j. Soc.

Cosmet.
Chem.,32, 327-338(November1981)

Evaluation
of efficacy
of antidandruff
agents
EBERHARD FUTTERER, PH.D., Hoechst
Aktiengesellschaft,

Postfach
80 0320,D-6230FrankfurtiM.80, [VestGermany.
Received
January14, 1981.Presented
at theNationalConvention
of
theItalian Society
of Cosmetic
Chemists,
Milan, Italy,November
14,
1980.

Synopsis

The"half-head"
technique
canbeusedasa suitable
andreliable
methodforcomparative
evaluation
of the
efficacy
of antidandruff
agents.Two modesof experimental
designwhichdifferin schedule
andscoring
systemare described.
Data aregivenfor shampoos
and creamrinsescontaining
the new antidandruff
agent PIROCTONE OLAMINE [1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2(1H)-pyridone
ethanolamine
salt]in comparison
to thecorresponding
nonmedicated
formulations
aswellasto thesame
shampoo
bases
containing
ZINC PYRITHIONEasa knownefficacious
antidandruff
agent.Piroctone
olaminehasbeendemonstrated
to be highlyeffectivein the treatmentof dandruffand moreeffective
thanzincpyrithione
at thesameconcentration
(p < 0.05).An appreciable
effecton skinlipidregeneration
ratecouldnot be measured.
A tentativeexplanation
for the oftenperceived
increase
in scalpandhair
oiliness
aftertheuseof antidandruff
products
isadvanced.

INTRODUCTION

Oneof the eminenttopicsin cosmetic

research
nowadays
is the methodology
of
efficacysubstantiation.
The development
of scientific
methodsfor measuring
efficacy
andperformance
of cosmetics
is meaningful
to an efficientscreening
of new active
ingredients,
to a betterunderstanding
of themechanism
of action,to satisfyregulatory
andlabelingrequirements,
andto supportadvertisement
claims.The ultimateaim of
the scientific
activityin thisareaof cosmeticresearch
is the development
of superior
products.

A typicalexampleof this endeavouris the elaborationof numerousmethodsfor

efficacy
testingof antidandruff
preparations
in thelasttenyears.Due to thelackof a
meaningful
animalmodel(1) all thesetestsareperformedon humanpanelists.
The
mostinteresting
methodswith objectiveinstrumental
meansarebaseduponcorneo
o
cytecounting(2) andmeasurement
of the amount(3), size(4), andthickness
(5) of
dandruff scales.

Sinceall thesemethodsarenot withoutproblemsregarding

theprocedure
andsiteof
sampling
anddo notsupplant
carefulclinicalevaluation
basedupona subjective
visual
scoringtechnique,we preferefficacytestingmethodswhichapproximate
as nearas
327

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS

possiblethe mannerin whichone wouldnormallyuseand appraise

an antidandruff
product.For that reasonthe "half-head"techniqueusinga visualclinicalgrading
schemeseemsto be a suitableandreliablemethodfor antidandruff
efficacystudies.
METHOD

The experimental
designin the half-headtechniqueallowsthe directcomparison
of
two products,
preferably
shampoos,
in the samesubjectat the sametimeon a double
blindbasis.
Theapplications
of theproducts,
oneproductto eachhalfof thehead,are
done by professional
hairdressers.
The selectionof the subjectswith moderateor
severedandruffand the assessment
of dandruffbeforetreatmentstarted,duringthe
testperiod,andafterthe lasttreatmentareperformedby dermatologists.
For studies
doneto satisfyregulatoryrequirements
the contralateral
siteshouldbe reserved
for a
placebo(vehiclecontrol)formulation.
In claimsubstantiation
studies
or screening
tests
it is usuallyeconomically
advantageous
to pairreference
andexperimental
samples
at
contralateral
sites.Althoughthetestpanelconsists
of onlya relatively
smallnumberof
subjects,
25to 30hasbeenfoundto beadequate,
a statistically
significant
resultcanbe
obtained.Basedon our experiencewe can recommendtwo suitableprocedural
modifications
whichdifferin the frequencyof treatment,test duration,and dandruff
scoringsystem.
PROCEDURE

A. ONCE

WEEKLY

SHAMPOOING--SIX-WEEK

SCHEDULE

The protocolof thisprocedure

developed
essentially
by Life ScienceResearch,
Stock,
Essex,England,is outlinedin TableI.
Table

