THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB II

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
HEAT TRANSFER
1. Thermal conductivity measurement by guarded plate method
2. Thermal conductivity of pipe insulation using lagged pipe apparatus
3. Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical cylinder
4. Forced convection inside tube
5. Heat transfer from pin-fin (natural & forced convection modes)
6. Determination of Stefan-Boltzmann constant
7. Determination of emissivity of a grey surface
8. Effectiveness of Parallel/counter flow heat exchanger

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

1. Determination of COP of a refrigeration system
2. Experiments on air-conditioning system
3. Performance test on single/two stage reciprocating air compressor.

Expt. No :
Date

Thermal conductivity measurement by guarded

plate method

AIM:
To measure the thermal conductivity of the specimen using guarded plate apparatus.

PROCEDURE:
1. Before start the experiment check the electrical supply and water supply.
2. Switch on the power supply and set the heater input to desire value.
3. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
4. Note down the following readings
5. Ammeter reading
6. Voltmeter reading
7. Temperature at various points
8. Vary the heater input to increase the temperature.
9. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
10. Note down the procedure at different temperature.
11. After complete the readings calculate the thermal conductivity of the specimen.

SPECIFICATION:
Material : Copper
Diameter : 125 mm
Thickness : 3 mm
Guarded plate:
Material : copper
Inner diameter : 140 mm
Outer diameter : 200 mm
Thickness : 3 mm
Specimen Plate:
Material : Wood
Diameter : 200 mm
Thickness : 6 mm
Wate r Bath:
Material : Mild steel
Diameter : 200 mm
Height : 50 mm
Thermocouple:
Type : J
Range : 1000 C

TABULATION

SI.NO

Voltage
(v)

Current
(amps)

Temperature of circular
plate(C)
T1

T2

T3

T4

Temperat
Avg.
Avg.
ure
of
temp
temp
specimen
Tc
Ts
(C)
(C)
(C)
T5 T6

FORMULA:
Power Input
Q=V A (W)
2

(Since heat flows on either side of the heater)

Where,
V = voltage in volts
A = Current in Amps

(TC-TS) OC

SKETCH OF GAURDED PLATE SETUP

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the specimen is calculated.

Expt. No
Date

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE INSULATION

USING LAGGED PIPE APPARATUS
AIM

To conduct calculate the thermal conductivity of saw dust using lagged pipe
apparatus.
PROCEDURE:

1. Before switch on the supply check the electrical supply and set the heater
regulator in
2. minimum position.
3. Switch on the electrical supply and varry the heater regulator to supply
voltage to the
4. heater.
5. Wait till the steady temperature is reached.
6. Note down the following readings.
a. Ammeter reading
b. Voltmeter reading
c. Temperature at various points
7. Vary the heater regulator to increase the temperature
8. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached
9. Note the above mentioned readings
10. Repeat the procedure at different temperature.
11. Calculate the thermal conductivity of saw dust.
SPECIFICATION:
Heater:
Type : Rod
Diameter : 20 mm
Length : 500 mm
Input : 230 V AC
Asbestos lagging:
Inner Diameter : 20 mm
Outer Diameter : 80 mm
Thermocouple:
Type : J
Range : 1000 C

Cut section of Lagged pipe

T7

T8

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus thermal conductivity of saw dust is calculated using lagged pipe apparatus.

Expt. No
Date

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Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical cylinder

AIM:
To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for a heated vertical cylinder in
natural convection.
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE:
Free or natural convection is the principal mode of heat transfer from transmission
lines, pipes, refrigerating coils, hot radiators, buildings and many other practical situations in
everyday life.

PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the specification of all the instruments provided on the panel and also the
length (L) and diameter (D) of the metallic tube.
2. Switch on the heater and heater and adjust the heating rate to a suitable level (VI).
3. Wait for some time to ensure the unit to reach steady state.
4. At steady state record the voltage and current readings and the temperature T4
through T6
5. Repeat the experiment for a different heat rate.

SKETCH OF NATURAL CONVECTION ARRANGEMENT

T6

T5
T4

T3

T2
T1

TABULATION

S.no

Volts
(v)

Temperature along the

cylinder
T2
T3
T4
T5

Curre nt
(amps)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

FORMULA USED:
(i) Experimental
Q=hAT
A= dl
Q=VI
Where,
Q = Heat transfer rate, W
A = Area of heat transfer, m2
h = convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 C
d = diameter of vertical cylinder, mm
l = length of vertical cylinder, mm
T = temperature difference(Tc-Ta)
V = Voltage, volts
I = Current, Amps.
(ii) Theoretical

Nu=h1/K
Gr = g 13 T/

Where,
Nu = Nusselt number
K = Thermal conductivity, W/mK
Gr = Grasiffs number
g = Acceleratin due to gravity. m/s2
= coefficient of expansion
= Kinematic viscosity

