C ha p l e r

14 i: Xl

&
I

process
quality
Six-sigma

r 0biectives
l i) inln! lr k l lh, , s i \ s i ftrn ,r,rfl rn ),rrh 1 ,,If,l ts s (l Lr.rl l l \.(\l ) ni ,i \ l rfl
i l is r n{ l \ \ ' h\ il (l .l i !c rs h i rth l (!c l s ,,1 | c fl (i fn ,rn.,.
Io . \ |l, r in lh{ s i \ s j l tn ri L n rtr,!1 !n .n l n r,!l (l
l )Mr\l ( (l )(l i ff,
M. J s r Lr . , r \ r ulv s ,,, In rIi \1 . ( { ).l n )l )
Io s |l) w t h f ol( o l (1 ,\i 1 trr{ ,1,,\| r' fi n rrl s i . si \ sLl tnr,r
Ii ). \ f l, r in lh. bL ri k l i .l t b l (! k s ,,1,r \i \ s i l tn ri o r| ,rni /,rl i ,n ,rn(l.ul tr i 1.
'Ii ) s h( \ ! h, \ ! l, i.n s L rr' l h r l i n ,rn .i ,rls L rf.(\s () l sr\ si snrn pf,,tr' .ts
l i ) , lc nr r ns lf . r l, l h e l i n k s h (l \\,r\1 r s i \ \ r.r.r, l (-)N 1,S l ' ( rrrl l hf
l i l i( - ) Nll' \ f r ll( n. c N ,l (\l c l i i

l1

4.1 Introduclion

\l o tor oln, of o oi lh r $ o (l ' s l { ' J (l i n g n rn rrrj n (l rftrs nrrJ suppl nfs {)l
scmi c or r duf n, r snn (l c l (\tr(!ri f | ' .tL ri l n rfrt s rs nrtl s h)r fi !i l .rrd rni l i
t.rf!-nppli. nt nnr s ,in tn \l r(rtl i l x ,(rrc rp t (n s l r rr.trn l rf,r,,sr,| n/i ru k)
c h nnr e t lr r f t , li. r lri l i t\' .rIl drtu rl i h o i tl ti r p r( uri s, nrJ.ut trtrl u(t
c!cl c t ir nes r nd e\ p c n (l i l u rc o rr te s t/tu p n i r. N l o krroi n use(l tl rl t()l l (tri
l n g s t , r t c m r ' nit i) . ' \ P l ,rl n :
Si gnr . is n s Lr lis L i c .lL rn i io f n ro .s u rc fre n Ll h .l d(scri bts thc dl s
tr ibut ir J n. r bout l h e mo a n o i n n \ p ftrc e s so r p rrcedure. A process
or Proce.:torcth.1t c.1n achjeve pl'ls oL minrs Ji-r si{n,.r cJP.rbi1it,,
c.ln be expected to hn|e n diect rnte oi no more tiun a i.'r\' p.lfts
per million, even allowlng for some shiit in the rrein. ln stntisiical
tcrnrs, this .pproachcs :./o rdi,.ls.

I
T

360 Slaiistical
Process
Contfol
The approachr,r'aschampionedby Motorola,schiefexecutiveofficer at
the time, Bob Calvin, to help improve compeiitiveness.The six-sigma
approach became n'idely publicized when Motorota won thc-Us
tsaldrigeNational QualityA\^'ardin 1988.
Oiher early adoptersincluded Altjed Signal,Honeywel, ABB, Kodak
and Polaroid Thesewerc followedby Johnsonand Jolmsonand perhaps
most famouslyCeneralElectric(CE)undcr rheladershipoflaci Welch.

Iti
.ifi

LS

SirsiSmr is a disciplined approach for improvinS performanceby

rocusinSonproducjngbetter productsand se icesfasterand cheapei
The emphasisis oll improving rhe capabilityof processcsthrough iig,
orous datn gathering,analvsisand action,and:
r, cnhancingvalue for the custome'
'r climmating costswhich add no vatue (waste).
Unlikc simple cost-cuttinBprogrammessix,sigmadcli!.erscostsavings
whilst retainingor even improving value to the customers.

W h ys i x - s i g m a ?
In a proct'ssin which th characteristicoI intefestis a variablc,defecis
are usually defined ls ihe vntues whjch fau outsidc the specification
limits (LSL-USL).Asslrmingand usinsa normatdistributio;of the varr
able, thc percentageand/or parts per million defecis can be found
(Atpendi\ q or lbl
14 t,. F,,rc\rmp.e.in a LentrcdFrnrc,swirh a
.FLcrh('dlir.r dl t
1^ lhcrc w.'l bc U.27pcr cenror 2700DDm
-ct
j,;nd
Jef(ci.. Tli: may be rcfcrr.d to d- nn un\hitted : .r.iemapr.,cesrl-uqualiry.allcd: l -i{mr gur.rry. h) dn unjhrfted:r.,r8m.rprocL*..
the specificationrangeis; . 6d and it producesonly 0.002pprndefects.
t

Tabl614.1 Pefcentage
ol thepopualion nsdandoutside
theinterval
i 1 d ol a normalpop!lation,
withppfit

lnlorual

% Insido
Inlerual

oulslde
(ta )
oachIntorual
%

,!1 5 6
i :2 o
i :3 a
,!4 5 d
tl 5 d
i :6 o

68.27
86.64
9545
99.73
99.99367
99.99932
s9 999943
999999998

15865
6.6806
2.275
0 135
0 00315
0.00034
0.0000285
0.0000001

0ulsldr
th6spoc,
Inloryalppm

L
0

Thr
ppr

Sin
:r l.

ppm

66,806
22750
1350

0.285
0.001

317,310
1 3 36 1 2
45s00
2700
63.0
68
0.570
0.002

caP

Thi

xti

: I I 1r r i |
r .r li
'r . L i ! r

:11j1

i \(lillr(r
liith(.re . r
r \ or Ll. lr t \ ! . \ , , r
Lt j( i! r L f , i i r t j i ( ! ( \ . , . . , , 1 r r t
Lri(.
Ii r(.,r rr i \ ,j I !I , | \ \ \ (,I , r r t lI f ( ! r r iI , ji l, ' llr , r \ . r |1.
r ltrr.((,nlr( ir itl...t!.
L (irr tfr s()|!.:trill jr r llr l. r ( \ r \ .
nl. . lj c ( . \ t \ ! tt \ t
t L,Lrn. !
.r(,1r.
, r f ( 1 ilr(\l fri\(\:
1n, ) r I , ) \ r t \ Lf it ) r i. Lt ) \ lt r | \ t ! !
l.jl ,,|
lrjrl..
\l
r
1,,':t\J
. j. , . \ t lt r , r jr r / l r . / . 1r |r r r r j j , . , I r L , r
r

a";..""
";;

