1

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2
00:00:04,212 --> 00:00:05,620
OK.
3
00:00:05,620 --> 00:00:11,230
So a few things about
the perturbation theory.
4
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So so far we've kind
of argued that we
5
00:00:14,180 --> 00:00:17,400
could get a pretty far without
doing perturbation theory.
6
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So we got here without
doing perturbation theory.
7
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What if we actually now want
to calculate these series
8
00:00:23,550 --> 00:00:25,680
through the renormalization
group evolution.
9
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How is that going to work?
10
00:00:26,915 --> 00:00:31,780
11
00:00:31,780 --> 00:00:35,960
And it's actually, in some ways
it's a combination of the two
12
00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:38,170
examples that we treated.
13
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We did an example where we
had a Wilson coefficient that
14
00:00:40,830 --> 00:00:42,272

was just running

multiplicatively.
15
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And we did another
example where we
16
00:00:43,730 --> 00:00:46,480
had a function of deep
inelastic scattering
17
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that had an integral.
18
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And we are going to have both of
those situations in this case.
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00:00:50,235 --> 00:00:54,794
20
00:00:54,794 --> 00:00:57,860
So let me tell you how it works.
21
00:00:57,860 --> 00:01:02,390
So to get the hard function,
you reduce a matching.
22
00:01:02,390 --> 00:01:05,280
And the matching is actually for
what people call the quark form
23
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factor.
24
00:01:07,329 --> 00:01:09,870
So if you wonder why people care
about the quark form factor,
25
00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:11,600
the quark form
factor is basically
26
00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:14,810
the H in our
formula, not exactly,
27
00:01:14,810 --> 00:01:17,005

but closely related to

the h in our formula.
28
00:01:17,005 --> 00:01:21,150
29
00:01:21,150 --> 00:01:27,520
So you would do some one loop
matching by taking QCD graphs
30
00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:30,790
and subtracting the SFG graphs
in exactly the kind of way
31
00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:35,205
we're already doing for
examples that we treated before.
32
00:01:35,205 --> 00:01:44,670
33
00:01:44,670 --> 00:01:47,170
So those are co-linear
gluons and ultrasoft gluons.
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00:01:47,170 --> 00:01:50,038
35
00:01:50,038 --> 00:01:53,806
And there's some wave function
graph that you can consider.
36
00:01:53,806 --> 00:01:55,730
And we form the difference.
37
00:01:55,730 --> 00:01:59,170
And at one loop, we check
that all the IR divergences
38
00:01:59,170 --> 00:02:01,786
between this and this
cancel, and then we
39
00:02:01,786 --> 00:02:02,910
get the Wilson coefficient.
40
00:02:02,910 --> 00:02:09,740
41
00:02:09,740 --> 00:02:12,020

So this is really very, very

analogous to the example
42
00:02:12,020 --> 00:02:14,705
that we did when we were doing
a heavy to light current.
43
00:02:14,705 --> 00:02:33,050
44
00:02:33,050 --> 00:02:36,750
And you see here that this
thing which depends on mu,
45
00:02:36,750 --> 00:02:38,830
it's mu over Q, right?
46
00:02:38,830 --> 00:02:40,870
And that's what I was
saying, that the Wilson
47
00:02:40,870 --> 00:02:42,495
coefficient or the
hard function should
48
00:02:42,495 --> 00:02:46,537
be-- the large should be
minimized for mu of order Q,
49
00:02:46,537 --> 00:02:48,245
and we see that by
doing the calculation.
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00:02:48,245 --> 00:02:53,380
51
00:02:53,380 --> 00:02:57,400
H is the square of this thing.
52
00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:00,140
So there's imaginary parts
from these negative logarithms.
53
00:03:00,140 --> 00:03:02,415
These are minus Q
squared minus I0,
54
00:03:02,415 --> 00:03:04,650
but when I take the MOD

square, this thing is real.

