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DEDICATORIA A los amigos que perd y a los que se fueron
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Hay una no tan larga lista de personas a las que quisiera agradecer en este momento dado que sin
su apoyo no hubiese podido realizar este proyecto.
A mi familia, porque soport conmigo el casi interminable proceso antes de la sustentacin.
Ellos me dieron su incondicional apoyo y consuelo y tuvieron que soportar tambin, mi
permanente mal humor y frustracin frente a las dificultades que fueron apareciendo. La
realizacin de este proyecto es un xito familiar ms que personal: espero que haber respondido
a sus expectativas.
Al Doctor Lus Rivera y al Mag. Edgardo Palza quienes me facilitaron casi de forma
exclusiva, todo el material bibliogrfico que he utilizado en la elaboracin de la tesis tesis.
Prcticamente sin su apoyo, hubiese sido imposible realizar la investigacin terica. No tengo
palabras para agradecer su desprendimiento, su diligencia y la amistad sincera que me brindaron
durante la realizacin de este proyecto.
A la Doctora Nora La Serna, Directora de la Unidad de Post Grado de Facultad de
Ingeniera de Sistemas e Informtica, quien con su empeo sac la parte administrativa de este
proyecto.
A mi querida Mary Rose, compaera, alumna y futura colega por su apoyo y cario
incondicional. Supo sufrir conmigo las peripecias que me depar este fin de proyecto. A ella mi
ms profundo agradecimiento y amor. Espero poder acompaarla y ayudarla el resto de su
carrera y el resto de la vida tambin. TAM.
A Dios, por darme paciencia y por secar mis lgrimas en las noches.
A mi padre que ya est en la gloria de Krshna pero que an me sigue cuidando. Te lo dije
hace ocho aos y te lo repito ahora: nos veremos pronto.
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La planificacin de las operaciones involucradas en un proyecto de desarrollo de software ha
sido un problema a superar, desde el auge del uso de metodologas que guan dicho proceso.
Tanto la eficiencia como la sofisticacin de los algoritmos que buscan resolver los estos
ordenamientos, han ido evolucionando durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Al mencionado
problema de ordenar tareas con dependencias se le conoce en la algortmica como programacin
de tareas o task scheduling y es definido de la siguiente forma: dado un conjunto de tareas a ser
programadas en determinado grupo de mquinas (o recursos hombre-mquina como podran ser
programadores, analistas, etc.), encontrar un orden adecuado de ejecucin. Es un problema de
complejidad NP-difcil por lo que se justifica el uso de mtodos heursticos para obtener
soluciones aproximadas. El presente trabajo de tesis presenta una meta heurstica GRASP para
resolver la variante en donde las tareas son dependientes y los organismos ejecutores son
diferentes entre s: con esto se podran planificar las tareas de las etapas iniciales de un proceso
particular de desarrollo de software. En la tesis, se incide en la metodologa RUP, y en particular
en sus disciplinas de modelamiento de negocios (business modeling) y captacin de
requerimientos (requirement). Se han desarrollado tanto un algoritmo voraz como una meta
heurstica GRASP con dos parmetros de relajacin, planteamiento novedoso pues hasta el
momento no se haba intentado resolver el problema de esta forma. Igualmente se muestra un
modelo matemtico para la variante especfica del problema a tratar.
Para demostrar la correccin de los algoritmos, se desarroll un prototipo que los
implementa obtenindose como resultado que el algoritmo GRASP mejora casi en un 6% los
resultados del algoritmo voraz, para instancias de hasta 12500 variables involucradas.
Palabras clave: Programacin de tareas, algoritmos GRASP, Desarrollo de Software,
planificacin de recursos en proyectos de desarrollo software, RUP.
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Operations planning for Software Development has been a complicated by-solve problem
experienced since the golden age of the use methodologies whose rule those process. In which it
is used, as well as in the efficiency and sophistication of the algorithms that try to solve the
problems that appear in a software project, since its origin in the middle of the 20th century. The
previously mentioned problem is known within algorithmic as task scheduling and it is defined
as follows: given a group of tasks (operations) to be scheduled within a group of machines (or
human resources, or human-machine resources), find an appropriate execution order. It is a
NP-difficult complexity problem, so it justifies the usage of heuristic methods to obtain
approximate solutions. This thesis presents a GRASP heuristic goal to solve the variant in which
tasks are dependent and executing entities are different one from the other: now it could be
possible the planning of the operation s from the inceptions RUP phase. We are remarking in
particular, two disciplines of RUP methodology: business modeling and requirement. Both a
greedy algorithm and a GRASP heuristic goal with two relaxation parameters have been
developed. Innovative proposition because until now nobody has tried to solve the problem this
way. Likewise a mathematical model for the specific variant of the problem to be considered is
shown.
To show efficiency of the GRASP algorithm, we developed a prototype program that
executes and compares the results obtained by greedy and GRASP algorithms. The GRASP
algorithm improves by 6% the results of the greedy algorithm, for instances with up to 12500
variables involved. Finally we measured the quality of these results with those of the
mathematical model which would obtain the exact solution for smaller instances, taking
advantage of software that solves linear programming problems: the GRASP algorithm got close
to the exact result within a range of 95 to 99%, and even equaled it in some tests.
Keywords: Task scheduling, GRASP algorithm, Software development, resource planning
in software projects, RUP.
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38>88 +'(  .$ 9  '$   ' +$ )