Protocol for Procedure A

Pretreatment

Day

-7

-1

Inactiveshampoo
Testshampoo
Inactive or

Treatment

14

21

28

35

42

reference
shampoo
Grade

The subjects
of bothsexesarerandomlyallocatedto two treatmentgroupssuchthat
thegroupmeandandruffscores
performed
by oneandthesameexaminer
throughout
the trial and the numbersin the two groupsare approximately
equal.One group
received
the experimental
producton the rightsideof the headandthe othergroup
received
it on theleft side.The placeboor the reference
productwasappliedto each
headon thealternative
side.After pretreatment
with an inactiveshampoofor the first
eightdaysto achievebaselinelevelsthesubjects
arethenshampooed
onceweeklyfor
six weeks.This frequencyis usedto inducea situationwhichprovidesthe most
difficultconditionsfor the shampoo,
particularly
in suchbasictrialsin whichthe
effectiveness
of an activevs.an inactiveshampoo
(vehiclecontrol)shouldbestudied.

EFFICACY

OF

ANTIDANDRUFF

AGENTS

329

Shampooing
consists
of two latherings
with 5-10 ml shampoo
according
to thelength
andthickness
of thehairfor oneminutewith rinsingbetweenandafterwards.
Sixdays
after the pretreatment
and sevendaysafter shampooing
duringthe treatmentperiod
the degreeof dandruffis assessed
for four quadrantsof the scalpin termsof the
proportionof the scalpaffectedandseverity
usingthefollowingcriteria:
Area ofquadrantaffected
Less than 10% .................................................................

10-30% .............................................................................

30-50% .............................................................................

50-70% .............................................................................

More than 70% ...............................................................

Severity

Smallflakesresembling
a
coarsegreyishwhitepowder.......................................
1
Intermediate

...................................................................

Largeflakesveryloosely
attachedto the scalpand
givingan irregularwhitish
surface ............................................................................. 3
Intermediate

...................................................................

Flakesapparently
congealed
together
into yellowishplatesadhering
to the scalp,sometimes
with
evidenceof exudateand erythema.............................
5

For eachquadrant,the scorefor areais multipliedby the scorefor severity.The scores

for the two quadrantson one sideare then addedtogether.The maximumpossible
scorefor one sideis therefore(4 x 5) x 2 = 40. The scoresof the two scaleshavebeen
selectedarbitrarilyand changesin severityare not regardedas being numerically
comparablewith changesin area.In general,however,a good agreementbetween
resultsandthe opinionsof thesubjects
hasbeenfound.
PROCEDURE

B.

10 SHAMPOO

TREATMENTS--EIGHT-WEEK

SCHEDULE

This procedurewas developedby Schwarzkopf,

Hamburg,and describedin detail
elsewhere
(6). Sevendaysafterpretreatment
with an inactiveshampoo
(placebo),
the
testproductand placeboor reference
productareappliedtwicea weekfor the first
two weeksandonceweeklyin the four-weekfollow-upperiod.Thisfrequency
of the
treatmentcorresponds
approximately
to actualconsumer
habitsandis preferably
used
in suchcaseswhenthe efficacyof a newproductis evaluated
vs.a reference
product.
Fora finalperiodof two weeksall panelists
useonlytheplaceboshampoo
to observe
returnof dandruff.Dandruffis assessed
by four skilledgradersindependent
of each
other prior to each treatmentand finally sevendaysafter the last shampoo.The
followingsimplified
scoringsystem
basedonlyuponseverity
isused:
+ + + = 3 = severe dandruff
q- + = 2 = moderate dandruff

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS

+ = 1 = slightdandruff
(+) = 0, 2 = dandruffno longerdetectable
for testpersons;
the grader
stilloccasionally
findssome
scales

b= 0

EXPERIMENTAL

AND

= completelyfreefrom dandruff

RESULTS

Usingtheprocedures
described
on the half-head
technique
antidandruff
efficacy
trials
have been performedwith shampoosand creamrinsescontainingPIROCTONE
OLAMINE [1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2(1H)-pyridone
ethanolamine salt] in comparisonwith the respectivevehiclebaseas well as to the same
shampoobasecontainingZINC PYRITHIONE (zinc 2-pyridinthiol-1
-oxide)as a
knownefficacious
antidandruff
agent(Figure1).The shampoobasecomposition
used
in the followingdescribed
testsconsisted
of:
Sodiumalkylethersulfate(28%)...............
60.0%(w/w)
Coconutfattyaciddiethanolamide
.......... 3.0%(w/w) .
Pearlescing
agentconcentrate
...................
3.0%(w/w)
Perfume.........................................................
q.s.
Sodiumchloride..........................................
q.s.
Water....................................................
ad 100.0%(w/w)
The cream rinse

basecontainedthe followingconstituents:

Cetylalcohol................................................
2.1%(w/w)
Stearylalcohol.............................................
1.6%(w/w)
Mineraloil ....................................................
1.2%(w/w)

Sodiumlaurylethersulfate(28%).............2.0%(w/w)
Sorbitol(70%)...............................................
0.5%(w/w)
Perfume.........................................................
0.4%(w/w)
Water....................................................
ad 100.0%(w/w)

Is

CH3

_.CH3
CH
32I.
0
],,C
=CHic
H
CH
3 CH2
A

O-

o .....zn -- S

H3N-CH-CHOH

Figure 1. (A) Structural

formulaof 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2.4.4-trimethylpentyl)-2(1H)-pyridone
ethanolamine
salt[International
Nonproprietary
name:
piroctone
olamine
(PO)].(B)Structural
formula
of zinc
pyridine-2-thiol-l-oxide
[generic
name:zincpyrithione
(ZPT)].

EFFICACY

OF

ANTIDANDRUFF

AGENTS

331

The pH valuesof thesebasesaswell asof the sameformulations

but containingthe
activeingredient
havealwaysbeenadjusted
to 7.0(by sodiumhydroxide
or citricacid).
However,it shouldbepointedoutthatthe substantivity
of PIROCTONEOLAMINE
to keratinisnot dependent
onthepH in therangefrompH 5 to pH 8 (7).

EXAMPLE

The resultsof a comparative

studyin 32 subjects
(Sex:7 male,25 female;Age:22-71,
mean41 years)obtainedby the useof 0.75%PO shampoovs. placebousingthe
half-headtechniqueaccordingto ProcedureA are shownin Figure2 and Table II.

30

Treatments
...- &

2G

22

18

14

lO
-1

14

28

42

Treatment period (days)

Figure 2. Effecton dandruffafterweeklytreatments:
U

= 0.75%PO shampoo;
&----& = placebo.

Comparison
of themeandandruffscores
observed
beforethefirsttreatment
andseven
daysafterthe lasttreatmentrevealeda meanreductionof 54.5%associated
with PO
compared
to a meanincrease
of 9.9%in dandruffon theareaof thescalptreatedwith
the inactiveshampoo.
The differences
betweenthe effectsof thetwo treatments
were
highlysignificant
on treatmentDay 14,28and42. The significance
of changes
in mean
dandruff scoreswithin treatmentas well as of differencesamong such changes
betweentreatmentswas assessed
by an analysisof varianceappropriate
to a paired
design.Furthermore
thisresultclearlydemonstrates
that the critisismof the utilization
of half-headapplications
by reasonof supposed
translocation
of the activeoverthe
scalpisnot justified
(2b).Thereasons
thatthetranslocation
of PO whichispresent
in
solubleform did not take placecouldbe the carefultestperformance
or the good
substantivity
of PO to skinandhair(7).

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS

Table

II

MeanDandruffScores
andSignificance
of Differences
Between
InitialMeanScores
andCurrentScores
After
WeeklyTreatments

DaysSinceStartof Half-HeadTreatment
a
Day - 1

Mean score

Day 14

24.3

24.4

26.8

21.7

5.2

<0.001

Initial score
minus current score
% decrease or

--2.5

increase

2.7

- 10.3

pb

11.1

<0.01

<0.01

Day 28

Mean score
Initial score

27.8

16.1

-- 3.5

8.3

Day 42

pb

26.7

11.1

-- 2.4

13.3

pb

minus current
score

11.8

<0.001

15.7

<0.001

% decrease

or increase

- 14.4

<0.001

34.0

<0.001

--9.9

54.5

NS c

<0.001

A = 0.75%
(w/w)PO shampoo
B = placeboshampoo

bHighly
significant
CNotsignificant

EXAMPLE

II

Using ProcedureB, the antidandruffeffectiveness

of a cream rinse formulation
containingPO wasevaluatedin 14 subjectsin comparison
with the vehicleproduct