55
00:03:04,650 --> 00:03:11,740
56
00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:14,046
What about the jet function?
57
00:03:14,046 --> 00:03:17,050
Well, If you go back to what
the formula for the jet function
58
00:03:17,050 --> 00:03:21,160
was, the jet
function is basically
59
00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:26,900
two fields like that spit out
a quark and absorb a quark
60
00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:28,550
but is a vacuum matrix element.
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00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:31,027
So the quarks are
just contracted.
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00:03:31,027 --> 00:03:33,360
So you're basically calculating
graphs like this, really
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00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:35,443
actually, the imaginary
parts of graphs like this.
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00:03:35,443 --> 00:03:38,125
Because the way I drew it
you're summing over final states
65
00:03:38,125 --> 00:03:41,349
so it would be the
imaginary part.
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00:03:41,349 --> 00:03:42,890
So we could just
calculate the graphs
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00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:46,070

without putting a cut in,

and take the imaginary part
68
00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,426
and that would actually be
giving us the jet function.
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00:03:49,426 --> 00:03:53,670
So the jet function comes
from some Feynman diagrams
70
00:03:53,670 --> 00:03:54,640
that look like this.
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00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:58,320
72
00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:05,180
And then there's one more
that looks like that.
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00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:07,339
So one group we have those
three Feynman diagrams,
74
00:04:07,339 --> 00:04:08,880
and then we have
the tree little guy,
75
00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,046
we take the imaginary part,
we get the jet function.
76
00:04:11,046 --> 00:04:17,649
77
00:04:17,649 --> 00:04:19,627
At lowest order it gives
a delta function, just
78
00:04:19,627 --> 00:04:20,365
a cut propagator.
79
00:04:20,365 --> 00:04:27,940
80
00:04:27,940 --> 00:04:30,097
And then, at one loop
get a delta function,

81
00:04:30,097 --> 00:04:31,430
and you also get plus functions.
82
00:04:31,430 --> 00:04:38,300
83
00:04:38,300 --> 00:04:45,570
And let me not worry so much
about what the numbers are
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00:04:45,570 --> 00:04:49,060
and just tell you what
the result looks like.
85
00:04:49,060 --> 00:04:49,970
Looks like that.
86
00:04:49,970 --> 00:04:52,920
There's three different types
of terms that one could get.
87
00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:54,510
They all kind of
have a par-accounting
88
00:04:54,510 --> 00:04:56,277
that makes them go
like one over S,
89
00:04:56,277 --> 00:04:57,610
and that you know ahead of time.
90
00:04:57,610 --> 00:05:00,600
If you par-account
the operator here,
91
00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,150
it should scale like
on over S. These
92
00:05:02,150 --> 00:05:03,650
are the different
kind of structures
93
00:05:03,650 --> 00:05:06,057
that you can get at one loop
that scale like one over S.

94
00:05:06,057 --> 00:05:07,890
And this is kind of a
symptom of there being
95
00:05:07,890 --> 00:05:10,362
one over epsilon
squared divergences.
96
00:05:10,362 --> 00:05:12,570
And this guy here, writing
the re-normalized results.
97
00:05:12,570 --> 00:05:16,300
So we're taking care
of the renormalization.
98
00:05:16,300 --> 00:05:18,416
So just like in
our example, I mean
99
00:05:18,416 --> 00:05:20,560
it's the same diagram really.
100
00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:23,230
This diagram was familiar,
because this diagram
101
00:05:23,230 --> 00:05:24,910
was showing up in
beta s gamma, right?
102
00:05:24,910 --> 00:05:27,620
So we saw it has one over
our epsilon squared polls.
103
00:05:27,620 --> 00:05:31,715
Here the 1 over epsilon
squared polls lead to this.
104
00:05:31,715 --> 00:05:33,090
And really you
can actually think
105
00:05:33,090 --> 00:05:36,150
of that very closely related
to what we did, because we were
106