LS L

Slr or t lenn pr oc . s s wk lh

6
6

De sr g n r o te r a n c.
F'urre 14 I

lli l

llr( l,t, r'L l(.lLt :lrr(\ L, ( ( r l , \ \ 1, , 1, , r : r ir , \ 1t , , 1tr 1 , . . . , r ( t l ! . . 1 | j j , , L t !

t )t )r) i Li,,r:,(lt tr I ) :t r \ lr L, r Lr |r r l l. \ \ lr i, L. r ) ! , r t r i . r r l \ t l r L ! r j t r ( .
, ri' i,r Li r..I I j L) L| | i Lj I I i' r l. r
jr t . t , r t \ , , | j r t r t L ( l
' lL. I I i t , , r t t r ( L. \
r' )
r,.r r ' r . r \ , j, r r jr , jllt t r \ L! t
l,n,,
1 ,'rL\\n ,
1 ! L t L (. 1 1
l, i, ! i, r . t r i
, . rL( \\il lt ill,t',r
. II I t )rI L. t t . j
I
lr r llr ,
r
:
.
_
,
r! iitLrt , (
I I
S ri)i ,Il\, Lli( (lir.(Lf, r lt
t . i, r jr r
,r!r-:\\
t',r
L t r, j l , t r L , :Iilt,l
!, \
]l. ri,.r ]i ) f i, , , j

l.

l.

l, 1t L, ,, , l l : l

rn,.sLr.rl,t,
r)
I l | ) r jl
\lr,)\\:

llr L . l( ,\( .1 \t) r

III, ( ,\,,r jII.,IL ,,,\( i :\i L\

rr, |1j \,j

It,n)

r \ ir r r . , t , ir ( - . \ lL),r
,, \i t| rr 1 ,,,!(\... n Ltri
:.r.nr,r r t\\L\l
. . r(i t r..()t,\i (i L r,trr,ri trL . ,,,,i r,)i (rqIrL-.fr
J
lr
i.
.
.
.
r
lL|(
',i I
l ,i rL-.,.
t,rl ,.r l, r r \ I / 11r y ' , L rL!.(.,1
,
,'

o lL irriir tir(r'\r
I \[]rn ,i I,i\L\:
lr\

, jr ( / r / ,
LI ( r r l

(,r(I!L i(L)IIi|,,If, I I \ . ! r it r n, r

l
l

t ! , f r t , r r ir . r r , , , r , . ,i , , t r i r

,rtrt(. l-'

&
I

362 Slatl stical

Process
Conlro
3dR 163

810ppm)

E roo
6
E

(3.4ppn)

10

S rqma
fi0urc14.2 Iheette.iotfc106mO
siqrna
.iDabI tyonpp,ndlre.llelcs

\t,

Table
14.2 Comparatve
perlormance
Storna
Siqma

permillion
Parts
Percentage
oul Comparative
posilion
oulolspeciticationol specilicalion
34
233
6210
66,807
30853/
690.000

2
l

I'."..'"
":
\ | M'

if

,:

0 00034
0 0233
0 621
ri 6807
308537
69

lr0usrry
average
La!grnq
irdusirynandards

l .l

0uloi brsinessl

. ; n , , r . . rf . , t . rir!. , , , . . , r . , , , r, r rt ), .(. 1 .

ihi\ ifL luJr.J In ittr,,rj. i,i rtr,tlir

' r ' , 11, l, i

D
J,,,,,n,n,,d.,,':i:lll;:ii ;i,ll,l:';,l
..
"
::t
I
:
I
J :r..rr-r,' n r.-,rfn,.r' ..,,i , rr,l
ri nr.r1.t r.l i .\r.r!., rt ILr,,J,rn

1,,,\..
ma rr, rr,l i \_ Ll ,.,l Q\ ,r,:.,I./.rt,rrr,rU r.q... rl r .r..r,,m,.r ..r,i r,"
.,r,.
rrr.rl l In .r\. i l l l .c l -rFi rn ...,, ( , rrD r..t,.(rU
,
.rl i .r( .rrr, i r t,,r., _,.r.i i n.rtrn' r ,
pronrotj(n, rijjofolrs measuremcnt.rfd rf!,ji,w
of thc various qr.raiihl
svstcms/progranrmes ro fr.ititn l(, nchic!,enr(,ntof the policr-.

!
I

14.2 Thesix-sigma
improvemenl
model

u-o^l."ntat phascs
or st.lrcsh apptvjnsrhcsix_sisma
ll:"
"1: l'': in-pn.\i,q p..ri,
,l'nr,,!.1.,'
rm.,r,, ir.r I,r.o,,*. u,.rrn.. \4Fn-ure

,v.t. {', u|rl,d i,r D-n r'lj.- oriCi|ldtft.J.. Do ( trF,t A.lt ,tD(
\/

S x-si!maprocess
quatily 363 I
(Figu( I1.3).ln thesix sigmdapproich,DMArC pfolidcs a breakthrough
stratcgya'r.1disciplinedmcthodsof using rig(,rousd,rtagathcrnrgand

: Fi 0r r o14.T3heirs o m a
m or ov em enr mDoMA
de c
sl .rti s t i. nllvbns f d nn ,rl )s i s k , i c l .n ti f! s o u fc fso f (, rrors.nrdi !.rvs of.ti nl
i n i ti ng t hc m . lt h. r sL r.f(n n ci n .r(' .rs i n gy .()n rn r(r r i n s,) c.rIcd ,si \ si gnr.r
o rg i ni, / nt nnr s ' ,nn p c ()p h ' h ) r.l (,r to ' t)M AtC l hrt(,.ts,. I.h.sf ft\otvf
ifound th thffo r rjr n. strirt(,gifs lor pftttss(,s !\a, hiv(, nx,i in lhis Llrok:
ll1r(r.ss (l('sign/r. dcstgr)
r ( t r . s s nr inn, j e n rfn r
'
I'ro.ess j t r()!lnfrt
k, b fing . r b{ ) ulr , r P i dt)o l i o n r l i n c rfh i (,!c Irl rts .
'Ii b l t' I , 1. 3 s hows th r.o u tl i n e o f th c t)M AtC
srfps i nd Ii i l } rrcs
l a .1 (r ' ) ( r , )giv e t |t d o h i l i n p fo c (,s s .h (,!R n ffo nr ror c:r.h or the strt)s.