Avg.
Temp of
cylinder
TC (C)

Temperatur
e of air
T1
T6
(C)

(C)

Avg.
Temp
of air
Ta (C)

CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the convection heat transfer coefficient of heated vertical cylinder is
h=
W/m2 K (By experimental)
h=
W/m2 K (By Theoretical)

Expt. No
Date

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FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE TUBE

AIM:
To measure heat transfer co-efficient using forced convection method.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check electrical supply before start the experiment
2. Set the heater input to zero position and then switc h on the power supply
3. Set the air supply to desire level then set the heater input to desire level
4. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached
5. Note the following readings
* Amps rating in ammeter
* Voltage in voltmeter
* Temperature at various point using temperature indicator
* Manometer reading
6. Repeat the procedure at different heater input.
7. After complete the reading calculate the heat transfer co - efficient.
SPECIFICATION:
Blower
Power - 420 watts
Speed - 2800 rpm
Heater
Type - Coil
Power - 500 W
Orifice
Inlet dia - 40 mm
Orifice dia - 20 mm
Coppe r tube
Diameter - 53 mm
Length - 500 mm

SKETCH OF FORCED CONVECTON SET UP

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus the heat transfer co-efficient is measured by using the forced convection method.

Expt. No
Date

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Heat transfer from pin-fin (natural & forced convection

modes)
AIM:
To determine the fin efficiency using pin - fin apparatus.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the electrical supply and then set the heater input as zero.
2. Switch on the power supply and run the blower at minimum speed.
3. Set the heater input at desire position.
4. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
5. Now note down the following readings.
6. Temperature at various point using temperature indicator.
7. Water level on U - tube manometer.
8. Ammeter reading.
9. Voltmeter reading.
10. Increase the heat supplied by heater using regulator.
11. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
12. Note the above mentioned readings.
13. Repeat the procedure at different temperature.
14. After complete the reading calculate the efficient of the fin.
SPECIFICATION:
Pin - Fin:
Material : Brass
Length : 145 mm
Diameter : 12 mm
Distance between
each thermocouple : 20 mm
Duct:
Width : 150 mm
Height : 100 mm
Orifice meter:
Inlet diameter : 40 mm
Orifice diameter : 20 mm
Outlet diameter : 40 mm
Thermocouple:
Type : J
Range : 1000

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the fin is calculated using pin - fin apparatus.
Type of convection
Efficiency
Natural
Forced

Effectiveness

Expt. No
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DETERMINATION OF STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT
AIM:
To calculate the stefan Boltzman constant using stefan - Boltzman apparatus.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the electrical supply and water supply.
2. Supply the water to the heater and then switch on the heater.
3. open the bottom plate of the hemisphere.
4. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
5. Now colse the bottom plate of the hemisphere and switch on the buzzer.
6. Note sown the temperature at various points.
7. Each time buzzer on note down the temperature at various points.
8. When bottom plate reaches steady state temperature complete the reading.
9. Draw the graph between time and temperature of the bottom plate find slope dT/dt.
10. After complete the reading find stefan boltzman constant.
SPECIFICATION:
Hemisphe re:
Material : Aluminimum
Inner diameter : 140 mm
Outer diameter : 200 mm
Wate r Heater:
Power : 3 kW
Capacity : 1 liter
Input : 230 V AC
Thermocouple :
Type : J
Range : 1000 C
Small Plate:
Material : Digital
Inner diameter : 140 mm
Outer diameter : 200 mm

Hot water
line

T4

SKETCH OF STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

TABULATION
SI.NO

Hemisphere
Temperature
(C)
T1
T2

Avg Temp of Bottom plate

Hemisphere
temperature
(C) Th
(C) T4
T3

Steady state
temperature of
plate Tp

CALCULATION

GRAPH:
Time Vs temperature.

RESULT:
Thus stefan Boltzman constant is find using stefan apparatus.

Expt. No
Date

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DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY OF A GREY SURFACE

AIM:
To measurement the emissivity of the test plate using emissivity measurement apparatus.

