Report 1 Final

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING
CONTENTS
SL NO.
CHAPTER
PAGE NO.
PREAMBLE
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Overview
1.3
Basic Block Diagram
PROJECT PLANNING
2.1
Activities and Gantt Chart
10
2.2
Milestones and Targets
11
2.3
Work Execution
12
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1
Network Coding Schemes
14
3.1.1
Traditional Scheme(TS)
15
3.1.2
Straightforward Network Coding(SNC)
15
3.1.3
Physical-Layer Network Coding(PNC)
16
3.2
Digital Modulation Techniques
17
3.2.1
Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK)
17
3.2.2
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)
19
3.3
Software
3.3.1
MatLab
22
3.3.2
Simulink
22
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1
PNC
4.1.1
PNC using BPSK
24
4.1.2
PNC using QPSK
30
4.2
BER Analysis and Throughput
4.2.1
Bit Error Rate
36
4.2.2
Algorithms for BER Analysis
37
Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC
SL NO.
CHAPTER
PAGE NO.
4.2.3
Algorithm for Throughput
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
PNC using BPSK
40
5.2
PNC using QPSK
43
5.3
BER comparison for BPSK, QPSK and PNC
47
5.4
Throughput comparison
48
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1
Conclusion
50
6.2
Future Scope
50
REFERENCES
51
APPENDIX
53
38
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
NAME
PAGE NO.
1.1
Basic block diagram
2.1
Gantt chart
10
2.2
Milestones and targets set
11
2.3
Milestones and targets achieved
11
3.1
Traditional Scheme
15
3.2
Straightforward Network Coding
16
3.3
Physical-Layer Network Coding
16
3.4
BPSK transmitter
18
3.5
BPSK receiver
18
3.6
BPSK Modulation
19
3.7
QPSK transmitter
20
3.8
QPSK receiver
21
3.9
QPSK modulation
21
4.1
Complete Simulink model for PNC using BPSK
26
4.2
Simulink model for BPSK modulation
28
4.3
Simulink model for mapper at relay
29
4.4
Simulink model for BPSK demodulation
29
4.5
Simulink model for XOR operation performed at the nodes
30
4.6
Simulink model for PNC using QPSK
33
4.7
Simulink model for even and odd bits generation
34
4.8
Simulink model for QPSK modulation
34
4.9
Simulink Model for Mapper at the relay
35
4.10
Simulink model for QPSK demodulation
35
4.11
Simulink Model for XOR operation performed at the nodes
36
5.1
BPSK modulation at node 1
40
5.2
BPSK modulation at node 2
40
5.3
Received data at relay
41
5.4
Mapping process outputs
41
5.5
BPSK demodulation
42
FIGURE NO.
NAME
PAGE NO.
5.6
Output at node 1
42
5.7
Output at node 2
43
5.8
Iphase and qphase components at node 1
43
5.9
Iphase and qphase components at node 2
44
5.10
Mapped iphase output
44
5.11
Mapped qphase output
45
5.12
Iphase demodulation
45
5.13
Qphase demodulation
46
5.14
Output at node 1
46
5.15
Output at node 2
47
5.16
BER comparison of BPSK, QPSK and PNC
47
5.17
Throughput comparison for TS, SNC and PNC
48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
NAME
PAGE NO.
2.1
Work distribution
12
4.1
PNC mapping using BPSK
24
4.2
Received data at nodes 1 and 2 (BPSK)
25
4.3
PNC mapping using QPSK
31
4.4
Received data at nodes 1 and 2 (QPSK)
31
CHAPTER 1
PREAMBLE
CHAPTER 1
PREAMBLE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
One of the biggest challenges in the wireless communication research is to deal with
the interference at the receiver when signals from multiple sources arrive
simultaneously. In the radio channel of the physical layer of wireless networks, data
are transmitted through electromagnetic (EM) waves in a broadcast manner. The
interference between these EM waves causes the data to be scrambled.
To overcome its negative impact, most schemes attempt to find ways to either reduce
or avoid interference through receiver design or transmission scheduling. For
example, in 802.11 networks, the carrier-sensing mechanism manages the nodes
within the same broadcast range so that at most one source can transmit or receive at
any time. However, network coding arithmetic is generally only applied on bits that
have already been correctly received. That is, when the EM waves from multiple
sources overlap and mutually interfere, network coding cannot be used to resolve the
data at the receiver.
This project proposes the application of network coding directly within the radio
channel at the physical layer. We call this scheme Physical-layer Network Coding
(PNC). The main idea of PNC is to make use of a technique similar to network
coding, but at the physical layer that deals with EM signal reception and modulation.
We show that PNC requires only two time slots for the two end nodes to exchange
two frames, one in each direction, via the middle relay node. By contrast, three time
slots are needed in straightforward network coding, and four time slots are needed if
network coding is not used at all.
1.2
OVERVIEW
A main distinguishing feature of a wireless network compared with a wired network
is its broadcast nature, in which the signal transmitted by a node may reach several
other nodes, and a node may receive signals from several other nodes simultaneously.
Rather than a blessing, this feature is treated more as an interference-inducing
nuisance in most wireless networks today .In this project we have tried to bring out
this advantage by simulating a wireless transmission scheme intended to work at the
physical layer.
The simulation of PNC using different modulation techniques has been performed
using Simulink. The various issues faced while trying to implement hardware were
low cost, low power transmitters and receivers are not feasible. PNC requires tight
synchronization due to which complexity in implementation increases. Mapping at
relay is not similar to normal demodulation techniques because of which a new
complex mapping system needs to be designed which in turn increases the cost. Thus,
hardware implementation of the project was not feasible. Instead of the same, BER
analysis and Throughput Comparison was simulated in MatLab.
1.3
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

