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FRUIT
Ripened

ovary of flower

Botanical
Dry

definition

fruit

Grains
Legumes
Nuts
Fleshy

fruit

Tomatoes
Avocado
Pineapple
Squash

FRUIT - NUTRITION
Fleshy Fruit (produce term)
Mostly

water 85%
calories
Some carbohydrates - sweetness
Little fat and protein
Good source of vitamins and minerals
Some have high levels of antioxidants
Low

ROSE FAMILY
Apples,

Pears and Quinces

Asia or Eurasia
Apples
Stone cells in pears and quinces

Plums,

apricots, peaches, nectarines,

almonds

Stone fruit

Strawberries
Blackberries
Raspberries

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BLUEBERRIES AND CRANBERRIES

Heath

family
Popular in U.S.
High in antioxidants
Cranberries
Vine

like shrubs
Flood to harvest

GRAPES Vitis vinifera

10,000

years ago
Table grapes
175

varieties
of seedless varieties

Dozens

Seeds abort during development

Grafting
Embryo rescue

Concord

grape Vitis labrusca

GRAPES Vitis vinifera

Raisins

Dried

with sulfur dioxide

in U.S.

California
Grape

juice

Pasteurized
Ultrafiltration
Wine

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GRAPES IN U.S.
2010"

(1000 tons)"

Percent"

CA Total"

6150"

89%"

CA Wine"

3200"

CA Raisin"

1950"

CA Table"

900"

Other
states"
Total"

725"

11%"

7021"

100%"

TABLE GRAPES
8

pounds per person per year.

farmers in California.
A third of table grapes are exported.
The top five export countries/regions
550

Canada,

Mexico, China, Central

America Region and Australia .

WORLD TABLE GRAPES

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CITRUS - FAMILY RUTACEAE

Originated

in China and Asia

CITRUS
Fruit

is a hesperidium

Leathery

skin with aromatic oils

Fluid filled cavities containing
sugars and acids (vitamin C or
ascorbic acid)
Dont

tolerate freezing
is by bud grafting

Propagation

NATIVE RUTACEAE PLANTS

Spice

bush

Turpentine

bush

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CITRUS
Sweet

orange
(tangerine)
Grapefruit
Lemon
Lime
Pummelo
Citron
Bitter orange
Mandarin

Cirtus sinensis
Citrus reticulata
Ctrus paradisa
Citrus limon
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus maxima
Citrus medica
Citrus aurantium

SWEET ORANGE
Most

widely grown fruit in World

of tangerine and pummelo
Asia to Persia to Arab world
Moors to Spain
New world in 1500s
Brazil, United States, Mexico, India,
Spain, China, Iran, Italy, Egypt, and
Indonesia.
Hybrid

SWEET ORANGES
State

Production 2009/2010
(1000 Tons)

Florida

6012

California

2119

Texas

69

Arizona

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SWEET ORANGE
Florida

oranges

Warm and moist climate

Thin skinned
Juicy fruit
Juice

California

and Arizona oranges

Dry and cool winters

Thick skinned
Less juicy
Fresh produce

SWEET ORANGE - VARIETIES

Normals

Valencia
Hamlin

orange
Florida, California and Arizona

SWEET ORANGE - VARIETIES

Navels

(Bahia, Washington, Riverside)

Sterile fruit (seedless)

Small ovary on top of ovary
Brazil 1820
1873 Riverside, California

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SWEET ORANGE - VARIETIES

Blood

(Italian)

Anthocyanin

SWEET ORANGE - RIPENING

Ripe
Ripe

oranges not necessarily orange

when yellow/green valencia

Summer
Cool

temperature

Formation

of carotene
of chlorophyll
Winter navels
Breakdown
Ethylene

gas fruit becomes orange

TANGERINE - MANDARINS
Fresh
Juice
Canned
Clementines

Seedless
Origins?

Algeria, China

Cuties 2000
Threatened law suit with
beekeepers 2006

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GRAPEFRUIT
Cross

between pummelo and sweet orange

GRAPEFRUIT - FLAVONOIDS
Prevent
Toxic

breakdown of medicines
levels from side effects

Anxiety: Xanax, Buspar, Versed, Halcion

Depression: Luvox, Zoloft
Allergies: Allegra
Stroke/blood clots: Coumadin
Epilepsy: Tegretol
Cough: Dextromethorphan
Erectile dysfunction: Viagra, Cialis
Asthma/Emphysema: Theophylline

Pummelo, Pommelo or Pomelo

Largest

citrus fruit 12
Eaten fresh
Juice
Marmalades

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LEMONS
Rarely

eaten raw

Juices
Added

to foods and drinks

products
Perfumes
Cleaning
Skin
Source

of pectin

LIMES
Rarely

eaten raw

Juices

Added

to foods and drinks

CITRON
Peel

Candied
Fruitcakes

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BITTER ORANGES
Marmalades

Quince
Liqueurs

KUMQUAT Fortunella spp.

