اساسيات عمل الخراطة

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
 ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬?? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬
  ،      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ISO ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬    ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ٪٥       ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
٢٠، ١٠، ٥، ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬٥W١٢٠W١١٥W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 1  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
2
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J ٤
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
KJ ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
KJ ٤
K‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬J ٧
 KJ ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
 KJ ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 WJ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  
 ‫א‬ 
 ،             
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٢٠°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،E ‫א‬    F ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢FE‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ، E ‫א‬F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
  ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠°EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣FEF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬E٣F

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬            ،‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،°١٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٦F
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٧F
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E²L٨٠،٧٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     KE٩F        ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩F
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 KE١٢F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ DIN ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  DIN ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WISO 7 DIN 4981 R 20 h k 10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Z h 20 ،  Z R ،EF   ‫א‬  Z DIN 4981  ISO 7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZK 10،٢٠‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣F EF‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬K °٩٠ °٤٥ ‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K°٥°٣‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
     ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F ‫א‬   KE١٦F   E F ‫א‬   E F ‫א‬  E F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF، ‫א‬‫א‬ EF ،E × ZF‫א‬
K²L‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٧F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٨F   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  ٪٢   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KE١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ،   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، KE١٨F
K‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬

‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٢٠F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٠F ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K ‫א‬ ٨  ٦  ٤  ٣   K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F
  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E٢١F  ‫א‬  
 KK٩٠°K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ E‫א‬ F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫؟‬‫א‬K١٦٠
W‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ Z‫א‬
 KL٨٠Z 160 Z‫א‬
2
W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 LKKKKKKKZ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺸﻮار اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
Z‫א‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬
 LKKKZ ‫ ش‬Z
‫ز‬
W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K٠{٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ش‬
Z
‫ز‬
L١٥Z 10 * 3 Z‫א‬
2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬J ١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬   E٤F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
K‫א‬J ١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LKKKKKKKZ ‫ ط * ق * ن‬Z
1000
L‫א‬E‫א‬FZ
 ٣{١٤Z 22 Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
7
‫א‬‫א‬Z
‫א‬‫א‬Z
‫א‬‫א‬Z
ZL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠

W
١٠٠٠    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KL‫א‬
W١
  K‫א‬   ٥٠٠   ‫א‬    ، ٣٥  
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ط * ق* ن‬
 Z
1000
L٥٥Z 500 * 35 * 22 Z
1000 * 7
 KL٥٥Z‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W٢
  K‫א‬   ٣٥٠   ‫א‬    ، ٣٠  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ط * ق* ن‬
Z
1000
350 * 30 * 22
 L٣٣Z Z
1000 * 7

W٣
  K‫א‬   ٢٥٥   ‫א‬    ، ٥٠  
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ط * ق* ن‬
Z
1000
255 * 50 * 22
L٤٠{٠٧Z Z
1000 * 7
L٤٠Z‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KE‫א‬KKKJ J F‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
KE‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬J J F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
KEJ F‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬J ٥
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W١
  K‫א‬   ٤٤٦   ‫א‬    ، ٢٥  
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬٤٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KL٣٥
KL٣٥‫א‬KKK

W٢
 K‫א‬   ٢٢    ‫א‬    ، ١١٠  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١١٠‫א‬‫א‬EF
١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KL٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KL٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KL٦٤‫א‬‫א‬

W
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E F‫א‬E F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤٢×‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W٣
  K L ٦٠    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ٢٥  
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
L٣٠‫א‬L٦٠Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KL٣٨٣
L٣٨٣Z٢٥L٣٠‫א‬KK
 ٢×٣٨٣Z٢٥L٦٠‫א‬KKK
 L٧٦٦Z

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F



- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬      ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٦FK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬١٤١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬L١٤‫א‬،١٠٠‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
L٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKZ ‫ل * د‬*‫ط * ق‬
Z
1000 * ‫ع * ت‬
 
K‫א‬Z
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K٣{١٤Z 22 J ‫א‬Z
7
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬Z
KL‫א‬Z
KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠
W
٢٧‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬L ٠{٨‫א‬‫א‬L
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ط * ق* ل* د‬
 Z 
1000 * ‫ع * ت‬
 ٧{٠٧Z 10 * 1 * 300 * 60 * 22 Z
1000 * 8 * 7
 K٧Z‫א‬KKK
WL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKZ ‫ ل * د‬Z
‫ن* ت‬

K‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬Z
KL‫א‬Z
 KL‫א‬‫א‬Z
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W١
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢٠ ٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L ٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬L ١٩٠
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ل* د‬
 Z
‫ن* ت‬
 ١{٠٥Z 10 * 1 * 120 Z
6 * 190
K‫א‬Z‫א‬KKK
W٢
٧٨‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠ ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬L٠{٨‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ل* د‬
 Z
‫ن* ت‬
 ٤{٤٨Z 10 * 2 * 140 Z
8 * 78