The basic block diagram of PNC can be shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of two user
nodes, the channel, the node acting as a relay consists of demodulator, PNC mapper
and the modulator.
Fig. 1.1 Basic block diagram of physical layer network coding

Input data at user nodes 1 and 2 are modulated and sent to relay node at the same time
in one time slot. Relay demodulates the superimposed received signal and maps it to
the XORed signal. This XORed signal is modulated and broadcasted back to two
nodes in one timeslot. Each node demodulates and decodes the received signal by
performing XOR operation using its own data in order to obtain the data sent from
other user.
Different modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK are used for Physical Layer
Network Coding which is discussed in later chapters.
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT PLANNING
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT PLANNING
2.1
ACTIVITIES AND GANTT CHART
Fig. 2.1 Gantt chart
10
2.2
MILESTONES AND TARGETS
Fig. 2.2 Milestones and Targets set
Fig. 2.3 Milestones and targets achieved
11
2.3
WORK EXECUTION
The various Software based works which includes Simulink models, algorithm
formulation and coding were divided among the team members present in the group
and the table 2.1 shows the same.
SL
TASK
TEAM MEMBERS
Simulink model for BPSK
Sumeet and Abhilash
NO.
1
modulation and demodulation

2
Simulink model for BPSK -
Meghana and Vishruth
PNC mapping
3
Simulink model for QPSK
modulation and demodulation

4
Simulink model for QPSK -
Sumeet and Abhilash
PNC mapping
5
BER analysis of BPSK,
QPSK and PNC

6
Throughput Comparison for
Sumeet and Abhilash
PNC, SNC and TS

Table 2.1 Work distribution
12
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
13
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Wireless networks have been designed using the wired network as the blueprint. The
design abstracts the wireless channel as a point-to-point link, and grafts wired
network protocols onto the wireless environments. For example, routing uses shortest
path protocols, routers forward packets but do not modify the data, and reliability
relies on retransmissions. The design has worked well for wired networks, but less so
for the unreliable and unpredictable wireless medium.
Wireless networks have been designed using the wired network as the blueprint. The
design abstracts the wireless channel as a point-to-point link, and grafts wired
network protocols onto the wireless environments. For example, routing uses shortest
path protocols, routers forward packets but do not modify the data, and reliability
relies on retransmissions. The design has worked well for wired networks, but less so
for the unreliable and unpredictable wireless medium.
3.1
NETWORK CODING SCHEMES

It is a simple fact in physics that when multiple EM waves come together within the
same physical space, they add. This mixing of EM waves is a form of network
coding, performed by nature. Network coding has aroused a lot of attention for its
potential to enhance the throughput and robustness of multicast networks. It has been
realized by performing linear operations, such as logic exclusive-OR (XOR), on two
signals at the network layer, so as to share the same network link and reduce the
required network resources. There are various schemes of network coding. The three
main schemes of network coding discussed here are Traditional scheme (TS),
Straightforward Network Coding scheme (SNC) and Physical-Layer Network Coding
scheme (PNC).
14
3.1.1
TRADITIONAL SCHEME (TS)

