1

ANSWERS TO MODEL EXAMINATION PAPER

PAPER 1

There is a large increase between the fourth

and fifth ionisation energies. Therefore there
are 4 valence electrons. Q is in group 14.

1. C
O

Mass (g)

50.1

49.9

Number of
moles

50.1
= 1.56
32.1

49.9
= 3.12
16.0

1.56
=1
1.56

3.12
=2
1.56

Mole ratio

No. of mol = 0.0600 2.50

= 0.15 mol
Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 0.15 171.3
= 25.7 g
41.6
B No. of mol of AgNO3 =
169.9
= 0.245 mol
35.4
No. of mol BaCl2 =
208.3
= 0.1699 mol
2 mol AgNO3 react with 1 mol BaCl2.
0.245 mol AgNO3 reacts with 0.1225 mol BaCl2
Excess BaCl2 = (0.1699 0.1225) mol
= 0.0474 mol
= 0.0474 208.3 g
= 9.9 g
hc
A E=
l
6.6256 10 34 3.00 108
=
670 10 9
= 2.97 1019 J
D Option A is a transition element which can form
more than one cation and thus has more than
one chloride.
Option B is a Group 16 element and thus forms
an anion.
Option C is a Group 18 element and is stable.
Option D is a Group 2 element which forms
only one cation and thus has only one chloride.
A The electronegativity of elements increases
across a period from left to right and decreases
down a group.
B l = 0, 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the s, p, d and f
orbitals, respectively.
C Difference
786
794
1580
1650
3230
1130
4360
11 640
16 000
4000
20 000

2. B

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.
8.

MEP answers.indd 1

9. C
10. B There are only four electrons in the valence
shell of the Be atom.

..Cl BeCl..
.. ..

..

..

Element

11. D H2S has a bent shape. The bond dipoles do

not cancel out each other because they are not
directly opposite one other.
S
H
H
12. B
13. D
[H 2 ][ CO] [ 0.80 ][ 0.25]
=
14. C Qc =
= 0.4
[H 2CO]
[ 0.50 ]
Qc < Kc, therefore the reaction moves towards
the right to produce more H2 and CO.
15. C Kp = pCO . In a closed container, the pressure of
CO2 is constant at constant temperature and
does not depend on the amount of CaCO3
present. Using more CaCO3 will not increase
the amount of CaCO3 that dissociates.
Using a smaller container at the same temperature
means that the pressure of the system is higher.
The equilibrium position will shift to the left
in order to reduce the pressure. Therefore, less
CO2 and less CaO are produced.
Addition of an inert gas at constant volume has
no effect on the equilibrium position.
p1V1 p2V2
16. B
=
T1
T2
2

T2 =
=

p2V2T1
p1V1
940 440 299
670 380

= 486 K

= 213 C
D
D
C
D
D
C
D
C Alkaline earth metals are Group 2 elements.
The proton number and the atomic radius
increases when descending a group.
25. D
26. D
27. B Manganese in MnSO4; Mn2+: [Ar ] 3d 5
Iron in FeCl3; Fe3+: [Ar] 3d 5
Cobalt in CoCl2; Co2+: [Ar] 3d 7
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

4/19/2014 12:37:31 PM

Answers to Model Exam Paper

28. A
29. C No. of mol of CO2 =

= 0.1795 mol

44
Volume of CO2 = 0.1795 24 dm3 = 4 dm3
0.25
No. of mol of H2 =
= 0.125 mol
2
Volume of H2 = 0.125 24 dm3 = 3 dm3
2
No. of mol of CH4 =
= 0.125 mol
16
Volume of CH4 = 0.125 24 dm3 = 3 dm3

30. B

Fe or

Fe or

58
28

Fe

78.6 56 + 10.1 57 + 11.3 58

100

= 56.33 u

Relative atomic mass of iron

=

Average atomic mass of Fe

1 / 12 mass of

Ag2CO3(s)
2Ag+(aq) + CO32(aq)
+ 2
2
Ksp = [Ag ] [CO3 ]

57
27

(ii) Average atomic mass of iron

PbI2(s)
Pb (aq) + 2I (aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][I]2
2+