00:05:36,150 --> 00:05:38,850

finding logs of mu
squared over P squared.
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00:05:38,850 --> 00:05:40,900
But here P squared
is a physical things.
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00:05:40,900 --> 00:05:44,660
It's the S, the invariant mass
that we pump into the operator.
109
00:05:44,660 --> 00:05:49,910
S is kind of what we put
in through the-- we put
110
00:05:49,910 --> 00:05:51,170
in the momentum if you like.
111
00:05:51,170 --> 00:06:01,485
To where I shouldn't call
it Q. T, mu where S is T
112
00:06:01,485 --> 00:06:02,710
squared, right?
113
00:06:02,710 --> 00:06:05,900
And so, before we
were having logs
114
00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:07,940
of P squared, which
were and IR regulator,
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00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:09,920
but in this calculation
for this jet function
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it's actually a physical things.
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And it's giving the momentum
dependence of the jet function
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00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:21,150
that's the right thing to stick
into the factorization theorem.

119
00:06:21,150 --> 00:06:23,598
And then there's
the soft function
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00:06:23,598 --> 00:06:29,040
where if it's perturbative,
we can calculate it.
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00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:33,020
And you can draw these kind of
in some notation for the Wilson
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00:06:33,020 --> 00:06:34,466
lines.
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00:06:34,466 --> 00:06:39,275
And here's our Wilson lines
in different directions.
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00:06:39,275 --> 00:06:42,500
125
00:06:42,500 --> 00:06:44,660
And then this matrix
element squared,
126
00:06:44,660 --> 00:06:46,962
and again, you can
sort of think of these
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00:06:46,962 --> 00:06:51,520
as cut graphs like
that if you like.
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00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:56,340
And if we look at
the soft function,
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00:06:56,340 --> 00:07:00,610
it kind of has a similar
structure to the jet function,
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00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:04,300
but now with the-so again, it's
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00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:08,205

got a delta function

and then plus functions.
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00:07:08,205 --> 00:07:16,170
133
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Whoops.
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00:07:16,670 --> 00:07:21,360
135
00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:24,360
And it turns out there's
no single plus function,
136
00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:29,807
but there's a plus function
with a logarithm in this case.
137
00:07:29,807 --> 00:07:40,110
And then, same for l
minus, same structure.
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00:07:40,110 --> 00:07:42,130
It's just a product,
if you like.
139
00:07:42,130 --> 00:07:43,880
And the reason that
happens is if you only
140
00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:46,780
have one gluon it's either
in hemisphere A or hemisphere
141
00:07:46,780 --> 00:07:48,630
B. It can't be in both.
142
00:07:48,630 --> 00:07:51,280
So the alpha S corrections are
either a function of l Plus
143
00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:52,390
or a function of l minus.
144
00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:56,124
And that's why it has a kind of
very simple structure one loop.

145
00:07:56,124 --> 00:08:12,827
146
00:08:12,827 --> 00:08:14,410
So that gives you
an idea kind of what
147
00:08:14,410 --> 00:08:16,860
these perturbative
functions look like.
148
00:08:16,860 --> 00:08:19,160
C, if you talk about
renormalization,
149
00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:20,730
C re-normalizes
multiplicatively.
150
00:08:20,730 --> 00:08:25,940
151
00:08:25,940 --> 00:08:29,550
And so, the renormalization
group equation for C,
152
00:08:29,550 --> 00:08:38,046
just like the one we had
before for beta s gamma,
153
00:08:38,046 --> 00:08:39,570
there's no integrals.
154
00:08:39,570 --> 00:08:41,679
And that, again, came
about from the kinematics,
155
00:08:41,679 --> 00:08:43,840
fixing the variables.
156
00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:51,720
But the jet function
and the soft function
157
00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:54,910
have convolutions in this case.
158