Fresh
Marmalades

SCURVY
Lack
Six

of Vitamin C rich food

weeks or more duration

Symptoms

of scurvy

Exhaustion
Weakness
Muscle

pain

Bruising
Loss

of teeth

Diarrhea

10

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EXPLORATION
Early

14th

sailors

Greeks, Romans and Arabs stayed close to

coast and carried few supplies

and 15th centuries

Longer ocean voyages

Sailor food salted meat, hardtack

EXPLORATION
Vasco

da Gama
explorer
Crew 100/160 died in 1497 in voyage
around Africa
Magellans trip around the World
Portuguese

90%

of crew died of scurvy

SCURVY - TREATMENT
Chinese
Captain

grew ginger plants

James Lancaster

East

Indies 1601
bottled lemon juice
Gave sailors on his flagship
Carried
Jacques

Cartier

1535

voyage to Newfoundland and

Quebec
Infusion of spruce needles from local
natives

11

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SCURVY - TREATMENT
Dr. James Lind - Scottish Naval Surgeon
Scientific study 1747

group 1 drank one quart of cider a day

2 gargled with sulfuric acid
group 3 had two spoonfuls of vinegar, 3 times a
day
group 4 drank 1/2-pint seawater a day
group 5 drank barley water, nutmeg, garlic,
mustard
group 6 ate two oranges and 1 lemon a day

group

EXPLORATION
James

Cook of Royal British Navy

voyage with the Endeavor
Cleanliness, sauerkraut, fresh vegetables
and teas
Didnt lose any sailors to scurvy
First voyage 1/3 died of malaria
Second voyage lost 1 sailor to illness
1769

EXPLORATION
British

used limes and lemon juice

Limeys
What

if early explorers had

knowledge of scurvy

12

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EXPLORATION
Inuits

meat

ate vitamin C rich fresh seal

Brain,

heart and kidneys

South

Pole
British naval commander Robert
Scott
Scurvy
Return

caused by tainted meat

trip 11 miles from food cache

Norwegian
Fresh

Roald Amundsen

dog and seal meat

BANANAS
Before

1880 not in the U.S.

1910 plentiful
Exotic to ordinary fruit
Inexpensive
Available year round
By

BANANAS Musa sp.

72

species 200 varieties

Plantain

Starchy and thick skinned

Cooking banana

Banana

Sweeter
Dessert banana

Triploid

larger fruit

AAA Dwarf Cavendish banana

Vestigial seeds or seedless

13

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BANANA PRODUCTION
Top 10 Countries

(% of world production)

1. India (24%)

6. Indonesia (5%)

2. Ecuador (9%)

7. Costa Rica (3%)

3. Brazil (9%)

8. Mexico (3%)

4. Philippines (8%)

9. Thailand (2%)

5. China (8%)

10. Colombia (2%)

PLANTAIN PRODUCTION
Top 10 Countries

(% of world production)

1. Uganda (30%)

6. Peru (5%)

2. Colombia (9%)

7. Cote d'Ivoire (4%)

3. Rwanda (8%)

8. Cameroon (4%)

4. Ghana (7%)

9. Congo (4%)

5. Nigeria (6%)

10. Kenya (3%)

BANANA LEAVES
Large,

flexible moist and waterproof

Uses
Plates
Cooking

Tamales
Rice
Fish

14

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BANANAS - HISTORY
Southeast

Asia

8000 years ago

Musa balbisiana
Musa acuminata

Arabs

7th century to Middle East and Africa

1516 from Canary Islands to
Hispaniola
Central and South America
Poorly grown in LA, TX, FL and CA
Spanish

BANANAS - POLITICS
U.S.

companies started growing and

shipping bananas 1870s
Pacific

Mail Steamship Line

Fruit Company
Standard Fruit and Steamship Co.
Panama and Jamaica
United

BANANAS - POLITICS
Spanish

American war opened

Central America to U.S.
U.S. citizens invested $1.3 billion by
1914
American troops intervened in Cuba,
Panama, Nicaragua, Dominican
Republic, Haiti, Mexico to protect
investors (early 1900s)

15

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BANANAS - POLITICS
Companies
Controlled

practiced economic imperialism

countries

Collected tariffs and revenues

Revenues left country
Ran elections
Trained national guard

Company

towns
economy didnt influence the rest of
the countrys economy

Banana

BANANAS - POLITICS
U.S.

congress 1913 new tariffs on

bananas
Companies campaign to stop banana
tariff and succeeded
WW I shipping shortage
WW II companies sold or leased
ships to U.S. Government

BANANAS - TRANSPORTATION
Arrived

in U.S. rotten
1900s cruise ships transported
passengers and bananas
Refrigerated ships
Refrigerated train box cars
Refrigerated trucks
Mechanized process
Early

