Professional Documents
Culture Documents
When the air is clear, the sunset will appear yellow, because the light from the sun has
passed a long distance through air and the blue light has been scattered away. If the air is
polluted with small particles, natural or otherwise, the sunset will be more red. Sunsets
over the sea may also be orange, due to salt particles in the air. The sky around the sun is
seen reddened, as well as the light coming directly from the sun. This is because all light is
scattered relatively well through small angles, but blue light is then more likely to be
scattered twice over the greater distances, leaving the yellow, red and orange colors.
ULTRALIGHT AIRPLANES
An ultralight airplane is very different from a conventional airplane. It looks like a lawn
chair with wings, weighs no more than 254 pounds, flies up to 60 miles an hour, and
carries about 5 gallons of fuel. Most ultralights are sold as kits and take about 40 hours to
assemble. Flying an ultralight is so easy that a pilot with no experience can fly one.
Accidents are rarely fatal or even serious because the ultralight lands so slowly and gently
and carries so little fuel. Some models now have parachutes attached, while others have
parachute packs which pilots can wear.
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE
Modern scientific and technological developments in the practice of medicine and public
health have drawn nursing into new and wider fields of activity, and its functions have been
expanded accordingly. Therefore, nursing is no longer limited mainly to activities within the
hospital, or to what is called curative nursing. It has become also a community service in
which preventive and rehabilitative functions are a vital part of its program. The modern
concept of nursing considers the hospital, however central, as only one of many health
agencies in the community.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse
to respect the legal and moral rights of others. So the massacre on the road may be
regarded as a social problem. Safety standards for vehicle have been raised both at the
point of manufacture and through periodic road-worthiness inspections. In addition, speed
limits have been lowered. Due to these measures, the accident rate has decreased. But the
accident experts still worry because there has been little or no improvement in the way
drivers behave.
HUMAN DEVELOPING
When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their
environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did.
When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their
environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the
trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide
a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to
farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants
which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for
food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other
pursuits such as the founding of cities.
Mother Tongue
First language, also known as mother tongue, is generally the language a person learns
first. However, one can have two or more native languages thus being a native bilingual or
indeed multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the
order of proficiency. Incomplete first language skills often make learning other languages
difficult. Often a child learns the basics of his or her first language or languages from his or
her family. The term mother tongue, however, should not be interpreted to mean that it is
the language of one's mother. For instance, in some paternal societies, the wife moves in
with the husband and thus may have a different first language or dialect than the local
language of the husband. Yet their children usually only speak their local language.
World War I
Many consider World War I to have been the first modern war, a total war where the
civilian populations were deliberately endangered as a direct tactic of war, which has
continued in all subsequent wars. While civilians have always died in wars, World War I
made civilian casualties accepted and commonplace, from, for example, aerial
bombardment. All aspects of the societies fighting were affected by the conflict, often
causing profound social change, even if the countries were not in the war zone.
Stonehenge Monument
Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England.
It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery.
The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the
Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought
from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may
have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men
more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages.
First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker"
people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wesse Culture transformed
Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and
Midwinter and of equinoxes.
A tic is a repeated, impulsive action, reflexive in nature, which the actor feels powerless to
control or avoid. Only when the individual performs the tic, is tension and anxiety released
within the individual with a tic disorder. Tics can be triggered by an emotional state or
sensation, or can happen for no obvious reason. General types of tics include verbal tics,
facial tics, and other muscular tics. Physical and psychological therapy and medication can
cause tics to go away, often permanently. Muscular tics look something like twitches or
quick grimaces, and often affect the eyes and hands. Muscular tics can affect multiple
muscles at once. Some forms of stuttering are caused by muscular tics in the throat,
tongue, or vocal cords when speaking or preparing to speak.
FILMMAKING
In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of
speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound
films were initially distinguished by calling them talking pictures, or talkies. The next major
step in the development of cinema was the introduction of color. While the addition of
sound to film revolutionized the medium, quickly driving out silent movies, color was
adopted more gradually. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as
opposed to black-and-white. But as color processes improved and became as affordable as
black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World
War II, as the industry in America came to view color an essential to attracting audiences in
its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid60s. By the end of the 1960s, color had become the norm for filmmakers.