' Table
14.3 TheD[,4AlC
sleps
Defie lhescope
andgoas of the mproverjlent
prolecl
intermsol cuslomer
requrrments
aId tl]eprocess
lhalde verstheserequiremenls
tnprts
0ulputs,
controls
andresources.
[rleasure
lhecuffent
process
periormancenputoutputandprocessafd
calculate
lheshod-andlongeFlerm
process
capab/
ly uresrqma
vaue
Anayse
theoapbetween
lhecurreflafddesredperfo|nance
pr/ortzeproblems
anddenliiyrootcauses
ofprobems Benchnrark
nqtheprocess
prod
outputs,
ucls0r servtces
agarnsl
recogn
zedbenchmark
perforrnance
standards
oi
may
asobecarred
oul.
Generateihe
mprovemenl
solulions
lo ltxtheproblems
andprevenl
lhemfrom
reoccurr|ng
s0thattherequredI nancalandolhefperformance
goalsaremel
Thisphase
involves
irnplemenl
n0lheifitproved
process
n a waythatholdsthe
qains'Slandards
ol operalion
wit bedocumented
in systems
suchas1509000
afd siandards
ol performance
!! [ beestablished
usingtechniques
suchas
stalistcalprocess
conirol(SPC)

*{
X 3Fl Slittsr.r tri.Fr! ftnrr o

Fr q r r e
1 44 1 a ) ,

ir

F i0r.e14 4l h) ,rl .rl i r f,rtlI

LI

I ,

l ,.t

r!
5 I \ q[.

prrr r]sr ti I

l,

,1ti5

tl
)n\

1
tuqtrrcl4 4ld)

i r :14.
i! 3 Six - s i g maan dt h er 0 l e0 f De sig 0
nf

Experiments

l),.sittn ,,r lr\f(,inr ( . |1.

( l) t ) l )
Lt t \ j, r L. lh ( \ t \ i L ) j l L \ L n r r , r , r ( t ( l ) l l
f , i\
fr,/IlltIr(
, r |( \ { \ \ .
pir lr Lr .
fr.iror niilr \ ( . ( jr
r.ri.r.()r
s()!lr(jn il

&

a 366

Statistrcai
Process
Controi

ln
in
ilr

:t".:11t -" '

if

Fr0urc
la.4(d) dnro

Coittus .recLrrp
llD sotLn
of

tl f,r!v s h ..r!i l v orr sr,rl i sti { ,rtr(\Jrni (tu.s,su.h ns k,si s ot

\i }i ni fj ..rnr , , ,
.' n .rrv s Losl ! .' ri .rncc(A N ()\ ), forrct.1i i orr,
si mptc (ti n(,.rf)(,gfi .ssi orrrn( l
,f,,l ti p l . rurft.ss(nr.A s w . trnvesccn i n C hrprfr t3 ( nrguci i i
nxl horl s) ,
l )o l i U s c s 'c' \ti cfi rrfnl s' h, t{ rnm .rtroui i h. trfh:rvn)ur of pn
ucts ( ; f
p R )c ($ .s Urr(l (r \.r ryi ng .ond i i rnrs, .rnd .rIow s pt.rnnj nB
anJ contr ol
(t !.rri rb l c 5 rl ufi Ig nn (,ffi cl (' ninLrnrbfr
of r\p(,ri m(,nts.
I)(\i g n

of

tl xpryi nfrrt\

sIpports

si x si S mn .pp| l ,rchcs

jn

rhc

As s e s s i ' 19' \{)i reoi rhe C ust(D r(,r,syst.,msh) fi ni l th.

bcst (ombi n i l ro n o t
h) pftrduc.,vi ti d p()cess ri ,(dbrfk.
' nfthr)ds
i ,r(k)rs kJ i sot.i c tl ro,!i t.rl ,frx)l .nusc of pft)btcms of
^ s s ri s s rn g
P i l (rti fg o r tcsti | H corrbi ni tnnrs of
| ossi trtc sol uri ol rsto fi nctopti m. l
ImPro\'.inr(Il t shr tcgliis.
. E!.tlu.rtnrg
frocluct or scrvicc clesignsto iclentifi, potcnti.ll Problcms
ind rril ucc d.fe.ts
, Con.luctin8 cxpcrimenis in
scrvicc on\.ironmcnrs
r)ften rhro[gh
'rc.r1-$'orld tcsts.
The b.lsic steps in LloE aftr:
, l.lcftify the factors to be e\..luatcd.
' D c fi l l e th c' l e\.cl s' of thc facbrs to hc tested.

is

":

ln

rl)
'h

T
T

Sil

S rx -s0ma processqra i y
, Cf t , nieai1nr r a \ o f e \p (,ri m c ,n rnc1o n rl rtn .rti orl s.
. . r J , . r I n,
I,...r,t,.t h .., itr.t,,i r.t
- . l .,n r,r' .
t \ . r unlc t hr rt.u l c .l i J .(rn r tr,,,,n \

36/ $

r,,r.

In idor t if r Lng ih f ti (to rs k ) b c rv .l L rrtrd , r nrpofr.rntc(,rsj cl cr.ti ons

rr.udI whni v o L r $ ,rn t k ) tf.rrn fr()n r th c c\p(,fj mcnts
nn(l $.hi l
tl x lik c lv jr r f l! r n c c s .r(, o n rh c p n \r,s s ,
or s.ryi .f A s
fr\l u(t
t.r. t { x - sr r . s ( l( r ( d i i i s i n rp ()(n rrr to l r.ti n c f th(, bcnei j r
ot otrl ,ri frrrg
.rd dr l , ) r r . r l{ l. r t . rl r\ t(,s i i fg n rt)tu ,f.r.ro rs \.rth rtrt, i Icrr..rrrt
cr,* l .rrr,i
cor f P lc \ it \ r
W hc r r t leiininlt lh (' l r\r,l s { )fth .j .r(h ,rs ,i rrf{ rsl h.h()rf,.Lnrri n,t
th.rr
'r.. , 1 , r , . r ' r
..r.1 , I t ,,, .t,,.., ,.,ri ..t r...,\ t,,.
,i ,,1r .r ., 1
, 'i

lr'

r'

' , , 1 . \...

