TRANSIT

I.

Introduction

A transit is an instrument designed for taking rapid measurements, laying-out of

horizontal and vertical angles, distances, directions, and differences in elevation
used by surveyors in which a movable telescope mounted on its tripod or within two
perpendicular axesthe horizontal, trunnion axis (a shaft that positions and
supports a tilting plate) and the vertical axisis pointed at a target object, the
angle of each of these axes can be measured precisely and accurately. The transit
has several parts, the vertical circle, the horizontal axis, the telescope, the
telescope level tube, the telescope tangent screw, the plate levels, the compass
box, the upper plate, the lower plate, the vernier, the upper clamp screw, the lower
clamp screw, the upper tangent screw, the lower tangent screw, and the leveling
screws.
II.

Part-by-Part Description and Function

a) Vertical Circle is the graduated circle in the vertical plane that the transit reads out
to measure vertical angles.
b) Horizontal Axis is the axis about which the vertical circle pivots.
c) Telescope is a device that collects radiation, which may be in the form of
electromagnetic or particle radiation, from a limited direction in space. This
overcomes the limitations of the eye by increasing the ability to see faint objects and
discern fine details.
d) Telescope Level Tube is a tube used to take level heights over various distances
with respect to an established horizontal line of sight
e) Telescope Tangent Screw a screw that acts against an opposing spring that
controls the motion of the telescope and the horizontal axis by means of a clamp and
a slow-motion screw.
f) Plate Levels is a device adjusting the telescope to determine the difference in
elevation between two points.
g) Compass Box is a box located in the upper plate consisting of magnetic needle and
a circle graduated to half degrees, so that the transit may be used as a transit.
h) Upper Plate is a plate carrying a compass-box and the verniers for reading the
angles on the circle; it is provided with clamps to hold them in any desired position.
i) Lower Plate is a plate carrying a graduated circle and is provided with clamps to
hold them in any desired position.
j) Vernier is a small movable scale running parallel which slides along the main
instrument scale to permit accurate fractional reading of at least main division of the
main scale.
k) Upper Clamp Screw is a thumbscrew that can be used to fix the angle of the transit
with respect to the trunnion axis.
l) Lower Clamp Screw is a thumbscrew that can be used to fix the angle of the transit
with respect to the vertical axis.
m) Upper Tangent Screw and Lower Tangent Screw are screws used for setting the
telescope or the circles in an exact position.

n) Leveling Screws are screws loosened and tightened just enough so that they have
a firm bearing.

DYNAMO

I.

Introduction

A dynamo is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy and produces direct current. It consist of a coil (the armature) that rotates
between the poles of an electromagnet (the field magnet) causing a current to flow
in the armature. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering
power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power
conversion devices were based. The dynamo has several parts, the field
electromagnet, the shaft, the commutator, the brush, the armature, the coil, the fan
wheel, and the frame.

II.

Part-by-Part Description and Function

a) Field electromagnet is made up of an iron bar and coils and when
exposed to excitation of current, it creates a magnetic field.
b) Shaft is the cylindrical part of the dynamo that transmits a rotational
motion to the dynamos armature.
c) Commutators are conductive plates that are insulated from each
other and connected to the field coil. They collect and rectify the
induced alternating current.
d) Brushes are conductor that rubs against the commutator plates and
transmits the continuous current produced by the dynamo to an
exterior circuit.
e) Armature is made up of coil that which produces an electric current as
it rotates inside the field.
f) Coil is a series of connected spirals of concentric rings formed by
gathering or winding.
g) Fan wheel is a device with blades on it that circulates air to cool the
dynamo.
h) Frame is a metal casing that houses the magnetic field.

LATHE
I.

Introduction

A machine tool for working wood or metal, in which the piece being worked is held
and rotated while a cutting tool is applied to it and it shapes, drill, bore, grind, and
perform other operations. The material to be shaped on a lathe is called the
workpiece. Lathe has several parts, the speed control assembly, the DC motor, the
headstock spindle, the drive pulley, the V belt, the headstock locking screw, the
faceplate, the cutting tool, the crosslide handwheel, the gib lock, the gib, the base,
the lead screw handwheel, the tailstock locking screw, the tailstock handwheel, the
tailstock, the spindle locking screw, the tailstock spindle, the center, the bed, the
crosslide, the toolpost, and the headstock.
II.