POESIA
People seldom feel neutral about poetry. Those who love it sometimes give the impression
that it is an adequate substitute for food, shelter, and love. But it isn't. Those who dislike
poetry on principle sometimes claim, on the other hand, that poetry is only words and good
for nothing. That's not true either. When words represent and recreate genuine human
feelings, as they often do in poetry, they can be very important. Poems provide, in fact, a
language for feeling, and one of poetry's most insistent merits involves its attempt to
express the inexpressible. One of the joys of experiencing poetry occurs when we read a
poem and want to say, "yes, that is just what it is like; I know exactly what that line means
but I have never been able to express it so well." Poetry can be the voice of our feelings
even when our minds are speechless with grief or joy.
Nature vs Nurture
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.
Two distinct schools of thought on he matter have developed. The two approaches are very
different from one another, The controversy is often referred to as nature and nurture,
Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and
behavior patterns are largely dtermined by biological and genetic factors. That our
environment has little to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this
theory. Proponents of the nurture theory claim that our environment is more important
than our biologically based instinct in determining how we will act. They see humans as
beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Neither of these
theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our
behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue
for a long time is certain
Active Passive Smoking Answer the questions according to the reading passage.
Fears of Children Parents teach their children to be fearful and cautious of specific
dangers, such as fire or crossing the road.
Anxiety can be useful, because it helps protect the child from harm. However, children can
be fearful of situations or objects that adults don't consider threatening. The sources of fear
may change as the child matures; for example, a fear of the dark or monsters under the
bed may give way to fears of burglary or violence. Tactics that don't work include teasing
the child for being afraid, or compelling them to confront fearful situations. Helping the
child to deal with fear includes taking their feelings seriously, encouraging them to talk
about their anxieties, telling them the facts, and giving them the opportunity to confront
their fears at their own pace and with your support.
Panda Bear
Panda is the name for two nocturnal Asian mammals: the red panda and the giant panda.
The red panda, also known as lesser panda and cat bear, is found at high elevations in the
Himalayas. It resembles a raccoon but has a longer body and tail and a more rounded
head. Its thick fur is rust color to deep chestnut, with black on the under parts, limbs, and
ears. The red panda spends much of its time in trees but feeds on the ground, eating
primarily bamboo leaves but also fruit and roots. The giant panda superficially resembles a
bear. The body is chiefly white, and the limbs are brownish black, with the dark color
extending up over the shoulder. The ears and eye patches are black. Giant pandas live in
restricted areas of the high mountain bamboo forests of central China; their diet consists
entirely of bamboo shoots. Rare in the wild, they produce young poorly when they are not
in their natural environment. Giant pandas are protected by law in China.
Women Taking the Husband's Name Many
Women in Western society, aware of the power of names to influence identity, are aware
that choosing how to identify themselves alter marriage can be a significant decision. They
may follow the tradition of taking their husband's last name, hyphenate their own name
and their husband's, or keep their birth name. One fascinating survey reveals that a
woman's choice is likely to reveal a great deal about herself and her relationship with her
husband. Women who take their husband's name place the most importance on
relationships. On the other hand, women who keep their birth names put their personal
concerns ahead of relationships and social expectations. Female forms of address influence
others' perceptions as well. Research conducted in the late 1980s showed that women who
choose the title Ms give the impression of being more achievement oriented, socially selfconfident, and dynamic but less interpersonally warm than counterparts who prefer the
more traditional forms Miss or Mrs.
Is Tea Beneficial
Tea had a reputation for being both safe and almost always beneficial. However, scientists
are now suggesting that tea may not be as safe as we had previously believed. Tea
contains caffeine, and caffeine has been linked to sleeplessness and to the unpleasant
jumpy feeling some people get when stressed. More seriously, there is a link between
miscarriages, and pregnant women are advised to reduce their intake of tea until after their
baby is born. Due its dangerous side-effects, many people who drink a lot of tea solve the
problem by drinking a beverage from which the caffeine has been removed, decaffeinated
tea, but others claim that it simply doesn't taste right. The sensible course is probably one
of moderation: continue to enjoy your cup of tea, but don't enjoy too many!
Speaking vs Listening
It often appears that we have more to gain by speaking than by listening. One big
advantage of speaking is that it gives you a chance to control others' thoughts and actions.
Whatever your goal is, the key to success seems to be the ability to speak well. Another
apparent advantage of speaking is the chance it provides to gain the admiration, respect,
or liking of others. Finally, talking gives you the chance to release energy in a way that
listening can't. In the same way, you can often lessen your anger by letting it out verbally.
