PART I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background
Lots of students who take courses in basic chemistry II, which have to deal with a chemical
balance which is the subtitle of the course itself, many aspects of which we will study in the
chemical balance, so it is the possibility to explore the science of chemical balance is to
continue on the course previously, things we need to realize is that by studying the chemical
equilibrium means that we contribute to maintaining the balance of nature, because chemistry
is the science that is closely related to knowledge and nature, by which is why chemistry is
also referred to as the central science or the center of everything science that deals with the
nature and not directly.

The concept that needs to be understood in the study of chemical equilibrium is that the
chemical equilibrium is alternating reactions which have the same rate, by sebabitu chemical
equilibrium is a dynamic part of chemical balance because it is just something that has a rate
that is moving rather than static.

I.2 Purpose

Studying the chemical balance is not hard but just have to have very high accuracy, and
therefore this paper is made so that we understand masalh konsp or basic principles of

chemical equilibrium itself. In addition, the purpose of this paper is to make students
understand how to calculate the chemical equilibrium and the basic principles the chemical
equilibrium. Interactive learning is a learning chemistry that allows students to learn and
understand the concepts of chemistry. Students are able to understand and apply the concept
of chemical equilibrium chemistry.

Chapter II
ISI

II. 1 Definition of Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium is a state of circumstances in which the concentration of all ingredients

are no longer subject to change, because the substances are formed and decomposed diruas
right back at the same speed. This equilibrium state is dynamic, meaning that the reaction
continues in both directions at the same speed. In a state of equilibrium does not change is
microscopic (changes that can be observed or measured). Distinguished on the equilibrium
chemical equilibrium homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. In the homogeneous
equilibrium of the substances present in the equilibrium system has the same phase in the
form of gas, solution. While heterogeneous equilibrium all substances present in the
equilibrium system has a different phase in solid-gas, solid-solution.

II. 2 Factors Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of concentration
If the concentration is enlarged on one of the substances, the reaction shifted from the
direction of the agent, whereas if the concentration is reduced then the reaction will shift
toward the substance.

Effect of pressure

Pressure changes only affect the gas system, under the laws of boyle when the gas pressure is
enlarged then the volume is reduced, whereas when the gas pressure is reduced, the gas
volume is enlarged, according to the ideal gas equation PV = nRT that the pressure is directly
proportional to the number of moles of gas. if the moles of gas increases, the pressure will
grow, otherwise if the number of moles of gas is reduced, the pressure will be small. Thus, if
the pressure is enlarged then the reaction will shift in the direction of the number of moles of
gas are smaller and vice versa.
Efect of temperature
If the temperature is increased, the reaction will shift in the direction of an endothermic
reaction, whereas if the temperature is lowered, the reaction will shift toward exothermic.
Example: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <-> 2NH3 (g) H = - 92 kJ, when the temperature was changed
from 500 to 1200 , the equilibrium in the direction of endothermic or to the left.

catalytic

catalyst only serves to accelerate the achievement of chemical equilibrium.

II. 3 The types of Chemical Equilibria Type

1. Homogeneous Equilibrium
All chemical species are in the same phase. One example is the equilibrium gas phase
homogeneous equilibrium system N2O4 / NO2. The reaction is as follows:

N2O4 (g) <-> 2 NO2 (g)

Kc = [NO2] 2 / [N2O4]

The concentration of the reactants and reaction products in the gas can be expressed in terms
of the partial pressures of each gas (remember the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT). Thus, the
concentration units are replaced with the partial pressure of the gas will change into Kp Kc
equation as follows:

Kp = (PNO2) 2 / (PN2O4)

PNO2 and PN2O4 is the partial pressure of each gas at equilibrium is reached. Kp values
indicate that the equilibrium constant expressed in units of pressure (atm). Kp is only owned
by the equilibrium system involving gas phase only.