 ٤{٥Z‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫ط * ق* ن‬
Z
1000
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
W
 ٣ ‫א‬  ١٣٣ ٢٤٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫ل* د‬
Z‫א‬
‫ن* ت‬
‫ل* د‬
Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫ز* ن‬
L٠{٦Z 1 * 240 Z
133 * 3
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−‫ق‬
KKKKKKKKZ 1‫ق‬ Z
2
 
K‫א‬Z
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬Z١
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W
K٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬
 Z
2
 ٣Z 54 − 60 Z‫א‬
2

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
²KKKKKKKKZ×Z
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬Z
KL‫א‬Z

W١
 K١{٨‫א‬٦‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
×Z
 ²١٠{٨Z 18 * 6 Z‫א‬‫א‬
10
W٢
 ‫א‬٤٤‫א‬٦٠‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٨
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬
Z
2
²٣Z 54 − 60 Z‫א‬
2
 ×Z
 ²٢{٤Z 8 * 3 Z‫א‬‫א‬
10

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E ٩F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F

- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫؟‬‫א‬K١٢٠J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
  ٥٥٠   ‫א‬    ، ٥٥   J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
K‫א‬  ٤٤٦‫א‬، ٣٥ J ٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬L‫א‬J 
 WJ ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬J ٥
W‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     W‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ١
°٦٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١١F
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E١١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 KE١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٢F
   K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٣
 KE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٣F

- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٤F
WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٥F
EF‫א‬‫א‬
E١F‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١F‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
1 1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ = Z ‫א‬
2 2
W١
   K ٤٠   ١٨ ‫א‬    ٢٥ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬
 ٣{٥Z 18 − 25 = 1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬
= ‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
 E١٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫أب‬
Z ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻠﻊ‬
Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫بج‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﺎور‬
٠{٠٨٧٥Z 3.5 Z
40
 °٥ ٠{٠٨٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬KK
1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬ ‫ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻻﺻﻐﺮ‬- ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻻآﺒﺮ‬
 = = ‫א‬‫א‬
‫* ل‬2 ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ * ﻃﻮل‬2
W٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٧‫א‬٤٧‫א‬٦٥‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
1‫ ق‬− ‫ق‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫* ل‬2
 ٠{٠٧٦٦٩٢Z 10 Z 37 − 47 Z
130 65 * 2
 °٤´٢٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F    E١٦F  
W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫ أ‬F
2
W‫א‬
 KKE١٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1‫ ق‬− ‫ ق‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫* ل‬2
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
E١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 E١٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE١٩F
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F

 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٣F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢٣F
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

K
‫א‬‫א‬E ٢٤F  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٢٤F

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E ٢٥F  W‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢٥F



 E٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٢٦F‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢٦F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J ٣
KE٢٨F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
FKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
°٥٥°٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬KE°٦٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KEFM،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Z
 K×٠{٦١٣٤Z‫א‬Z١
 K×٠{٥٤١٣Z‫א‬Z٢
 K×٠{١٤٤٣Z‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z
KE×١{٢٢٦٩FJ Z‫א‬Z١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
KE×٠{٦٤٩٥F–Z
 KE×١{٠٨٢٥FJ Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٣
KJ Z‫א‬Z٤
 K°٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E×١{٢٣F–Z‫א‬Z١
 E×٠{٠٦٥F–Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
 E×١{٠٨F–Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W
K‫א‬ISO‫א‬‫א‬
W١
W‫א‬K٢٤‫א‬
K‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬EF
 KE٣Z٢٤‫א‬‫א‬F
W‫א‬
E×١{٢٣FJ Z١‫א‬EF
EC٣١{٢٣FJ ٢٤Z
٢٠{٣١Z٣{٦٩J ٢٤Z
E×٠{٦٥FJ Z٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
E٣×٠{٦٥FJ ٢٤Z
٢٢{٠٥Z١{٩٥Z١{٩٥J ٢٤Z

E×١{٠٨FJ Z٣‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E٣×١{٠٨F–٢٤Z
 ٢٠{٧٦Z٣{٢٤–٢٤Z
 J Z‫א‬EF
٢١Z٣–٢٤Z




- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬×٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
E ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬J ٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
IOS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،°٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFR
 E٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
K 25.4 Z‫א‬Z
‫ن‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z١
KE×٠{٦٤٠٣٣FJ ١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
KE×١{٢٨FJ ١Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٣
K×١{٩٦Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
K×٠{١٣٧Z‫א‬Z
 K°٥٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEF
 ٢×‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٦W١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬Z١
 KE×٠{٦٤٠٣٣FJ ١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
KE×١{٢٨FJ ١Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
K 25.4 Z‫א‬Z
‫ن‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬Z
K‫א‬Z١٦W١
 K°٥٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K°٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F°٤٥
KE‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE٩F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
E١٠F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
°٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬F°٥٥E‫א‬ ‫א‬F°٦٠
  EF
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
E١١FE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E ٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF
  F ‫א‬        E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F °٤٥ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬
F °٥٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F °٦٠ ‫א‬EF
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 ‫א‬

- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 KE١٦F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
E١٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 E١٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   
  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬           ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ K‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬J ٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
KEH١٨F٠{٥٠{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F


‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E٢٠FW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢١FW‫א‬ J ٤
 EF‫א‬E٢١F
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٢F

- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٤F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F

- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F
‫א‬ E٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KE٢٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٨F
KEF
KEF
KEF
 KEF







- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٩F
KEF
KEF
KEF
KEF
KEF
‫א‬    F   EF
KE‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬ EF E٣٠F  ‫א‬
 ،°٣٠‫א‬‫א‬،،
KEFTr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣٠F
K‫א‬Z
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z
E×٢HFJ Z‫א‬‫א‬Z١
×٠{٥J Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
J ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z٣
×٢HZ‫א‬‫א‬Z٤
H×٠{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
°٣٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
KE٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z١،
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z

٤٤W١٤ ١٢W٦ ٥W٢ ١W٥  ‫א‬
 ١ ٠{٥ ٠{٢٥ ٠{١٥ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١F
W
W‫א‬K٦٣٢
K١‫א‬EF
K٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
K٣‫א‬EF
K٤‫א‬EF
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ٤٤W١٤  ١٢W٦  ٥W٢  ١W٥  ‫א‬
 ١  ٠{٥  ٠{٢٥ ٠{١٥ ‫א‬
W‫א‬
 E×٢HFJ Z١‫א‬E
E×٢H٦FJ ٣٢Z
E١H٦FJ ٣٢Z
٢٥Z٧J ٣٢Z
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
×٠{٥J Z٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
٦×٠{٥J ٣٢Z
٢٩Z٣–٣٢J ٣٢Z
J Z٣‫א‬EF
٢٦Z٦–٣٢Z
×٢HZ٤‫א‬EF
٠{٥×٢H٣٢Z
٣٣Z١H٣٢Z

E١F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ×٠{٥٤–×٠{٣٦٦Z
 ٠{٥×٠{٥٤–٦×٠{٣٦٦Z
 ١{٩٢٦Z٠{٢٧٠–٢{١٩٦Z
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F
W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،EFE٣٣F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬KEFS،°٣٣‫א‬
 E٣٣F
K‫א‬Z
K×٠{٨٦٨Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
K×١{٧٣٢Z‫א‬‫א‬Z١
K×٠{٧٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
K×٠{١٢٤Z‫א‬Z
K‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
K×١{٧٣٦–Z‫א‬‫א‬Z١
K×٠{٦٨٢–Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
 K×١{٥J ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z٣
K ×٠{٢٦٤ZE‫א‬F‫א‬Z
°٣٣Z°٣ +°٣٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬°٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W
W‫א‬K°٣°٣٠
K١‫א‬EF
K٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
K٣‫א‬EF
KEF‫א‬EF
W‫א‬
K×١{٧٣٦ZZ١‫א‬EF
٣×١{٧٣٦–٣٠Z
٢٤{٧٩٢Z٥{٢٠٨–٣٠Z
 ×٠{٦٨٢J Z٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
٣×٠{٦٨٢–٣٠Z
٢٧{٩٥٤Z٢{٠٤٦–٣٠Z
K×١{٥J Z٣‫א‬EF
 ٣×١{٥J ٣٠Z
 ٢٥{٥Z٤{٥–٣٠Z
 C٠{٢٦٤Z‫א‬EF
 ٠{٧٩٢Z٣×٠{٢٦٤Z
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     E٣٤F     
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
W
K°٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KRd°٣٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
. 25.4 Z‫א‬Z
‫ن‬
K×٠{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
K‫א‬‫א‬Z
KJ Z‫א‬‫א‬Z١
K×٠{٥J Z‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
 KE×٠{٩J Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z٣
K×٠{١HZ‫א‬‫א‬Z٤
K ×٠{٢٣٨Z‫א‬Z
K×٠{٢٥٦Z‫א‬Z١
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K×٠{٢٢١Z‫א‬Z٢
 K×٠{٠٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K°٣٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z
W
W‫א‬K‫א‬٦٤٠
K‫א‬EF
K١‫א‬EF
K٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
K٣‫א‬EF
K٤‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF
W‫א‬
 24.4 Z‫א‬EF
‫ن‬
٤{٢٣٣Z 24.4 Z
6
J Z١‫א‬EF
٣٥{٧٦٧Z٤{٢٣٣–٤٠Z
×٠{٥J Z٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
٤{٢٣٣×٠{٥–٤٠Z
٣٧{٨٨٤Z٢{١١٦–٤٠Z
×٠{٩J Z٣‫א‬EF
٤{٢٣٣×٠{٩–٤٠Z
٣٦{١٩٠٣Z٣{٨٠٩٧–٤٠Z
×٠{١HZ٤‫א‬EF
٤{٢٣٣×٠{١H٤٠Z
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠{٤٢٣٣Z٠{٤٢٣٣H٤٠Z
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF
×٠{٢٣٨Z
 ١{٠٠٧Z٤{٢٣٣×٠{٢٣٨Z
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
×٠{٢٥٦Z
١{٠٨٣Z٤{٢٣٣×٠{٢٥٦Z
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
×٠{٢٢١Z
٠{٩٣٥Z٤{٢٣٣×٠{٢٢١Z
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬E٣٦F‫א‬
 W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE٣٧F
 KE٣٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬EF‫א‬EFE٣٧F
W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬E ٣٨FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE٣٨FE‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨F
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
E F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬K٢٤‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬EF
 E٣Z٢٤‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٢


- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
E٢FEF‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٠٥‫א‬٠{١٢٠٠{١
 E٢F
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬E٣FEF‫א‬
K٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫؟‬EF‫א‬ K٣

- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤‫א‬٦F
 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFE‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦٥٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٪٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K١
E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 E٨F
W‫א‬ K٢
EE٩FF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٩F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEJ F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      E‫א‬F ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٨×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١٠FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬٠{٨×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١١FF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١٢FF‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٢F
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE١٣F

‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
KEE١٤FF‫א‬EF K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٣
 ‫א‬KEE١٥F F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٤
 F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬EE١٦F
 ‫א‬E١٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١٧FF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
‫א‬‫א‬EE١٨FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKK‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K‫ א‬K١٠
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ K١١
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١٢
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KEE٢FF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬FE٣F‫א‬ K٢
 KE‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬FE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F K٤
 KEE٥FF‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬EE٦FF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬ K١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬F

- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣W٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬J  ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٧FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K°٦٠‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٧
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬W‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬  ،‫א‬W K١٢
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١٥
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٨FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
 K‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
 K K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 K‫א‬ K١٣
 K‫א‬ K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 KEF‫א‬ K١٧
 K‫א‬ K١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
 K‫א‬ K٢١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٩FF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٤
KEF‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬W K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٧
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W K٨
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K١٢

- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
 ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬L٢٨٠L
 ٩E١٦F
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
K‫א‬











- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١٠FF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ١
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٤
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٨
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬W J ١١
KE‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٣
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٥
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬WJ ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W J ٧
KE‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE١٢FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٢
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬WJ ٥
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٧
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
K‫א‬
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،T،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ١F‫א‬
- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 KE١٤٠٠٢٠F

‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
١٠٠٠
 ١٠‫א‬٢٤‫א‬
 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢–٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 E٢J ٧F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 E٣J ٧F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
  
 E٣J ١F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EE٤J ٧FFE‫א‬F
 E٤J ١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٧F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 E٥J ١F
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K١
KEE٦J ٧F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F

 E٦J ٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧J ١F
- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE٨J ٧FEF‫א‬‫א‬
  
 E٨J ٧F
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،T،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 E٩J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KEE١٠J ٧FF


- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE١١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE١٢J ٧FFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢J ٧F

- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
ENF‫א‬‫א‬EFEHF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ENF‫א‬‫א‬EFEWF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬،‫א‬
E١F
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m / min‫א‬Vc‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬r.p.m‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1000 ∗ Vc
n = 
d ∗ π
 
 K‫א‬ = d 
 ٣{١٤K = ‫א‬‫= א‬π 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = Vc 
K‫א‬‫א‬ = n 

 E١٣J ٧F
‫א‬mm / min‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬
 KEE٢FF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ KEE٢FF، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢F
- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fc‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FrE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Ft‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE١٤J ١FF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FrFc

 E١٤J ١F

- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
E١٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K R ‫א‬ X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 

 E١٥J ١F









 R = 9.17 KN ,θ = 109.1° ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬

 W‫א‬
٣٢،٢٧،٢٢،١٦‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m16‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣،٢،١‫א‬

- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
F‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF1F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 KE١٦J ٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF2F‫א‬