Communication in Groups
The sheer number of people in a group affects the amount of communication. Consider the
difference between communication between two friends and communication in a group of
live people. When friends talk, there are two people sending and receiving messages. In a
group of live, there are live people doing the same thing. Each idea that is expressed must
be understood by four others, who may also choose to respond. Consequently, the greater
number of people in a group, the fewer contributions any individual may make. Because
there are disadvantages to large groups, you might assume that small groups would be the
most effective.However, groups can be too small as well as 100 large. With 100 few
members, a group has limited resources, which eliminates a primary advantage of groups
for decision making. Also, in very small groups, members may be unwilling lo disagree or
criticize each other's ideas. I believe that five to seven members is the ideal size for a small
group.
Unconditional Love / Motherly Love
Motherly love by its very nature is unconditional. Mother loves the newborn infant because
it is her child, not because the child has fulfilled any specific condition, or lived up to any
specific expectations. Unconditional love corresponds to one of the deepest longings, not
only of the child, but also of every human being. On the other hand, to be loved because of
one's merit or because one deserves it, always leaves doubt and there is always a fear that
love could disappear. Furthermore deserved love easily leaves a bitter feeling that one is
not loved for himself but is loved only because he pleases, and that he is not loved at all
but used. No wonder that we cling to the longing for motherly love, as children and also as
adults.
The Origins Of Written Literature
The origins of a written literature can be found in most of the civilizations of the ancient
world; in India, China, and among the Jewish people whose great work of literature is taken
to present. The start of Western literature is the Old Testament of the Bible. Their greatest
single contribution was drama, a form of literature that has continued undiminished to the
present day. Other literary forms that developed from the time of the Greeks and Romans
onwards have been Poetry in its many different styles and forms; the essay; biography and
autobiography; and the novel.
Experimenting on Animals
Life processes are similar in all animals with backbones. So physiologists can find out a lot
about the human body by studying animals such as frogs, rats and rabbits. Sometimes
research involves the death of these animals. But physiologists take great care not to hurt
the animals. The animals are usually put to sleep during the experiments so they do not
feel pain. Many people think animals should not be used for experiments. But it is only by
physiological research that medicine has been able to advance. Polio is a disease that
attacks the nerves. Millions of people have been protected from polio by a fluid called a
vaccine. Tissue from monkeys is used to make the vaccine.
Magellan Ferdinand
Magellan is a Portuguese navigator who shared the idea of Christopher Columbus and
others that the Far East could be reached by sailing westward. He embarked from Spain in
August 1519 with a fleet of five ships, sailed southward down the coast of South America
and reached the Pacific Ocean through the Strait named after him. He then gave the Pacific
its name, because his first impression of it was one of peace and calm. Magellan was killed
by warring tribesmen in the Philippines, but one of his ships finally arrived back in Spain in
September 1522 via the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, the first to have circumnavigated the
world.
Poisonous Snakes
The most dangerous animals on the North American continent, by a margin of 1000 to
one, are not bears, mountain lions or wolves but poisonous snakes. Attacks occur far more
frequently than most people suspect; 6500 to 7000 humans are bitten by venomous snakes
in the United States each year. Fortunately, the death rate from snakebite is low, largely
because of widespread knowledge about snakes and the fact that in most cases treatment
is prompt. Yet for the victims, even though they survive, the ordeal is a dreadful experience
sometimes resulting weeks or months of illness, permanent crippling, the loss of a hand or
foot, or other lasting handicaps.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in the German city of Ulm. He had been no infant prodigy;
indeed, he was so late in learning to speak that his parents feared he was fool. In school,
though his teachers saw no special talent in him, the signs were already there. He taught
himself calculus, for example, and he told me that his teachers seemed a little afraid of him
because he asked questions they could not answer. At the age of 16, he asked himself
whether a light wave would seem stationary if one ran side by side of it. It seems an
innocent question, but this shows. Einstein going to the heart of a problem. From it there
would arise, ten years later, his theory of relativity.
Princess Diana
Answer the questions according to the reading Diana, Princess of Wales, became famous
when she decided to marry Prince Charles. She became the most photographed person in
the world. Everywhere she went, there were photographers taking pictures of her and
people were very interested in her clothes, where she went on holiday and who she was
with. They were also interested in the problems between her and her husband. When they
divorced she remained very popular. In addition to her image as a 'star', Princess Diana
used her influence to attract attention to some charities. She was very sympathetic to all
people who were ill and unhappy and dedicated time to helping them and drawing public
attention to their problems. She used to visit homeless people regularly and did a lot of
work for the National AIDS Trust; she visited people suffering from AIDS.