PROCEDURE:
1. Before start the experiment check the power supply.
2. Set the heater regulator in minimum position and then switch on the power supply.
3. Wait till steady state temperature reached.
4. Note down the following readings
5. Voltmeter reading
6. Ammeter reading
7. Temperature on each thermocouple point.
8. Now increase the supply to the heater by using regulator.
9. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
10. Note down the above mentioned readings.
11. Repeat the procedure at different temperature.
12. Calculate the emissitivity of test plate
SPECIFICATION:
Black plate:
Material : Aluminium
Diameter : 150 mm
Thickness : 3 mm
Test plate:
Material : Aluminium
Diameter : 150 mm
Thickness : 3 mm
Heater:
Type : Coil
Input : 230 V AC
Thermocouple:
Type : J
Range : 500 C
Ammeter:
Type : Digital
Range : 0 - 2 A
Voltmeter:
Type : Digital
Range : 0 - 300 V AC

S. Volt Amm Test plate

NO meter eter Temperature
(V)

(A)

(C)

T1 T2

T3

Avg.
temp
(C)
(Tp)

Formula:
Emissivity of test plate
Formula used:
Tb4 -T4
s

=
Tp4 -T4

Where,
s = Emissivity of test surfaces
Tb = Means temperature black surface
Tp = Means temperature polished surface
T = Ambient temperature T4

CALCULATION

Chamber
temp
(C)

Test plate
Temperature(Tb )
(C)

(T4)

T5

T6

T7

Avg.
temp
(C)
(Tb)

Emissivity
of test
plate()

RESULT:
Thus the emissivity of the test plate is measured using emissivity measurement apparatus.

Expt. No
Date

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EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL/COUNTER FLOW

HEAT EXCHANGER
Experime nt - 1:

AIM:
To calculate heat transfer co-efficient in parallel flow heat exchanger.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check electrical supply and water supply.
2. Set the heater input to zero position.
3. Supply water to hot water pipe and cold water pipe.
4. Open valve2 and valve 4 then close valve1, and valve 3.
5. Set the heater input to desire level.
6. Wait till the steady state temperature condition.
7. Note the following reading
* Flow rate of hot water and cold water.
* Temperature displayed in temperature indicator.
* Ammeter reading
* Voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat the procedure at different heater input.
9. After complete the reading calculate the heat transfer co-efficient.
Hot Water Tube:
Length : 1210 mm
Diameter : 28 mm
Cold water Tube
Length : 1210 mm
Diameter:18mm

Mean Temperature of Hot Water

Mean Temperature of cold
Water

Mass flow rate of hot water

V h = Volume of hot water in liters

t h = Time taken in hour

h = Density of water at T h [from Data book] kg/m3
Mass flow rate of cold water

Vc = Volume of cold water in litres

tc = Time taken in hour

c = Density of water at Tc [from Data book] kg/m

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus heat transfer co-efficient is calculated in parallel flow heat exchanger.
Experime nt - 2:

AIM:
To calculate heat transfer co-efficient in counter flow heat exchanger.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check electrical supply and water supply.
2. Set the heater input to zero position.
3. Supply water to hot water pipe and cold water pipe.
4. Open valve1 and valve 3 then close valve2, and valve 4.
5. Set the heater input to desire level.
6. Wait till the steady state temperature condition.
7. Note the following reading
* Flow rate of hot water and cold water.
* temperature displayed in temperature indicator.
* Ammeter reading
* Voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat the procedure at different heater input.
9. After complete the reading calculate the heat transfer co-efficient.

Mass flow rate of hot water

Vh = Volume of hot water in liters

th = Time taken in hour

h = Density of water at Th [from Data book] kg/m3

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus heat transfer co-efficient is calculated in counter flow heat exchanger.

Expt. No
Date

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DETERMINATION OF COP OF A REFRIGERATION

SYSTEM
AIM :
To measure COP of the vapor compression refrigeration system.

PROCEDURE
1. Check the electrical supply and pour water to the evaporator to desire level.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Allow refrigerant to flow through thermo expansion valve or capillary tube.
4. Set the flow to desire level and wait till the steady state temperature is reached.
5. Note the following readings.
* Temperature at various points
* Pressure indicated on pressure gauge
* Power consumption by compressor
* Power consumption by condenser
6. Repeat the procedure at different flow rate.
7. After complete the reading
calculateCOP.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the cop of the vapor compression refrigeration system is measured.

Expt. No
Date

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EXPERIMENTS ON AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

AIM:
To determine co-efficient of performance of the air conditioning system.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the electrical supply before start the experiment.
2. Switch ON the power supply and switch ON the condenser coding coil and
compressor.
3. Wait till the steady state temperature.
4. Note the following reading
* Temperature displayed in the indicator.
* Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature at different location.
* Flow rate of refrigerant using rotameter.
* Power consumption by the compressor
* Overall power consumption.
* Pressure at different points.
5. After complete the reading switch OFF the compressor, condenser and cooling coil.
6. Now calculate the co-efficient of performance of the air conditioning system.
SPECIFICATION:
Compressor:
Type : Hermatic
Capacity : 2 ton
Refrigerant : R 134 a
Condensor:
Power : 75 W
Speed : 1350 rpm

SKETCH OF AIR CONDITIONER TEST RIG

CALCULATION

RESULT:
Thus the co-efficient of performance of the air conditioning system was determined.