I.l

Ir l...,Iit,.

La",.,.r

I..,.r,

I.

r"
r , \ , 1. .
..r
rr.t
.tr ..,r..r.t,,r,
'r
"r
rni\ L\ , . uI r ine( l rl d rl v ri i L ,l N c ts (D /,()tJt \pei fi ti (.rt(,\
.rn(l .rrc
rr, r l l f i( I t in i (J rn s (,f f\| c ri Ir.n t.rL i trr
i \h , f r r l. r ling li r(..rD .,r\1 ,t,,\p c fi n rrn l ,rt .o | ( l i ti ()| s,.r\1)i {l
l ]l ,,or]f
l r.1o, r l . ' linr " (( )l i i \' t) IP ff([, h w tn ,l . r.r r h \ rf]rtj . i s
l {,!{ c(t i n
s() 1, ' t r ( ir l)
r .( ) li is L ,.rs .(l()| .\n l rtn i i i i t,rr.rv s
rJl ((!r(ti ti (!r\ n,,)l rtri f
1 1 f r l. s f |1, ) lr \ e( l, rl .ri ()r.rl l i i .t,r!. n )s s i trt,..(rn trj | l .rl i ofs.,rn
L,el t(j x,l
,rl (\ l t r ! ! l, r ls t it . r l s l ) \.rr. r(x ,l s ()f J (rrf(t i J r t,)l rk,r,l l x,i r rs.,r\(,i (i s
l L rv r nJ i(
t Jlc s i . \ ( fr f()\\i l ' t.
| c l | | l .rti o f
i ! hf r . , , r i( lu. i r jt th e c \P.ri l rf(s , l tt
trc s .fi L ),rl .o,rrti tj onssh(rrt{l t)c
.'.l i r " , . l' . , l' r .
l ' ,' .r' ,t t, \,,.1 1 .,t.r :,,t,r. r | .| , |, . | , 1 I | , , |. ,| . rttr.
, ., i I i t \ t ) . . I r i fr.)t | \ rtr\.
r,
I l_lr .
r ..rl r ,r,...rrr,,.
t" .,$,-.,,,
".
r, .,
1 , ,, I),,1 ,r |
,,. r. .r.,l , .,, \\,
.,,, .
.,
\
,.r
..r..,
,,...r,
. .,
1,t,.
( snir li. r l. lr r onI lhc c \p (.fi n re n tn tJ .rti ' \\()n r.
.te . ,..,n,"
,,,,,r"1,.
i l r lor t li, ( Dr ir r g, b L rl n (l (l i t()n .rt,tL rrs t(,rs ,rl n v.rri 5. th.rl
" o | 1\l ti R ..rrt(l
" ..,,t_
_
rr(D, e\ P or
"',ft\

a six-sigma
0rganizali0n
x 14.4 Building
I
andculture
Sia sigma .tppft)tr.lrosqucstionmirn,r.sp.,ds of trus ness,in.tucling iis
orgnnrl.tjon.nd rhe culiufescrcatrd. thc go.rlor mo* conmeii;al
orgnni/ationsis n) nrakcmoncl throlgh thc pfoductj(nrof sitealjl(,

3 0 8 S l al sl ca Ir ofess C orl r o
S (! trl s or s.r\i (rs rrr(1. i rr nr,rn\, l tr,truJi l i onnl nr..rs!r.s ( {\ l if c
.-,... rr\ .,r t ,..._ i r' rt , ...t \
,,.,,t, , r. t.. .,,1...r.r r.. . t r . . . . , .
.
rr i , t .. .,, , j \,.,,. r.t ..r I i ..h r,
,{, , r , l. t . ,
g .l \l r,rr rt rrj (.r\| n,s l l crr,r,, rhrorghP Lrrrffi sLrr,s nrnv (rNl. $1) f k
l ffr oS r' ssrn(l ri rj rsl r.rl g(r!J!i rj \crrl ,,r\rtrLr\(tf.ri fi ngttrtl s
r ( , \ st n
,.rch,rfrl s{,rLi f!,,j fi t.r1.t r,.rr1,,Lrpr,rnr,L.,rrcrsIr((tc,j r! h( jr r l, , lif
IrA r! r].t Jrrl h{tr\ l (i Il Isr n,
\,\ c j tri ., (!ti rr /,i l i trr\ l (r Lr!{ i ,,:
I n(l ,,sl .| r(l rrg tl r, (L,!tt,hi .i 5 f(\tL,j r(,rj r(1,rs;
i {LrrIi I\i IIII.j i I!| l ,r.r \ Il t,,,j ( r)r(,,( r r(rl
| ,(!(,sr,.sIr,j t fi t(t \ , jl|, . 1( )
t l ! r \ | r i t ( ( f Irr I | ( , Li s t r i r l n \ . r j n

