Homework APB

Chapter 02 Pages 46 -- 51 1. Referring to the figure at the right, you walk from your home to the library, then to the park. (a) What is the distance traveled?
0.75 + 0.60 + 0.60 = 1.95 mi

(b) What is the displacement traveled?

0.75 mi

5.

A jogger runs on the track shown in the figure at the right. Neglecting the curvature of the corners, (a) What is the distance traveled and the displacement in running from point A to point B?
distance 15+ 100 + 15 = 130 m displacement = 100 m

(b) Find the distance and displacement for a complete circuit of the track.
distance 100 + 30 + 100 + 30 = 260 m displacement = 0

9.

Kangaroos have been clocked at speeds of 65 km/h. How far can a kangaroo hop in 2.0 minutes at this speed?
d = v t = (65)(2.0/60) = 2.16666 km = 2.2 km

13.

The human nervous system can propagate nerve impulses at about 10 m/s. Estimate the time it takes for a nerve impulse generated when your finger touches a hot object to travel the length of your arm.
estimated distance = d = 1 m t = d / v = 1 / 10 = 10 ms

17.

A dog runs back and forth between its two owners, who are walking toward each other as shown in the figure at the right. The dog starts running when the owners are 10.0 m apart. If the dog runs with a speed of 3.0 m/s, and the owners each walk with a speed of 1.3 m/s, how far has the dog traveled when the owners meet?
The time it takes for the two owners to meet each other is: t = d / (2 x 1.3) = 10.0 / 2.6 = 3.8462 s The distance the dog travels in this time is: d = v t = (3.0)(3.8462) = 11.5385 = 11.5 m

21.

An expectant father paces back and forth, producing the position-versus-time graph shown at the right. (a) Without performing a calculation, indicate whether the fathers velocity is positive, negative, or zero on the segments of the graph labeled A, B, C, and D.
Segment A: Segment B: Segment C: Segment D: velocity is positive velocity is zero velocity is positive velocity is negative

(b) Calculate the average velocity for each segment and show that your results verify your answers to part (a).
Segment A: Segment B: Segment C: Segment D: v = P / t v = P / t v = P / t v = P / t = (2-0) / (1-0) = 2 m/s = (2-2) / (2-1) = 0 m/s = (3-2) / (3-2) = 1 m/s = (0-3) / (5-3) = -1.5 m/s

25.

On your wedding day you leave the church 30.0 minutes before the ceremony is to begin, which should be plenty of time since the church is only 10.0 miles away. On the way, however, you have to make an unanticipated stop for construction work on the road. As a result, your average speed for the first 15 minutes is only 5.0 mi/h. What average speed do you need for the rest of your trip to get you to the church on time?
For the first part of the trip you traveled: d = v t = (5.0 mi/hr)(0.25 hr) = 1.25 mi You therefore have 0.25 hr to cover the remaining (10.0 1.25 = 8.75) miles. Your required speed is therefore: v =d / t = 8.75 / 0.25 = 35 mi/hr

27.

The position of a particle as a function of time is given by:

From this equation we deduce: v0 = -2.0 m/s and a = 3 m/s

x (2.0m / s )t (3.0m / s 2 )t 2

(a) Plot x-versus-time for t = 0 to t = 1.0 s.

Let us plot the data in the following table: t 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 x 0 -0.17 -0.28 -0.33 -0.32 t x 0.6 -0.12 0.7 0.07 0.8 0.32 0.9 0.63 0.5 -0.25 1.0 1.0

The resulting plot is at the right.

(b) Find the average velocity of the particle from t = 0.15 s to t = 0.25 s.
At t = 0.15 s, d = -0.2325 m At t = 0.25 s, d = -0.3125 m v = x / t = [(-0.3125) (-0.2325)] / 0.10 = -0.08 / 0.10 = - 0.80 m/s

(c) Find the average velocity of the particle from t = 0.19 s to t = 0.21 s.
At t = 0.19 s, d = -0.2717 m At t = 0.21 s, d = -0.2877 m v = x / t = [(-0.2877) (-0.2717)] / 0.02 = -0.016 / 0.02 = - 0.80 m/s

29.

At the starting gun, a runner accelerates at 1.9 m/s for 2.2 s. The runners acceleration is zero for the rest of the race. What is the speed of the runner at: (a) t = 2.0 s?
This time is within the range of constant acceleration. Therefore we may use: v = v0 + at = 0 + (1.9)(2.0) = 3.8 m/s

(b) the end of the race?

The runners speed stops increasing at t = 2.2 s, and remains constant for the rest of the race: v = v0 + at = 0 + (1.9)(2.2) = 4.2 m/s

31.