Without the use of network coding, and with a design principle that tries to avoid
interference, a total of four time slots are needed to exchange two packets, one in each
direction.
Fig. 3.1 Traditional Scheme

This is illustrated in Fig. 3.1. In time slot 1, node 1 transmits a packet S1 to relay R;
in time slot 2, relay R forwards S1 to node 2; in time slot 3, node 2 transmits a packet
S2 to relay R; and in time slot 4, relay R forwards S2 to node 1. This technique is
commonly called Traditional scheme (TS).
3.1.2
STRAIGTHFORWARD NETWORK CODING (SNC)

A straightforward way of applying network coding can reduce the number of time
slots to three. We shall refer to this non-physical-layer network coding scheme simply
as straightforward network coding (SNC). By reducing the number of time slots from
four to three, SNC has a throughput improvement of 33% over TS. As shown in
figure 3.2, in time slot 1, node 1 transmits S1 to relay R; and in time slot 2, node 2
transmits S2 to relay R. After receiving S1 and S2, relay R forms a network-coded
packet SR. In time slot 3, relay R broadcasts SR to both nodes 1 and 2.
15
Fig. 3.2 Straightforward Network Coding Scheme (SNC)
3.1.3
PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING (PNC)

Physical-layer network coding (PNC) has been proposed to further improve the
network throughput. Instead of avoiding physical-layer interference, PNC exploits the
interference of two signal frames so as to increase network capacity. PNC further
reduces the number of time slots to two. It allows nodes 1 and 2 to transmit together
and exploits the network coding operation performed by nature in the superimposed
EM waves. By doing so, PNC can improve the performance of TS by 100%.
Fig. 3.3 illustrates the idea. In the first time slot, nodes 1 and 2 transmit S1 and S2
simultaneously to relay R. Based on the superimposed EM waves that carry S1 and S2
, relay R deduces SR = S1 S2. Then, in the second time slot, relay R broadcasts SR
to nodes 1 and 2.
Fig. 3.3 Physical Layer Network Coding (PNC)

Physical Layer Network Coding which is made use of in this project is explained in
detail later using different modulation techniques. But first, we need to know about
16
the different modulation techniques and how these modulation techniques are applied
to PNC. They are explained in the later chapters.
3.2
DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier is
varied in accordance with a modulating wave. The fundamental concept of digital
communication is to move digital information from one point to another over an
analog channel. More specifically, passband digital communication involves
modulating the amplitude, phase or frequency of an analog carrier signal with a
baseband information-bearing signal. By definition, frequency is the time derivative
of phase; therefore, we may generalize phase modulation to include frequency
modulation. Ordinarily, the carrier frequency is much greater than the symbol rate of
the modulation, though this is not always so. In many digital communications
systems, the analog carrier is at a radio frequency (RF), hundreds or thousands of
MHzs. The two main modulation techniques which we are concentrating here are
BPSK and QPSK.
3.2.1
BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK)

Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is the simplest form of digital phase modulation.
For BPSK, each symbol consists of a single bit. Accordingly, we must choose two
distinct values, one to represent 0, and one to represent 1.
S1 (t )
Eb
cos(2 fct ) ; for symbol 1
Tb
S 2 (t )
Eb
E
cos(2 f ct ) - b cos(2 f ct ) ; for symbol 0
Tb
Tb
In the case of PSK, there is only one basis function of Unit energy which is given by
1 (t )
2
cos(2 fct ) ; 0 t Tb
Tb
Therefore the transmitted signals are given by

17
S1 (t )
Eb 1 (t ) ; 0 t Tb ; for symbol 1
S 2 (t ) Eb 1 (t ) ; 0 t Tb ; for symbol 0
Block diagram of a BPSK transmitter can be shown in the figure 3.4.
BINARY DATA
SEQUENCE
PRODUCT
MODULATOR
BINARY PSK
SIGNAL
Fig. 3.4 BPSK Transmitter

Block diagram of a BPSK Receiver can be shown in the figure 3.5.
DECISION
DEVICE
Choose 1 if x1>0
Choose 0 if x1<0
THRESHOLD
Fig. 3.5 BPSK Receiver
18
BPSK modulated signal can be shown in the figure 3.6.
Fig. 3.6 BPSK Modulation
3.2.2
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)