j r t l i \ i t t, rrr 1.
,
1,' ,, .
"''
ht,rg \( f\ r,st\' r' i \1. t,' (1,.Irl f,;
l . i \i rt Irrri ,,g.| r( ,)t ,i I l .r(r, .rt 1 .ri ,rrf(r,rft,,r' If ,' l ( nrt,i ri ( \ .
,' l ,r,,i ri r1t,i r t\t.IrLi rrr! r\rLl l ...l ,(Jttj rl .i r,r \ ,Irl (.\l (,rr,r lv
rL h\
si,jr(lL rl 1\,[](l,li,,I|.ji,.\.lr,rti,j,jiIff,!.s\\t\.r\.|,(\L.cs
( r , r tr L \ r r . $ f ( t ,r. ,r L t , Li r (j t l r ( t ( . t \ ! k l ( . . 1 ( \ ( , | 1 . ,
. r r ( t . $ i r l r ( , ,!I ( \ ( ,I l
r L , t r ! . 1l t , \ , r f r , ) t i ( n r . \ ,' r'f i r l r ( i n . j ( L r i r j j L r t , r l . s i r t t j . r t r r \ t r L r l
(t (jl
l r !l r
n, \ r ( t ,
ln\.Ist(,1
t ] r c . r '\ . . I ( l j : r l t 1 ] \ r s t t r , r L j r j , , : r t r | \ j r L , s \ ( \ ( I \ , f , r L ( .
\ i, j, L \ \ l r ( r '\ 'i s , \ ', l t r ( . t . | r ( l
I\jqn),rt,.\L.t r\r llrict(.\L.t ()j
l ) ( .r 1 ,) i I
r , r ( .. L l ! n r r ( , ) \ t ( , 1 ( l l . L \ i \ , r t ! , ! i
t . j . l t ) l r j ( . I t ( , t \ . r t . , f,.\fIr ( .
( , ) "f . 'n i , \
llr,rl ,rl(,ft ,, ..i\ \!,rj.r \1,,,1(,1t\ ,rI
n . , r ( l v r .,j ( tr ttr .
5: ig n r , r ( \ . l , I r l
, r \ l L i ( ( . l t r ( , ( t , s r , i t \ l L i , r l i t \ t , , t 1 ) t ! , r ( ( . . 1 ( ) i , , rt,.s r ( ,\
, , ll r f , r ( l r . r I l , r t ( I r L h . r f , r r r , l i ( j t j r r I j , \ ( , t 0 : i \ ( r r j I j . r
.
l r . r j ( ) I,I
. , , i( l l f ( . , L L r r l L ( A l i ) l , l L r . r l \ t , j l ( " , , j r n , r r ( ) rn . r r j I r
' , r ) f ( , f \ i , j r I l t . I j r I t {\ l

,,1,

1r.r.,.,..,,

sj\ :i1tr,ir ctf,rl(.ri(\ lj\, jr\,.

r.rt.

tl,

$ hr,l( |frt,rni/,jtr(!r tr,rirrrn!;

f n t . ( I n . r ( \ t r r ! ' t ( ! ) r , 'f r t r | , r l \ \ 5 .
njt) (\ (.f jL!l r"(.ih(\ls rrrt ltrjls i()r irnl,t(,nr(.rjr, rr!r;
r i. . r ! ! f ( n r ( 1 r l r ) t l i . n . i r l t \ , | ( , J i t s
( ( 'r l | |

j tLr l | \ i Lj Ll l ]

.(i f1, (i .l r(l \L,st,rrn(\ll rfr\.rn(rrl

( )rr. l ri tl rl \

t' ,t,l k i /(\ | .r:f(\ I ()l l h(. , \ \ i l ,j r.rnrt^.IkJrt. rn\\ j, r \ it s

,rft) l rLi l i of Ir.onrl J.rrrr\ sLr(tr.r\ (n.nrf.rt Ic(tri L ((,J.), NI ( , ( or ot . r ,
(,rIl .rl i r)l L,f(Ir.,i sttr(,r\t.rt,l i shfx' nl {)rl) r r n. ss
\l l i f( l S i i tf,rl rrrl (,t
rfl In\(,nx1' l c\p(ns,
l u0rrr rai onsl r.rs l \t.r\tff tJl .rcl i k,l ts. , . t Jt d. k
l J r' l t s ar ' t i rcen l l t.l ts . In.rl rl i ti tD n, fhrst rI. .t .rt rfr: f!,t.rtf . t. h( r f |, ,
l .f\. r\l ro frfr{ )11r]thf tr.ri ni ,j g,l (,.rdt{,,rnrsJrrl do tl )(,i nrpr\1 Jne ) r \ ,

qualty 369 T
S x-si0maprocess
:: other rolcs s,hich thc or$.niration may consider dependingon the
.:r.usrlcss with which thcy aLloFithe lix-sigmaclis.jpline.Thesi'

I crdership Croup or Council/Steerhg Commjttee

sponsors and/or Champions/l']roccss Orncrs
inrplement.rtion Leaders or Uifcctors oftcn lVastL'f Lllack tlclts
si\-sigm.r Coaches Masier BLrck B.'1tsor tll.rck Uclts
Ii.nr Le.rders or Prcjeci l,enders Lllnck Dclts or Crocn Llclts
Ii a m N{ f nr ber s us L rn l l vL :fe e nBe l ts
\l ,rn y of t hL' s r t c ' r n rs v !i l l b c fn mi L rr trn n IQ M anLl (onti nuous
Ip ro ,!(r r 1c ni a. t i! it io s . T h c ' l l l .rc k B e l ts ' re fl (rt i hc fi f.l v honrd ski i l
.rfd d i\ c iplinc r \ s of i.rh d tri th th c s i x ' s l $ m r i fp R )i .h(s nnd l fch
,,rto cs. l hc dif f ( J ' ( r t l c !.i s o f (;r..f, l l l i .k In d M . sh r l l l .rtk l l ( l ts rcc
,,sn i /i ' ih( ' dopt h of t rri rri n g n n d c \Pc rti s c .
\1 .rh rf s lx s i, j' r Lrpr ' 1 )g fn n rn e ss,u .l r i \ ri (;l i , J { ,h ns(nr& J{)hns(nr.rnd
\Jl i rtl S ignal,lur e r l\ru t I p .f r.n t { )l Ih . s rrk l i )rcc rs l { rl l l i nre l Jl nck
l n l ts. l |t R is t Y P k lrl l y (n r(,M i s l .f l l l rfk l l (l l l o evrry l (n l Jl .rckIn l i s
rtr i b ()u t ( n, t , J . ! c r y l { l (1 0, n rfl ,rv c c s A l l l ,rc k l l (l i l \,1)i c.rl l o!(rs.es/
V
.o n rtl (t . s 5 7 t f , ) i( \ 1 s p .r v .,r' , r!h i c h i n k \l b y (;f.fn l l (l i sw h()rrr
rr()tcrl p k ) v f ( l lull- lim (n r s i \ s l l tn r,rP fi )t,1l s (l :i q 0 f ( 1.15)

I F iouE1 '1.5Asr sOmicom Dany

The leiding exponentsof six sigma have spent millbns of dollrB on

tr.ining and support. Typlcal six sigma triinjng content is shown on
fagc 372.

