<f

for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

11-165

Strength
~<pMn= (0.90)(4.65) = 4.19 kip-in.
Dead load factor

(8)( 4.19)

ead ~

(120/ (1.4)

(Eq. A5.1.1-1)

1.4

= 0.00166 kips/

in.

20.0 plf

1\-166

Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica:

Example 11-6: Fully Braced Hat Section

I~~I
'--R

... -e--t
-

lf----------

45~~Oi"

= 0.1875 in.

al

I
= 0.135 in.

L'

-------

--------

----

... y
3.000 in.

670 in.

l.

l.

~I

1.670 in.

rr 1] m

!------:>f
l'

6.00 ft

.1

teel: Fy = 50 ksi
Section: 3HU4.5x135 shown in sketch above

o.

Top flange is in compression and is fully braced.

Re

ired:

1.

Check the flexural adequacy of a 6 foot long simple span beam with:
Dead Load, Wdead = 120 plf
Li e Load, wu-, = 700 plf
Do not consider inelastic reserve,

3.

Check using both ASD and LRFD.

ution:

1.

Calculate Nominal Strength, Mn (Section C3.1.1)

inee the member is fully braced and not subject to lateral-torsional or distortional buckling,
calculate the nominal strength using Section C3.1.1.
From Example 1-13 or Table II-6, Se = 1.52 in."
Mn

2.

SeFy

(1.52)(50)

(Eq. C3.1.1-_
= 76.0kip-in.

Calculate Required and Available Strength

Bending Moments
M

=
D

WdeadL2_ (0.120)(6)2
= 0.540 kip-ft = 6.48 kip-in.
8
8

ML = Wlivee

(0.700)(6)2

3.15 kip-ft

37.8 kip-in.

m Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

11-167

ASD
Required Allowable Strength
M

Mo + ML = 6.48 + 37.8

44.3 kip-in.

Allowable Strength
(Eq. A4.1.1-1)

M <Mn/Ob
0b

1.67

Mn = 76.0 = 45.5 kip-in. > 44.3 kip-in. OK

n, 1.67
LRFD

Required Strength
M,

l.2Mo + 1.6 ML

(1.2)(6.48) + (1.6)(37.8)

68.3 kip-in.

Design Strength
(Eq. A5.1.1-1)

Mu < <hMn
~b

0.95

~bMn = (0.95)(76.0)

= 72.2 kip-in.

> 68.3 kip-in.

OK

The resistance factor of 0.95 is permitted per Section C3.1.1 because the compression
flange is stiffened.

11-168

Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specificc::

Example 11-7: Tubular Section - Round

T7

8.00 in.

~---......-Given:

1.

Steel: F, = 42 ksi

2.

Section: Shown in sketch above

Required:

. 1.

Determine the ASD allowable flexural strength, Mn/nb

2.

Determine the LRFD design flexural strength, <PbMn .

Solution:
:1..

Nominal Flexural Strength (Section C3.:1..3):

Ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness,

D/t = 8.00/0.100 = 80.0
Checklimit
D/t

< 0.441E/Fy = 0.441(29500/42) = 310 OK

Full Section Properties

Sf

t-

(Outside Diameter
[Insde Diameter
=n~------~--~--~----~----~
32( Outside Diameter)

(8.00t -(7.80t

= n ~-'-"':'---'--------''-

(32)(8.00)
=4.84 in.>
Determine the governing equation
0.0714E/Fy= 0.0714(29500/42) = 50.2
0.318E/Fy= 0.318(29500/42) = 223
Since 0.0714E/Fy< D/t < 0.318E/Fy

F, = [0970 + 0020(b;: J]F,

(Eq. C3.1.3-

Fe = [0.970 + 0.020( 29~~~b42 J42 = 48.1 ksi

3eam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

11-169

(Eq. C3.1.3-1)
M,
2.

(48.1)(4.84)

= 233 kip-in.

ASO allowable flexural strength

Mn _ 233 -140ki p-m.

.
----o, 1.67
3.

LRFO deslgn flexural strength

<PbMn = (0.95)(233) = 221 kip-in.

Beam Deslgn for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

11-170

Example 11-8: Tubular Section - Rectangular

y
t

I
~-

'

R = 0.0494 inl

I
6.00 in. -

------l------

I----+x

I,
-+

I
I

.- t = 0.125 in. ,

Given:

1.

Steel: F,

2.

Section: HSS 6x6x1fs(from Table 1-12, AISC Steel Construction Manual, 2005)

3.

Calculated gross properties using nominal dimensions above

A = 2.91 in.2
I = 16.7 in.s
S = 5.56 in.'

3.

Simple span length

4.

46 ksi

10.0 ft

Laterally braced at both ends

Required:

/0.b

1.

Determine the ASD flexural allowable strength, M;

2.

Determine the LRFD design flexural strength, <PbMn .

3.

Compare the calculated available flexural strengths to those calculated using the AISC procedures. The inside radius given above is selected to give the same flat width, w, for the
flanges and webs used in the AISC calculations.

Solution:

Compute the nominal flexural strength, Mn, according to Specification Sections C3.1.1(a) and
C3.1.2.2 for closed box members.
1.

Nominal Flexural Strength, Mn, based on initiation of yielding (Section C3.1.1):

Check the compression flange as a uniformly compressed compression element in accordance with Section B2.1. By calculations not shown, the effective width of the compression
flange width is found to be 4.608 in.
Check webs in accordance with Section B2.3. The webs are found to be fully effective, by
calculations not shown.
The effective section properties can then be calculated as:
I,

15.5 n.s

~oam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

Se = 4.95 in.'
nominal flexural strength is calculated as:
Mn = SeFy

11-171

(Eq. C3.1.1-1)

= (4.95)(46) = 228 kip-in. or 19.0 kip-ft

Nominal Flexural Strength, Mn, based on lateral-torsional
.r:

ccording to Specification

buckling (Section C3.1.2.2):

Eq. C3.1.2.2-1,the minimum unbraced length of a closed box member

:- - iect to lateral-torsional buckling, L is calculated as:

Lu

0.36C
F Sbn JEGJI y

(E q. C 3.1.2.2-1 )

where
Cs

1.0 (assumed)

Iy (full section)

16.7 in.s

Sf (full section)

5.56 in.>

2( ab)2
J = ...,........,..---7---:-,...--:-

(Eq. C-C3.1.2.2-1)

(ajt1) + (b/t2)
where
a = b = D - t = 6.00 - 0.125 = 5.875 in.
tI

= t2 = 0.125 in.
2(5.875t

J = 2 (5.875jO.125)

= 25.3in.

(Eq. C-C3.1.2.2-1)

--erefore,
L

~.3~1.0)) J(29500)(11300)(25.3)(16.7) = 1660 in. = 138 ft

46 5.56

(Eq. C3.1.2.2-1)

- ce L, > 10.0 ft, the member is not subject to lateral-torsional buckling and the flexural
srrength is based on Section C3.1.1(a). That is,
M, = 19.0 kip-ft
ASO allowable flexural strength

Mn _ 19.0 -114. k'lp- ft

----o, 1.67
LRFO deslgn flexural strength

<PbMn= (0.95)(19.0) = 18.1 kip-ft.

Comparison of AISI and AISC available flexural strengths

The available flexural strengths calculated above are compared with those calculated in
accordance with the 2005 AISC Specification in the table below. AISC strengths are
taken from Table 3-13 of the 13th Edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual.

11-172

Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Forrned Steel Specifica . -

Available
Strength

AISI
kip-ft

AISC
kip-ft

AISI
AISC

ASD: Mn/nb

11.4

10.8

1.06

LRFD: (hMn

18.1

16.2

1.12

--

The differences between the AISI and AISC strengths shown in the table above are due to the
following factors:
a.

The AISI calculations were performed using the nominal wall thickness of the HSS, while
the AISC calculations were performed using 93% of the nominal wall thickness as requirec.
by AISC.

b.

The calculations of the effective width of the compression flange are slightly different in
two specifications, including slightly different values of E.

c.

For the LRFD method, the resistance factor used in the AISI Specification is <Pb = 0.95 while
the resistance factor used in the AISC Specification is <Pb = 0.90.

d.

The differences shown in the table above are representative of HSS sections having slender
elements, but actual ratios vary somewhat based on sction dimensions and yield stress.

m Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification

11-173

Example 11-9: C-Section with Openings

y

t
ti

! Po = 0.150

, R = 0.1070 in.

I,
I

-.000 in.

1.5 x 4.5 in. punchouts

- ----x
,

it

kips

PL = 0.750 kips

t...:

5 in.

3i~n'~~~==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==T====1
00713 in

_-=1:=.2.:c..in
- c.....
..~

I+~-----=:4...:...8:c..:i~n'--.

---_~

I_~_....c1=2...:...in.:.:...
..
~

-. en:
Steel: F, = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi
Section: 400S162-68as shown above
Section is simply supported, fully braced against lateral-torsional and distortional buckling,
and is fastened to support.
1.5 in. by 4.5 in. web punchouts with 0.25 inch comer radii located as shown above. Note
that the location of punchouts is often not known with this precision.
.

uired:

eck the adequacy of the section considering:

a.

Flexure

b.
c.
d.
e.

Shear
Web Crippling
Combined Bending and Shear
Combined Bending and Web Crippling

1.
2.

ASD - ASCE/SEr 7-05 ASD load combination D + L

LRFD - ASCE/SEI 7-05 LRFD load combination l.2D + 1.6L

Neglect self weight of beam

- utian:
Flexural Strength

Required Strength
_.:8DRequired Strength
P

= Po + PL= 0.150 + 0.750 = 0.900 kips

= P/2 = 0.900/2 = 0.450kips