Part-by-Part Description and Function

a) Speed Control Assembly determines the rate at which the lathe will
turn.
b) DC Motor is a machine that transforms electric energy into
mechanical energy in form of rotation. Its movement is produced by
the physical behavior of electromagnetism. It has inductors inside,
which produce the magnetic field used to generate movement.
c) Headstock is normally mounted rigidly to the bed and holds all the
mechanisms, including various kinds and combinations of pulleys or
gears, so that the spindle can be made to turn at different speeds.
d) Headstock Locking Screw is a screw that holds the headstock in
place. The screw is a pointed set screw. The point engages a tapered
groove in the pin that sticks up out of the lathe bed. When the screw is
tightened, it pulls the headstock down onto the alignment key and
holds it tight against the lathe bed.
e) Headstock and Tailstock Spindle are the rotating axis of the
machine usually machined so that it can carry a faceplate, chuck,
drive-plate, internal or external collets - or even special attachments
designed for particular jobs. In turn, these attachments hold the
workpiece that is going to be machined.
f) Drive Pulley is a pulley located on the main spindle of the lathe in
which it should be found spinning freely on the shaft to be able to start
an operation.
g) V Belts are basic belts for power transmission. These belts provide the
best combination of traction, speed of movement, load of bearings,
and long service life and solved the slippage and alignment problem
and has a general cross-section of trapezoidal (hence the name V).
h) Faceplate is a circular metal plate which fixes to the end of the lathe
spindle and is the basic workholding accessory for wood or metal
turning lathe.
i) Cutting Tools are tools used to create cylindrical holes, almost always
of circular cross-section, used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers.

j) Crosslide - it is the table with two T-slots that holds the tool post, as
its name implies, moves across the bed - and on top of that there is
often a "Top Slide" or "Tool Slide" that is invariably arranged so that it
can be swiveled and locked into a new position.
k) Crosslide Handwheel is a wheel with a handle used to move the
cross-slide in and out.
l) Gib Lock is a mechanism for locking the Gib to the ways so that the
saddle does not move along the ways during facing operations.
m) Gib is an assembly that moves the toolpost and cutting tool along
the ways.
n) Base is a cast metal upon which the lathe bed and headstock sit.
o) Lead Screw Handwheel is a long threaded rod normally found
running along the front of the bed or running between the bed ways
down the bed's center line. By using a train of gears to connect the
lathe spindle to the lead screw and the latter, together with its cutting
tool, could be forced to move a set distance for every revolution of the
spindle.
p) Tailstock Locking Screw is a screw that locks the tailstock in place
on the bed to keep it from moving. When loosened, the tailstock can be
slid up and down the bed.
q) Tailstock Handwheel is a wheel with a handle used to move
the tailstock ram in and out of the tailstock casting.
r) Tailstock is lever operated through a sensitive rack and pinion feed
system. It was once known in England as the "loose stock", Ppoppet
head" or "loose head" - the latter old-fashioned term being used by
Harrison and other English firms in some of their advertising literature
until the early 1970s. The unit is arranged to slide along the bed and
can be locked to it at any convenient point; the upper portion of the
unit is fitted with what is variously called a "barrel", "spindle" "ram" or
"shoot" that can be moved in and out of the main casting by hand,
lever or screw feed and carries a "Dead Centre" that supports the other
end of work held (by various means) in the headstock.
s) Spindle Locking Screw are screws which are much more efficient at
holding the spindle at any required position where the spindle cannot
be allowed to rotate unintentionally, even when subject to sustained
vibration.
t) Center is a tool that has been ground to a point to accurately position
a workpiece on an axis. The primary use of this is to ensure concentric
work is produced; this allows the workpiece to be transferred between
machining operations without any loss of accuracy.
u) Bed provides the foundation of the whole machine and holds the
headstock, tailstock, and carriage in alignment.
v) Toolpost is the part of a metalworking lathe which either holds the
tool bit directly or holds a toolholder which contains the tool bit.

TRANSISTOR
I.

Introduction

Transistor is a small low-powered solid-state electronic device consisting of a semiconductor that is, a substance that can act as either a conductor or an insulator
and at least three electrodes, used as an amplifier and rectifier and frequently
incorporated into integrated, circuit chips. Transistors quickly replaced vacuum
tubes for amplifying electronic signals in devices ranging from radios to telephone
lines to military targeting devices. Without the bulky heat-generating vacuum tubes,
electronic devices became much more compact and powerful. Transistor has several
main parts, the emitter, the base, and the collector.
II.

Part-by-Part Description and Function

a) Emitter is a layer of semiconductor material from which charge

carriers such as electrons originate and control the flow of current.
b) Base is a component that controls the flow of electron coming from
the emitter.
c) Collector is an element which has a large positive voltage with
respect to the base component to prevent reverse current flow;
electrons moving from the emitter enter the base and are attracted to
the positively charged collector and flow through the output circuit.

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McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Copyright 2003
by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; Wikimedia Foundation,
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Microsoft Encarta 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation,
2008.
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
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Louis Levin & Son, Inc., 1917 - 2015 .All rights reserved
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