56
26

(b) (i)

7.9

12

56.33 u

1 / 12 12.00 u

= 56.33
(iii)

abundance

Al(OH)3(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
3+
3
Ksp = [Al ][OH ]

78.6%

PAPER 2

11.3%
10.1%

Section A
1. (a) (i) 3NaBH4 + 4BF3 2B2H6 + 3NaBF4
(ii) Number of moles of NaBH4
3.8
=
= 0.1 mol
37.8
Number of moles of BF3
3.4
=
= 0.05 mol
67.8
From the equation, 3 mol NaBH4 react
with 4 mol BF3.
0.1
0.1 mol NaBH4 reacts with
4 mol
3
BF3
= 0.133 mol BF3

56

2. (a) (i)

H
C

Mass of B2H6 = 0.025 27.6

= 0.69 g

m/e

ammonia

water
(ii) The type of hybridisation of all the central
atoms is sp3.
H

0.05

mol B2H6
2
= 0.025 mol B2H6

58

H
methane

But only 0.05 mol BF3 is available.

The limiting reagent is BF3.
(iii) 4 mol BF3 give 2 mol B2H6
0.05 mol BF3 gives

57

H
H

methane
Shape: tetrahedral

(iv) 4 mol BF3 react with 3 mol NaBH4.

0.05 mol BF3 reacts with 0.05 3 mol
4
NaBH4
= 0.0375 mol NaBH4
Number of mol of excess NaBH4
= 0.1 0.0375 = 0.0625 mol
Mass of excess NaBH4 = 0.0625 37.8
= 2.36 g

MEP answers.indd 2

N
H

H
H

ammonia
Shape: trigonal pyramidal

4/19/2014 12:37:34 PM

Answers to Model Exam Paper

pH =
2

pN =

H
water
Shape: V-shaped

(iii) Ammonia and water are polar molecules.

(b) (i) An acid is defined as a proton donor and
a base is defined as a proton acceptor.
For example, when hydrogen chloride
dissolves in water, hydrogen chloride
donates a proton to water. Thus,
hydrogen chloride is the acid and
water is the base.
H2O + HCl
H3O+
+
Cl
base acid conjugate acid conjugate base
(ii) Number of mol of Ba(OH)2 =

9.50
171.3

mol

1 mol Ba(OH)2 gives 2 mol OH.

9.50
171.3

mol Ba(OH)2 gives

9.50

3. (a) (i)

(ii)

(b) (i)
(ii)

2 = 0.1109 mol OH
171.3
pOH = log [OH]
= log 0.1109
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 (log 0.1109)
= 13.0
The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its vapour which is in equilibrium with the liquid state in a closed
container.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases
with temperature. At a higher temperature,
more particles of the liquid have enough
kinetic energy to escape from the liquid
surface and enter the gas phase.
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures of
all the component gases.
Total number of moles of gases = 0.900 mol
Volume = 10.0 L
T = 298 K
Total pressure, ptotal =
=

