Power System Modeling and

Analysis
Three-phase systems

ECE

| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

1

Single-phase power

Voltage and current relationships in single-phase ac circuits

van Vmax cos t

ian I max cos(t )

Instantaneous power

p Vmax I max cost cos(t )

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Waveforms

Explain positive and negative powers.

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Average power

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Average power is defined as

1T
1T
P p.dt vanian dt
T0
T0
Calculate average power

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Active and reactive powers

Split the instantaneous power

p Vmax I max cos t cos(t )

1
1
p Vmax I max cos (1 cos 2t ) Vmax I max sin sin 2t

2
2
iR max

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

i X max

Active and reactive powers (Contd)

Current in phase with voltage

iR I max cos cost

Current 90 deg out of phase with voltage

iX I max sin sin t

Calculate power components

Vmax I max
cos (1 cos 2t )
2
V I
vani X Vmax I max sin sin t cos t max max sin sin 2t
2

vaniR Vmax I max cos cos2 t

Active power
Active power=Average power
Reactive power

Vmax I max
cos
2
V I
Q max max sin
2
P

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Complex power

In single-phase systems complex power is defined as

S VI P jQ

and

S P2 Q2

Power factor (PF)

P
P
cos
S
P2 Q2
and

Q
tan
P
1

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Complex power

Example 1
The supply voltage in the following figure is given by v(t ) 100 cos(t ) .
The load is inductive with impedance Z 1.2560o .Determine the
expression for instantaneous current i(t ) , instantaneous power p(t ) ,
active power P, reactive power Q, and complex power S. Show that
active power is equal to the average power.

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Balanced Three-phase Circuit; Y-Connection

A three-phase circuit comprise of three balanced single-phase circuits

Ideally, generators supply balanced loads
Three-phase circuits can be three-wire or four-wire circuits
In the balanced three-phase circuit the ground connection can be
removed ( I 0)
n

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Three-phase Voltages and Currents

Phase voltages examples

Eao 1000o ; Ebo 100 120 o ; Eco 100 240 o

Phase (line) currents examples

I an 10 ; I bn 10 120 o ; Ecn 10 240 o

In 0

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Phase and Line Voltages; Y-Connection

Apply KVL

Vab Van Vnb Van Vbn

Vbc Vbn Vcn
Vca Vcn Van

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Phase and Line Voltages; Y-Connection

Example 1

Find

Vab Van Vbn

In general

Vab 3Van30 o
Vbc 3Vbn30 o Vab 120 o
Vca 3Vcn30 o Vab 240 o
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Phase and Line Voltages; Y-Connection

Vab Van Vbn

Vbc Vbn Vcn
Vca Vcn Van

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Problem 1.1

In a balanced three-phase circuit the line voltage is

Vab 173.20o

Obtain the three-phase line voltages

Connect a Y-connected load and determine all the phase voltages.

Determine all the phase (line) currents if

o
the load impedance is Z 1020

Draw the line current phasors.

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Balanced Three-phase Circuit; DeltaConnection

In delta-connected three-phase circuit phase and line voltages are the

same
Delta-connected three-phase loads are usually of higher power

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Three-phase Voltages and Currents

Phase (line) voltages examples

Vab 1000o ; Vbc 100 120 o ;Vca 100 240 o

Phase currents examples

I ab 10 ; I bc 10 120 o ; I ca 10 240 o

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Three-phase Voltages and Currents

Relationship between voltages and currents can be obtained from

KVL
Find the phase (line) and ground currents

Vab
I ab
Z
Vbc
I bc
Z
Vca
I ca
Z

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Classroom Activity

Phase and line currents; delta-connection

Apply KCL

I a I ab I ca
I b I bc I ab
I c I ca I bc
Find

Ia

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Phase and Line Voltages; Delta-Connection

In general

I a 3I ab 30 o
I b 3I bc 30 o I a 120 o
I c 3I ca 30 o I a 240 o

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Y-Delta and Delta-Y Transformation

Impedance and
admittance
transformation
table

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Y-Delta and Delta-Y Transformation

Special case: balanced load

Z AB
ZA
3
Z AB 3Z A

Tip: The Delta-connected

impedance is always larger than
the Y-connected impedance

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Problem 1.2

The terminal voltage of the load shown below is 4.4KV line-line.

The Y-connected load consists of three equal impedances of
Z A 2030 o . The Delta-connected load consists of three equal
impedances of Z AB 3030 o . The impedance of each
transmission line is Z L 1.475o .

Find the Y- connected load line currents

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Problem 1.3

In Problem 1.2, find the Delta-connected load line currents

Approach 1: Find line current from phase current

Approach 2: Transform Delta-connected load to Y-connected

load and calculate phase current

Find the total line current

Find the phase and line voltages at the source

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Three-phase Power; Y-Connected Circuit

Complex power

S3 3VLN I L 3VLL I L

Active power

P3 3VLL I L cos

Reactive power

Q3 3VLL I L sin

is the angle of the

impedance

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Classroom Activity

Find complex, active, and reactive powers for Delta-connected circuit

S3 3VLL I Phase 3VLL I L

P3 3VLL I L cos
Q3 3VLL I L sin

is the angle of the impedance

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-phase Analysis

In balanced three-phase
systems
All loads and generations
can be converted to Y
connections
A real or fictitious zeroimpedance neutral line
connects all the neutrals

Select one of the phase circuits,

for example circuit of phase A
and solve
The other two circuits have the
same analysis except for the
phase shift
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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-phase Analysis

Example: Consider the following

balanced three-phase circuit

Z A

Z AB
3

Per phase circuit can be

obtained as the following for the
analysis

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-Unit System

In per-unit system the variables are represented in terms of

percentage of their base values
Usually, the base values of power and voltage are assumed
Base voltages on each side of a transformer is the nominal value
voltage at each transformer side
The base values for current, impedance, admittance, etc., are
calculated using the base power and base voltage

PerUnit Value

Actual Value
Base Value

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-Unit System for Single-Phase System

Base current =

Base Voltage,VL N
Base impedance =
Base Current, A

Example 1: Lets assume the base power and the base voltage are
100MVA and 200KV, respectively. Find per-unit values of a 120A
current, a 20 Ohm impedance, a 190KV voltage, a 350MW active
power, and a 20MVAR reactive power.

Base Power ,VA1

Base Voltage,VL N

( Base Voltage,VL N ) 2
Base Power ,VA1

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-Unit System for Three-Phase System

Base power=Three-phase power

Base voltage= Line to-line voltage

Base current =

( Base Voltage,VL N ) 2
Base impedance =
Base Power ,VA1

Base Power ,VA3

3 Base Voltage,VL L

( Base Voltage,VL L ) 2
Base Power ,VA3

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-Unit System for Three-Phase System

Example 2. The one-line diagram of a three-phase system is shown

in the figure. Select a common base of 100MVA and 22KV on the
generator side. Draw an impedance diagram with all impedances in
per-unit.
Power system data
G

90 MVA

22 KV

X=18 %

T1

50 MVA

22/220 KV

X=10 %

T2

40 MVA

220/11 KV

X=6 %

T3

40 MVA

22/110 KV

X=6.4 %

T4

40 MVA

110/11 KV

X=8 %

66.5 MVA

10.45 KV

X=18.5 %

Line 1

48.4 Ohm

Line 2

65.43 Ohm

Load

57 MVA

10.45 KV

PF=.6 lag

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Per-Unit System for Three-Phase System

Example 3. The motor of the previous example operates at full-load

0.8 PF leading at a terminal voltage of 10.45kV.
Determine the voltage at the generator bus
Determine the generator and the motor internal emfs.

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| Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering