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Tn khc:
H:
Phn h:
Hnh thi
Tre mc cm, thn ngm dng c, thn
kh sinh cao 15-25m, ng knh (5-)8-12(14)cm, rt t khi ln n 15-16cm ngn cong.
Lng di 25-35cm, mu lc, khi non c ph
lng cng mu nu, p st, khi gi nhn,
vch dy 2-3,5cm; cc t thp u c
vng r, pha trn v di vng mo c mt
vng lng t mu trng xm hay vng nu.
Cy chia cnh sm, cc t di gc
thng 1 cnh, cc cnh nh bin thanh gai
cong, cng, nhn, chng an cho nhau to
thnh bi gai dy c, cho xuyn qua; cc
t phn gia thn c 3 cnh, cnh chnh to
v di hn cnh bn. B mo rng mun,
hnh thang, u hnh cung rng hay lm
xung, 2 vai c mi nhn hi nh cao; tai
mo hnh bn nguyt, gn bng nhau, lt ra
ngoi, mp c lng mi cong; li mo cao 45mm, x mnh, mp c lng mi; mt lng
ph dy lng gai mu nu ti, mt trong
nhn; l mo hnh trng hay trng thun, u
c mi nhn, thng lt ra ngoi, hai mt
u c lng cng. L 5-9, u cnh nh,
hnh di, u c mi nhn, di 10-20cm,
rng 15-25mm.
Cm hoa di, mi t mang hai hay nhiu bng nh mu vng rm. pha mu tm nht khi
non. Mi bng nh mang 4-12 hoa, trong 2-5 hoa lng tnh, my nh c 2 g, c 3 my
cc nh; nh 6, ri; bu hnh trng, vi ngn, u nhu 3.
Cc thng tin khc v thc vt
Tre gai rt gn v thng ln ln vi 2 loi tre c gai khc Vit Nam, l: tre l ng
bc (my phy nm - Bambusa sinospinosa McClure) phn b cc tnh pha Bc v Nam
Trung Quc v tre l ng (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) phn b cc tnh pha Nam v c
bit nhiu dc sng ng Nai.
Tre gai phn bit vi 2 loi trn: thn tre gai mc to ra ngoi, trng xa nh b m, mo
thn ca tre gai mu vng xanh, tai mo lt ra ngoi; cn tre l ng bc v lc ngc c thn mc
thng ng trong bi; mo thn mu vng nu hay mu da b v tai mo ng thng.
Phn b
Vit Nam:
Tre gai phn b khp mi min trn t nc ta, t H
Giang n Kin Giang, C Mau. Hu nh x no, huyn
no ca Vit Nam cng c loi tre ny, nhng tp trung
nhiu nht l vng ng Bc v ng bng Bc B.
Th gii:
Gp tre gai Nam Trung Quc, Lo, Cmpuchia,
Malaysia, Thi Lan, Philippin v Indonesia.
c im sinh hc
Vit Nam tre gai c trng hoc mc t nhin
cao di 700m; t vng ven bin, ng bng n trung du
v min ni. y l loi tre a m v a sng, c th trng
quanh ng rung, xm lng, ven chn , dc b sng, b
sui Trng ni t xu bi tre b kh cn, thn cy nh,
vch dy. Cy c th chu ngp lu khi nc l, nhng
khng a t mn, phn. pH thch hp ca t trng tre
gai l 5-6,5. Trng ni t tt, tng t su, nhiu mn,
m cao, tre gai mc thnh bi ln ti 30-40 cy vi chiu
cao n 20m, ng knh 15cm.
Trng sau 3 nm thn tre cao khong 3m v bt u mng to. Sau 5 nm cy cao trung
bnh 8-10m, vi bi tre khong 10-40 thn v mi nm cho khong 30 mng, nhng ch khong
1/3-1/4 s mng pht trin thnh cy trng thnh, s cn li b cht v su bnh, gi hoc kh
hn. T khi mng xut hin n khi t chiu cao ti a ca cy trng thnh khong 5 thng,
mi ngy cy mng cao thm khong 17cm. Cy mng sinh trng mnh nht vo cui ma
ma. Vo thi k ny, cy mng cao thm khong 45 cm/ngy. Nu khng c chm sc tt
v b cht nhiu ln, tre gai thng c hin tng nng bi, khi thn ngm pht trin ngoi
khng kh, bi tre b nng cao v cc cy sinh sau li chui vo gia bi tre khin bi tre thoi
ho, khng ra mng hng nm na. Cy c tnh chng chu kho, rt t su bnh.
Ma mng t thng 5,6 n thng 10,11; tp trung vo 3 t:
t 1. Vo thng 6-7, mng c cht lung tt nht, nhn dn thng nui tt c mng t
ny.
t 2. Vo thng 8-9. Mng t v nh, cy tre mc ln cng thp b.
t 3. Vo thng 10-11. Phn ln do nhng cy mng t u sinh ra, khi chng n
nh c v chiu cao, v ng knh v ra cnh l y . Mng t ny thng nh, mc
nng v hay b su bnh, nhng li thng cho thn kh sinh c vch dy v t gai.
Cy c kh nng sinh mng t 1-3 tui, C bit c cy 4 tui cn sinh mng. Kh nng
sinh mng mnh nht vo nm th 2.
Khi mng nh khi mt t l c xu hng un vo gia khm nn bi tre gai thng dy
c, d c hin tng nng bi nu khng c chm sc thng xuyn. Vic cht ta ty tin
cng to iu kin cc khm tre sm nng bi. Khi cy tr nn cn ci, t l sinh mng
thp, kch thc thn cy kh sinh rt nh.
