Decision support tool (SEEDT TLCalc)

1. Description
TLCalc (Transformer Losses Calculator) is an interactive tool developed by SEEDT.
The aim of this tool is to compare two distribution transformers (DTs) regarding both
economical and environmental point of view. The compare is achieved after
calculations using financial, electrical and environmental parameters. The result is a
side-by-side presentation of calculations of each transformer. The TLCalc tool indents
to help DT users, buyers and others to see the benefits of a low losses DT compared
with other old or normal-to-high losses transformer.

2. Using TLCalc
2.1 Reaching the tool
TLCalc can be found on SEEDT website (http://seedt.ntua.gr) at the main menu with
the title TLCalc as shown on Fig 1. The main screen of the tool is shown on Fig 2.

Fig 1 SEEDT main menu with TLCalc button highlighted.

Fig 2 The main screen of TLCalc. The fields are filled with example values

2.2 Data input

In order to operate properly, several data must be entered to the available fields of the
tool. All types of data are explained below with the corresponding figures.

2.2.1 Technical data

In the first step several technical data must be inserted (Fig 3). The column named
Existing DT concern to the distribution transformer that is about to be compared
with a new one. In proportion the second column concern to the new transformer. The
available fields of this section and a short explanation are below:
Rated Power: The rated power of each transformer. Transformers of different
rated power can also be compared
Non load losses: The non load losses given by the manufacturer of the
transformers.
Load losses: The load losses given by the manufacturer of the transformers.
Extra losses: The percent of DT current that corresponds to extra losses.
(optional, set 0 if unknown).
Stray losses: The percent of DT current that corresponds to stray losses.
(optional, set 0 if unknown).
Purchase cost: The purchase cost of each transformer. The users can use this
field in order to obtain a possible maximum expense for buying a new
transformer.

Fig 3 Input fields for the technical data

2.2.2 Economical data

In the second step some economical data must be inserted (Fig 4). The available fields
of this section and a short explanation are below:
Rate of interest: The current rate of interest.

Calculation Period: The period that will be used for the calculations.
Energy price: The current energy price.

Fig 4 - Input fields for the economical data

2.2.3 Environmental data

In the third step the environmental data must be inserted (Fig 5). The available fields
of this section and a short explanation are below:
CO2 emissions cost: The cost of one tone of CO2 emission as defined by the
Kyoto protocol.
CO2 emissions per kWh: The amount of CO2 emitted from the production of
one kWh (different in each country, region or electrical network).

Fig 5 - Input fields for the environmental data

2.2.4 Loading data

In the forth step a description of usage of the DTs must be inserted (Fig 6). These data
concern both transformers. The available fields of this section and a short explanation
are below:
Annual average load: The average load that is expected on the transformers
on the first year.
Power Factor of average load: The power factor that is related to the average
load.
Power Factor of peak load: The power factor that is related to the peak load.
Expected annual increase of the load: The expected presentence of annual
load increase. A negative load means decrease of load
Equivalent time of peak load utilization: The equivalent time of peak load
utilization in hours in one year

Fig 6 - Input fields for the loading data

2.2.4 Harmonic profile

In the final step the harmonic profile of the load must be defined (Fig 7). These data
also concern both transformers. The load must be described by the harmonics up to
the 15th. Each harmonic is given as a presentence of the fundamental.

Fig 7 - Input fields for the loading data

2.3 Calculation results

The screen of the calculation results is shown on Fig 8. The results are arranged sideby-side in two columns (one for each transformer) in order to be easy to compare
them. Similar to input data, the results are divided into sections as described below

Fig 8 The calculation results screen

2.3.1 Energy losses

In the first section all the results concerning the energy are presented (Fig 9). Each
row of the section and a short explanation are below:
Non load losses: The losses that are related to non load losses for the defined
calculation period.
Load losses: The losses that are related to load losses for the defined
calculation period.
Additional losses: The losses that are related to extra and stray losses for the
defined calculation period.

Fig 9 Energy losses results

2.3.2 Annual cost of losses

In the second section the energy losses results are transformed to cost losses (Fig 10).
Each row of the section and a short explanation are below:
Non load losses: The cost of non load losses in one year.
Load losses: The cost of load losses in one year.

Fig 10 Annual cost of losses results

2.3.3 Emissions
In the third section the total CO2 emissions are calculated for one year and for both
transformers (Fig 11).