(placebo).
After latheringon both sideswith a shampoocontaining
0.2%PO and
rinsingwith wateronehalf of the headwastreatedwith a creamrinsecontaining
0.3%
PO whichwasrinsedoff ten minutesafterthe application.
In the samewaythe other
side was treated with the cream rinse base alone. From the Table III it can be seen that

afterten treatments
in 8 weeksthe percentage
reductionfrom initialdandruffscore
was92.7%usingcreamrinsewith 0.3%PO asagainst64.7%whenplacebocreamrinse
Table

III

Effectof Treatments
withShampoo
Followed
byCreamRinseonDandruff
andPercentage
Reductions
from
Initial Level After Ten Treatments

MeanDandruffScore
TestProducts
for Treatments

Shampoo 0.2%PO
Cream rinse 0.3 % PO

Shampoo 0.2%PO

Cream
rinse
(placebo)
aSignificant
(p < 0.05).A = 28.0%.

Change:

8-week/10

8-weekScore

Initial

Treatments

Minus Initial

% Decrease a

2.32

0.17

-2.15

92.7%

2.32

0.82

--1.50

64.7%

EFFICACY

OF ANTIDANDRUFF

AGENTS

333

wasused.Boththe differences
betweenthe eight-week
scoresandthe initialscoresin
the two treatmentsandthe greaterreductionassociated
with the treatmentwith cream
rinsecontaining
PO in comparison
withtheeffectof treatment
withtheplacebocream
rinseweresignificant
(p < 0.05).The statistical
analysis
wasperformedby usinga
one-sided-sign-test
considering
only thosesubjectswho exhibitscorechanges.There
is significance
whena sufficiently
largeproportionof subjectswith lower scoresis
increased.
From this trial one candeduce:1. That PO incorporated
in a creamrinse
vehicleis likewiseeffectiveagainstdandruff;2. That 0.2%PO incorporatedin a
shampoobasehasalreadya distinctantidandruffefficacy;and 3. That a combined
treatmentwith a shampoocontaining
0.2%PO followedby an application
of a cream
rinsecontaining0.3%PO hasan excellentantidandruffeffect.
EXAMPLE

Ill

ApplyingProcedureB, a comparative
trial wasperformedin 26 subjectswith PO and
ZPT, bothactiveingredients
usedin the sameconcentration
of 0.5%andincorporated
into the sameshampoobase.As Figure3 andthe datain TableIV show,both agents

Postt

Treatment

[llll

reatment

I 1

Time

(weeks)

Figure 3. Effecton dandruffaftertreatmentand posttreatment

with placebo:H
shampoo;
.----. 0.5%(w/w) ZPT shampoo.

0.5%(w/w) PO

produceda sharpandaccumulative
decrease
in averagedandruffscores,
PO havingthe
greatereffect.After eighttreatments
in a six-weekperiodthe averagegradechange
was 81.7%with PO and 68.6%with ZPT. Thesechangesin mean dandruffscores
related to the initial scores as well as the difference of 13.1% between the reduction in

dandruffassociated
with PO andthe reductionobtainedwith ZPT wereshownby an
one-sided-sign-test
to be significant
(p < 0.05).Further,this trialsrevealeda slight
increase
in dandruffaftertwo weeksof placebouseon both halvesof the scalp
previously
treatedwith activeshampoos.
Thistesthasbeenrepeatedseveraltimeswith
similar results.

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS

Table

IV

Effectof TestProducts
onDandruffandPercentage
Reduction
fromOriginalLevelAfterEightTreatments
MeanDandruffScore
a

Change
8-week

O.5%(w/w)

n = 2 with

Active

Agent
PO
ZPT

1-week

2-week

4-week

6-week

Initial n = 2

n= 4

n= 6

n= 8

0.63
0.87

0.54
0.90

0.42
0.72

2.29
2.29

1.29
1.20

Placebo from

6-week

Score
Minus

the6thWeek Initial decrease

b
0.60
0.86

- 1.87
- 1.57

81.7%
68.6%

n = Numberof treatments
resp.posttreatments.

bSignificant
(p< 0.05).
A = 13.1%.