Mi gp tre gai ra hoa tng khm, cha gp hin tng tre gai b khuy. Theo cc c gi,
chu k khuy ca tre gai khong 100 nm. Sau khi khuy c khm b cht. Cha thy ht ca loi
ny.
Cng dng
Cc bi tre c trng lm hng ro bo v: chng gia sc, chng gi bo v c bit
c trng nhiu ven b nc chng sng, chng xi l.
Thn tre gai rt c v cng nn c dng nhiu ng cc mng trong xy dng nh
ca, cu cng; n cng c dng nhiu trong xy dng, lm dui m, n tay, ct b
tngThn cng c dng an r, r, bn gh, hng m ngh. Gn y thn tre gai c
dng lm bt giy. Si tre gai c chiu di 1,95-2,56mm, ng knh 15-20m, vch si dy 57.m. Chiu di ca si tng ln t t th 2 n t th 18; sau chng li gim xung.
cc lng pha t, ng knh v dy ca vch si hi ln hn so vi cc si lng trn.
Trung bnh thn tre gai nng 32kg; cnh ca cy nng 7kg; l 1,5kg; mt thn c ti 65
lng v 30 cnh. m 94,5%, thn tre c t trng 1.000kg/m3; cn m 15%, t trng l
500kg/m3. Thnh phn ha hc ca thn tre trng thnh, kh bnh thng: holocellulose
67,4%, pentosan 19%, lignin 20,4%, tro 4,8%, silic 3,4%,cht ha tan trong nc nng 4,3%,
trong dung dch cn-benzen 3,1% v trong NaOH nng 1% l 39,5%.
Trng lng thn cy ti:
Ph bin: ng knh 8-10cm, trng lng 20-30kg/cy
ni t tt: ng knh 10-12cm; trng lng 30-45kg/cy
ni t xu: ng knh 5-8cm; trng lng 10-15kg
C bit: ng knh 14-16cm; trng lng 60-70kg/cy
V thnh phn ca mng, trong 100g phn n c (7-15 ngy tui) cha khong 89g
nc, protein 4g, cht bo 0,5g, hydrate carbon 4g, x 1g, tro 1g, Ca 37mg, P49mg, st 1,5mg,
vitamin B1- 0,1mg, vitamin C-10mg. Gi tr nng lng khong 120 kj/100g.
Nhiu b phn ca cy c dng lm thuc nh: tinh tre (trc nh), nc tre non (trc
lch), l tre (trc dip). ly tinh tre, ngi ta co b lp v xanh ca lng, sau ch lng
thnh tng phoi mng, cn phn pht xanh, ri phi kh. Khi dng tm nc gng, sc ly
nc ung. Nc tre non: dng thn tre non ti, vt ly nc. L tre thng c dng ti.
L tre dng cha cm st, ra nhiu m hi, ho, suyn, th huyt, tre con kinh phong. Ngy
dng 20g di dng nc sc. Trc nh cha cm st, bun phin. Liu dng 10-20g mi
ngy, sc ung. Mng tre gi nt p ly nc ung, cng vi nc gng cha st cao.
Cc thn tre dng an lt, c th phi kh trong bng rm, khong 3-5 ngy, cht b cc
t, ri ch cc lng thnh cc thanh tre. Nhng lng on gia thn c a chung hn
c. Loi b phn v v rut ca cc thanh tre. Phn cn li c ch thnh 4-10 lp, cc lp
ngoi cng, gn v c cht lng tt nht.
Thn tre gai c s dng nhiu trong xy dng, ng cc mng, an lt, dng nh
bp, a, tm, ci un. Gn y thn tre gai c s dng lm bt giy. Mng tre gai n ngon,
dng luc ri n ngay hay mui chua.
Gi tr kinh t, khoa hc v bo tn
Tre gai l loi tre ph bin v quen thuc nht vng ng bng v Trung du Bc B. N
c s dng t rt lu i trong xy dng nh ca v lm cc gia dng. Thn tre gai lm
cc mng nh. Mng ca tre gai cng thng c bn ngoi ch t thnh th n nng
thn. Gn y, mng tre ngm t vi qu mc mt l mt hng c sn ca 2 tnh Lng Sn v
Cao Bng. L tre l mt trong cc v thuc xng khi cm cm v khng khi no thiu trong gnh
hng thuc ca cc b hng l ngoi ch. Mt s nm gn y, thn tre gai c dng lm
nguyn liu giy, ch a v lm tm xa rng.
c bit tre gai l loi chu ngp lu v c b r kho, rt pht trin; nn gn y tre gai
c trng nhiu chn gi bo cho ng rung v chng st l cho cc ngn nc ngt.
Tre gai cn c gi tr vn ho. Hng tre, bn nc, cy a l nhng hnh nh quen thuc
v c trng nht cho lng qu Vit Nam.
Tuy khng phi l loi b e do, nhng vi cc gi tr kinh t, mi trng v vn ho nu
trn, tre gai xng ng c bo v v pht trin.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nhiu tc gi (2004). Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam. Vin Dc liu; II: 1010-1014. Nxb Khoa hc v K
thut - H Ni; 2. Nguyn vn Lin (1981). bo co kh nng pht trin tre trc trong nhn dn. Vin iu Tra Qui hoch rng. Lin
on IV. (Ti liu n my); 3. V Vn Dng (1994). Tre gai. K thut trng mt s loi cy rng (Hong He ch bin) Trang
221-225. Nxb Nng Nghip - H Ni; 4. Academia Sinica (1996). Poales Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Tomus (1). Science
Press (Trung vn); 5. Dransfield S. and Widjaja E.A. (1995). Plant Resources of South East Asia Bamboo. 7: 60-64. Bogor
Indonesia.