&
I

370 Stalsl ca Process

Contro

thefinancial
success
0lsix-sigma
, 14.5 Ensuring
ploiecls
r
Six sigma approachesarc not looking for incfemcnial or ,virtu,rl,
improlcments, bLrt brcakthroughs.This is where si\-siilma has the
potcniial to outpcrf(r.rn other improvement initintives. An jntrinsic
part ol implementaibn is to connectimpro|emeni to bortom-tincbcnclits and projectsshould not be startcd unl,ssihey plan kr detiver significanil! k) ihe bottom liri{
Estjm.rk,dcost savings!.ry from projecrb projcct,but reporiedn,vcr.rgcresl,ltsrnntc from $l50,u0(ln) $250,00upcr pft'ject,1^,hichrypic: y
l.rst,l months.lhc r\{ r.ge UlackBclrwill gcncr.rtc$600,00051,2s0,000,
bcnefiisper annum,and largcsu!inssnreclain](t by the hadifg cxponents()fsi\-sigmn.For cxamplc,(lI his claimcdrcturnsof g I 2 bittion
fron]its invcstmcntof $-15{)nr.

Weekl-Defineand
Six-signrio!cr!icw.rncl
th('I)MAIC ftLrLlmnp
I'rocess
'n.ppinH
Qu.rlityfun.tion

, Week 3 - lmprove
Annlvsisof vnrinncf
I)osignof crperimcnts
. l-.chJri.rl
( xP|rinr.'nis
, ljr.rctl(n1nl
tictorirls
block d0si,ln
' lJ.rl:rn.cLl
, I<('sponsc
surfic(' d.'si,ln

r-di[rn m(de.ind
Orgarizntnrlal
uffectiv(rness
conccpis,

- B.sic stntisticsa11d
Lrscof Excel/Minitab
I'rocesscapnbiliiy
svstcmsannlysrs
Week 2 - Analyse
- Statisticalthinking
Hvpothesistcsting and
confidenc!'in i.^rva1s
Correlatn analysis
MulUvadatc ancl
regressionanalvsis

, Week 4 Control
- G)ntfol plans
- Misiake prooturij
Specialapplications:
dlscreicparis, contjnoous
pfocesscs,
administratiolr,
clesrSn
Final exercisc

lroj(l rctritL|t.
ertrv day
Hrrds o,' .rclcisr]sllsslqn.d
l,earninSapplicd during 3 wcck
gapsbetweensessions

tt'

quatty 3i1
S x slqnraprocess

Linkin gstra te gi c0bj ec ti v esw i th mea s u r e m e n t

of six-si g m aproJ ec 1s
si \'si gnr n pr oic . t s r l rc ti o n tn k c s o n d i ffc rc n r fn ccs i rr di fi i rc| t (,E rni zl ti (Ds . \ r v t r ik 't hc o l e r.rl l g ([l o f .rn r s i \ s i s rn i pftrJo.tshoLrtdbc ro
i mp ro\ ' ( ' c ( |s hnn. r r e s u l ts .rn Jb u s i n e s sftrs u l rss, o m(.pr1,i (,.rs
rv1| n\1rs
()n p ftx lu. t i( ' n/ s c f \ i c c d (' l i v .rv p ro c e s s c s ,l fd o th..rs r!i 1(J.os(j f
L ,u sn es s / . onr nr . r , ir l tro c c s s .s $ ' h i rh c \.r th (,f i (,, ,rtJsi r-si gnr. prts
t( cts m r s i M lj, r k c J t(i th r h i g h c s t .v fl s o l s tn l i .g v i n rhf (rgi ftT,rti (nr
,rr(l b e jn djf t ' . t s uf | ,,fI ,t s tc { i i i ( h | s i f.s s r)b J(\ri !.\ thf
trrt(rt5
sfk! ka i r ( ) jDr pr l\ 1 b Is i n o s s l ).fl o fn r.rn .f In u s t h. ,rA rc.{ l ufor L)r
h o i l r th . bLr \ inf s \ inrl o p ( ri rti o rrrl l { ,r(J c rs h i pi.f(i s,)nrc(n, rnusr L,c
n ssi g n ( t J{ , Jir ! \ ' l] ' r , l) .,r' i J 1 | rrL rl )k l i )f rh c Irf(,J (\. rs,
i s i f(l l .rsst)nr(1' r(,

l r l l r( L ) Lr s if , \ \ J i\ ' f l, l j n )l (.ts s h o L rl (lh . s ,l (.l r(l t ,,rs(11

