Professional Documents
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Roberto Pasqualotto
11 February 2009
roberto.pasqualotto@igi.cnr.it
Roberto Pasqualotto
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OUTLINE
Theory:
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Incoherent Thomson scattering is used for highly localized measurements of the electron
temperature and density in the plasma.
Coherent Thomson scattering yields information on the fast ion population in the plasma and/or
depending on the geometry and wavelength chosen electron density fluctuations.
Interferometry and polarimetry are often combined in a single diagnostics setup to measure the
electron density and the component of the magnetic field parallel to the laser chord.
Density fluctuations can be measured by means of phase contrast imaging, scattering, and various
other laser-aided techniques.
A. J. H. DONN, C. J. BARTH, H. WEISEN - FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 53 FEB. 2008, p.397
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Active diagnostics with lasers as the probing source have a number of distinct merits:
(a) the laser beam can be focused in the plasma, resulting in good spatial resolution;
(b) the measurements do not perturb the plasma because of the relatively small
interaction cross sections;
(c) lasers have a high spectral brightness good signals @ t,x,;
(d) both with pulsed and continuous wave laser systems a good temporal resolution
can be obtained;
(e) the lasers (and in many applications also the detectors) can be positioned far
from the plasma, where they can be more easily maintained.
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ve
or
De
te
ct
What is it?
Laser beam scatters off of
electrons in the plasma
doppler effect gives wavelength
shift
Laser beam
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Thomson Scattering
Scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a charged particle.
The electric and magnetic components of the incident wave
accelerate the particle, which in turn emits radiation in all
directions.
Phenomenon was first explained by J.J.Thomson.
It can be split into coherent and incoherent scattering (more later).
The experimental application of TS as a diagnostic tool had to wait
for the development of high power light sources, e.g., the Qswitched ruby laser in the early 1960s.
Since then, various plasma parameters have been measured by
means of this technique.
The first demonstration of TS as a suitable diagnostic tool for hot
plasmas was given by Peacock et al. in 1969 when they
measured the electron temperature and density in the Russian T3
tokamak.
Further developments: Te and ne along the full plasma diameter,
resolving up to ~ 100 spatial elements with time separations of
~10 s to 10 ms.
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Incident
photon
electron
r
Ei
i
k
Propagation
&
scattering
directions
scattering
angle
Observer
The scattered radiation is frequency shifted as a double Doppler effect takes place, one
in the reception, one in the emission of radiation by the electron:
1. the photon approaching the
moving electron
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i + mic2 = s + msc2
ki + mivi = ks + msvs
where: mi,s = m0/(1-i,s2)
When incident wave has frequency such that
i << mec2
Thomson scattering,
limit effect of Compton Scattering,
s i = = (ks - ki) ve = k ve
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In the TS limit
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Not relativistic
Compton scattering
i << mec2
1 eV << 0.5 MeV
1 eV energy of a photon with = 1 m
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with
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When
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Standard geometry:
90 scattering
(s Ei)
Eur.PhD Fusion: Thomson scattering
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Incident intensity
Is the Thomson scattering cross section
Scattered power 1/m2 in a plasma contribution from the ions is negligible :
m_e = 10-32 kg
m_p = 10-27 kg
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from Sheffield
relativistic
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TS from a plasma
Total E given by contribution from each electron:
Average scattered power
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TS from a plasma
incoherent
2
=
k
coherent
2
=
k
For hot plasma with medium density (Te = 1 keV; ne= 1019 1020 m-3)
using visible or NIR laser and with scattering angle 90:
< 0.001
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Incoherent TS
Electron velocity distribution function f(v)
Electron contained in
Contribute to total scattered power per unit volume,
in frequency range
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Incoherent TS
Thermal equilibrium: Maxwel distribution
Assuming relativistic effects negligible
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Incoherent TS
Te
3
2
ne
Visible or IR laser
0
-10
~ 90 geometry
-5
Laser-
Ps_plasma = Ps_e n V
where
A
l
W0 = <I0> A:
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10
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Modulation
distinguishable
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Scattered Spectra
Spectral Intensity
Electron density, ne
Scattering angle, scat
Laser wavelength, 0
Electron temperature, Te
Selden-Matoba, =180o
0.5keV
5keV
10keV
20keV
40keV
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Normalised Wavelength
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Laser
(pulse)
Plasma
A spectrometer
disperses the light
Collection
optics
A set of detectors
collects the light
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Experimental issues
Critical aspects:
- low cross section
- low collection angle
- detection of the scattered radiation
Define the
spatial resolution
(<1 cm)
N TS
photons
N inc
photons
= 1013
Background noise:
- plasma light: broadband radiation
- stray light from baffles and dumps:
monochromatic radiation (at the laser
wavelength)
One of the most fundamental but critical diagnostics in fusion experiments
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Detected signal
Detected power, over entire spectrum:
0.1 keV
0.5 keV
1 keV
2 keV
10 keV
0.02
a.u.