Digital phase modulation need not be limited to the simple binary case. By grouping
bits together and choosing the phase modulation accordingly, we obtain M-ary PSK.
BPSK is the result when M = 2. For M = 4, we group the bits into pairs, called
dibits, and the resulting signal is known as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK).
The mathematical analysis shows that QPSK can be used either to double the data
rate compared with a BPSK system while maintaining the same bandwidth of the
signal, or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halving the bandwidth needed.
In QPSK system the information carried by the transmitted signal is contained in the
phase. The transmitted signals are given by
19
Sn (t )
2 Es
cos 2 fc t 2n 1 ; n = 1,2,3,4.
Ts
4
In the case of QPSK, basis functions of Unit energy which is given by
1 (t )
2
cos 2 fct
Ts
2 (t )
2
sin 2 f ct
Ts
Block diagram of a QPSK transmitter can be shown in the figure 3.7.
BINARY
SIGNAL
DEMULTIPLEXER
QPSK
SIGNAL
Fig. 3.7 QPSK Transmitter

Block diagram of a QPSK receiver can be shown in the figure 3.8.
20
DECISION
DEVICE
RECEIVED
SIGNAL
MUX
DECISION
DEVICE
OUTPUT
BINARY
SIGNAL
Fig. 3.8 QPSK receiver

QPSK modulated signal can be shown in the figure 3.9.
Fig. 3.9 QPSK Modulation
21
3.3 .1
MATLAB
The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was written
originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK
(linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects. MATLAB is
a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming environment. Furthermore, MATLAB is a modern
programming language environment: it has sophisticated data structures, contains
built-in editing and debugging tools, and supports object-oriented programming.
These factors make MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching and research. MATLAB
has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages (e.g. C,
FORTRAN) for solving technical problems. MATLAB is an interactive system
whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. The software
package has been commercially available since 1984 and is now considered as a
standard tool at most universities and industries worldwide.
It has powerful built-in routines that enable a very wide variety of computations. It
also has easy to use graphics commands that make the visualization of results
immediately available. Specific applications are collected in packages referred to as
toolbox. There are toolboxes for signal processing, symbolic computation, control
theory, simulation, optimization, and several other fields of applied science and
engineering.
3.3.2
SIMULINK
Simulink is an environment for simulation and model-based design for dynamic and
embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a
customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a
variety of time-varying systems, including
communications, controls, signal
processing, video processing, and image processing.

Simulink offers a quick way of develop your model in contrast to text basedprogramming language such as e.g., C. Simulink has integrated solvers. In text basedprogramming language such as e.g., C you need to write your own solver.
22
CHAPTER 4
23
CHAPTER 4

4.1 .1
PNC USING BPSK

Two neighboring nodes transmit simultaneously to a common receiver. Assuming
perfect transmission synchronization in physical layer, based on the additive nature of
simultaneously arriving electromagnetic (EM) waves, the receiver detects the added
signal of the two transmitted modulated signals. Using a suitable mapping scheme,
they show that for certain modulation schemes, there exists a mapping scheme such
that the relationship between the two transmitted binary bits and the decoded binary
bit follows the XOR principle.
We here revisit the PNC operation and its mapping scheme to achieve the XOR
principle. Consider two senders, N1 and N3, and a common receiver N2. Let a1 and a3
be the binary bit transmitted by N1 and N3 at a particular time respectively, and a2 be
the decoded binary bit. Based on BPSK modulation, we have
r2 t a1 sin 2 f c t a3 sin 2 f c t a1 a3 sin 2 f c t
Where r2(t) is the received signal, a1 and a3 are the transmitted amplitudes, and fc is
the carrier frequency.
PNC mapping for BPSK can be shown in the Table 4.1
Table 4.1 PNC Mapping using BPSK

24
Data received at Nodes 1 and 2 can be shown in the Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Received data at Nodes 1 and 2

Using Simulink, a model for PNC using BPSK modulation can be shown in the figure
4.1.
25
Fig. 4.1 Complete Simulink model for PNC using BPSK

26
Blocks used in the simulink models of PNC using BPSK
Bernoulli Binary Generator

The Bernoulli Binary Generator block generates random binary numbers using
a Bernoulli distribution. The Bernoulli distribution with parameter p produces
zero with probability p and one with probability 1-p.
Sine Wave
The Sine Wave block provides a sinusoid.
Switch
The Switch block passes through the first input or the third input based on the
value of the second input. The first and third inputs are called data inputs. The
second input is called the control input.
Inport
Inport blocks are the links from outside a system into the system.
Outport
Outport blocks are the links from a system to a destination outside the system.
Scope
The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope
block can have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time
range with independent y-axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of
time and the range of input values displayed.
Unit delay
The Unit Delay block delays its input by the specified sample period.
Logical Operator
The Logical Operator block performs the specified logical operation on its
inputs. An input value is TRUE (1) if it is nonzero and FALSE (0) if it is zero.
Sample and Hold

The Sample and Hold block acquires the input at the signal port whenever it
receives a trigger event at the trigger port. The block then holds the output at
the acquired input value until the next triggering event occurs.
Clock
Digital clock for logic systems.
27
Quantizer
The Quantizer block passes its input signal through a stair-step function so
that many neighboring points on the input axis are mapped to one point on the
output axis. The effect is to quantize a smooth signal into a stair-step output.
Compare to constant
The Compare To Constant block compares an input signal to a constant.
Abs
The Abs block outputs the absolute value of the input.
Gain
The Gain block multiplies the input by a constant value (gain).
Fig. 4.2 Simulink model for BPSK Modulation

Figure 4.2 shows Simulink model for BPSK modulation. The binary data at the nodes
is given to the BPSK modulator which generates a signal of high frequency and two
different phases. Bit 1 is represented by a sinusoidal wave and bit 0 is represented by
a sinusoidal wave out of phase by 180 degrees.
When the modulated signals are transmitted wirelessly they interfere which leads to
an added up BPSK signal. The added up bpsk signal is given to a sample and hold
circuit. The output is then applied to various stages of digitization to obtain the pnc
mapped signal. The mapping process is carried out using the model shown in the
figure 4.3.
28
Fig. 4.3 Simulink Model for Mapper at the relay

Figure 4.4 shows BPSK demodulation. At the nodes the received signal is
demodulated using a product modulator, the output of which is given to a filter. Then
by comparative and logical operations the data is obtained.
Fig. 4.4 Simulink model for BPSK Demodulation
29
Fig. 4.5 Simulink model for XOR operation performed at the nodes.
Figure 4.5 shows the Simulink model used to obtain the data from other node by
XORing it data present at its own node
4.1.2
PNC USING QPSK

Let us assume the use of QPSK modulation in all the nodes. We further assume
symbol-level and carrier-phase synchronization, and the use of power control, so that
the frames from N1 and N3 arrive at N2 with the same phase and amplitude. The
combined passband signal received by N2 during one symbol period is
S 2 t S1 t S3 t
S 2 t a1 cos(2 f c t ) b1 sin(2 f c t ) a3 cos(2 f c t ) b3 sin(2 f c t )
S 2 (t ) a1 a3 cos(2 f c t ) b1 b 3 sin(2 f c t )
PNC mapping for QPSK can be shown in the Table 4.3
30
Table 4.3 PNC Mapping using QPSK

Data received at Nodes 1 and 2 can be shown in the Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Received data at nodes 1 and 2

Using Simulink, a model for PNC using QPSK modulation can be shown in the figure
4.6.
Blocks used in the simulink models of PNC using QPSK are
Real-Imag to complex
The Real-Imag to Complex block converts real and/or imaginary inputs to a
complex-valued output signal.
Data Type Conversion

The Data Type Conversion block converts an input signal of any Simulink
data type to the data type and scaling specified by the block's Output data type
parameter.
Constant
The Constant block generates a real or complex constant value.
D Flip Flop
The block satisfies the truth table of a D-flip flop.
Unipolar to bipolar
31
The Unipolar to Bipolar Converter block maps the unipolar input signal to a
bipolar output signal.
Sign
The Sign block indicates the sign of the input:The output is 1 when the input
is greater than zero.The output is 0 when the input is equal to zero.The output
is -1 when the input is less than zero.
32
Fig. 4.6 Simulink Model for PNC using QPSK
33
Fig. 4.7 Simulink Model for Even and odd bits generation
In QPSK, the input data is splitted into even and odd bits. These even and odd bits are
modulated using sinosoidal waveforms known as in-phase and quadrature-phase
components. The in-phase and quadrature-phase components are obtained from the
Simulink model shown in the figure 4.7. The iphase and qphase components are
modulated using the model shown in the figure 4.8.
Fig. 4.8 Simulink model for QPSK Modulation

