalism genres
Non-prot journalism
Objectivity (journalism)
Reporters without borders
SEEMO

Journalists who elect to cover conicts, whether wars

between nations or insurgencies within nations, often
6.1 Journalism reviews
give up any expectation of protection by government, if
not giving up their rights to protection by government.
American Journalism Review
Journalists who are captured or detained during a conict
are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released
Columbia Journalism Review
to their national government. Many governments around
Health News Review
the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment,
[25]
and violence because of the nature of their work.
Ryerson Review of Journalism
Online Journalism Review[26]

5.1

Right to protect condentiality of

sources

7 References

Main article: Protection of sources

7.1 Notes
Journalists interaction with sources sometimes involves
condentiality, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of
a condential informant private even when demanded by

[1] Harcup 2009, p. 3.

[2] What is journalism?". americanpressinstitute.org. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[3] "10 Most Censored Countries, Committee to Protect

Journalists, 2 May 2012, page retrieved 23 May 2013.

[21] (Spanish) Spain FAPEs Cdigo Deontolgico (Deontological Code) (see Principios Generales, item 7, a)

[4] News values:

immediacy
Owenspencer-thomas.com.

technology.

[22] (Portuguese) Brazil FENAJs Code of Ethics PDF (20.8

KB) (see Article 6, item XIV)

[5] "The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in

American Journalism, the Pew Research Centers Project
for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Page retrieved
23 May 2013.

[23] PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism (see clause 22)

and

[6] "The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report

in American Journalism published by the Pew Research
Centers Project for Excellence in Journalism, the Pew
Research Centers Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2
May 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.

[24] Peer, Limor; Thomas B. Ksiazek (2011). YouTube and

the Challenge to Journalism. Journalism Studies 12 (1):
45. doi:10.1080/1461670x.2010.511951.
[25] Press Freedom Online. Committee to Protect Journalists.
[26] ojr.org

[7] Harcup 2009, p. 4.

[8] Corcoran, Mark (21 February 2012). Drone journalism
takes o. ABC News. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
[9] Gonzo Journalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
14 October 2012.
[10] Robinson, Sue (2011). ""Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News..
Journalism & Communication Monographs 13 (3): 137.
[11] rst Journalism School. Columbia.: University of Missouti Press. p. 1.
[12] de Albuquerque, Afonso; Gagliardi, Juliana (2011).
THE COPY DESK AND THE DILEMMAS OF THE
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MODERN JOURNALISM IN BRAZIL. Journalism Studies 12 (1).
doi:10.1080/1461670X.2010.511956.

7.2 Sources
Harcup, Tony (2009), Journalism: Principles and
Practice, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, ISBN 978-1847872500, OCLC 280437077

8 Further reading
Encyclopedia of journalism, ed. by Christopher H.
Sterling, Thousand Oaks, Calif. [etc.] : SAGE,
2009, 6 vls.
Kristina Borjesson (ed.): Into the Buzzsaw. Leading
Journalists expose The Myth of a Free Press, New
York: Prometheus Books, 2002

[13] 19 June 2006 (2006-06-19). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public
Should Expect Introduction | Project for Excellence in
Journalism (PEJ)". Journalism.org. Archived from the
original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

Campbell, W. Joseph, Getting It Wrong: Ten of the

Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism, Berkeley : University of California Press, 2010.
ISBN 9780520262096

[14] IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) Declaration

of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists (DOC version)

Maniam, V.S, A Life in Journalism, Yes Dee Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2009, ISBN 9788190844918

[15] ASNE (American Society of Newspapers Editors)

Statement of Principles. Web.archive.org. Retrieved
2013-03-01.
[16] APME (Associated Press Managing Editors) Statement of Ethical Principles. Web.archive.org. 2008-0622. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
[17] "(Society of Professional Journalists) Code of Ethics.
SPJ. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
[18] Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism (see clause
33)
[19] UK Press Complaints Commission Codes of Practice
(see item 12, Discrimination)
[20] (Italian) Italy FNSIs La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart
of Duties) at the Wayback Machine (archived April 12,
2008) (section Principi)

9 External links
Journalism at DMOZ

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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Sheldon Rampton, Delirium, Pcb21, 168..., Jleybov, Ellywa, DavidWBrooks, Susan Mason, Kingturtle, Julesd, Netsnipe, Charles Matthews,
David Thrale, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Furrykef, David Shay, Bhuston, Stormie, AaronSw, Secretlondon, David.Monniaux, JorgeGG,
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Hipandcoolalewiano, Hezzel, Petrb, Mikhail Ryazanov, Heaven214, ClueBot NG, Wikigold96, Gareth Grith-Jones, Satellizer, Journalisticy1, Glanis, Killerwonton, Amaltomranni, Tristan Navera, Shivani214, Frietjes, Cntras, Biosketch, Go Phightins!, GoogolplexForce,
Iste Praetor, Krenair, Northamerica1000, Hallows AG, Lesterxyz, MusikAnimal, Andrew.baggott, Kharkivian, Taking Journalism Seriously, Joydeep, Aranea Mortem,
, Marckblevins, Shalu-NJITWILL, ChrisGualtieri, Eb7473, Yemen7357, AutomaticStrikeout,
EagerToddler39, Mr. Guye, Lugia2453, Sandiooses, 1Sasha1000, MrsCaptcha, Osham-ul-Suan, Posiac, Emstudd, Epicgenius, Cyzhou,
Mercy2015, Ugog Nizdast, Swagum, Copenhagen888, Melody Lavender, Msritachang, Ginsuloft, Anubhas28, Lizia7, Bunu2013, Briggs
tammy, TheEpTic, Jakewillsmith, Monkbot, SantiLak, Mostafa123Account, Sluccer, Sagastars and Anonymous: 702

10.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Eva_Watson_Schtze_John_Dewey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Eva_Watson_Sch%C3%
BCtze_John_Dewey.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/centcat/fac/fac_img18.html Original
artist: Eva Watson-Schtze

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Msc_2008-Saturday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/

Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 de Contributors: www.securityconference.de
(Description) Original artist: Kai Mrk
File:NEWSMEDIA.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/NEWSMEDIA.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nancy Wong
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License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: nicu buculei
File:Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/
Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: White House (P112113PS-0521) Original artist: Pete Souza
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Suleiman_Kova_and_media,_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/
cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Muhammad Mahdi Karim (www.micro2macro.net) Facebook Youtube
File:Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg License:
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File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
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File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: CC
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on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

10.3

Content license

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