ntotal RT
V
0.900 0.0821 298

10.0
= 2.20 atm
pCH =
4

MEP answers.indd 3

0.200 0.0821 298

10.0

= 0.489 atm

0.300 0.0821 298

10.0
0.4 00 0.0821 298
10.0

= 0.734 atm
= 0.979 atm

(c) A crystalline solid has an ordered arrangement

of particles that are very close together; An
amorphous solid has a random arrangement of
particles with no ordered structure.
Examples of crystalline solids are ice and sodium
chloride.
Examples of amorphous solids are rubber, some
kinds of plastics and amorphous sulphur.
4. (a) Across the period from Na to Ar, the proton
number increases and the atomic size
decreases. Therefore, the effective nuclear
charge increases. The force of attraction of
the nucleus towards the outermost electrons
increases, so the electrons are more firmly
held. More energy is required to remove the
valence electrons. Thus, in general, the first
ionisation energy increases across the period.
However, there is a dip in first ionisation
energy from magnesium to aluminium and
another dip from phosphorus to sulphur.
The electronic configuration of magnesium
and aluminium are as follows.
Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
A 3s electron is being removed from Mg while
a 3p electron is being removed from Al. Since
a 3s electron is at a lower and therefore more
stable energy level than a 3p electron, it is more
difficult to remove the 3s electron from Mg.
Hence, the first ionisation energy of Mg is
higher than that of Al.
The electronic configuration of phosphorus
and sulphur are as follows.
P: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
The half-filled p orbitals of P exhibit extra
stability.
More energy is needed to remove the first
outermost electron of P, hence the first
ionisation energy of P is higher than that of S.
(b) (i) A solution that consists of a weak acid and
its conjugate base that resists changes to
its pH when a small amount of strong acid
or strong base is added to it.
(ii) pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 pH = 14 12.84
= 1.16
pOH = pKb + log

[NH 4 + ]

1.16 = 4.75 + log

[NH 4 + ]

[NH3 ]
0.10

4/19/2014 12:37:36 PM

Answers to Model Exam Paper

[NH4+] = 2.57 105 M

Mass of ammonium chloride needed
= 2.57 105 53.5 g = 1.37 103 g

Section B
5. (a) (i) A line spectrum consists of discrete lines
of light of specific wavelengths on a black
background. A line spectrum is produced
when excited electrons in atoms or ions
fall back to lower energy levels. The
photons emitted by the electrons have
only certain discrete wavelengths.
(ii)

= RH

1 _ 1
n12 n22

2 3
1 1
= 1.097 10
4 9
= 1.097 107

= 1.524 106 m1
l = 6.562 107 m
E=
hc
l

hc

6.6256 10

_ 34

J s 3.00 108 m s
_7

l
6.562 10 m _
_
6.6256 10 34 J s 3.00 108 m s 1
_

6.562 10 7 m

= 3.03 1019 J
(iii) It can only explain the emission spectra of
atoms or ions with a single electron (for
example, Li2+) but not the spectra of atoms
or ions with more than one electron.
It cannot explain the effect of magnetic
fields on emission spectra.
(b) (i) Cl
(ii) Cl
(iii) Ar
(iv) Al
(v) Al
(c) In addition to weak van der Waals forces,
NH3, H2O and HF also have hydrogen bonds
between their molecules. A hydrogen bond is
the attractive force between a hydrogen atom
bonded to an F, O or N atom in one molecule,
and an unshared electron pair on the F, O or
N atom of a neighboring molecule. Hydrogen
bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces.
The hydrides of the other elements in the
Groups 15, 16 and 17 only have weak van der
Waal forces between their molecules.
6. (a) (i) The equilibrium will shift to the left to
replenish the oxygen gas removed from
the system. Thus, the amount of ammonia
will increase.
(ii) The equilibrium will shift to the left to
remove the added nitrogen. Thus, the
amount of ammonia increases.

MEP answers.indd 4

_1

(iii) Adding water has no effect on the

equilibrium position as the water is in the
liquid phase. The density of a pure liquid is
constant at constant temperature, hence its
concentration is constant. The amount of
ammonia does not change.
(iv) Increasing the volume of the system will
decrease the total pressure of the system.
Hence, the position of equilibrium will
shift to the left to increase the total number
of moles of gases in the system. Therefore,
the amount of ammonia increases
(v) If the temperature is decreased, the system
will respond by shifting in the direction
that releases heat. Thus, the equilibrium
shifts to the right to produce more heat.
The amount of ammonia decreases.
(b) (i) CO2: linear; 180
SO2: bent; 120
COCl2: trigonal planar; 120
ICl3: T-shaped; 90, 180
(ii) CO2
(iii) CO2: sp
SO2: sp2
COCl2: sp2
ICl3: sp3d
7. (a) (i) Kp = pCO

= 0.60 atm
(ii) Kp = pCO .............(1)
2
Kc = [CO2] ..........(2)
Assume carbon dioxide behaves ideally.
pCO V = nCO RT
2

pCO =

nCO

RT

pCO = [CO2]RT ...........(3)

2

Substitute (3) into (1).