 
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٦J ١F

- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

 
- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٠{٠٠١٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ •

 K٠{٠٢‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ٢٥G٢٥G٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠J ٣

 E٣J ٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Kf‫א‬‫א‬،n‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬ •
٢٥‫א‬ E٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٢٥
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E٤F،E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٤٥‫א‬E٦F‫א‬E٤F،E٢F

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
M6X35 ١ ٠J ٦

H7X38٦ ٣ ٠J ٥
X45X45٣٥ St 37 ١ ٢J ٤
X25X25٤٥ St 37 ١ ٢J ٣
X45X25٨٥ St 37 ١ ٢J ٢
X45X25٨٥ St 37 ١ ٢J ١
mm‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K،‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 X45X25٨٥‫א‬E١J ٢F،E١J ١F‫א‬

- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 X25X25٤٥‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬

 X45X45٣٥‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬


- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K،‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F‫א‬

 E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬
- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬


 E١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬



- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬


  M5 ٢ ١٣
X60X25٧٠  St 42  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ ١٢
X5٢٥  St 37   ١ ١١
 X20١٥  St 37    ١ ١٠
 X20١٠٥  St 42  ‫ א‬ ١ ٩
 X60X25٧٠  St 42  ‫א‬‫ א‬ ١ ٨
 X65X25٩٠  St 42  ‫א‬  ١ ٧
 X10٧٥  St 37    ١ ٦
 X15١٠    ٢ ٥
 X25X25٥٠  St 37  ‫א‬  ١ ٤
  St 37    ١ ٣
 X20١٠٠ St 42    ١ ٢
     ١ ١
 mm‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬


- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 



- ٢٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،EF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬
 EE١J ٨FFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٢J ٨FFK‫א‬
 E٢J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬
90 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EE٣J ٨FFK‫א‬
E٣J ٢F

- ٢٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEE٤J ٨FFK90‫א‬
E٤J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fi = 60 : 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 5‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥J ٢F

- ٢٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 p ‫א‬‫א‬ π ⋅ d  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K m.m  m E‫א‬F p ‫א‬ z ‫א‬E‫א‬F
π
p d
‫א‬‫א‬، d  z ‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬ m= =
π z
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DIN 780 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
18 10 5 2.75 1 0.3
20 11 5.5 3 1.25 0.4
22 12 6 3.25 1.5 0.5
24 13 6.5 3.5 1.75 0.6
27 14 7 3.75 2 0.7
30 15 8 4 2.25 0.8
… 16 9 4.5 2.5 0.9
 8  1  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF8 ‫א‬‫א‬
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ‫א‬
135 55 35 26 21 16 14 12  
∞ 134 54 34 25 20 15 13   ‫א‬
 W m E‫א‬F‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d ∗ π = z ∗ m ∗ π  p = m ∗ z  d ∗ π = z ∗ p 
  d = z ∗ m  m = d 
z
 ‫א‬ ∗ ‫א‬ = ‫א‬‫א‬
K m ‫א‬‫א‬ ha ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K h f = 1.2 ∗ m ‫א‬‫א‬ c = 0.2 ∗ m ‫א‬‫א‬
 EE٦J ٨FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ٨F
- ٢٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ m = 3mm  40 ‫א‬W

 hz E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، d f ‫א‬‫א‬، d a ‫א‬‫א‬، d ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ d = z ∗ m = 40 ∗ 3mm = 120mm = d
‫א‬‫א‬ d a = d + 2 ∗ m = 120mm + 2 ∗ 3mm = 126mm = d a
‫א‬‫א‬ d f = d − 2.4 ∗ m = 120mm − 2.4 ∗ 3mm = 112.8mm = d f
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ hz = 2.2 ∗ m = 2.2 ∗ 3mm = 6.6mm = hz


 
‫א‬E، d a ‫א‬‫א‬E، d ‫א‬‫א‬EW‫• א‬
 W‫א‬ p ‫א‬E، hz E‫א‬F‫א‬
      
127 120 97 65 35 28 = z
‫א‬
3.5 1.25 2.5 5.5 4 3 = m  mm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ d a ‫א‬‫א‬E، z ‫א‬‫א‬EW‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        
105 132 150 381 136 125 = d  mm ‫א‬
1.75 2.75 2.5 3 2 5 = m  mm ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ p E mm F‫א‬E، m E mm F‫א‬EW‫• א‬

      
105 97 90 75 50 30 = z ‫א‬
630 388 135 60 175 75 = d  mm ‫א‬
- ٢٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٧J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬
24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2,3,4,6,8,12,24 :
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٨J ٢FF‫א‬‫א‬