A car is traveling due north at 20.7 m/s. Find the velocity of the car after 7.50 s if is acceleration is: (a) 1.60 m/s due north.
Take the positive direction as north: v = v0 + a t = 20.7 + (1.60)(7.5) = 32.7 m/s north

(b) 1.95 m/s due south.

Take the positive direction as north: v = v0 + a t = 20.7 + (-1.95)(7.5) = 6.08 m/s north

33.

A person on horseback moves according to the velocity-versus-time graph shown at the right. Find the displacement for the person for each of the segments A, B, and C.
Segment A: vave = 1.0, Segment B: vave = 4.0, Segment C: vave = 4.0, t = 10, d = vave t = 10 m t = 5, d = vave t = 20 m

t = 10, d = vave t = 40 m

35.

Assume that the brakes of your car create a constant deceleration of 4.2 m/s regardless of how fast you are driving. If you double your driving speed from 16 m/s to 32 m/s: (a) does the time required to come to a stop increase by a factor of two or by a factor of four? Explain.
Since the (negative) acceleration is constant, it will take twice as long to stop the car.

(b) verify your answer to part (a) by calculating the stopping times.
For v0 = 16 m/s: For v0 = 32 m/s: the EOM is: v = v0 + a t the EOM is: v = v0 + a t t = (v v0) / a = (0 16) / -4.2 = 3.8 s t = (v v0) / a = (0 32) / -4.2 = 7.6 s

37.

As a train accelerates away from a station, it reaches a speed of 5.2 m/s in a time of 5.0 s. If the trains acceleration remains constant, what is the speed after an additional 6.0 s has elapsed?
The acceleration is given by: v / t = 5.2 / 5.0 = 1.04 m/s The velocity of the train is: v = v0 + a t = 0 + (1.04)(5.0 + 6.0) = 11.44 m/s 11.4 m/s

39.

Landing with a speed of 81.9 m/s, and traveling due south, a jet comes to rest in 949 m. Assuming the jet slows with constant acceleration, find the magnitude and direction of its acceleration.
We first need to calculate the time it takes to stop: d = vave t t = d / vave = 949 /40.95 = 23.1746 s We now use: v = v0 + a t a = (v v0) / t = -81.9 / 23.1746 = -7.068 3.53 m/s due north

43.

A cheetah can accelerate from rest to 25.0 m/s in 6.22 s. Assuming constant acceleration: (a) how far has the cheetah run in this time?
First calculate the acceleration: a = v / t = 25 / 6.22 = 4.01929 m/s Cheetah EOM: x = x0 + v0t + at = 0 + (0)(6.22) + (0.5)(4.01929)(6.22) = 77.75 m

(b) After sprinting for just 3.11 s, is the cheetahs speed more than, less than or equal to 12.5 m/s? Explain
Equal to. Since there is constant acceleration, when the cheetah accelerates for only half the time, it achieves only half the speed.

(c1) What is the cheetahs average speed for the first 3.11 seconds of its sprint?
Average speed = v1 + (v2 v1) / 2 = 0 + (12.5 0) / 2 = 6.25 m/s

(c2) What is the cheetahs average speed for the second 3.11 seconds of its sprint?
Average speed = v1 + (v2 v1) / t = 12.5 + (25.0 12.5) / 2 = 18.75 m/s

(d) Calculate the distance covered by the cheetah during the first 3.11 s and the second 3.11 s.
Cheetah EOM (1 part): x - x0 = v0t + at = (0)(3.11) + (0.5)(4.01929)(3.11) = 19.4 m nd Cheetah EOM (2 part): x - x0 = v0t + at = (12.5)(3.11) + (0.5)(4.01929)(3.11) = 58.3 m
st

47.

Two cars drive on a straight highway. At t = 0, car 1 passes mile marker 0 traveling due east with a speed of 20.0 m/s. At the same time, car 2 is 1.0 km east of mile marker 0 traveling at 30.0 m/s due west. Car 1 is speeding up with a constant acceleration of 2.5 m/s, and car 2 is slowing down with an acceleration of magnitude 3.2 m/s. Write x-versus-t equations of motion for both cars.
We take due east as being the positive-x direction. EOM for car 1: x(t) = x0 + v0 t + a t = 0 + 20 t + 1.25 t EOM for car 2: x(t) = x0 + v0 t + a t = 1000 - 30 t - 1.6 t

49.

A rocket blast off and moves straight upward from the launch pad with constant acceleration. After 3.0 s the rocket is at a height of 80.0 m. (a) What is the magnitude and the direction of the rockets acceleration?
From the EOM for the rocket: 80 = (0.5) a (3) = 4.5 a a = 80 / 4.5 = 17.777 m/s 18 m/s

(b) What is the speed at this time?

v = a t = (17.777)(3) = 53.333 m/s 53 m/s

53.