38?8 C$  &C  $'#$7 #+' '$$ %'$ ) )

38?838 #  *$$ )

38A88 "+''(  #9'$ $ 

38A838  7 +9 #$ %#  0 $ )

38A8<8 51  + "'$$7 5 F " )

38A8=8 G  "

7 " # #*H$ #9'$ )

38A8>8 $ '(  #9'$ ' 5 

38A8?8 "C' "+   ,""/7  '$ '

38I '#$ $ $& .6$'$ 9

38I88 $  '$''( !

<88  $ 

8 $'$ $ )

<838 &$  '$( 

  # B'(

 )' #  % $ ) )

<8=88  $ $& 

 #$7 C'( ) )

#6 7  $ "#$$ 8 8

=838 $'$  $  #$ )

=8<8  $ $    %B ##$ )

=8<88 C #  #''(7 ' %B #  $''(  

=8<8<8 "$'(    B ##$ ) )

=8<8=8  $ $&    #$ )

=8<88 C #  #''(    %B ) )

C   C'8

C '$ C'8

=8=8<8 "$'(    !

=8=8=8  $ $&    !

=8=88 C #  #''(    !

=88 ''   $'( ##$   #$#'%  6 

88   '$  ## )

838    '%$ ) )

! "

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838 :$+''( #''( .6$' #+''(

8<8 $'( "9'$ 9 #+''( '$$ ) )

8=8 #$ ##$$ ) )

88 6 $& * $ #' $ $ ##$$ ) )

8>8 #+''( ' ' $- $'.8 )

8?8 @6$' !

8A8 B'( 9 $' $$ )

#6 ' (' 8

3838 $ #& "+''( 0$ )

38388 &C%$ $'. )

383838 $ #& $'. ) )

38<8 )$$ % $- $'. ##$ ) )

38=8 D$ E$$ # $% #& $'.8 )

38=88 D$ .6$'$ 9

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388 6 $& ' $ #') $ $7 "8 ) )

'$$ $ ,$

38838 '6$' 37 " $) ' *' ) )

388<8 '6$' <7 " $ % ' )

388=8 ''6$'7 " &D $ #' )

3888 $ '$$ '%$

388>8 $ +$$ " ) )

38>8 #''( #)'' " #+''( #9'$ ) )

38>88" $ &C%$ +$ #9' " )

38>8<8 B #9' ' $+B $ B$ #

38>8=8 "B $ 9

38>88 +'( .$ 9 '$ ' +$ )

38?8 C$ &C $'#$7 #+' '$$ %'$ ) )

38?838 # *$$ )

38A88 "+''( #9'$ $

38A838 7 +9 #$ %# 0 $ )

38A8<8 51 + "'$$7 5 F " )

38A8=8 G "

7 " # #*H$ #9'$ )

38A8>8 $ '( #9'$ ' 5

38A8?8 "C' "+ ,""/7 '$ '

38I '#$ $ $& .6$'$ 9

38I88 $ '$''( !

<88 $

8 $'$ $ )

<838 &$ '$(

# B'(

)' # % $ ) )

<8=88 $ $&

#$7 C'( ) )

#6 7 $ "#$$ 8 8

=838 $'$ $ #$ )

=8<8 $ $ %B ##$ )

=8<88 C # #''(7 ' %B # $''(

=8<8<8 "$'( B ##$ ) )

=8<8=8 $ $& #$ )

=8<88 C # #''( %B ) )

C C'8

C '$ C'8

=8=8<8 "$'( !

=8=8=8 $ $& !

=8=88 C # #''( !

=88 '' $'( ##$ #$#'% 6

88 '$ ## )

838 '%$ ) )

8<8 $ ' $ $#'+''$ $ '$$ $ )

8<88 $#'+''(7 $ $ $ $ $ ) )

8<838 $#'+''(7 $ $ C' # '( )

8=8 $ $'' ) )

8=838 $'' C' # '( ) )

88 '$$ )

8>8 $'$ $& & $ ) )

8>88 $ B )

8>838 $#$%$ ' $7 '.%$ $$8 )

8>8<8 ''$ 9 '$ ## # )

8>8=8 ($ $$ 9 '$$

8?8 ($ $$ )

8?838 ( C''( $ $ ) )

8?8<8 ( #$ 9 #$'( $$ ) )

8A8 * $

6 $ .; 9 $+; ) )

8A8 +'( .;

8A838 +'( $+;