The iphase and qphase components are combined to form a complex signal. The
complex signals from both the nodes are sent to the realy. They get added up in the
34
channel. The iphase and qphase signals are obtained back from the complex signal.
These signas is given to a sample and hold circuit. The outputs are then applied to
various stages of digitization to obtain the pnc mapped signals. The mapping process
is carried out using the model shown in the figure 4.9.
Fig. 4.9 Simulink Model for Mapper at the relay
Fig. 4.10 Simulink Model for QPSK Demodulation
35
Figure 4.10 shows QPSK demodulation. At the nodes the received signal is
demodulated using a product modulator, the output of which is given to a filter. Then
by comparative and logical operations the data is obtained
The ouput at node 1 is obtained by XORing the received data with its own data.
Similarly, at node 2 also. Simulink model used for the same is shown in the figure
4.11.
Fig. 4.11 Simulink Model for XOR operation performed at the nodes
4.2 .1
BIT ERROR RATE

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of
a data
stream over
a communication
channel that
has
been
altered
due
to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.

The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the
total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less
performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.
The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be
considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is
accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors.
36
In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission

channel noise, interference, distortion, bit
synchronization problems, attenuation,
wireless multipath fading, etc.

The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes
cross-talk and more bit errors), by choosing a slow and robust modulation scheme
or line
coding scheme,
and
by
applying channel
coding schemes
such
as
redundant forward error correction codes.

The transmission BER is the number of detected bits that are incorrect before error
correction, divided by the total number of transferred bits (including redundant error
codes). The information BER, approximately equal to the decoding error probability,
is the number of decoded bits that remain incorrect after the error correction, divided
by the total number of decoded bits (the useful information). Normally the
transmission BER is larger than the information BER. The information BER is
affected by the strength of the forward error correction code.
4.2.2
ALGORITHMS FOR BER ANALYSIS

The following algorithm was implemented in matlab for BER analysis of BPSK and
QPSK:
Random input is generated and modulated.
For a set of SNR values, Random noise is is generated and added to the
modulated signal.
Signum function is used to convert the sinosoidal signal received back to bits.
The number of error bits is calculated from the transmitted and received bits
and BER is computed.
The following algorithm was implemented in matlab for BER analysis of PNC:
Two Random inputs are generated and modulated.
These two signals get added up and are received at the relay.
For a set of SNR values, Random noise is is generated and added to the
received modulated signal.
Signum function is used to convert the sinosoidal signal received back to bits.
37
The number of error bits is calculated from the transmitted(i.e. XOR of

transmitted inputs) and received bits and BER is computed.
4.2.3
ALGORITHM FOR THROUGHPUT COMPARISON

The following algorithm was implemented in matlab for throughput comparison of
Traditional Scheme(TS), Straightforward Network Coding(SNC) and Physical-Layer
Network Coding(PNC).
Throughput is Calculated for TS, SNC and PNC considering a range of

number of nodes upto 50 starting from 1.
Throughput comparison is done for the obtained values and the results are
plotted.
38
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
39
5.1
PNC USING BPSK

Considering the simulation of PNC using BPSK in the previous chapters, modulated
outputs at both the nodes that need to be transmitted are shown in figures 5.1 and 5.2.
The digital data is being sent at amplitude of 1V and the carrier signal also has
amplitude of 1V. The corresponding BPSK signal has amplitude of 1V.
Fig. 5.1 BPSK Modulation at node 1
Fig. 5.2 BPSK Modulation at node 2

When the modulated signals are transmitted wirelessly they interfere which leads to
an added up BPSK signal. At the relay the two BPSK modulated signals get added up
yielding a signal in the range of -2V to +2V.The ouput waveforms of the same is
shown in the figure 5.3.
40
Fig. 5.3 Received data at relay

The output is then applied to various stages of digitization to obtain the PNC mapped
signal. The mapping process outputs obtained are shown in figure 5.4.
Fig. 5.4 mapping process outputs

To get the data back, we give the BPSK modulated signal to the product modulator
which yields a signal in the range -1V to +1V. The output of the filter and then the
comparator both yield a signal with amplitude 1V. The output waveforms of the same
are shown in the figure 5.5.
41
Fig. 5.5 BPSK Demodulation

From the waveforms obtained as shown in the figures 5.6 and 5.7, we can infer that
the input signal and the received signal do not vary in their amplitude but received
signal has a slight delay.
Fig. 5.6 Output at node 1
42
5.2
PNC USING QPSK

Considering the simulation of PNC using QPSK in the previous chapters, iphase and
qphase components required for QPSK modulation obtained are shown in figures 5.8
and 5.9 at nodes 1 and 2 respectively.
Fig. 5.8 Inphase and Quadrature phase components at node 1
43
Fig. 5.9 Inphase and Quadrature phase components at node 2

The output is then applied to various stages of digitization to obtain the PNC mapped
signal. The mapping process of inphase and qphase outputs obtained are shown in
figures 5.10 and 5.11.
Fig. 5.10 mapped in-phase output
44
Fig. 5.11 mapped q-phase output

To get the data back, we give the iphase and qphase components of QPSK modulated
signal to the product modulator which yields a signal in the range -1V to +1V. The
output of the filter and then the comparator both yield a signal with amplitude 1V.
The output waveforms of the same are shown in the figures 5.12 and 5.13.
Fig. 5.12 Iphase Demodulation
45
Fig. 5.13 Qphase Demodulation

From the waveforms obtained as shown in the figures 5.14 and 5.15, we can infer
that the input signal and the received signal do not vary in their amplitude but
received signal has a slight delay.
46
5.3
BER COMPARISON FOR BPSK,QPSK AND PNC

Using MATLAB, BER analysis for BPSK, QPSK and PNC is performed and the
results is shown in the figure 5.16. It is observed that BER analysis of PNC is
comparable to that of BPSK and QPSK and hence PNC can be used for wireless
transmission.
Fig. 5.16 BER comparison of BPSK, QPSK and PNC

47
5.4
THROUGHPUT COMPARISON
Using MATLAB, Throughput Comparison for TS, SNC and PNC is performed and
the results is shown in the figure 5.17. And in doing so, PNC can potentially achieve
100% and 50% throughput increases compared with traditional transmission and
straightforward network coding, respectively, in multi-node networks.
Fig. 5.17 Throughput Comparison for TS,SNC and PNC
48
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
49
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1
CONCLUSION
This project has introduced a novel scheme called Physical-layer Network Coding
(PNC) that significantly enhances the throughput performance of multi-hop wireless
networks. Instead of avoiding interference caused by simultaneous electromagnetic
waves transmitted from multiple sources, PNC embraces interference to effect
network-coding operation directly from physical-layer signal modulation and
demodulation. With PNC, signal scrambling due to interference, which causes packet
collisions in the MAC layer protocol of traditional wireless networks (e.g., IEEE
802.11), can be eliminated. For PNC to be feasible, network-coding arithmetic must
be realized with direct electromagnetic-wave mixing, coupled with appropriate
modulation and demodulation schemes.
PNC using BPSK and QPSK is simulated using Simulink. BER analysis is done for
BPSK, QPSK and PNC using MATLAB and expected results are obtained.
6.2
FUTURE SCOPE
The concept of PNC can not only be applied using phase modulation schemes but
also for frequency modulation schemes and OFDM. Here, we assume the carrier
frequencies and the symbol duration should be same. But, if the carrier frequencies
and symbol duration vary for different users, then the PNC mapping schemes and the
demodulation techniques vary. When multiple nodes are trying to communicate
between them, then the user nodes must act as a relay also, because at any given point
of time only two nodes can communicate. A scheduling algorithm should be
implemented so that which node transmits its data at a given time.
50
REFERENCES
[1] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley, 4th edition, 2001
[2] Physical Layer Network Coding, Shengli Zhang, Soung-Chang Liew, and Patrick, P. K. Lam
[3] Physical-layer network coding: Tutorial, survey, and beyond, Soung Chang Liew,
Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, Shengli Zhang, Lu Lu, Department of Communication Engineering, Shenzhen
University, China
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_network_coding
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
51
APPENDIX
52
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION
DEFINITION
BER
Bit Error Rate
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
EM
Electro Magnetic
MATLAB
Matrix Laboratory
PNC
Physical-Layer Network Coding
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF
Radio Frequency
RX
Receiver
SNC
Straightforward Network Coding
TS
Traditional Scheme
XOR
eXclusive-OR
53
USER MANUAL
PROJECT TITLE:
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER

NETWORK CODING
PROJECT NO.:
PES13FYP11
GROUP MEMBERS: MEGHANA M PATIL
GUIDE:
1PE10EC059
VISHRUTH D
1PE10EC118
SUMEET KUMAR
1PE09EC097
ABHILASH AM
1PE11EC400
ASST. PROFESSOR HRUSHIKESHA SHASTRY B S
54
ABOUT THE PROJECT:

This project shows that the concept of network coding can be applied at the physical layer to
turn the broadcast property into a capacity-boosting advantage in wireless networks. In
contrast to straightforward network coding which performs coding arithmetic on digital bit
streams after they have been received, PNC makes use of the additive nature of
simultaneously arriving electromagnetic (EM) waves for equivalent coding operation. And in
doing so, PNC can potentially achieve 100% and 50% throughput increases compared with
traditional transmission and straightforward network coding, Respectively.
CONCEPT:
MA Phase - Multiple Access Phase

BC Phase - Broadcast Phase
In multiple access phase, the two users transmit their data simultaneously that results in
interference. This signal is received by the relay.
In broadcast phase, the relay performs physical layer network coding and the coded signal is
transmitted simultaneously to the nodes.
The nodes perform demodulation and xor the data received with its data to obtain the other
nodes data.
55
The concept of physical layer network coding can be applied to
MIMO wireless networks.
A pair-to-pair wireless routing paradigm can be enabled by PNC.
Light is also a form of EM wave, hence PNC can be applied for light wave
communication.
GSM Satellites and other wireless networks.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Input data at user nodes 1 and 2 are modulated and sent to relay node at the same time
in one time slot. Relay demodulates the superimposed received signal and maps it to
the XORed signal. This XORed signal is modulated and broadcasted back to two
nodes in one timeslot. Each node demodulates and decodes the received signal by
performing XOR operation using its own data in order to obtain the data sent from
other user.
56
USING SIMULINK
Open MATLAB and select SIMULINK tool as shown in the figure 1
Using Simulink
Simulink Library Browser
57
The Simulink Library Browser is the library where you find all the blocks you may
use in Simulink. Simulink software includes an extensive library of functions
commonly used in modelling a system.
Open the Simulink model from the library
Click on the run button on the toolbar
Click on the various scopes to view the output waveforms
The toolbar of the scope has options for changing the axis parameter to enable
the user for proper analysis of the waveform.
58

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SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Basic Block Diagram

Activities and Gantt Chart

Milestones and Targets

Network Coding Schemes

Straightforward Network Coding(SNC)

Physical-Layer Network Coding(PNC)

Digital Modulation Techniques

Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

PNC using BPSK

PNC using QPSK

BER Analysis and Throughput

Bit Error Rate

Algorithms for BER Analysis

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Algorithm for Throughput

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PNC using BPSK

PNC using QPSK

BER comparison for BPSK, QPSK and PNC

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Basic block diagram

Milestones and targets set

Milestones and targets achieved

Straightforward Network Coding

Physical-Layer Network Coding

Complete Simulink model for PNC using BPSK

Simulink model for BPSK modulation

Simulink model for mapper at relay

Simulink model for BPSK demodulation

Simulink model for XOR operation performed at the nodes

Simulink model for PNC using QPSK

Simulink model for even and odd bits generation

Simulink model for QPSK modulation

Simulink Model for Mapper at the relay

Simulink model for QPSK demodulation

Simulink Model for XOR operation performed at the nodes

BPSK modulation at node 1

BPSK modulation at node 2

Received data at relay

Mapping process outputs

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Iphase and qphase components at node 1

Iphase and qphase components at node 2

Mapped iphase output

Mapped qphase output

BER comparison of BPSK, QPSK and PNC

Throughput comparison for TS, SNC and PNC

PNC mapping using BPSK

Received data at nodes 1 and 2 (BPSK)

PNC mapping using QPSK

Received data at nodes 1 and 2 (QPSK)

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING

Dept of ECE, PESIT-BSC

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORK CODING