0.015
l = 10 mm
0.01
# photoelectrons
detected/channel:
Fraction of spectrum detected by
i-th spectral channel: 10-20 %
0.005
800
850
900
950
1000
wavelength (nm)
1050
1100
102 5x103
Balanced # of spectral channels: low to maximise signal, high to maximise resolution (min 2)
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1150
Signal errors
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0.025
Signal simulation
0.1 keV
0.5 keV
1 keV
2 keV
10 keV
0.02
a.u.
0.015
0.01
Npe
Npe
0.005
ch.3
800
850
900
950
1000
wavelength (nm)
1050
1100
1150
ch.2
ch.1
ch.4
CORE
EDGE
(%)
ch.4
(%)
Te
21
Te
ne
ne
keV
keV
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Nd:YLF
1053n
m
Ch 4
Normalized transmission
Ch 3
Ch 2
Ch 1
TS
spectrum
3.51019m-3
50 eV
19
310 m
-3
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1000 eV
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The dependence
of signal on the
pressure gives the
abs. cal.
- Laser misalignment
- plasma deposition on
collection window (may
influence also relative
calibration)
Rayleigh
scattering
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Calculation of Te & ne
Yi = measured signal of channel-i
yi = theoretical signal of channel-i,
given Te, ne
i = experimental errors
B 1/Te
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Calculation of Te & ne
only depends on Te
non linear minimization
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Realising a TS System
Lasers
Spectral Calibration
Plasma Measurement
Density Calibration
Scattering
Collection of Light
Spectral Analysis
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Results
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laser
Most present TS experiments employ Q-switched ruby or Nd:YAG lasers as the source.
The ruby laser operating at 694.3 nm produces outputs up to 25 J in 15 ns
However, their repetition rate is usually rather low: 5 Hz (1 J / pulse).
When more than several pulses per minute are required, an intracavity ruby laser can produce a burst of
high-energy pulses (~15 J/pulse, t ~ s) with a repetition rate of ~10 kHz (see Textor).
Ruby lasers are usually employed in systems where good spatial resolution is preferred above a high
time resolution.
The most frequently used system for periodic TS measurements is based on the application
of Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1064 nm, with outputs of ~1 J, 15 ns and a repetition rate of 20 to 50 Hz.
Combining a set of lasers the repetition rate can be increased.
The beam divergence of both types of lasers is ~0.3 to 1.0 mrad. The polarization of the laser beam is
chosen perpendicular to the scattering plane. The high laser powers require special precautions for the
used optics. Laser beam diameters should be kept large enough such that for 15-ns pulses the energy
density is below the damage threshold of ~5-10 J/cm2.
Transmitting surfaces need to be coated and tilted with respect to the beam propagation to
Prevent losses and back-reflected light entering the laser system again. Furthermore, curved
transmission optics should have concave entrance surfaces, to prevent focusing of the back-reflected
beams (which might lead locally to very high power densities).
Other types of pulsed lasers (e.g., Ti:Sapphire and Alexandrite lasers) have been proposed for TS (e.g.,
for ITER). Nevertheless, there are not yet applications of these sources to present devices.
