, 2013

UNIVERSITY "GOCE DELCEV" - STIP

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Stip

EVICA DIMITRIEVA

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS IN

DECISION MAKING IN THE PROCESS OF
QUALITY MANAGEMENT

MASTER'S THESIS

Stip, august 2013

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26.08.2013 3

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APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS IN

DECISION MAKING IN THE PROCESS OF
QUALITY MANAGEMENT

1. Dimitrieva E., Atanasova - Pacemska T., Pacemska S.(2013). Statistical process

control in wine industry using control charts. XL Symposium on Operational
Research (SYMPOSIUM 2013), Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Zlatibor, Srbija

2. Atanasova - Pacemska T., Dimitrieva E., Pacemska S.(2013). Using of statistical

methods in the making decision process case of macedonian companies. XL
Balcan Conference on Operational Research (BALCOR 2013), Faculty of
Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, Srbija

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APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS IN DECISION

MAKING IN THE PROCESS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Abstract

pplication of statistical methods takes more important role in the

management of companies nowadays. Some of the methods of statistical quality
control are increasingly intruded into companies to help manage quality. If they are
used with understanding, the correct business decisions are made, which means
savings by reducing costs and increasing productivity.
The goal of statistical process control is to confirm that a particular process
(manufacturing, service..) is as stable as possible, and the variability in the process
is smaller, therefore the influence of external and internal factors is under control.
Statistical quality control, using their own tools, especially control charts can greatly
contribute achieving the requirements of the standards.
Control charts are very powerful tool in the area of statistical control process
and they are very popular in the industry, due to their characteristics. The main
objective of the control chart is to improve manufacturing processes by revealing the
variability which is related to certain (specific) reasons. Once the the underlying
cause of variation is determinated, managers take action to fix the process.
Managers who manage processes with the use of control charts replace
intuitive decision-making with decision-making based on science and proven through
experience with processing and analysis of statistical data.

Key words: statistical methods, statistical process control, control charts,

application, analysis.

10

................................................................................................................... 14
1.
........................................................................................................ 20
1.1.

............................................... 20

1.2.

........................................ 21

1.3.

.......................................................... 22

1.3.1.

-Quality Inspection,QI- ..................... 24

1.3.2.

- Quality Control,QC- ......................... 24

1.3.3.

-Quality Assurance,QA- ............ 25

1.3.4.

QualityManagement,QM- ............ 26

1.3.5. - Total Quality Management,

Q ................................................................................................................. 27
1.4.

............ 27

1.5.

ISO , .......................................... 30

1.6.
......................................................................................................... 33
1.7.

..... 35

1.7.1.
.......................................................................................................... 35
2. ,
................... 39
2.1.

..................................................... 39

2.2.

....................................... 40

2.3.
...................................................................................................... 41
2.4.

....................................................... 43

11

2.5.
............................................................................................................. 44
2.5.1.

............................... 44

2.5.2.
............................................................................................................ 47
2.6.

.......................................................... 49

2.6.1.

............................................................... 52

2.6.1.1.
2.7.

................................................ 52

................. 55

3. /
( ) ..................................... 65
3.1.

......................................................... 65

3.2.

........................................... 70

3.3.

................................................................... 72

3.3.1.

() ....... 73

3.3.2.

............................... 77

3.4.

....................................................... 80

3.5.
........................................................................................................... 82
3.6.
.................................................................................... 84
3.6.1.

....... 84

3.6.2.

3.6.3.

..................................................... 92

...... 89

3.6.4.
....................................................................................... 95
3.6.4.1. ,
.................................................................................................... 97

12

4.

( ) ........................................................ 106
4.1.

....... 107

4.2.

................................................................ 116

, .................................................... 147
............................................................................................................ 150
.1 ...................................................................................................... 150
............................................................................... 156

13

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1.

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80-90%
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22

(BUSINESS EXCELLENCE
-BE)

(TOTAL QUALITY MENAGEMENT- TQM)

(QUALITY MENAGEMENT- QM)

(QUALITY ASSURANCE - QA)
(QUALITY CONTROL-QC)
(QUALITY INSPECTION-QI)

QM, QA / QC
, QC

e Unit30- 60- 70-80

1987

1994

2000

ISO 9000

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Figure 1. Evolution of quality
(QI, QC, QA, QM, TQM) 1.
.

23

1.3.1. -Quality Inspection,QI QI, 1920 1960

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1.3.2. - Quality Control,QC 1960- ,

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(SPC-Statistical Process Control).
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1.3.3. -Quality Assurance,QA-

, 70- 80- .