In general, the value of Kc is not equal to the value of Kp, for large concentrations of
reactants and products are not the same as the partial pressure of each gas at equilibrium.
Thus, there is a simple relationship between Kc and Kp can be expressed in the following
mathematical equation:
Kp = Kc (RT) n

Kp = equilibrium constant partial pressure of the gas

Kc = equilibrium constant gas concentration
R = the universal ideal gas constant (0.0821 L.atm / mol.K)
T = reaction temperature (K)
n = coefficient of gas products - coefficient of reactant gas

In addition to the homogeneous equilibrium gas phase, there are also a number of
homogeneous equilibrium solution phase. One example is the solution of the phase

equilibrium homogeneous equilibrium ionization of acetic acid (vinegar) in water. The

reaction is as follows:

CH3COOH (aq) <-> CH3COO- (aq) + H + (aq)

Kc = [CH3COO-] [H +] / [CH3COOH]

2. Equilibrium of Heterogeneous

This equilibrium involving reactants and products in different phases. For example, when
solid calcium carbonate is heated in a closed container, the following reaction will occur:

CaCO3 (s) <-> CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

In the decomposition reaction of solid calcium carbonate, there are three distinct phases,
namely solid calcium carbonate, calcium oxide solids, and carbon dioxide gas. In chemical
equilibrium, the concentration of solids and liquids are relatively constant, so it is not
included in the equation of chemical equilibrium constants. Thus, the equilibrium constant
equation of solid calcium carbonate decomposition reaction as follows:

Kc = [CO2]
Kp = PCO2

Both Kc and Kp values are not affected by the amount of CaCO3 and CaO (amount of
solids).
Some of the rules applicable in determining the current value of the equilibrium constant of
the chemical equilibrium reaction manipulated (changed), among others:

1. If the reaction can be expressed in the form of the sum of two or more reactions, the value
of the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction is the result of multiplying the equilibrium
constants of each reaction.
A + B <-> C + D Kc '
C + D <-> E + F Kc ''
A + B <-> E + F Kc = Kc 'x Kc' '

2. If the reaction is written in the form of the inverse of the original reaction, the value of the
equilibrium constant to be the opposite of the original value of the equilibrium constant.

A + B <-> C + D Kc '= [C] [D] / [A] [B]

C + D <-> A + B Kc = [A] [B] / [C] [D] = 1 / Kc '

3. If an equilibrium reaction is multiplied by a factor of n, the value of the equilibrium

constant be raised to the original value of the equilibrium constant by a factor of n.
A + B <-> C + D Kc '= [C] [D] / [A] [B]
2 A + 2 BD 2 C + 2 D Kc = [C] 2 [D] 2 / [A] 2 [B] 2 = {[C] [D] / [A] [B]} 2 = (Kc ') 2

One of the uses of chemical equilibrium constants are predicting the direction of the reaction.
To study the trends in the direction of the reaction, the amount used Qc, which is the result of
multiplying the initial concentration of the products divided by the product initial
concentration of the reactants, each raised to the reaction coefficient. If the value is compared
with the value of Kc Qc, there are three possible relationships occur, among others:

1. Qc <Kc

Reversible reaction system of excess reactants and product shortages. To reach equilibrium,
some reactants are converted into products. As a result, the reaction tends toward products (to
the right).

2. Qc = Kc

The system is in a state of equilibrium. The reaction rate, both in the direction of the reactants
and products, the same.

3. Qc> Kc

Reversible reaction system of surplus and shortage of reactants. To reach equilibrium, the
reactants is converted into a number of products. As a result, the reaction tends toward
reactants (to the left).

Chemical equilibrium can be disturbed by some external factors. For example, in the previous
discussion of the Haber process, it is known that the value of Kc at the Haber process is
3,5.108 at room temperature. This large value indicates that at equilibrium, there is a lot of
ammonia gas produced from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. However, there are nitrogen gas
and hydrogen gas remaining at equilibrium. By applying economic principles in the industrial
world, it is expected as many reactants are converted into products and the reaction is
complete. To get the product in greater numbers, the equilibrium can be manipulated by using
Le Chatelier's principle.

A French national chemist, Henri Le Chatelier, found that if the chemical reaction
equilibrium accept change of state (receiving the action from the outside), the reaction will
lead to a new equilibrium with a certain shift to cope with changes in the received
(performing the reaction in response to changes accepted). It is called Le Chatelier's
Principle.

There are three factors that can change the chemical equilibrium, among others:
1. The concentration of reactants or products
2. temperature
3. Pressure or volume on a system containing gas phase

To produce ammonia gas as much as possible, the equilibrium chemical manipulation can be
done in terms of the concentration of the reactants and products, room pressure, the volume
of the room, and the reaction temperature. The following is a discussion of each of these
factors.

