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Skracena Skala Za FFM
Skracena Skala Za FFM
Short Communication
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 14 September 2009
Received in revised form 25 November 2009
Accepted 7 January 2010
Available online 4 February 2010
Keywords:
Five-factor model
International Personality Item Pool
Factor analysis
Personality assessment
a b s t r a c t
The Mini-IPIP personality scale is a recently developed short measure of the ve-factor model personality
traits, derived from items in the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg, 1999). The aim in this
study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Mini-IPIP using factor analysis. 415 male and
1066 female participants completed the Mini-IPIP via the Internet. A ve-factor conrmatory model of
the measure showed only poor to moderate model t, while alternative four and two factor conrmatory
models of the data showed poor model t. Despite this, a subsequent exploratory factor analysis of the
measure indicated support for a ve-factor structure and showed that nearly all items had minimal
cross-loadings on non-target factors. The potential use of the Mini-IPIP in personality research is briey
discussed.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP; Goldberg, 1999)
makes freely available items for measuring constructs of interest
in personality and individual differences research. These items
measure a range of constructs and many sets of items have been
developed as proxies of more widely known commercial and previously published personality inventories. In particular, the IPIP
has been used to provide a number of measures of the ve-factor
model (FFM) personality traits, namely extraversion, neuroticism,
agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience.
Our aim in this study is to test the factor structure of one such
measure, the Mini-IPIP ve-factor model personality scale (Donnellan, Oswald, Baird, & Lucas, 2006).
The Mini-IPIP personality scale was developed as a 20-item
short form of the 50-item IPIP-FFM (Goldberg, 1999). The rationale
was to provide a measure that could be used in time critical assessment situations, and that had superior psychometric properties to
other short FFM measures (e.g., the Ten-Item Personality Inventory; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003). Donnellan et al. (2006)
evaluated the Mini-IPIP across a series of studies, showing it had
acceptable reliability and showed similar patterns of relationships
with the longer IPIP-FFM when correlating the measure with facets
of the FFM and other relevant personality measures. Generally,
* Corresponding author. Address: Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7078 5130;
fax: +44 (0) 20 7919 7873.
E-mail address: a.cooper@gold.ac.uk (A.J. Cooper).
0191-8869/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.004
689
690
Table 1
Descriptive statistics for the Mini-IPIP-FFM personality scale.
Item
Mean
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Intellect
0.22
0.49
0.18
0.16
1.70
1.20
0.98
1.43
0.03
0.16
0.65
0.28
0.02
0.43
0.04
0.29
1.12
0.60
0.55
1.34
0.80
0.88
1.16
0.98
3.31
0.59
0.66
1.64
1.12
1.27
0.38
0.91
1.26
0.73
1.19
0.98
0.55
0.41
0.46
1.04
12.99
16.57
13.22
11.81
15.81
3.83
2.85
3.53
3.72
3.11
.25
1.13
.20
.02
.72
.67
1.51
.52
.57
.27
.81
.70
.68
.72
.70
4. Discussion
3
0.05
0.01
0.12*
Kurtosis
1.07
1.24
1.29
1.18
0.89
1.10
0.98
0.94
1.25
1.37
1.14
1.16
1.35
1.16
1.29
1.25
1.10
1.89
1.03
1.06
0.22*
0.03
0.26*
0.16*
Skewness
2.93
2.38
3.16
2.72
4.27
1.90
3.90
1.70
2.93
2.78
3.62
2.55
2.93
3.38
2.99
2.73
4.00
2.18
2.20
1.81
Table 2
Correlations among the ve factors of the Mini-IPIP.
1
SD
0.12*
0.12*
0.04
p < .0001.
Table 3
Fit statistics for the Mini-IPIP models.
Fit statistics
v2
df
CFI
RMSEA
SRMR
AIC
CFA models
Five-factor
Four-factor
Two-factor
1323.12
2131.17
4009.54
160
164
169
0.82
0.70
0.42
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.06
0.09
0.13
85952.80
86835.48
88921.02
EFA models
Five-factor
Four-factor
Two-factor
804.26
1625.16
3699.51
100
116
151
0.91
0.80
0.52
0.07
0.09
0.13
0.03
0.06
0.10
85394.22
86183.12
88187.47
Note: CFI, comparative t index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation;
SMSR, standardized root mean square residual; AIC, Aikake Information Criterion.
lower AIC value when compared to the CFA models. We also tested
four and two factor EFA models, but as seen in Table 3, they
showed poor model t. The rst ve eigenvalues were 3.46, 2.47,
2.15, 1.79, and 1.47; only the next eigenvalue was also above 1
(1.09). Table 4 shows the standardized factor loadings and factor
correlations for the ve-factor EFA. It shows that all 20 items load
most strongly on their a priori factor, and that there are generally
negligible cross-loadings across other factors. The factor correlations are similar to those shown for the observed scores and the
latent factors in the ve-factor CFA model.
The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure of the
Mini-IPIP (Donnellan et al., 2006). This scale has been recently
developed from a longer ve-factor measure that utilizes items
from the IPIP. The IPIP represents an important attempt to provide
researchers with a public domain resource for use in individual differences research. As such, it is important that the psychometric
properties of measures derived from the IPIP are thoroughly assessed and evaluated.
We found that a ve-factor CFA model of the Mini-IPIP had only
poor to moderate model t, although it did show superior model t
to plausible four and two factor CFA models. The model modication indices for the ve-factor model indicated there may have
been cross-loadings for some of the items. We subsequently tested
EFA models to examine the extent of item cross-loading. A ve-factor EFA model exhibited better t than the ve-factor CFA model,
and showed acceptable model t. An examination of the EFA factor
loadings generally indicated there was negligible cross-loading of
items across the factors. All items had strong factor loadings on
their primary factor. Only one item exhibited a potentially problematic cross-loading; the conscientiousness item Make a mess of
things had a moderate negative loading on the neuroticism factor.
The inter-correlations between the ve factors were generally
small to moderate, indicating no substantial overlap in the content
domain represented by each factor.
Overall, this study helps demonstrate the suitability of the
Mini-IPIP personality scale as a short-form measure of the FFM.
This measure may be particularly useful in assessment situations
where time or other circumstances only allow a limited number
of measures to be used. The results from this study highlight that
the measure has acceptable reliability and a clearly interpretable
factor structure. In this respect, the ndings from the current study
support the original data provided by Donnellan et al. (2006).
Importantly, in the current study participants only completed the
20 items of the Mini-IPIP, whereas in the Donnellan et al. (2006)
study the subset of items were extracted post hoc from a larger
set of administered items. The results from this study will
691
Standardized loadings
Extraversion
1
6
11
16
2
7
12
17
3
8
13
18
4
9
14
19
5
10
15
20
Agreeableness
0.68
0.74
0.60
0.83
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.22
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.00
Conscientiousness
0.03
0.04
0.09
0.05
0.68
0.51
0.69
0.52
0.14
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.14
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.02
Neuroticism
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.60
0.68
0.57
0.51
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.03
0.07
Intellect
0.01
0.09
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.01
0.05
0.16
0.34
0.72
0.57
0.68
0.50
0.17
0.06
0.17
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.10
0.03
0.72
0.45
0.44
0.79
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Intellect
0.19*
0.08
0.32*
0.21*
0.04
0.02
0.12*
0.08
0.17*
0.06
Note: items corresponding to each factor a priori are bold highlighted. Please see Table 1 for item content.
p < .0001.