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1.3.4. QualityManagement,QM-

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, (JUSE - Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers

1946 g.), (Juran,

Feigenbaum) .
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TQC-Total
Quality Control,

CWQC-Company Wide Quality

Control.
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(QFD, FMEA, SPC) . QM
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Quality Management System (QMS)

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1.3.5. - Total
Quality Management,Q
QM ( QMS) TQM,

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(Check sheet)

(Flowchart)

Brainstorming

Brainwriting

(Histogram)

(Interrelationship
diagram)

SWOT

(Scatter diagram)

(Tree diagram)

GANT

(Pareto diagram)

PDPC

(Cause and effect
diagram)

FMEA

(Control chart)

QFD M

Benchmarking

(Re-ingineering)
Taguchi

2.
Figure 2. Classification of methods and tools
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1.5. ISO ,

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(US Military
Procurement)
MIL-Q-9858.
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ISO 9000 1987
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Table 1. Types of Standards

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DIN, GB, HRN, BAS .
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ISO .9

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ECISS ( ,
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ISO ( ),
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1.6.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

( ). [41]:
: Malcolm Baldrige (MBNQA) ;
: Demingova

EFQM

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9000 ( ISO 14000) TQM
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EFQM (MBNQA)
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MBNQA ,
1988 , (
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1988 .

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Baldrige ,
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EFQM

- Total Quality Management (TQM).
ISO 9000
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1.7.

1.7.1.

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Figure 3. The process of continuous improvement

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Figure 4. Internal and external users of statistical data
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2.5.

2.5.1.

(eng. statistical process control SPS)

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SPS

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(histogram);
(pareto diagram);
(Ishikawa diagram / Cause and effect
diagram);
(scatter diagram)
(control charts).

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(eng. process capability).
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Figure 6. Normal distribution

=0
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x = x0 0.
x = x0 30 x y y=0,0044.
1, ..
F = 1.

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x0 0 0,6826

(68,26%)

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(95,44%)

x0 30 0,9973

(99,73%)

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Figure 7. The area under the Gaussian- curve Lesser

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Figure 8. Some of the available methods in SPSS Statistics.

56

9. ( ) SPSS
Statistics.
Figure 9. Viewing an statistical method (control charts) in SPSS Statistics.

57

10. ( )
SPSS Statistics.
Figure 10. Entering a data into the selected tool (control charts) in SPSS Statistics.

58

11. ( )
SPSS Statistics.
Figure 11. Review and draw the selected tool (control charts) in SPSS Statistics.

59

12. SPSS Statistics.

Figure 12. Drawing the control chart in SPSS Statistics.

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: EpiInfo, SPSS,
EDUSTAT, S-PLUS, R, Statistica .
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Microsoft Excel,

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(Data Analysis).
Figure 13. Some of the available methods in Excel (Data Analysis).

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14. Excel (More Functions).

Figure 14. Some of the available methods in Excel (More Functions).

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- DKG (eng.LCL Lower Control Limit)
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1.
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k, .

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20
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- Upper control limit

Central line

- Lower control limit

11

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- Measurements

15.
Figure 15. Chart of basic control chart for processes

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X bar control chart

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16.
Figure 16. Chart of the process who is in a "condition of statistical control''

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69

- Unit

X bar
X bar control chart

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17.
Figure 17. Chart of the process who is "out of statistical control"

3.2.

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Figure 18. Division of the control charts

72

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( , eng. x - bar chart, average chart);
R ( , eng. R - chart, range chart)
s ( , eng. s chart, standard deviation
chart).
,

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Table 2. Factors for calculating the control limits [30]
N
A21
D32
D43

1,88

0,00

3,267

1,023

0,00

2,575

0,729

0,00

2,282

0,577

0,00

2,115

0,483

0,00

2,004

0,419

0,076

1,924

0,373

0,136

1,864

0,337

0,184

1,816

10

0,308

0,223

1,777

A2

D3 LCL R

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R
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GKG

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GKG (ST)
t/
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X;R;p;u;m;c
Xo;Ro;po;uo;mo;co

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2

t/
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DKG
1

10

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19.
Figure 19. A general model of control chart

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3.6.

3.6.1.

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(n=5).

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Figure 20. Sprayer with a capacity of ten meters

21.
Figure 21. Device for controlling the accuracy of the work in the sprayer

84

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

3. (/)
Table 3. Results of measurement of water flow (l / min)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

0,3510 0,3310 0,2910 0,3760 0,4030

0,3504
0,1120
0,3370 0,3810 0,2540 0,3010 0,3730
0,3292
0,1270
0,2480 0,3100 0,3410 0,4050 0,3190
0,3246
0,1570
0,2320 0,3780 0,2830 0,2610 0,3320
0,2972
0,1460
0,2510 0,3350 0,3180 0,2590 0,3400
0,3006
0,0890
0,3330 0,3270 0,3120 0,2720 0,3570
0,3204
0,0850
0,2590 0,3140 0,2580 0,3090 0,3320
0,2944
0,0740
0,3570 0,3240 0,2780 0,2220 0,2590
0,2880
0,1350
0,2790 0,2680 0,2580 0,2820 0,2950
0,2764
0,0370
0,2510 0,2250 0,2430 0,2120 0,2360
0,2334
0,0390
0,3210 0,3100 0,3050 0,2740 0,1990
0,2818
0,1220
0,2150 0,2420 0,2490 0,2160 0,2040
0,2252
0,0450
0,3240 0,2830 0,2720 0,3230 0,3310
0,3066
0,0590
0,3160 0,3490 0,3310 0,3720 0,3210
0,3378
0,0560
0,3710 0,3520 0,3810 0,3780 0,3990
0,3762
0,0470
0,3620 0,3720 0,3810 0,3630 0,3760
0,3710
0,0190
0,3490 0,3550 0,3590 0,1690 0,2530
0,2970
0,1900
0,3720 0,3370 0,2290 0,1920 0,2710
0,2802
0,1800
0,2680 0,2450 0,2360 0,3010 0,2590
0,2618
0,0650
0,1990 0,2390 0,3170 0,2290 0,2940
0,2556
0,1180

3 )

( 2).

85

(CL) =
(UCL) =

2 *

(LCL) =

2 *

:
(CL)

0,30037,

0,09510 n = 5.
UCL = 0,30037 + 0,577 * 0,09510= 0,355243
LCL = 0,30037 - 0,577 * 0,09510= 0,245497

x -
. Microsoft Excel ,
,
. ,
x- 22.

86

22. x

Figure 22. Control the quality of the spray nozzle with x control chart
o

87

23.

Figure 23.Standard control chart in checking the flow of fluid investigated

. , 10 12
,

15- 16- ,

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88

3.6.2.

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n = 5 e a .
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Microsoft Excel. ,
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, 25 .

89

4. e
.
Table 4. Results of weighing the filled packages with a coffee in grams.
I
II
III
IV
V

1.
199,7
202,8
200,7
201,2
199,2
200,7
3,6
2.
197,2
203,5
199,3
202,5
201,2
200,7
6,3
3.
196,8
200,7
201,2
192,8
200,7
198,4
8,4
4.
200,3
203,8
197,9
189,9
201,8
198,7
13,9
5.
196,2
202,4
196,9
200,6
204,2
200,1
8,0
6.
199,8
198,5
201,2
195,8
195,4
198,1
5,8
7.
201,2
202,1
200,9
198,2
197,9
200,1
4,2
8.
203,2
203,9
198,6
200,5
199,9
201,2
5,3
9.
204,1
200,9
195,1
197,8
198,2
199,2
9,0
10.
198,5
197,9
196,8
202,2
196,5
198,4
5,7
11.
191,2
200,8
202,8
197,1
200,8
198,5
11,6
12.
204,2
196,7
195,9
201,4
201,5
199,9
8,3
13.
199,2
197,2
200,8
198,7
203,2
199,8
6,0
14.
201,5
199,4
197,7
200,5
204,5
200,7
6,8
15.
204,4
204,0
201,7
199,5
201,7
202,3
4,9
16.
197,3
202,8
198,6
197,8
196,7
198,6
6,1
17.
198,8
200,2
200,2
201,6
198,8
199,9
2,8
18.
196,8
196,7
202,5
202,2
199,4
199,5
5,8
19.
199,2
187,9
201,7
201,5
198,8
197,8
13,8
20.
199,1
200,9
200,4
200,9
196,5
199,6
4,4
21.
198,5
204,8
204,1
204,5
199,2
202,2
6,3
22.
202,2
197,2
196,8
198,4
201,3
199,2
5,4
23.
201,8
199,7
199,7
201,7
202,3
201,0
2,6
24.
198,4
204,7
201,9
203,1
200,8
201,8
6,3
25.
202,9
202,1
201,2
201,9
197,7
201,2
5,2

Microsoft Excel, :
= 199,9136 = 6,66
, ( )
:
UCL =

+ A2

= 199,9136 + 0,557 6,66 = 203,75642

LCL =

A2

= 199,9136 - 0,557 6,66 = 196,07078

90

24. x

Figure 24. Quality control of dosing with coffee using x, R and s control chart
o

91

25. X - k .
Figure 25. X control chart for measuring the weight packages with coffee in grams
25

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92

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26.
Figure 26. Chart of value of the points outside the control limits
2.
e .
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27.
Figure 27. Chart of the trend in the standard of the sample
o

93

3. 28. (

28.
Figure 28. Chart of too many points on the same side of the center line
,
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94

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Microsoft Excel 2010

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95

.

-
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

/ .

5.

Table 5. Data analysis of the process of making wine using a control charts

220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220

30
19
27
28
18
21
28
29
16
15
29
33
35
26
36
21
27
24
31
27

1,03
0,96
0,92
0,94
1,05
1,07
1,09
0,95
1,06
0,87
1,03
1,07
0,92
1,04
0,90
1,03
1,07
0,87
0,86
0,90

0,80
0,94
0,95
0,89
0,83
1,05
1,05
1,02
0,90
0,92
0,86
0,95
0,99
1,04
0,98
0,80
0,84
0,85
0,85
0,85

1,06
1,01
1,00
1,02
0,85
1,06
0,86
1,04
0,95
1,07
0,88
0,90
1,04
0,86
1,01
1,05
1,09
0,90
0,95
0,82

0,94
0,85
0,94
0,82
0,97
1,02
0,86
0,92
1,10
0,96
0,85
0,82
0,91
0,88
0,84
1,05
0,85
1,08
1,03
0,88

0,94
1,04
0,92
0,85
1,08
0,85
1,02
0,88
0,85
0,88
0,85
1,10
0,82
1,10
1,00
0,92
0,82
1,09
0,95
1,10

220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220

27
20
18
21
24
20
15
18
21
20
10
6
3
0
16
10
10
7
15
24

220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220

20
25
15
20
11
3
14
5
23
26
35
22
10
4
12
12
20
24
27
3

96

3.6.4.1.
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97

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29.
Microsoft Excel 2010 p -
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29. , ,
p :
p-bar = 0,11818182 ; ULC = 0,18347604; LCL = 0,05288759

29. P-
Figure 29. P-control chart of defective empty glass bottles
p- ,


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98

,
1 .

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20 ,
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30.
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:

99

x-bar = 0,9505;

ULC = 1,0759975;

LCL = 0,8250025

R-bar = 0,2175;

ULC = 0,4600125;

LCL = 0

s-bar = 0,093507941;

ULC = 0,195338089;

LCL = 0

100

30. x R s

Figure 30. Quality control of dosing using x, R and s control charts
x R s ,

, .
, , 5%, e
( )
.

,
.

101

.


. 220 ,
20 4400
. np-
.
5.


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,
31. , ,
np - :

102

np bar = 14,75; ULC = 26,2717; LCL = 3,22828; These are 3 sigma limits

31
np
Figure 31. Control the quality of work by closing the np control chart

13 14

.

.

103

.
.

,

. ()

:
,
,

c - .
220
20 ,
.
5.

,
c -
32. , ,
c - :

104

c bar = 16,65; ULC = 28,8913; LCL = 4,40868; These are 3 sigma limits

32. c

Figure 32. Quality control of the work of putting labels using c control chart
c -
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105

4.


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106

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4.1.

1 30
2013 .
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, 100
. 100
,
40
.

107

,
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Microsoft Excel.
, (Pearson) x2-.
x2-
()

:
- ;
- ()
x2
x2 ,
, K.Pearson.
() p=0,05 p=0,01.
0,05, 5%.
,
, 2 .
, (n)
:
:
- ;
- ;
- .

108

x2 - 2
0,05 5,991.
x2 ,
,
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,
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2

, (C)
, :

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(C) 0 1,
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109

6.
Table 6. General characteristics of companies

2

3

2

10

3
,
5

3

4

40

8%

10%

20%

5%

13%

25%
7%

7%
5%

33.
Figure 33. Graphical representation of the general characteristics of companies
33. 25%

5%
.

110

: , ,
:
( 7 8).
7.
Table 7. Demographic characteristics of managers in the sample

12

28

20 30 .
8
30 40 .
22
40 50 .
6
50 60 .
4

4

36

5 .
16
5 . 10 .
14
10 .
10
,
30 - 40 .

, ,

. 5
o , 5-10
, 10 .

111

30%

70%

34.

Figure 34. Graphical representation of the demographic characteristics of managers
in companies by gender
34. 70%
30% .

112

10%

20%

15%

20 30 .
30 40 .
40 50 .
55%

50 60 .

35.

Figure 35. Graphical representation of the demographic characteristics of managers
in companies by ge
35. 55%
30-40 10%
50-60 .

113

10%

90%

36.

Figure 36. Graphical representation of the demographic characteristics of managers
in companies by ducation
36. 90%
10%
.

114

25%
40%

5
5 10 .
35%

10

37.

Figure 37. Graphical representation of the demographic characteristics of managers
in companies by work experience
37. 40%
5 25%
10 .

115

4.2.

,
8.
8.
,

Table 8. Using statistical methods in companies by managers relating to the sector,
workplace and number of years t current managing position

1
1 . 2 .
2 . 5 .
5 . 10 .

10
12
4
2
2
5
5
10
5
15
10
18
8
6
8
40

116

.
,
-
.
,
1 ,
2 5 .

(38),
,
, , .

117

13%

12%
10%

25%

30%

5%

5%

38.

Figure 38.Graphical representation for the section where are mostly used statistical
methods
38. :

30%

;
25%
;
13%
;
12%
;
5%

5%
.

118

, ,
. ( 39),
, .

.

25%

25%

12%
38%

39.

Figure 39. Graphical representation for the work places where are mostly used some
of the statistical methods
39. :
38% ,
;
25% ,
;
25% ,

12% ,
.

119

20%
45%
15%

1 .
1 2 .
2 5 .
5 10 .

20%

40.

Figure 40. Graphical representation for number of years at current managing position
40. :
45%

;
20% 1-2
;
20% 5-10

15% 2-5
.

120

,
,
( 9).
9.
Table 9. Application and use of statistical methods

18
8
14
40

35%

45%

20%

41.

Figure 41. Graphical representation for application and use of statistical methods in
the companies
41 :
45% ;
20%
35% .
o

121

,
45% ( 10.)

. 30%
,
.
10. a

ble 10. Statistical thinking of managers for further statistical education

a



18

12

10

40

42.

25%
30%

45%

42. a

122

Figure 42. Graphical representation for statistical thinking of managers for further
statistical education
42. :
45% ;
30%

25%
.

( 11. 43.) ( 12. 44).

- , ,

. , ,
.
11.
Table 11. Knowledge on some of the statistical methods

35
25
22
18
7
10
6
9

123

8%

4%

7%

26%

5%
14%
17%

19%

43.

Figure 43. Graphical representation for knowledge on some of the statistical

methods in companies
43. :
26% ;
19% ;
17% ;
14% ;
8% ;
7% ;
5%
4% .

124

12.
Table 12. Using on some of the statistical methods

25
15
11
9
8
5
5
6

6%

6%

7%
30%

9%

11%
18%
13%

44.

Figure 44. Graphical representation for using on some of the statistical methods in
companies

125

44. :
30% ;
18% ;
13% ;
11% ;
9% ;
7% ;
6%
6% .

:
: , ,
, ,
: , ,
, .

126

13.

Table 13. Using of basic and advanced statistical methods in companies

23

8

9

23%

20%

57%

45.

Figure 45. Graphical representation for using of basic and advanced statistical
methods in companies
( 13. 45.)
57%
, 20% ,
23% .

,

, 14. 46.

127

14.

able 14. Statistical thinking of managers about the degree of significance of
statistical methods and techniques for decision making in the company

()
5

12
()
13
( )
10

40

()
25%

12%
30%

33%

()
(
)

46.

Figure 46. Graphical representation about the degree of significance of statistical
methods and techniques for decision making in the company
( 14. 46.)

33%
, 30% , 25%
12% .
o

128

H 0 :
.

H 1 : ()

15. 47.
,
.
15.

Table 15. Using of statistical methods in relation to the activities of the company

15

8
6
1
25

15
2
8

23

40

15.

.
,
.
,
.
.

129

47:

60%
60%

53%

50%
40%
40%
32%
30%

20%
8%

10%

7%

0%

47.

Figure 47. Graphical representation for using of statistical methods in relation to the
activities of the company

47. 53%
, 40%
7% .

60% , 32% 8%
.

130

x2:
16. x2

Table 16. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to the activities
of the company
f1
8

f0
9

f1-f0
-1

(f1-f0)2
0

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,045

15

14

0,027

3,000

-1

1,800

-3

1,671

1,003
x2= 7,55

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 7,55
x2 > x20,05
X2 7,55
5.991, 2 p=0,05.
0

.

,

131

H 0 : / /

.
H 1 : / /

H 0 : /

.
H 1 : /

17.

132

17.

Table 17. Using statistical methods in terms of characteristics of managers

15

10

28

10
25

1
11

1
4

12

20-40 .
40-60 .

10

15

30

10

18

16

40

18

11

36

19

10

11

40

16

15
24

2
8

7
8

24

10

10

26

11

14

21

13

40

5
5

2
2-10

40

40

133

48.

84%

90%
80%
70%
60%

53%

50%

36%

40%

30%
20%
8%

11%

8%

10%
0%

48.

Figure 48. Graphical representation for using statistical methods in terms of the half
of managers

48. 53%
, 36%
11%
. ,
84%, 8%
8% .

134

x2 :
18. x2

Table 18. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to the half of
managers
f1
15

f0
18

f1-f0
-3

(f1-f0)2
6

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,357

10

0,833

10

0,687

-2

1,603

0,014

0,033
x2= 3,53

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 3,53
x2 < x20,05
C = 0,28

()
2

. X =3,53

p-=0,05,

5%

, .. 0 .
, 0,28

.
o

135

49.
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
50%
40%

20-40 .

33%

40-60 .
30%
17%

20%
10%

10%

10%
0%

49.

Figure 49. Graphical representation for using statistical methods in terms of the age
of managers
49. 50% 20 40
, 33%
17%
. 40 60 ,
80%, 10%
10% .

136

19. x2

Table 19. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to the ages of
managers
f1
10

f0
14

f1-f0
-4

(f1-f0)2
13

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,976

11

13

1,813

10

0,284

-2

0,528

1,131

-2

2,100
x2= 6,83

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 6,83
x2 > x20,05

X =6,83 p-=0,05, 5%.

2

X =5,991
0

()
.

137

50.

75%

80%
70%
60%
50%
50%
40%

30%
30%

25%

20%
20%
10%

0%
0%

50.

Figure 50. Graphical representation for using statistical methods in terms of degree
of education of managers

50. 75%
, 25%

(0%). ,
50%, 20%
30% .

138

20. x2

Table 20. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to the degree
of education of managers
f1
1

f0
2

f1-f0
-1

(f1-f0)2
1

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,426

18

17

0,047

4,000

-2

0,444

-1

1,100

11

10

0,122
x2 = 6,14

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 6,14
x2 > x20,05


2

X =6,14

p-=0,05

5%

.
2

X 5,991,

, ..)
.

139

51.

70%
60%

63%
56%

50%
38%

40%

29%

5
5

30%

20%
8%

10%

6%

0%

51.

Figure 51. Graphical representation for using statistical methods in terms of work
experience of managers
51. 56% 5
, 38%
6%
. 5 ,
63%, 29%
8% .

140

21. x2

Table 21. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to work
experience of managers
f1
9

f0
10

f1-f0
-1

(f1-f0)2
0

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,038

15

14

0,025

2,450

-3

1,633

-2

1,513

1,008
x2= 6,67

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 6,67
x2 > x20,05

X2 =6,67
X2, p-=0,05 (
5%). ,

.




/
, .

141

52.

79%
80%
70%
60%
50%
38%

38%

40%

2-10
30%

24%

21%

20%
10%
0%
0%

52.
.
Figure 52. Graphical representation for using statistical methods in terms of degree
of work experience at current managing position of managers
52. 38%
2
, 38%
24% .
210 ,
79%, 21%
(0%).

142

22. x2

Table 22. Calculating of x2 value using statistical methods in relation to the currently
managing the site managers
f1
10

f0
14

f1-f0
-4

(f1-f0)2
13

(f1-f0)2/ f0
0,976

11

13

1,813

10

0,284

-2

0,528

1,131

-2

2,100
x2= 6,83

x20,05 = 5,991
x2= 6,83
x2 > x20,05

,
.
2 , ,
2
. 5%, p-=0,05
X2 6,83

.

143

,


.


.
,
Excel.
, SAS, SPSS, Statistika Mintab ,

.


( 23) 60%
. 45%

, 55%
.
,
.

.

144

23.

Table 23. Statistical thinking of managers in terms of the benefits of implementing

60%

the statistical methods and techniques in the company

45%

55%

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