Kp = [CO2]RT
Substitute (2) into (3).
Kp = Kc(RT )
(b) (i) Number of mol of NH4+ =

0.3 300

1000
= 0.09 mol

[NH4+] =

0.09 mol
0.5 L

= 0.18 M

Number of mol of NH3 =

0.60 200

1000
= 0.12 mol

[NH3] =

0.12 mol
0.5 L

pOH = pKb + log

= 0.24 M

[ NH 4+ ]
[ NH3 ]

4/19/2014 12:37:37 PM

Answers to Model Exam Paper

0.18

8. (a)

= 4.62
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 4.62 = 9.38
(ii) When a small amount of strong acid is
added, H+ from the strong acid reacts with
the NH3 to form NH4+.
NH3 + H+ NH4+
The concentration of NH4+ increases and
the concentration of NH3 decreases.

B + 3 Cl

[NH3] =

Cl

Type of bonding: covalent bonding

Li

+ Cl

Li

B (ground state):

No. of mol of NH4 after addition of 0.020

mol HCl
= 0.09 + 0.020 = 0.11 mol
0.11 mol
[NH4+] =
= 0.22 M
0.5 L
+
[ NH 4 ]
pOH = pKb + log
[ NH3 ]

0.20

B (excited state):

2s

2p

B (hybridised
state):

0.07 mol
0.5 L

= 0.14 M

No. of mol of NH3 after addition of 0.020

mol NaOH
= 0.12 + 0.020 = 0.14 mol
[NH3] =

0.14 mol
0.5 L

pOH = pKb + log

= 0.28 M
+

[ NH3 ]

= 4.44
pH = 14 4.44 = 9.56

MEP answers.indd 5

The boron atom in BCl3 is sp2 hybridised.

The molecular geometry of BCl3 is trigonal planar.
(b)
OA
H C OB H
The carbon atom is sp2 hybridised.
C (ground state):

2s

2p

C (excited state):

2s

2p

C (hybridised
state):

sp2 hybrid orbitals

The oxygen atom OA is sp2 hybridised.

OA (ground state):
2s
2p

[ NH 4 ]

= log 1.8 105 + log

2p

[NH4+] =

sp2 hybrid orbitals

0.22

= 4.79
pH = 14 4.79 = 9.21
(iii) When a small amount of strong base is
added, the OH from the strong base reacts
with NH4+ to form NH3.
NH4+ + OH NH3 + H2O
The concentration of NH3 increases and
the concentration of NH4+ decreases.
No. of mol of NH4+ after addition of 0.020
mol NaOH
= 0.09 0.020 = 0.07 mol

Cl

2s

= log 1.8 105 + log

Type of bonding: ionic bonding

In BCl3 molecule

= 0.20 M

0.5 L

B Cl

No. of mol of NH3 after addition of 0.020

mol HCl
= 0.12 0.020 = 0.10 mol
0.10 mol

Cl

0.24

0.28
0.14

OA (excited state):

2s
2p

OA (hybridised
state):

= log 1.8 105 + log

sp2 hybrid orbitals

4/19/2014 12:37:38 PM

Answers to Model Exam Paper

The oxygen atom OB is sp3 hybridised.

OB (ground state):

2s
2p

OB (excited state):

2s
2p

sp2

sp2

sp2

sp3 hybrid orbitals

One of the sp2 orbitals of the carbon atom overlaps

with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom to form a s
bond.
Another sp2 orbital of the carbon atom overlaps
with an sp2 orbital from atom OA to form a s bond.
The p orbital of the carbon atom overlaps with the
p orbital of OA to form a p bond.
The remaining sp2 orbital of the carbon atom overlaps
with an sp3 orbital from atom OB to form a s bond.

MEP answers.indd 6

sp2

OB (hybridised
state):

Another sp3 orbital of OB overlaps with the 1s orbital

of a hydrogen atom to form a s bond.

sp2

sp2

sp3

sp3
O sp3
sp3

The formic acid molecule is a polar molecule with

hydrophilic character due to the carboxyl group.
Formic acid exists as stable dimers with relatively
strong hydrogen bonds between the formic acid
molecules.

4/19/2014 12:37:39 PM