 E٨J ٢F

، L = 18 ‫א‬  T = 6 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬ nl ‫א‬‫א‬
18
 nl = =3 ‫א‬
6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F 3 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nl ‫א‬‫• א‬
 24 
 24 E 4 E 8 E 6 E12 E T ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E L = 24 F
 3 E

 36 EW L ‫א‬ T E‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 K 60 E 42 E
- ٢٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 6 , 4 , 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12 , 8 ,
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (1)‫א‬
 a = d − d ∗ 0 . 75  a ‫א‬


 (2)‫א‬
d − d ∗ 0.7071
 a=  a ‫א‬
2

(3)‫א‬
d − d ∗ 0.866
 a =  a ‫א‬
2

- ٢٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
(4)‫א‬
d − d ∗ 0.924
 a=  a ‫א‬
2


(5)‫א‬
d − d ∗ 0.966
a=  a ‫א‬
2



- ٢١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬F
‫א‬F40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  40 , 20 , 10 , 8 , 5 , 4 , 240‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 T = 20 ‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬‫א‬
40
 n cr = ‫א‬
T
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬
40
 ncr = = 2 = ncr
20
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
40  =  ncr  ‫א‬‫א‬40 : 1‫א‬‫א‬
 4 = 40 = ncr ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
10
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬32‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬K 1 1 = 1 8 = 32 ÷ 40
4 4 32
،16‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬K4‫א‬‫א‬
16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EE٩J ٨FF‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E٩J ٨F

‫א‬ 6 8 ‫א‬E٩J ٨F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E١٠J ٨F
- ٢١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E١٠J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 EF 30 ‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬EF‫א‬W
40
 n cr = ‫א‬
T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬‫א‬
40 4 13
 ncr = = = 1 = ncr
30 3 39
‫א‬F 39 ‫א‬ 13 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 13E11E9E7EW‫א‬ T ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15‫א‬ •
27E21E18E15EW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K33E
14EW‫א‬ T E‫א‬F‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬‫• א‬
 K100E98E84E78E64E
W‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬‫• א‬

            
48 36 32 28 25 13 =T E‫א‬F‫א‬
18 27 20 49 20 39  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
، hz E‫א‬F‫א‬، d ‫א‬‫א‬، d a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5 = m ‫א‬ 40 = z ‫א‬ No. ‫א‬، b ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ d a = m ∗ ( z + 2) = 1.5mm ∗ 42 = 63mm = d a
‫א‬‫ א‬d = z ∗ m = 40 ∗1.5mm = 60mm = d

E‫א‬F‫א‬ hz = 2.2 ∗ m = 2.2 ∗1.5mm = 3.3mm = hz
‫א‬ b = 10 ∗ m = 10 ∗1.5 = 15mm
 E5435F6 No. 1.5‫א‬ No. ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬ mm 63 =  d a ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ mm1 45‫א‬‫א‬ mm15 =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١J ٨F L1 = L2 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١J ٨F


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ncr ‫א‬‫א‬

 W
،1.5 = m ، 30 = z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 360 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 9 = 360 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
40
- ٢١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
 60 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 38‫א‬، ncr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
a 38 2 12
 ncr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = = =4 =4
9 9 9 54
 K54‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬124‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬، ncr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،f‫א‬،n‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢J ٨F
 E١٢J ٢F

- ٢١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،15
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 a ‫א‬ φ 2  φ1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 φ 2 = φ1 − 2 a

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ T ' E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ T ' − T ‫א‬ T ‫א‬‫א‬ T '
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T '  T ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T '  T ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٨F،‫א‬‫א‬
  
- ٢١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣J ٨F


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ = ncr
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ = T '
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = z a1 + z a 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = z b1 + zb 2
 K‫א‬ = n L
 K‫א‬ = nw
‫א‬E T = 73 F73‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
40
 K ncr = ‫א‬W‫א‬
73
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬73‫א‬‫א‬
  T ' = 80 40‫א‬73‫א‬ E
40
 ncr = '
 ncr = 40 = 10 = E‫א‬F2010
T 80 20
- ٢١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
40 40
 nL = − 
T T'
z a 40 '
 = (T − T ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
zb T '
z a 40 7 z ⋅z 7 ⋅ 2 56 ⋅ 48
 = (80 − 73) =  ⇒  a1 a 2 = = 
z b 80 2 z b1 ⋅ z b 2 4 ⋅ 1 32 ⋅ 24
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24; 28; 30; 32; 36; 37; 40; 48; 48 49; 56; 60;
64; 66; 68; 72; 76; 78; 80; 84; 86; 90; 96; 100;