Fig 11 CO2 emissions results

2.3.4 Capitalized costs

In the fourth section all some financial results are presented (Fig 12). Each row of the
section and a short explanation are below:
Cost of non load losses: The capitalized losses cost related to non load losses
for the defined calculation period.
Cost of load losses: The capitalized losses cost related to load losses for the
defined calculation period.
Cost of additional losses: The capitalized losses cost related to extra and stray
losses for the defined calculation period.
Total costs: The summarized costs each transformer.

Fig 12 Capitalized costs results

2.3.4 Evaluation figures

In the final section some evaluation figures are presented (Fig 13). Each row of the
section and a short explanation are below:
Capitalized cost of NLL per Watt: The capitalized cost of non load losses
for the defined calculation period expressed in Euros per Watt.
Capitalized cost of LL per Watt: The capitalized cost of load losses for the
defined calculation period expressed in Euros per Watt.
Payback period: The payback period in case of selecting the second
transformer instead of the first.
Internal rate of return: The internal rate of return of the investment in case
of selecting the second transformer.

Fig 13 Capitalized costs results

You can find it here

(http://seedt.ntua.gr/dnl/SEEDTTLCalc.zip)

3. TLCalc Formulas
Below are all the formulas used by the TLCalc interactive tool.

Annual Energy Losses, (KWh):

Annual No-Load Losses = 8760 (NLL), where:
- NLL, non load losses(KW).
- 8760, total hours per year.
Annual Load Losses =
= (Total Current) (1 - Extra Losses - Stray Losses) (LL) av 2 8760, where:
-Total Current, see below.
-LL, load losses (KW).
-Extra Losses & Stray Losses (%).
Sav
- av
, where Sav (Annual average load) and Sn the rated power of the
Sn
DT ( KVA).
Annual Additional Losses =
= (Pfactor WindingsExtra Losses + Pfactor StrayStray Losses) (LL) av 2 8760,
where:
-Pfactor Windings & Pfactor Stray, see below.
Annual Total Losses =
= Annual (No-Load Losses + Load Losses + Additional Losses)
Annual Cost of Losses ():
Cost of No-Load Losses =
= (Annual No-Load Losses) (Ce + CO2ep) / 1000, where: CO2ep = CO2ec CO2epK
Cost of Load Losses =
= (Annual Load Losses + Annual Additional Losses) (Ce + CO2ep) / 1000
Annual CO2 Emissions (tn) =
= (Annual Total Losses) CO2epK / 1000
Evaluation figures , (/W):

8760 (Ce + CO2ec CO2epK) (1 + i)n - 1

=
1000000
i (1 + i)n

 = s

s (Ce + CO2ec CO2 epK)

1000000

(1 + i)n - (1 + r)2n

(1 + r)2

(1 + i) - (1 + r)2

(1 + i)n

for r=0, is:

(r=0) = s

s (Ce + CO2ec CO2epK) (1 + i)n - 1

1000000
i (1 + i)n
Sav 8760 cos av
Sn Ts cos s

Ss
Sn

Ts
8760
8760

av 8760 cos av
Ts cos s

1,7

Capitalized Cost ():

Cc = PC + A Po + B P, where:
-PC, DTs purchase cost.
-Po, Non load losses in Watt (W).
-P, Load losses in Watt (W).
-, in / W.
Capitalized Cost of No-Load Losses =
= (NLL)

8760 (Ce + CO2ec CO2epK) (1 + i) n 1

1000
i (1 + i)n

Capitalized Cost of Load Losses =

= (Total Current) (1 - Extra Losses - Stray Losses) (LL)
s

(Ce + CO2ec CO2epK)

1000

(1 + i)n - (1 + r)2n

(1 + r)2

(1 + i) - (1 + r)2

(1 + i)n

Capitalized Cost of Additional =

= (Pfactor Windings Extra Losses + Pfact or Stray Stray Losses) (LL)
s

(Ce + CO2ec CO2epK)

1000

(1 + i)n - (1 + r)2n

(1 + r)2

(1 + i) - (1 + r)2

(1 + i)n

Total Capitalized Cost =

= (Purchase Cost) + (Capitalized Cost of No-Load Losses) +
+ (Capitalized Cost of Load Losses) + (Capitalized Cost of Additional Losses)

Payback Period (years):

Payback Time =

(Annual Total Losses)1

1000 (PC2 PC1 )

,
(Annual Total Losses)2 (Ce + CO2ec CO2epK)

Harmonics:
25

h 2k

Total Current = 1
k 2

25

h 2k k 2

Pfactor Windings = 1
k 2
25

h 2k k 0,8

Pfactor Stray = 1
k 2