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mode selection
aperture
etalon output
coupler R =
45 steering mirror
E = 35 mJ (2 x 20 mJ)
E = 1 J (2 x 0.75 J)
E = 15 J (2 x 12 J)
E = 10 J (2 x 7 J)
Amp. 2
Amp. 3
8 x 5/8" ruby
4" x 22.5 mm ruby
4 flashlamps
4 flashlamps
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Amp. 1
8 x 3/8" ruby
4 flashlamps
spatial
filter
300 m
pinhole
F = 67 cm lens
7 mW HeNe
45 steering mirror
F = 30 cm lens
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laser
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Collection optics
Scattered light is collected after passing a vacuum window and subsequently relayed to a
spectrometer. Because of the low scattering yield, the transmission of the collection and relay
optics should be of course as high as possible.
In devices with hot plasmas, a shutter is required between the plasma and the window to reduce
deposition of all kinds of materials on the inner window surface during the times the diagnostic is
not in use.
Various kinds of optics are used to collect the scattered light. These systems are used to guide the
TS light to the spectrometer. Basically, there are two possible ways to guide the scattered light
from the plasma to the detection system: via flexible fibers and via conventional optics
(lenses and mirrors).
The main advantage of fibers above conventional optics is that the linear etendue of the source can
be matched to that of the detector, albeit at the cost of reduced spectral resolution. For this purpose
the fiber array is rearranged such that the slit height is reduced and the slit width increased, for
example, by a factor of 2. As a result, the usable solid angle of the collection lens increases by a
factor of 4.
However, for TS diagnostics at small-sized plasma devices where the detection system can be
positioned relatively close to the plasma (10m), conventional optics gives a better transmission
(up to a factor of 3) than fiber optics. For systems with a comparable length of the optical path
from collection lens to spectrometer, e.g., the multiposition TS systems of JFT-2M and RTP, the
overall transmission is larger for systems using conventional relay optics (RTP: 25%) than for
those using fiber optics (JFT-2M: 7%).
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fibres
The major contributions to the losses in fiber-optic systems are the core-cladding ratio,
the packing fraction, the attenuation, input and output reflection losses, and an increase
of the exit cone. For fiber-optic arrays, transmissions of ~55% and even higher have
been reported.
Despite the lower transmission, fiber-optic systems have to be preferred when the
scattered light needs to be relayed over longer distances (e.g., to get outside the
biological shield of the plasma device). To bridge long distances with conventional
optics would require many large-sized lenses and mirrors, resulting in a low transmission
as well.
NA = 0.37
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Spectral analysis
Mainly two different techniques to disperse the scattered light are in use for TS systems: filter and
grating spectrometers.
In filter spectrometers, the scattered light is separated into different wavelength bands by means of
a cascade of interference filters. The number of separate wavelength channels in these systems is
usually rather limited (three to eight channels), and therefore, the interpretation of the data relies on
the assumption of a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution in the plasma.
In grating spectrometers a grating is used for dispersing the scattered light. Both mechanically
and holographically ruled gratings are used for this purpose. In this case, the number of independent
spectral channels can be quite large: up to 80 for the TVTS system on TEXTOR. In case of good
photon statistics, this enables one to determine the shape of the Maxwellian distribution.
To prevent the residual of the vessel stray light from disturbing the TS spectrum, the laser
wavelength should be carefully filtered out after dispersion has taken place. This can be done by
blocking the laser wavelength, by reflecting light at this wavelength away from the detector, or by
focusing it onto a special detector. Both filter and grating spectrometers have typical stray light
rejection ratios of 10-4 to 10-5.
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Spectral analysis
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input fiber
optic bundle
entrance
slit
7600
5400
flat
spectral
plane
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Scattered light is collected by an F/19 achromatic doublet (item 3) and guided to a Littrow polychromator
where the light is detected after dispersion. A field lens (item 4) and a spherical mirror (item 8) serve for pupil imaging.
The Littrow lens ~F/12.5 (item 6) collimates the incoming light beams and focuses the dispersed light at the two-part
mirror (item 8), giving a two dimensional image (, z). This image is projected onto the GaAsP cathode ~18% tube
efficiency of a 25 mm image intensifier by means of a Canon 50 mm, F/0.95 TV objective. Finally, the phosphor screen
of the intensifier is imaged at the cathode of two ICCD cameras (item 13) by a coupling lens system that consists
of three F/1.2 Rodenstock objectives (item 11) and a beam splitter (item 12). Double pulse operation is feasible with this
system. Light emitted by the phosphor screen of the GaAsP image intensifier (item 10) and generated by the first
laser pulse is recorded by one ICCD camera by gating it open during 20 s. The second ICCD camera is gated open
at the moment of the second laser pulse, again during 20 s. Time separation is typically 100800 s. The ICCD
integration time is made 20 s to keep the overlap of the two pulses as small as possibel (~ 7% for 100 s separation).
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Gated acquisition
delay
Plasma light +
TS pulse + Stray pulse
delay
Plasma light
Fluctuation only
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position (1-10)
VMCP
ePhotons
ee-
Photochathode
-
Vanode
MCP
Anode
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Photocathodes
R&D
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main TS at RFX
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28 filters+APD
polychormators
4 spectral channels
3 positions/spectrometer
70ns 70ns
-
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Polychromator
Objects
Z-pos
adjustable
Field
Imaged on filters
Imaged on detectors
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Upgraded TS diagnostic
TS su RFX
TS su RFX-mod
Improvement
Time
resolution
1 profile per
discharge
10 profile per
discharge (<50Hz)
Spatial
resolution
10 points
8cm
84 points
1cm
gated signals
raw signals
0.5GHz
Acquisition
system
RFX
RFX
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RFX-mod
RFX-mod
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19532 @ 95ms
19532 @ 45ms
600
400
stochastic
plasma core
partially
ordered
plasma core
200
0
-400
-200
0
200
Radius (mm)
400
Tomographic
reconstruction of
SXR emissivity
(pressure) profile in
a poloidal section
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Double-foil Te in 2D
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HRTS at JET
Similar to the Main
TS on RFX-mod
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lens
Vacuum
window
Paraboloidal
mirrors
& fibres
(126)
Laser beam
Scattering
volume
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2. Imaging optics
double vacuum window, 192 mm diam, F/25
imaging lens and 2 motorised mirrors
the lens images scattering volumes to West
Wall
first
mirro
r
Fiber
Paraboloidal
mirror
second
mirror
lens
fibres
Vacuum window
192 mm diam
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2. Laser
Nd:YAG (=1064 nm) laser from Quantel (France):
2 beams vertically displaced
E = 2.5 J / beam
Repetition rate 20 Hz
Full remote control
Beams profile
Burnspot on paper
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2. Polychromators
21 filter polychromators with avalanche photodiodes (APD)
from GA / PPPL
4 spectral channels
Two sets of filters: 7 for the edge (Te = 30 eV - 3 keV)
14 for the core (Te = 0.2-15 keV)
750
850
950
APD + amplif
Lens +
interf filter
core
650
7 fibers bundle
1050
nm
edge
800
900
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1000
1100 nm
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2. Acquisition system
Waveform recorders (oscilloscopes):
AC output (TS) into 1 GS/s, 150 MHz, 8 bit.
DC output (plasma background) recorded at 1kHz, 12 bits.
Data acquired between laser shots : real time acquisition
3 positions / polychromator with optical delay lines:
2 fibres/position (15-20 mm spatial resolution)
20 m
20 + 30 m (150 ns)
20 + 60 m (300 ns)
ns
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4. Project schedule
2001 2002
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2006
2007 2008
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Spectrometer 16 (core)
ch1
TS signals
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White stray
from inner wall
(dump)
Spectrometer 7 (edge)
Raman in
air
ch2
TS signals
ch1
ch2
ch3
ch3
ch4
ch4
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Delay lines
configurations
20 m
20 + 30 m (150 ns delay)
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ch1
ch1
ch2
ch2
ch3
ch3
ch4
ch4
20 m
20 + 30 m (150 ns delay)
20 + 60 m (300 ns delay)
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ne
Te
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4. Damaged optics
Laser produces
2 beams,
vertically displaced.
Burnspots:
2 lens, damaged
If last amplifier doesnt work:
beam divergence is changed
and beam focuses on 2nd lens
because each amplifier has a
thermal lensing effect on the
beam
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Laser
NORMAL
Laser
FAULTY
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5. Position calibration
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average separation=8 mm
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LIDAR
HRTS
Single profiles are now of good quality
1.5 cm sampling resolution
across full profile
Temperature
LIDAR
HRTS
Density
Spatial profile
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5. Time evolution
HRTS
LIDAR
Electron Density
HRTS
LIDAR
ECE
Electron Temperature
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5. Profile comparison
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5. Diagnostics comparison
ne: HRTS vs reflectometer
Agreement with
preliminary data from KG8A
is also good
1.7MA/1.8T
r/a
KK3 pre-ELM (shifted 8 cm)
(see movie)
HRTS pre-ELM
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5.
Rlcfs= C+1/2
Pe (kPa)
20
10
0
3.7
3.8
3.9
discrepancy (cm)
R_LCFS (m)
EFIT
3.83
3.82
3.81
0.5
HRTS
(single
profile fits)
ROG sweep
3.8
1.0
73344
0
-0.5
-1.0
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Time (s)
At start of campaign the position was not right and the profile was shifted to match LCFS.
But technique was validated when we had absolute calibration in 2007
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5. Edge filaments
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TS laser
Released energy and particle
may damage plasma facing
components
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R a (2)
X=
a (3)
Pedestal parameters
2a(3) : width
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a(1)+a(5) : height
a(1)/a(3) : slope
Eur.PhD Fusion: Thomson scattering
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relaxed
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RFX: edge TS
Why an edge TS on
RFX-mod?
Main TS
Edge TS
- Time resolution: 1 shot per pulse with a Ruby laser (7J @ 694nm, 30ns at FWHM);
- Spatial resolution: 1 cm resolution on 12 measuring points;
- Dispersion system: Intensified CCD spectrometer measuring from few eV to 500eV;
- Novelty: the input system and collection window are on the same mechanical structure:
easier alignment
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RFX-mod
- Profiles @ 50Hz;
- 84 spatial points @ 10mm;
- Te = 20 1500eV and ne > 1019m-3.
RFX
Plasma
Vessel wall
Ruby laser
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Input system
The entrance port hosts the
input system & the collection
window stable alignment.
Vacuum
chamber
Pin-hole
4
1
Ruby laser
beam
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Collection system
Schematic top view
He-Ne laser to
trace the path
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The spectrometer
E
D
A
I.I.
F
G
Fiber
bundle
K
CCD
Energy
monitor fiber
A: 4x4 fiber pattern
B G K : camera lenses
C: four square lenses f = 400mm
I.I: Image Intensifier, 25mm
I.I.
controller
CCD
controller
Transmission
functions
2eV
500eV
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Double-pass system
Number of bursts
Number of pulses
Number of back and
forth passes per pulse
Lens-spher. mirror space
Effective cavity length
Pulse probing energy
Pulse probing power
Total probing energy
Pulse duration
Pulse interval
Beam divergence
Beam chord in plasma
Probing region diameter
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Achieved
1
10-12
10
8.5 m
18 m
12-23 J
6-12 MW
150-220 J
0.002 ms
0.200 ms
0.7 mrad
900 mm
2-5 mm
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TS spectrum
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Density profiles
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LIDAR
Plasma
r
Lase pulse)
rt
(sho
Mirror
labyrinth
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LIDAR
Spatial resolution means short pulse lasers and fast detectors are
required e.g. ITER requires ~7cm
Laser
Pulse
Plasma,
Length L
Scattered
Light
Scattered
Light
Note that the profile length in time is dt=2L/C.
Effectively 15cm/ns!
Detector and laser response defines spatial resolution
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LIDAR
Thomson Scattering
Principle
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Scattered signals
at different times
Gives Te and ne at
different positions
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LIDAR
er
s
a
L
ne
Te
Collection
optics
.t
c
=
Space resolution:
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tdaq= 400ps
x= 12 cm
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LIDAR at JET
KE1 was the first TS on JET, ready nearly from the
start of operation in 1983.
The temperature measurement on JET were based
mostly on ECE. TS was required to keep it honest.
The KE1 system was designed with this in mind
and the fact it was only single point improved S/N
in any case as the laser could be more focussed.
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LIDAR at JET
The idea of LIDAR was around at the
Varenne meeting i 1982
Fortuitously it required only minor changes of
KE1 to implement the system
LIDAR improves S/N by a factor >100 from
the shorter integration time. This factor is
reduced by ~ 10 due to a larger etendue
required.
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Flux surfaces
ne (x1019m-3)
10
Mapping
increases spatial
resolution
0
Rmid
ser
La ht
D
ig
9
KE -of-s
e
lin
ne
0
(x1
-3 )
19 m
10
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JET boundary
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Electron temperatures in ITER of up to 40keV and densities of up to several times 1020 m-3 are
expected. Thomson Scattering is a proven technique for making these measurements.
Successful deployment of such a system requires that all components maintain adequate
performance throughout the lifetime of the experiment. The parameters accessed by ITER lead
to very different operating conditions from existing devices. These range from a high dose
neutron environment to in-vacuum mirrors and the extremely long plasma discharges.
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ITER LIDAR
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Laser
Beam
dump
Mirrors
Large mirrors
collect suitable
amount of light
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A possible
solution for
ITER LIDAR
2007, ~92inch
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Laser Options/Requirements
Nd:YAG (1064nm)
Nd:YAG second harmonic (532nm)
Ruby(694nm)
Ti:Sapphire (~800nm)
Nd:YLF (1056nm)
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Laser System
Laser specifications
wavelength~ ~1.06microns (1 +2 +cal )
laser energy ~5J/pulse
laser pulse ~250-300ps
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Scattered Spectrum
7
Scattered Spectra
Spectral Density
Selden-Matoba, =180o
0.5keV
5keV
10keV
20keV
40keV
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Normalised Wavelength
0.5
Quantum Efficiency
GaAsP
NIR region
( > 850 nm)
0.4
GaAs
0.3
0.2
S-25
0.1
0
200
400
600
800
Wavelength [nm]
1000
Nd:YAG
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1200
Core detectors
Upper: The Thomson scattering spectrum for an input wavelength of 1064 nm and a scattering angle q =
180, calculated at 5 different plasma temperatures.
Lower: examples of the spectral quantum efficiency of visible photo-cathodes available for LIDAR TS.
12
10
0.2 keV
8
6
1 keV
4
2
10 keV
40 keV
5 keV
0
200
0.5
400
600
800
1000
Nd:YAG
1200
Quantum Efficiency
GaAsP
NIR region
( > 850 nm)
0.4
GaAs
0.3
0.2
S-25
0.1
0
200
400
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600
800
Wavelength [nm]
1000
Nd:YAG
1200
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Variation of
Luminescence with
Wavelength for Various
Glasses
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Motivation
First mirror
100
Reflectivity (%)
90
80
Cu
Mo
Rh
70
SS
60
50
40
30
500
1000
1500 2000
Wavelength (nm)
High price of the raw material calls for developing thin film technology:
Magnetron sputtering (Vacuum deposition technique)
1Handbook
of optical constants of solids, ed. E.D. Palik, Acad. Press, 1985 and 1991
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Dielectric mirrors
Broadband Dielectric
Max size now <100mm
Protected Aluminium
to compare
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Lasers
Study of short pulse high rep rate Nd:YAG lasers for scattering needs
to be carried out (both 1st and 2nd harmonic)
2nd Harmonic will generally have half the energy and half the
photons!
Ruby has been demonstrated to work but the repetition rate is a
problem
Now to have a brief look at the TiS option
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Port Plug
F/18
F/12
F/6
Separate Laser path
(Fold not shown)
Detector 18mm
4.2m
6.2m
8.2m
11.2m
14.8m
Using this approach, one can optimise the mirrors for the laser and collection separately.
This would require a small hole in the back of the First mirror (<5cm diameter)
Can we have dual laser dielectric mirrors situated at the back of the port duct that will be robust?
Note: Expect 6x1011neutrons/cm2/s First mirror, this would be down by at least a factor of 5 at
first laser mirror (window position is being studied)
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2
e
1 i
1 2 f ( ) (k v )d 3
1 s
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(1 cos )
d P
= re2 Si d 3r 1
(1 i )(1 s )
d s d s
2
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Laser Reliability
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EU-Core TS (LIDAR)
Electron
Temperature
Electron Density
Spatial
range
r/a<0.9
Parameter range
Space
resolution
a/30
Accuracy
0.5-40keV
Time
resolution
10ms
r/a<0.9
3x1019 to 3x1020m-3
10ms
a/30
5%
10%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
R (m)
7.0
7.5
8.0
7.5
8.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
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5.5
6.0
6.5
R(m)
7.0
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10
F/6
2100
4200
50
F/17
110
For the relay-optics there is a balance between size-of-the-components and the total number-ofcomponents. Task is to re-image M4 by a relay and keeping every link in the chain identical.
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NIR detectors
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NIR detectors
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NIR detectors
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LIDAR System
Concepts
1.2.0.0.0
Laser
Systems
1.3.0.0.0
Collection
Optics
1.4.0.0.0
Laser Path
Optics
1.5.0.0.0
Control &
Acquisition
1.6.0.0.0
LIDAR
Port Engineering
1.7.0.0.0
LIDAR
Services
1.8.0.0.0
Interfaces &
Integrated Testing
1.9.0.0.0
Key Project
Milestones
1.1.1.0.0
Overall Cluster
Co-ordination
1.2.1.0.0
Lasers
1.3.1.0.0
Collection
Optical Design
1.4.1.0.0
Laser Path
Optical Design
1.5.1.0.0
Control System
Interface Definition
1.6.1.0.0
Shutters
1.7.1.0.0
Water
Services
1.8.1.0.0
LIDAR
Interfaces
1.9.1.0.0
Key Project
Deliverables
1.1.2.0.0
Performance
Analysis
1.2.2.0.0
Laser
Layout
1.3.2.0.0
Collection
Windows
1.4.2.0.0
Laser
Windows
1.5.2.0.0
Control
System
1.6.2.0.0
Labyrinth
1.7.2.0.0
Interspace
Vacuum
1.8.2.0.0
Mock-up
Facility
1.9.2.0.0
Key ITER
Milestones & IPL
1.1.3.0.0
LIDAR
Neutronics
1.2.3.0.0
Laser Beam
Combiner
1.3.3.0.0
In-Vacuum
Collection Mirrors
1.4.3.0.0
Plasma Facing
Laser Mirrors
1.5.3.0.0
Acquisition
System
1.6.3.0.0
LIDAR
Power
1.8.3.0.0
Basic Mock-up
Tests
1.9.3.0.0
Overall
Management
1.1.4.0.0
Scattering
Theory
1.2.4.0.0
Ex-Vacuum
Collection Optics
1.4.4.0.0
Other Laser
Mirrors
1.5.4.0.0
LIDAR
Instrumentation
1.6.4.0.0
Spectrometer
Area
1.8.4.0.0
Tokamak
Tests
1.9.4.0.0
Safety & HP
Management
1.1.5.0.0
R&D
Tasks
1.2.5.0.0
Collection Optics
Mechanical Design
1.4.5.0.0
Laser Path
Mechanical Design
1.5.5.0.0
Safety
Interlocks
1.6.5.0.0
Bioshield
1.7.5.0.0
Laser
Room
1.8.5.0.0
Final System
Testing
1.9.5.0.0
Risk
Management
1.1.6.0.0
Radiation
Effects Data
1.2.6.0.0
Spectrometer
System
1.4.6.0.0
Beam
Dump
1.5.6.0.0
Safety
System
1.6.6.0.0
BSM
Penetrations
1.7.6.0.0
Port Cell/
Interspace
1.8.6.0.0
System Assembly
& Dis-assembly
1.9.6.0.0
Quality
Management
1.1.7.0.0
Remote
Handling
1.2.7.0.0
Detectors
1.4.7.0.0
Alignment
System
1.5.7.0.0
Item
Test Unit
1.2.8.0.0
Alignment
System
1.4.8.0.0
Calibration
System
1.5.8.0.0
Engineering
Analysis
1.2.9.0.0
Calibration
System
1.4.9.0.0
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EM Analysis for
In-Port Comp.
1.7.7.0.0
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