Coasting west on your bicycle at 8.0 m/s, you encounter a sandy patch of road 7.2 m across. When you leave the sandy patch your speed has been reduced to 6.5 m/s. Assuming the bicycle slows with constant acceleration, what is the acceleration in the sandy patch? Give both magnitude and direction.
We make use of the relationship: x = v / 2a to derive: a = v / 2x = [(8.0)-(6.5)] / [(2)(7.2)] = 21.75 / 14.2 = 1.53169 acceleration magnitude = 1.5 m/s acceleration direction = east

57.

The infamous chicken is dashing toward home plate with a speed of 6.0 m/s when it decides to hit the dirt. The chicken slides for 1.2 s, just reaching the plate as he stops (safe of course). (a) What is the magnitude and the direction of the chickens acceleration?
a = v / t = 6.0 / 1.2 = 5.0 m/s, toward 3 base
rd

(b) How far does the chicken slide?

d = v0t + at = (6.0)(1.2) + (0.5)(-5.0)(1.2) = 3.6 m

61.

The cartoon at the right shows a car in free fall. Is the statement made in the carton accurate? Justify your answer.
60 whats is the question. How fast (m/s) will the car be going after 3 seconds due to gravity with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s? v = (9.8 m/s)(3 s) = 29.4 m/s v = (29.4)(3600)/(1000) km/hr = 105 km/hr v = (29.4)(3600)(3.28)/(5280) mi/hr = 66 mi/hr The statement is accurate! not these units not these units BINGO!

65.

A volcano ejects a lava bomb straight upward with an initial speed of 23 m/s. Taking upward to be the positive direction, find the speed and velocity of the lava bomb: (a) 2.0 seconds after starting to rise.
v(t) = v0 + g t = 23 - 9.8 t = 23 (9.8)(2.0) = 3.4 m/s, speed = 3.4 m/s, upward

(b) 3.0 seconds after starting to rise.

v(t) = v0 + g t = 23 - 9.8 t = 23 (9.8)(3.0) = -6.4 m/s, speed = 6.4 m/s, downward

69.

Bill steps off a 3.0-m high diving board and drops to the water below. At the same time Ted jumps upward with a speed of 4.2 m/s from a 1.0-m high diving board. Choosing the origin to be at 3.0 m above the waters surface, and downward to be the positive direction, write x-versus-t equations for both Bill and Ted.
Note: Downward is the positive y-direction. Origin is at the height of the 3-m board. EOM for Bill: y(t) = y0 + v0 t + a t = 0 + (0) t + 4.9 t = 4.9t

EOM for Ted: y(t) = y0 + v0 t + a t = 2 + (-4.2) t + 4.9 t = 2 - 4.2t + 4.9t

73.

The worlds highest fountain of water is located, appropriately enough, in Fountain Hills, Arizona. The fountain rises to a height of 560 ft (5 feet higher than the Washington Monument).
560 ft = (560)(0.305) m = 170.8 m

(a) What is the initial speed of the water?

From: d = a t t = 2 d / g = (2)(170.8)/(9.8) = 34.857 t t = 5.904 s (time to fall 560 ft)

Water will have v = 0 after 5.904 s v = at = (9.8)(5.904) = 57.859 m/s 57.9 m/s

(b) How along does it take for the water to reach the top of the fountain?
t = 5.9 s [from part (a)]

77.

You shoot an arrow into the air. Two seconds later the arrow has gone upward to a height of 30.0 m. What was the arrows initial speed?
EOM for arrow: y(t) = y0 + v0t + at = 0 + v0t 4.9t at t = 2, y = 30 from the EOM: 30 = v0(2) (4.9)(2) = 2v0 19.6 v0 = (30 + 19.6)/2 = 24.8 m/s solving for v0:

81.

While sitting on a tree branch 10.0 m above the ground, you drop a chestnut. When the chestnut has fallen 2.5 m, you throw a second chestnut straight down. What initial speed should you give the second if they both reach the ground at the same time?
1 chestnut EOM: y = 10 - 4.9t time to fall from 10.0 m: t = 10 / 4.9 = 2.08 t = 1.4286 s How much time is taken falling 2.5 m: t = 2.5 / 4.9 = 0.51020 The 2 nut must reach the ground in: t = 1.4286 0.7143 = 0.7143 s 2 chestnut EOM: y = 10 - st - 4.9t 0 = 10 0.7143 s 4.9 (0.7143) = 10 0.7143s 2.5000 = 7.5 0.7143 s s = 7.5 / 0.7143 = 10.5 s
nd nd st

t = 0.7143 s (time when 2 nut is thrown)

nd