(rr rti . or)l .rn
r1 ,)ri ,!)s s t f , r l, , ili{r ( , ir l s .rj r{ J(l ,rc (trrr Sp (! rl k p ro i (t l s sh(,Il (l l \,,)j D x!l
,'l i n rl )(\ ir l s r ( h t hi rj | 5 .s c U s l { ,rrr(Jr'.s !l l s , rj trr vnl u. .r(t{j ,gr(\\ th.
(()si .r)LI ( . r s J rll( D! . A t rh r 0 l rr,f,rtj rr)si .\(,t, \i \ s i gl r,r
fnJl (\ts shr)Lri rl
' l i l l l i ( t( ) t ] l , ^f r . r ll s l ,..rk ,!i .1 tJ ,rl r.Iri { l i ,r,!l i (!r trut (i j r.(rt\ i .\()l \{ .
l , | ,',
, t . r . r i, r ' . ' l
n .,t.| 1 ..J ,.t..,t t, t,,
r,,,1 .,..,,t I
' ,.r,.,.,,
l,\'('s (rr L, _v( 4\ ' r . ii, ! r .rl .Ir(l tr.l j l i { ,rl
th
,rl
ti
nt
t,) \tr.rt{ ,rt,(
Ir,l ,l fIj s
rf,,rJs.rll r nr l, \ t i\ ( \ .
W h cn i l . ( ! nc s lo s . l(\.ti Ig s j \ s i t' I,r
Ir1 )l f{ l r, k e\ (l U (,sti ()ns\\,tr(l r
r"'rsl l )c , r ( 1{ l|rs \ r , ( 1in( . l U !l (,
W l i .rl is lhr ' , i. r t L . , i l I l rf fr,l c L l s tr(,i n g( (n rs trt0t( t?
!Vh n l is lh( s Lr ) lt , ' l l l j f l )r)t(\.l s b (.i n L.(!rs t{ l rfr(t?
I l ,'w r Lr n\ f f t , i( r ' ls s l i (,u l (lb c i J .rrl i ,i (.(l '
W h .'l r n, t h( . ( | il( r i, r J (),s fl (\ ti n i ] p fo t(,.rs l
l Vh i l t \ p. s , ) l r . s Lr l tsn rn v b (.c \p .( l ,\t l fo ,,r s ,\ s ,i j JI,r
ff()l f, rs.
ll()l (!1 sc le, l! r r ( nI r ' l\ o rj r' r,j l ) (l (^ !n ()i ,1 ,(n l (,rrU f .rP | rR ,.i ,h t
h)p -{l ,rw , r ppr o. t r lr . ( !rs i (1 e s .r (o l rf,rrri s Ir,rl o r L )usi n{ .ss
i snrfs. rj
oL tc.tr\t s nnr lt lx r r r s s il trrs .r(h J n rp rrr n s rrrj r!.n r,l l r,rgef
nr(N trIcLr(!t
b v th $ c bu' if e. , is s L rrs h ' b r(\rd t\, (l .J i (, rh (. L n rpf(r!1.frrrri()l j l t,eri\ { s, rstlblis h pef t { ! nr .rn .e rn c ,rs !1 1 ,s.rf(t
,
p R ,p ,,s csl r.r(,gr. i rnpf(^ r.
n trrt tfole. t s i{ it h s P .c i fi c a n tl n rc .rs u ra h l t,
g r.rts l h.rt .i . M D tr i n I
g i !cn l i |rlr pc r io. l f , ( ) ll )h i rrg rh i s ,te rrn s i (l (,n ri f\p ()crss.s,rn.l .ri ti c.rl
t o L l u n l ii\ ' . h. r ir c t ef is ii .s , r()n c l u .t p ro c e s s b rs c l i ni ng ,Ir11 i Ll cnti ry
oppoftuniti(s f(Jr trnf.ovcm.nt. This is rhc irvoLrr.{t.rpp,l).r.h rfd th.
b .sL rn ! h) ilign ' lor . r li z .' c lb u s i n s sr1 (,d s \!j rh c ti rprfui e gorl s.
, . , , . , r ' ir ! 1 , F ,,t ,,.n ,1 ,t\t,f..,
| ,,r.r...Jtt
11.r.,,,..t" ',!.e -. l, J l\ . . ' . , r, , rts r.1 rr,1 ..r.,,,.,.rr"r.,r-.,t, .. I, i , r 1.1,, t,.,r-

\ h ,r.l

X
t

process
372 statisticat
Conirol
rcsol|e spc\iric quality probli,ms or improve proccss fl v. Thes pr(!
j( cLsshould bc conslrjcreLias '.n1as or opPo.hrnitics fof impl.(^,em;rrt,,
ns the' c1onr)t al$..r,vstii \\,ell $ith th.'compin\,'s srratlrgi. blrsnrcss
Sr)als.For c\inrple, managers m.rv be rryinit to id.,niify specitic n reasof
$ ,a s i .' ,s u P p l vp R)bl cms,sU ppl i | rqual i tr i ssues,or !ncl ear or i mpr.rci i _
c ,1 l ' t..d rn i c i l ' i ssuc' s,.nd i hcn a proj c.t i s assi gncdto sotl c. spcci fi .
pfobl..ln Wlth thi5 nppro.rch, it is easy fof the opcraiional t.!el f;cus k)
b !c o l r.. d i fn rs e d i ri rd di si oi ntftl i n ri ,hti (nr b the hi gher strar(,gi cri nrs
n n d d i rc .ti ()n sof th( busi rl ess.
At tho tyo..s! le\ cl, six-signr.r p(,iccts shorrkl focus of thosc proccsscs
n n d c ri ti .n l ' k l q L r.l i tt .hnl .ct(ri sri cs drar oi f.,r thc grc.rk,stti nnn.i dl
,rn d c u s n n n c f rosul tstol i ' | rtr.rl l i .rchpft)i (,cishoutd .rdrl ft,ssnl tc,nst()nc
c l (.n rd rtrn l h c org.rni /i l j o| ' s k.y bU si n.ssobj (\ ri \ fs, .rl rd l ){' pr.opcrl v

',, h
.h

tnI

pri

sign

P'f i
sinr

l vre l ri c\1 0 use r q ttachinq pr 0jecl pr oUte5s

ANO SUCCESS
Ih ( o ri t.rrri z i ti o n' skl ,l crshi f n.f!l s n) i ttcnl i ty i tt
Irj nrl fy ,nrl (rri v.s,
i (l o ,rl i l v i h , ff| Il fy
offrnt(,Ii l ,)bt(\l i !1,s l or er.h Lrusi rtss(| i t .rrr(l
l r.rs c l i rx l h k r! fn\r' sscs Li .l or. rl j . fLght
tr()i (t.ts .rI be sft..(\l
l ,l )l )l fIr i 1 1 ,rsn cel l n, b( i (l cIl r\t.rr(t.rrr.rt\s(\l i ofrnp(,i Irsorrr.csol
trrl s l ( . r(l i n (l l i . i frr\
l i rc,ry si r si grru trul (,.t sl l ,ut{t bc (t.srS rr.rji o
l ),!x .ti t tl r. ( | \(,Iref rn(l /()r i nrpro\r, thc .orIp.rn\,,s
ff()t' rl l i n r.rn ,l !
i l ,rl ri l i l \' l j L rl| | 1 )J(\ts nri ,, Jl s()rr(\\l l o i nrprJ\1,\i i ,,t(1,\fr,rP (tor rrti nr(,
n n (l (,v e f.rl l .n p n .i l v
Su .(e s s l L rlffo j (, .ts, (,r.f .()rnpl cl (,(I,shol td eIh i dd rt t.i sl
si \
\,..,r1 r r.. t r. , ,r;..r, /. Ii i r.
t,,,,,
r tr,,.t.h.,r.t. 1.1,t,.ts h { )u l d t{ ' .l fc l fd L' ns.r]orr t| l poi (,nti nlc.rsh U r,\,c.n (ruD l o t
,, r' r' . r\ ,1,
r\I...ri ,,i .i ,
.,.rt ,\\\,t
r,..t. r....,r.tr.,,.
l (n g th o t i i n rf i i $i l l t,rl c hJ roD rpl etei hc pr(ri .,.I.()rgnni zrti ons nL)\r
rh o o s r n i d rd i c .rrc i i nr(, .rnd nr(nrcvt{, i seri cs,rf snri pi ,J(,cl sr.ri trr
l h ,1 ni r i i ,w n rg r ,pr.oj (ctsthni $(Jul c.lrc(l tri r0thc si nrc i nvosrnrenti f
mon.'\,, hmorn.i ft solrrrcs.

lhc

Ih(

Ih(

clt'Pf

gcnc

' Ih e k .' \, n ) g o o d proj cfi sel ecti oni s to i dcfri f!

