CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Tabulating, sorting, calculating, summarizing,

classifying, create visual form
Useful to its
members &
clients

Process
Information Systems in an organization provide
Information
Hospital, university,
library, bank,
church

Operate
more
effectively

Customers, suppliers,
products, equipment,
procedure, operations

Formalized IS provide information on a regular basic

Time
In a pre-defined manner
(already decided)

Computer-based IS
Process by computer
Benefits

Format (report, graphic, picture)

Speedily

Accurately
When & where required
Complete
Correct level of detail
Useful for some purpose
Able to deal with big volume of data

Capability of a IS (Unique to particular types of organization)

Help to analyze the business:
o Along with its environment
o Formulate and check that it achieves its goals
Improve efficiency of its operations
o Effectiveness through better managerial decisions

CT037-3.5-3-ISDT (Information Systems Development Trend)

Profitability, long term survival, service

provision, expansion, greater market share,
employee & customers satisfaction

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENT

IS are developed and operate within an environment context that has a significant effect on them

This environment is increasingly

Complex
Dynamic (moving, trend, development)

Factors driving the environment and context in which IS exist & developed.

1. Global Economy
- Competition not only local companies
o As reduction in barriers to trade and competition
o Improve of physical transport capabilities
o Markets more open & accessible
2. Digital Economy
- Result from convergence of computing and telecommunication technology
o Internet & www
- From place to space
o Create more digital content in product / services and deliver over digital network
3. Electronic Commerce
- Conduct commercial transactions electronically
- Benefits of e-commerce
o Ease access to global market
o Extends business hour (24/7)
o Reduce cost of transaction business
o Reduce cost of marketing
o Facilitates customized one-to-one communication with customers
o Shorten the transaction cycle
o Provides a more perfect market (customer easy to find and compare price)
4. Non-Commercial Impacts
- Especially the public sections -> transportation, education, health, regulation, employment,
customs, environment
- Example: Government service to citizen
o Promoting the public transport
o Conduct business with government
o Conduct transaction -> pay tax, pay fine
o Portal

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
5. Change
- Change happen and norm
- Organization
o Capable of dealing with change
o Take the opportunity
- Modern organization seeks to be
o Responsive
In their operations and strategy
o Adaptive
Eg. Year 2000
o Flexible

HUMAN DIMENSION
1. Stakeholder System Development
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.
v.
vi.

Programmers Code and develop a system in a computer programming language

System Analysts
Specify the requirements for a system
Outline designs and solution that will meet requirement
Interface / liaison between -> business users / analysts
-> programmers
Business Analysts
Understand the complexities of business and needs.
Liaise with system analysts
From business side (adopt this role in the context of a particular development
project for a specific period)
Project Manager manage the project with particular emphasis on schedules and resources
Senior IT Management responsible for IT and managing it overall within the organization.
Chief Information Office (CIO)
Responsible for IT, IS and Information Strategy and aligning them to the needs of
the business as a whole.
Sometime known as Chief Knowledge Officer.

2. Stakeholder Users (for whom the system is required

i.

ii.

End users
Use the system in an operational sense.
May be intermediaries between the system and business users.
Business users

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

iii.

iv.

People in the particular business function that have a need for the system.
Might / might not physically interact with the system itself.
Interested in its functions and output
o Support for achieving their business objective.
Business management
Responsibility for the business function that the system addresses.
May have responsible for commissioning the system
Financing it from their budget
Strategic use of IT in their business unit.
Business Strategy Management
Responsible for the overall strategy of the organization and the way that IS can both
support and enable the strategy.

Role can be combined / separated.

Different categories (regular, occasional, casual user) to determine what kind of training.

3. Stakeholder External User (outside the boundaries of the company)

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

Customers / potential customers

Use the system -> to buy products and service
-> to search for information
Information users
People external to organization who may use the system, but are not customers (to
buying).
Eg.: users of government website -> look for the regulation.
Often ignored when system is designed.
Trusted external users
Have a particular relation with the organization.
Special privileges.
Eg.: Supplier
Specific design requirements and security implications.
Shareholders, other owners / sponsors
People invested in the organization
Want to ensure that they are contributing to the financial development and success
of the organization.
Society
People who may be affected by the system
Eg.: Credit Card system only for card holder

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
IS development need to be managed.
i.

IS Strategy Group
To develop a plan
Ensure plan is carried out and turned as a circumstances change.
High level group

ii.

Steering Committee
Oversee each project within the overall plan
Ensuring that the wishes of the IS strategy are met
Setting its own standards
o Performance requirement
o Approving the personnel working on the project
o Approve the final system

iii.
iv.

System development Team day to day development.

Project team leader ensuring continuity throughout.

PROFESSINAL ASPECTS
Professional codes of conducts relates to
o Ethical
o Technical
o Professional issues
Computer Society
o Australian Computer Society (ACS, 2005)
o US Association of Computer Machinery (ACM, 2005)
o British Computer Society (BCS, 2005)
8 points code in BCS
o Professional responsibility exercise reasonable professional -> SKILL & CARE
o Law know about and comply with the law
o Conduct Act in accordance with the societys code of conduct
o Approach maintain a balanced, disciplined and comprehensive approach
o Management contribute effectively to best practice consultancy with organization
o Independence and statement interest disclose any circumstances which may
compromise professional objectivity / independence
o Professional development keep up to date by seeking continuing education and
training
o Public awareness encourage public understanding of IT issues

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
IS in an organization provides process & information that users to its members & clients. The
main purpose is to operate more effectively.
IS are developed and operation with an environment context:
o Global Economy
o Digital Economy
o E-Commerce
o Change
Stakeholders
o IS Development
o Users
o External Users
Professional Codes of ethics and conducts
o Guide programmers, analyst and other IT & IS specialist in their work choices.

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