EXAMPLE

IV

A furthertrial in 13 panelistswas conductedaccordingto ProcedureB usinga

shampoocontaining0.5%PO, in comparison
with a commercially
available0.75%ZPT
antidandruff
shampoo.
Theresults
(TableV) showthatPO provideddandruffcontrol
comparableto that offeredby ZPT in a 50%higherconcentration.
However,one
shouldconsiderthe differencein vehiclecomposition
of the testshampoos
and that
the studywascarriedout in a smallnumberof subjects.
Table

Effectof ActiveAgentsin DifferentConcentrations

andVehicleson DandruffandPercentage
Reductions
fromInitialScoreAfterEightTreatments
andTwo Posttreatments
MeanDandruffScore
%Active
Ingredient

0.50%(w/w) PO
0.75%(w/w) ZPT

Initial
2.08
2.08

6-week/8Treatments
2-week/2Posttreatments

0.54
0.62

Change
8-weekScore
MinusInitial

--1.54
-- 1.46

%decrease
74%
70%

A final clinicalstudyof the antidandruff

efficacyof PO hasbeenperformed(8) to
confirmthe preceding
findingsof antidandruff
effectiveness
of PO. During12 weeks
43 subjects
(Sex:28 m/15 f; Age:16-73,mean34 years)with severeandpartiallyalso
with moderatedandruffuseda 0.75%PO shampooat homead libitumfollowedby a
four-weekplaceboshampoouse.Dandruffassessment
usingthe samescoringsystem
alreadymentionedin ProcedureB was done by the dermatologistas well as by the
subjecthimselfbeforetreatmentstartedand everyfour weeks.The resultsshownin
Figure 4 and Table VI obtained by dermatologist'sevaluationand panelists'
judgementconfirmsufficientlythe excellentantidandruffactivityof PO previously

provedby usingthe half-headtechnique

andindicatethe usefulness
of thismethodin
efficacytestingof antidandruff
agents.
As an additionalpartof thisstudy,the effectof the testproducton scalpoiliness
was
alsojudgedby the panelistsas "intensified,"
"diminished,"
or "unchanged"
afterthe
12-weektreatmentperiod.The oilinessdatadetailedin Table VII indicatethat about
50%of the subjectswith a very oily conditionand 20-30%of the panelistswith
moderateor normalrefatteningrateobservedan increase
in greasiness.

EFFICACY

OF ANTIDANDRUFF

AGENTS

335

lOO

IPost
treatment

Treatment

80

6.0

uE

20

12

16

Time

(weeks)

Figure4. Effectof 0.75%(w/w) PO shampoo

on dandruffin a 12-weektreatmentfollowedby a 4-week
placebouse.

Table

VI

Effectof 0.75%
(w/w)PO Shampoo
on Dandruff
in a TwelveWeekTreatment
PeriodFollowed
byFourweek Placebo Use
Treatment
Posttreatment

Initial

Mean score

4-week

2.49

8-week

12-week

4-week

1.21

0.93

0.77

0.70

- 1.28

- 1.56

- 1.72

- 1.79

51.4

62.7

69.1

71.9

Initial score

minus current score

% decrease

Table

VII

Subjective
Judgement
of ScalpOiliness
After12-week
Treatment
With0.75%PO Shampoo

No. (Percentage)
of Subjects
witha Refattening
Rate

Initial
Refattening
Rate
Strong
Moderate

After
12-week
Treatment
Judged
as:
Intensified

Diminished

Unchanged

10
(52.6%)

(26.7%)
Normal

(22.2%)

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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS

To determinewhetherPO hasan appreciable

effecton the sebumexcretionrate a
humanstudywasperformed
(9)usingthegroundglassmethodaccording
to Schaefer
and Kuhn-Bussius
in a half-sidedesign(10). A solutionof 0.1% PO in aqueous
isopropanol
wasappliedtwicedailyfor fourweekson onesideof the foreheadof ten
subjects(Sex:5 m/5 f) by meansof a swab.The othersidewastreatedconcurrently
with aqueous
isopropanol
alone.The fat regeneration
ratewasmeasured
120minafter
defattingof the skinsurfaceby impressing
a plasticfoil ten timesbeforetreatment
startedandat theendof thetestperiod.The resultsshownin TableVIII indicatethat
Table