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K 20 ‫א‬ 10 •
‫א‬EF 7 ⋅ 1
‫א‬‫א‬ •
2 73
 E١٤J ٨FW‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E١٤J ٨F
 
- ٢١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z a 40 '
 = (T − T ) ‫א‬
zb T '
 K n L = 40 − 40 ‫א‬
T T'
 K ncr = 40' E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
T
 W
 K123 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 T = 123  T ' = 120
6 1 40
  18 ‫א‬F = = = ‫א‬
18 3 120
z a 40 ' 40 1 1
 = ' (T − T ) = (120 − 123) = (−3) = − ‫א‬
zb T 120 3 1
24
 −  24 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24
‫א‬،‫א‬ 24 ‫א‬‫א‬ 24 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 T = 123  T ' = 128
5 40
 E16 ‫א‬ 5 F = = = ‫א‬
16 128
z a 40 ' 40 5 25
 = ' (T − T ) = (128 − 123) = (5) = − ‫א‬
zb T 128 16 16
 25 ⇒ z a1 ⋅ z a 2 = 25 ⋅ 1 = 100 ⋅ 20 ‫א‬
16 z b1 ⋅ z b 2 8⋅2 32 ⋅ 40

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ncr ، n L ، z a : z b ‫ א‬K١
  z = 24;28;56;72; ‫א‬ 27 ‫א‬‫א‬ T ' = 120  T = 118 E
 z = 24;48;66;96; ‫א‬ 33 ‫א‬‫א‬ T ' = 110  T = 118 E
- ٢٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ z b 2  z a1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 z a : z b ‫א‬
30
 + E + 4 E − 3 E − 2 E
19 3 2 3
‫ א‬K٣
 K ncr ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K z a : z b ‫א‬‫• א‬
 K zb 2  z a1 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K z = 127  E
K z = 281  E

K 173 E
 K p = 5π ‫א‬، d = 265mm ‫א‬E
- ٢٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 m = 1.5  z = 51 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K da ‫א‬‫א‬
 K d ‫א‬‫א‬
 K hz E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K b ‫א‬
 K No.  z = 51 ‫א‬‫א‬
40
 K ncr = ‫א‬
T'
 K s ‫א‬
 K c ‫א‬
 K 20;19;18;17;16;15; ‫א‬‫א‬
 K100;86;72;64;56;48;44;40;36;32;28;24;24; ‫א‬ z ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ No. = 8 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K z = ∞   z = 135 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K p = m ⋅ π ‫א‬‫א‬ p ‫א‬
p
 K m= ‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬
π
 K‫א‬‫ א‬π 
 K hz = 2.2 ⋅ m E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K pT ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K No. = 8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K f ‫א‬‫א‬ Vc ‫א‬‫א‬J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
p
 = nL = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ hz = 2.2 ⋅ m
pL
  m.m = p ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬J
‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬E١٥J ٢F‫א‬E3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 p  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
2
 K‫א‬ p


 E١٥J ٢F





- ٢٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE١٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٦J ٢F



- ٢٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 36X18  St 37  ‫א‬  1 6
 M6X25    2 5
18X 35  St 37  ‫א‬‫ א‬ 1 4
75X50X20  St 37  ‫ א‬ 1 3
 25X50X50 St 37  ‫ א‬ 1 2
25X50X50  St 37  ‫ א‬ 1 1
mm‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
    

- ٢٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 f ‫א‬‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 1  x ‫א‬


 E1 − b F  E1 − a F
7
 m.m4 = BC = = BC ، ABC ‫א‬
tan 60
 E1 − a F m.m28 = 4 + 24 = x1 ‫א‬∴
d
3
  m.m5.2 = = 2 = s ‫א‬E1 − b F‫א‬
tan 30 tan 60
2
 m.m8.2 = 3 + 5.2 = d 2 + s = s1 ‫א‬∴
 m.m19.8 = 8.2 − 28 = x ‫א‬
- ٢٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 f ‫א‬‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 2  x ‫א‬
d
3
  m.m5.2 = = 2 = s ‫א‬E 2 − b F‫א‬
tan 30 tan 60
2
 m.m8.2 = 3 + 5.2 = d 2 + s = s1 ‫א‬∴
 m.m32.1 = 8.2 + 23.9 = x ‫א‬


- ٢٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E 2 − b F  E 2 − a F


- ٢٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



- ٢٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 [‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬]‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، β ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

 E١٧J ٢F





- ٢٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ = p
 p = tan α ∗ π ∗ d a

 E١٨J ٨F
d ∗π
 K p s = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = p s
z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = p n
 p n = p s ∗ cos β ‫א‬ β ‫א‬
 E١٩J ٢F