16

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BANANAS - TRANSPORTATION
No

bruised bananas
packaging
Food chains control
Proper

Temperature

56o C
Humidity 90%
Remove ethylene gas
Ethylene gas used to control ripening

OLIVES
Middle

East and Mediterranean area

5000+ years ago
Olive
Olive oil (98% grown for oil)

Cooking
Lamp oil
Soaps
Lotions
Medicinal purposes
Perfumes

OLIVES - HISTORY
Athena

brought olives to the Greeks

Religions
Anoint
Tree

bodies with oil

symbolizes

Peace
Longevity
Fertility
Wealth
Prosperity

17

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OLIVES
Propagation
Grafting
Suckers

Pruning

Prevention

of flower
development
Auxins

or anti-gibberellins

OLIVES
Fresh

olives are bitter

soluble oleuropein
Problem with olives and not oil
Leaching, drying, salting,
fermenting, or pickling removes
some of the oleuropein.
1900 in California NaOH
(lye)hydrolyses oleuropein
Water

OLIVES
Black

Green

olives

Lye (NaOH) removes oleuropein

Fermented

Other

California olives

Lye (NaOH) removes oleuropein

Unfermented
Oxygen bubbled through (black)
Washed with iron salts to fix color

olives

Fermented
Treated with salt, lactic acid, vinegar etc.

18

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OLIVE OIL PRODUCTION 2012

Country

Production (tons)

Percent

Spain

1,485,000

45.5

Italy

548,500

15.8

Greece

352,800

10.8

Syria

177,400

5.4

Morocco

169,900

5.2

Turkey

161,600

4.9

Tunisia

160,000

4.9

Portugal

66,600

Algeria

36,600

Jordon

21,400

0.7

OLIVE OIL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Harvesting olives
Cleaning the olives
Grinding the olives to paste
Malaxation (Mixing to increase oil yield)
Separating oil and water from fruit (pomace)
Separating the oil from the water
Processing the oil, further extraction

OLIVE OIL
Virgin oils
More flavor and used for salads
Cold pressed
Processed without heat or solvents
Extra virgin
0.8% oleic acid
Virgin
2% oleic acid
Semifine virgin 3.3% oleic acid

Refined oil
Filtered with charcoal, chemically or physically
Pure olive oil
Mixture of virgin and refined
Light olive oil
Color filtered out
Cooking
Pomace
Solvents etc.
Soap and industrial use

19

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OLIVE OIL
Monsaturated

fats

Antioxidants

Vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin K

Health

benefits
risks for

Decreased

Heart disease
Colon cancer
Inflammation

NUTS
Misused

term
definition for

Botanical

true nut
Dry

fruit with hard shell

fused to seed
Fruit doesnt open to
release seed
Hazelnuts, chestnuts,
acorns
Fruit

Hazelnuts - Nutrition
17%

carbohydrates
15% protein
61% oils

20

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NUTS
Culinary definition
Any

large, oily kernel found within a

shell or hard-walled edible kernel

Walnuts,

pecans, pistachios cashews,

and almonds are drupes

Brazil

nut

Peanut

legume"

NUTS - Nutrition
High

calories
carbohydrates 10-15%
Protein 10-20%
Oil 30-70%
Some vitamin A and vitamin E
Low

WALNUTS AND PECANS

Persian

or English walnut
Europe and Asia
California 98% U.S. and 40% world
market
Black walnut in the U.S.
Southeastern

Lumber, in candy for flavoring, some as nuts

Rootstock

from black walnut and

currently a Paradox hybrid of black and
English walnuts

21

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Walnuts
14%

carbohydrates
15% protein
65% oils

MACADAMIA NUTS
Australia
Hawaii
8%

carbohydrates
protein
74% oils
9%

CASHEW

Anacardium occidentale
Native of Brazil
Dry forests

Related to mangos, pistachios, poison

oak and laurel sumac
Remove toxin from fruit around nut
Uses
Nut
Juices
Alcoholic beverages

22

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CASHEW
30%

carbohydrates
protein
44% oils
18%

CASHEW PRODUCTION
1. Vietnam (28)

6. Indonesia (4)

2. India (25)

7. Guinea-Bissau (4)

3. Nigeria (10)

8. Cote D'Ivoire (4)

4. Brazil (8)

9. Mozambique (3)

5. Tanzania (6)

10. Benin (2)

CASHEW APPLE

Cashew juice

Alcoholic beverage

23

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Brazil Nuts
South American Tree

50% from Bolivia, 40%
brazil, and 10% Peru

Harvested from natural
(sustainable) forests

Brazil nuts - Nutrition

13%

carbohydrates
18% protein
69% oils

Almonds
California

produces 100% of U.S. almonds

and 80% of world almonds
740,000 acres
Pollinated by bees

1.3 1.5 million hives

20%

carbohydrates
protein
51% oils
22%

24