00:08:54,910 --> 00:09:01,802

159
00:09:01,802 --> 00:09:03,950
What they depend on is
nontrivial momentum,
160
00:09:03,950 --> 00:09:07,800
and it's-- you can see in the
factorization theorem that
161
00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,680
it's convoluting between
two different sectors.
162
00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:12,810
And that kind of is
generically a hint
163
00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:18,320
that you're going to get out
a formula like this one, which
164
00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,060
is like for PDF, but now
it's a different formula.
165
00:09:22,060 --> 00:09:25,750
And it's kind of an almost
dimension for the jet function.
166
00:09:25,750 --> 00:09:30,080
167
00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:32,910
And we could go through that
by, I was not writing down
168
00:09:32,910 --> 00:09:36,014
for you what one over
epsilons look like, right?
169
00:09:36,014 --> 00:09:39,360
We could go through
the renormalization
170
00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:40,832
and find these results.
171

00:09:40,832 --> 00:09:52,420

172
00:09:52,420 --> 00:09:54,270
And actually, in this
jet function case,
173
00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:56,790
we even know more.
174
00:09:56,790 --> 00:10:00,550
The general structure of
this anomalous dimension
175
00:10:00,550 --> 00:10:03,050
is actually simpler than the
parton distribution case.
176
00:10:03,050 --> 00:10:07,290
177
00:10:07,290 --> 00:10:10,040
And it's the following.
178
00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:17,260
179
00:10:17,260 --> 00:10:20,730
There's two types of
terms that can show up.
180
00:10:20,730 --> 00:10:22,980
So the general structure
of the anomalous dimension
181
00:10:22,980 --> 00:10:26,750
is there there's a single
plus function in it
182
00:10:26,750 --> 00:10:28,550
for a delta function.
183
00:10:28,550 --> 00:10:31,470
And this single plus
function is the analog
184
00:10:31,470 --> 00:10:33,820
in the jet function of
the single logarithm that

185
00:10:33,820 --> 00:10:35,150
was showing up.
186
00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:38,210
Remember that when we
decompose this guy,
187
00:10:38,210 --> 00:10:41,240
there could be a
log mu over 2 term,
188
00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:45,490
or a 1 term with no
log of mu over 2.
189
00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:48,642
This is like an analog of
a log, this plus function.
190
00:10:48,642 --> 00:10:51,860
If you integrate over S,
than it's like ds over S,
191
00:10:51,860 --> 00:10:52,770
which is like a log.
192
00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:55,950
So this is a log, and
integrating delta of S
193
00:10:55,950 --> 00:10:58,100
is like 1.
194
00:10:58,100 --> 00:11:01,620
So the analog statement that
there was two possibilities
195
00:11:01,620 --> 00:11:04,530
there, in this case
there's an analog of that
196
00:11:04,530 --> 00:11:06,435
and there's two
possibilities here.
197
00:11:06,435 --> 00:11:08,030
And what perturbation

theory is doing
198
00:11:08,030 --> 00:11:09,821
is actually just
computing the coefficients
199
00:11:09,821 --> 00:11:13,095
of these two
different structures.
200
00:11:13,095 --> 00:11:14,880
OK.
201
00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,870
And we're out of time, so
I'll say a few more words
202
00:11:17,870 --> 00:11:20,790
about how you would solve,
for example, an equation
203
00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:22,584
like this one.
204
00:11:22,584 --> 00:11:24,250
Next time I'll tell
you how to solve it,
205
00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:27,530
and then we'll basically
be done with our example.
206
00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:29,480
We'll put things back
together and write down
207
00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:31,855
the factorization theorem that
includes the re-summation.
208
00:11:31,855 --> 00:11:34,880
209
00:11:34,880 --> 00:11:36,590
And then we'll go on
to another example.
210
00:11:36,590 --> 00:11:39,530

211
00:11:39,530 --> 00:11:41,780
Moving on, the next example
we'll treat after this one
212
00:11:41,780 --> 00:11:47,220
is SET2 where we'll be
dealing with energetic hadrons
213
00:11:47,220 --> 00:11:51,250
and other types of
examples besides jets.
214
00:11:51,250 --> 00:11:52,271