VIII

EffectonSkinSurface
LipidsRegeneration
AfterTreatment
TwiceDailyfor FourWeekswith0.1%PO in
Aqueous
Isopropanol
Resp.withAqueous
Isopropanol
Alone
SkinSurface
LipidsLevel
120minAfterDefatting

/J,g/cm
2(t= 10)
Test Product

0.1%(w/w) PO in
5096
(w/w) aqueous
isopropanol
50%(w/w)aqueous
isopropanol

Before
Treatment

AfterTreatment

Changein Fat
Regeneration

/.tg/cm
2

40.7

36.8

-- 3.9

-- 9.6

39.1

36.1

--3.0

--7.7

thereis no significant
difference
in the effecton skinlipidsregeneration
ratebetween
the testproductandplacebo.The reductions
measured
in both casesare due to the
isopropanol
andareclinicallynot relevant.
This finding seemsto be partiallyin contradictionto the panelists'judgement
specified
in TableVII. Similarcontradictory
resultshavebeenreportedaftercontinued
useof shampoos
containing
selenium
sulfideor ZPT. Whereas
in a comparative
study
in 134 subjectsneitherseleniumsulfideshampoonor ZPT shampooproducedan
appreciable
effectonthegreasiness
of thescalp(11),therearemanyothermentions
in
the literaturethat increased
hair and scalpoilinessin a significant
numberof users
resultingfromuseof selenium
sulfideandZPT shampoos
is an importantsideeffect
(12-15).Sinceseveral
studies
haveshownno apparent
correlation
between
thelevelof
dandruffandoiliness
of the scalp(11, 16),no suitableexplanation
for thisphenomenon hasyet beenadvanced.However,it may be that the causefor the increasein
greasiness
canbereferedto a simplephysical
effect.Dandruffisthe summation
of two
processes;
an increased
productionof hornycellsand desquamation
in largerflakes.
Thesescales
or squamae
areaggregates
of coherent
hornymaterialwitha considerable
contentof lipidsexcreted
bysebaceous
glands(17).Byproducing
a greaterquantityof
hornycellsand desquamating
largescalessoakedwith lipidsa dandruffsubjectwill
consequently
losea certainamountof lipidswhichotherwise
wouldremainon the
scalpand hair when dandruffhad been controlledby the use of an efficacious
antidandruff
product.Althoughthe activeingredientactuallydid not influencethe
sebumproductionof the sebaceous
glands,the subjectmightinevitablyobserve
that
the hair becomes
greasier.
This is true particularly
for suchsubjectswhichhaveby
naturea veryoily condition.Justthat we haveseenin our study.

EFFICACY

OF

ANTIDANDRUFF

AGENTS

337

CONCLUSION

Antidandruffefficacystudieshavebeenperformedusinghalf-scalp
applications
with
differentmodifications
asto experimental
designand systemof clinicalgrading.This
techniquehasprovedto be a suitableand reliablemethodfor antidandruffefficacy
evaluation
and allowsthe directcomparative
appraisal
of efficacyof two materialson
the sameindividual.By eliminationof the effectsof changesin the individualand in
the environment
a statistically
significant
resultcanbe obtainedwith a relativelysmall
numberof subjects.
Antidandrufftrials with the new antidandruffagent PIROCTONE
OLAMINE
which is
presentin the formulations
(shampoo,
creamrinse)usedin solutionhaveshownthat
thisproductexhibitsan excellentantidandruff
effectiveness
whichsurpasses
at same
concentrationthat of ZINCPYRITHIONE
as a known efficaciousand extensivelyused
antidandruff
agent.In a sebumexcretionratestudyusinga half-sidedesignPiroctone
olaminedid not revealan appreciable
effecton skinlipidsregeneration.
A tentative
explanation
for the oftenperceived
increase
in scalpandhairoilinesss
afterthe useof
antidandruff
productscouldbe the failingof the lossof skinlipidsby desquamating
cells.

REFERENCES

(1) B. Idson,Laboratory
andclinicalevaluation
of antidandruff
preparations,
J. Soc.Cosmet.
Chem.24,
395-398(1973).

(2) a) K.J. McGinley,R. R. Marpies,and G. Plewig,A methodfor visualizing

and quantitating
the
desquamation
portionof the humanstratumcorneum,J.Invest.Dermatol.53, 107-1-11
(1969).
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