 E‫א‬F‫א‬ = p L
mn ∗ z
 d = ms ∗ z = ‫א‬‫א‬ = d
cos β
- ٢٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
d ps
 K ms = = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = ms
z π
‫א‬‫א‬ π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬mn
pn p s ∗ cos β
 K mn = = = m s ∗ cos β ‫א‬‫א‬
π π
T
 K Ti = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Ti
cos β
 K d a = d + 2mn E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ = d a

p
 K tan α = ‫א‬‫א‬ = α
da ∗π
 K tan β = d a ∗ π E β = 90 o − α F‫א‬‫א‬ = β

p
 E٢٠J ٨F

40
 K ncr = ‫א‬ = ncr
T
 K‫א‬ = z a1 ......z b 2
 K i = n : 1 = 40 : 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = n

z a1 ∗ z a 2 za p ∗n
 = = L ‫א‬
z b1 ∗ z b 2 zb p
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24; 28; 32; 36; 40; 44; 48 56; 64; 72; 86; 100;

- ٢٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬، p = 450m.m  d = 40m.m 
‫א‬،‫א‬ n = 40rev ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p L = 6m.m
 K‫א‬E β F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
π ∗d 3.14 ∗ 40
tan β = = = 0.2796
 p 450
∴ β = 15 31′
o
 ‫א‬
z a1 ∗ z a 2 p ∗ n 6 ∗ 40 2 ∗ 4 40 ∗ 32
 = = = =
z b1 ∗ z b 2 p 450 5 ∗ 3 100 ∗ 24
 ‫א‬
z b1 ∗ z b 2 ∗ p L ∗ n 100 ∗ 24 ∗ 6 ∗ 40
 p= = = 450
z a1 ∗ z a 2 40 ∗ 32
 W
″
‫א‬، p = 26 1 4 ≈ 667 m.m  d = 42m.m 
″
 K‫א‬E β F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F p L =1
4

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
π ∗d 3.14 ∗ 42
tan β = = = 0.1977
 p 667
∴ β = 10 o11′
 ‫א‬
1 ∗ 40 1 ∗ 40
z a1 ∗ z a 2 p L ∗n 1 ∗ 40 ∗ 4 8 2 ∗ 4 24 ∗ 32
 = = 4 = 4 = = = =
z b1 ∗ z b 2 p 26 1 105 4 ∗ 105 21 3 ∗ 7 36 ∗ 56
4 4
 ‫א‬
z b1 ∗ z b 2 ∗ p L ∗ n 36 ∗ 56 ∗ 1 ∗ 40 210 ″
 p= = = = 26 1
4
z a1 ∗ z a 2 24 ∗ 32 ∗ 4 8
 
 K β ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
- ٢٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K z a1 ∗ z a 2 ‫א‬E
z b1 ∗ z b 2
 K ncr ‫א‬E
 ٧١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE i = 40 : 1 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 E1′′ = 330 m.m
13
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 T ‫א‬ pL ‫ א‬ p ‫א‬  d 
 6  6m.m  640m.m  50m.m  1
 5  8m.m  800m.m  70m.m  2
 8  5m.m  320m.m  80m.m  3

″
 12  1
4  200m.m  90m.m  4
 25  8m.m  12′′  120m.m  5

″ ″
 17  1
4
 81
4 100m.m  6


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K m.m6 = E‫א‬F‫א‬ = p L
 K m.m160 = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ = p
 K m.m60 = E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ = d a
 K 32 = ‫א‬‫א‬ = T
 
- ٢٣٥ -
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬W
 K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 ‫א‬W

- ٢٣٦ -
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤  K‫ א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨  K‫א‬‫ א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٢  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٣  K‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٦  K‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠١  K‫א‬‫ א‬
  
٢٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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اساسيات عمل الخراطة

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

 E ٢٥F  W‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬ m = 3mm  40 ‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬ d f = d − 2.4 ∗ m = 120mm − 2.4 ∗ 3mm = 112.8mm = d f

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ hz = 2.2 ∗ m = 2.2 ∗ 3mm = 6.6mm = hz

‫א‬‫א‬ d a ‫א‬‫א‬E، z ‫א‬‫א‬EW‫• א‬

1.75 2.75 2.5 3 2 5 = m  mm ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ p E mm F‫א‬E، m E mm F‫א‬EW‫• א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬d = z ∗ m = 40 ∗1.5mm = 60mm = d

 E5435F6 No. 1.5‫א‬ No. ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ z b 2  z a1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 K tan β = d a ∗ π E β = 90 o − α F‫א‬‫א‬ = β

 5  8m.m  800m.m  70m.m  2

 8  5m.m  320m.m  80m.m  3

 25  8m.m  12′′  120m.m  5

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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