1. Changing concentrations

If the balance is added to the system of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas the excess (excess
reactants), the value of Qc becomes smaller than Kc. To restore to a condition of equilibrium,
the reaction will shift toward products (to the right). As a result, the amount of product

formed increases. The same thing will happen if the ammonia gas that is formed directly
taken. The reaction will shift to the right to regain equilibrium.

We can conclude that if the equilibrium system added more reactants or products, the reaction
will shift to the other side to spend it. Conversely, if most of the reactants or products taken,
the reaction will shift to the side to replace him.

2.Mengubah temperature

The reaction in the Haber process is exothermic reaction. The reaction can be expressed in
the following equation:

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) <-> 2 NH3 (g) + Heat

If the reaction mixture is heated, there will be an increase in the amount of heat in the system
equilibrium. To restore to a condition of equilibrium reaction, the reaction will shift from
right to left. As a result, the amount of reactants will increase with a decrease in the number
of products. Of course this is not something that is expected. In order to increase the amount
of ammonia formed, the reaction mixture must be cooled. Thus, the amount of heat on the
right side will be reduced so that the reaction will shift to the right.

In general, heating a reaction causes the reaction to shift to the endothermic side. Conversely,
cooling the reaction mixture causes the equilibrium to shift to the exothermic side.

3. Change the pressure and volume

Changing the pressure affects the equilibrium only if there reactants and / or products that are
gaseous. In the Haber process, all species is a gas, so the pressure can affect the equilibrium.

The reaction in the Haber process occurs in a closed room. Pressure on space caused by the
collision of hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and ammonia gas to the walls of the room. When the
system reaches the equilibrium state, there are a number of nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, and
ammonia gas in the room. Chamber pressure can be increased by making the reaction
becomes smaller (by compressing it, eg with piston) or by inserting a non-reactive gas, such
as neon gas. As a result, more collisions will occur on the inner walls of the room, so that the
equilibrium is disturbed. To overcome this effect and to re-establish equilibrium, the pressure
must be reduced.

Each time the forward reaction (from left to right), four gas molecules (one molecule of
nitrogen and three hydrogen gas molecules) to form two molecules of ammonia gas. This
reaction reduces the number of molecules of gas in the room. In contrast, the reverse reaction
(from right to left), two molecules of ammonia gas is used to obtain four gas molecules (one

molecule of nitrogen and three molecules of hydrogen gas). These reactions increase the
number of gas molecules in the room.

Equilibrium has been plagued with increasing pressure. By reducing the pressure, the
interference can be eliminated. Reducing the number of gas molecules in the room will
reduce the pressure (because the number of collisions will be reduced). Therefore, the
forward reaction (from left to right) is preferred, because the four molecules of the gas will be
used and only two gas molecules to be formed. As a result of this forward reaction, ammonia
gas will be produced more.

In general, increasing the pressure (reduce the volume of the room) to the reaction mixture
causes the equilibrium to shift to the side that contains the number of molecules of gas the
least. Conversely, lowering the pressure (increase volume of the room) to the reaction
mixture causes the equilibrium to shift to the side that contains a number of gas molecules at
most. As for the reaction did not change the number of molecules of gas (moles of reactant =
mol product), pressure and volume factors do not affect the chemical equilibrium.

Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by changing the reaction mechanism in order to pass
through mechanism with the lowest activation energy. Catalysts can not shift the chemical
equilibrium. The addition of a catalyst only speed up the achievement of the equilibrium
state.

From some of the above factors, only the change in temperature (temperature) reaction that
can change the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc and Kp). Change in concentration,
pressure, and volume of merely changing the concentration of chemical species at
equilibrium, does not change the value K. The catalyst only speed up the achievement of a
state of equilibrium, it can not shift the chemical equilibrium.

Chapter III
CLOSING

III. 1 Conclusion

Chemical equilibrium occurs when we have a reversible reaction in a closed system. Nothing
can be added or taken out of the system in addition to energy. At equilibrium, the sum of
everything that is in the mix remains the same even if the reaction continues to run. This is
possible because the speed of the reaction to the right and left alike.

If we change the state in such a way that changing the relative speed reaction to the right and
to the left, we will change the equilibrium position, because we have changed the factor of
the system itself. The effects of changes in various factors in the system to the equilibrium
position will be discussed in another chapter.