.rn.l i nrpro(,those peffo rm n n c om c i ri c s th.ri $ i l l .i el i \.r l l nan.i i t sU .c.,ssa.d i nrp.rcrthc i osto m ' r b J s c . Br.l nal ysi | g thc l r(,rformrn.o oi thc kev | nci l j c tl crs,
organj^hons c.1| b('tif|- mdcrsrnnd tlr(,jr opefrtnnrs nncl .rc.ie a bnsc-

. how $cll a co ent pr.ocessis lvorknlg;

. iheorcticnlly ho , s,rll Lrproccss should rvork;

lhis

&
srx s qnraprocess
qra rty 3t3 E
Itrx nrLrch
canbc inlpfo!(d;
l.rucess
hotr nrLr.ha prucessnnfror.emrnr i{itt nffcctcrstorncf rcs||tls;
Iro$' much inrp.ct 1""ill b. fe.llizr,.lin costs.

Inform at ion
r eq u i r e m e nat tsp r O j e cch
t a r testa
r g efo r
p ri o r it iz ing
pr0l ec rs _
I'ri (r i l l z if g s i\ ' s ignr n p n )j f( ts n ro L rl (lh . b i s e d (D ioLrrf.rL.k,N Itx,i i rsl
Jn .l (n 'is lo dc l( J nr inr th c p r()j (.(' s \ rl rk , to th e L ,usn.ss I tt si \ si gl rr
,rp tn ).r f h s hoolJ bf . rp p l l c { l { )n l \ tr)p n ,i (,c l s u rh fr . nrtf(\.rn(,nts$i tl
si tfi l i r. r nllv ir f pr { 1 t h (, o rj trn l l rti ()rr' s o \r,r.rt ti n ,j nci .rt
f.fl ornrn| .,.
n n (1 , i n pnr lk Ul, I r p | 1 ,i i l ,i h i l i t\" .I,i J t,\l s rl rn t tt,, n()l si l tni i i l rrrl l ,l
.1 .r. r. . , . , r . , , r , t r\.,rr.,\.t i .r....,,,.
1 ..,+ 1t L,.t .,...,, I,,.
t,r()t(!1ss h( ) ul( lf , n l, c ( o n \i d c (\l i l l | l . (ri s .l { ,t .r \r\ si !rn,r i .i ri .rri \ (..
\rrfl \
lr c . , I r { lh, n rs 1 . 1 (!,,J ru .l r' l (j w l ,.IrL inl t t,Lri l ' t,j
l )n\i (t{,
i n 'r'trrl r il{ . r s lr lhr \ .rp fl k s to \
fl L rf l v ,rl l ,),!.Iri/.rti (,,rs rrl h,. I5i (l
I s g Ir . r ( . r l( g( ) r , "s ' h i L .l irr\1 i to l (r L rj()n 1 t(.tl ,]rA
l ,.r.L l h. Ir(rr.v l h.\
r,f- /(Js ir r lt
l( r lf v b. l, , 1 1 l l x \ l (! rL so I s ,h ,rt l l x \. ri i lr/,h,
rr.\l \ur.
l l r(,s..( inr l l. r . t ( ) r t o l ,(,((rrs r(l rf.(l i ' l tr, fr!)u r,r, nrl L r.(l ti (\oU r({ .s
L s.(l l ( ) , , r is f lI l( s ic i] l .r .!(,1 ,)l .i frr!i ,s s rrL r,l h ,( ,Isrl L,l si !ri ti ,rnl
s.'r'r i r r t , olils . r nr l/ ( , , l i .I l .l s l r.I1 ,.
l l r. l l rir ( l li. l( ) r t o lr ( . (,.s i (l .r(\l i \ \! l j (,l tr,r ,rn \ l (j sl \,rt(s rr(, tl r. r.sLrl l
,)l l l r' l , , nl] ll,( ) i lilr ( . jl l r k fs t{ , rt1 | (\\
l rrl r( l s t() nr,)ft.l , ()f $ t\1tj ff
l l r'r. i s , r r . r ( r linlt . r s l (,n r( r l r,r\c L ,f(.rL rs,i
(.1 s tu .tl r(. | ,(j t)k.nr, r!rl tl
.r l )rrl r.l ( , r s . r \ k l
l l ), l o If lh f . r lof js i h | l l x r (J f .(n .r s i \ s i rn j n
l )rr)i (\| .rtj 1]| \ \\ l h rtt
ff.i l l 1|) . r l:( ) l t h h! \ In s s .
')\
No l n l l s i\ s ignr . rpr ol{\ ts n c c rl l o h ,r\ r.r (ti r\.1 i n j i r r( I (!r i hf ( usl ()nr(.,.
l o f e \n ' r ' pl( l' . r r r ( le, , ,//. (2 (1 0 (r)
rl r,)r(!l ,r (rn rp .rrrr i rh,,sc i i rr,rnL.r
(l ('p n n r l
L) eli. ! ( \ l I h ,rl tl x i f r,l ( \!.rs l (, l f,r.l rlx,trn.r.(i .rt \,r\i fg!
scn e rl rh\ l L) \ :i i\ s i] t m .rp fo t{ \ ts ,rn i l s e (,l l r.rtth c i o r.\ r.rs 11,i U nr((l
lo
th e .(i D r f nnv ' s o! ( , f . r l l l r()th ,n rl i .e ,\trtr(n rc trI r, t i n,rn.! (t(I.rrtnr.Il
.l .ri n r\l r hc ! wen diftc fta rt b ...L r:f rttr j l .,re fr[ \l
l j (frs ()t l ],rpcr
Irstr,rL loi c ( ! npor r r is , l h i ' r i i n i l l v i (,rl i /e (1rh .rrth etf
ffrrt r.rL)i l i i \w ns
.l so i n tln. nc d bv s u. h l ..l 1 ,rs .s fro .l r(1 i v i t." , d { , re(t ri rfs, arrj trcc
ti frr'. B\ us lng s i\ s igm . n r.' th o .l o ]t)g \rr| t, l i n .rn ft dcpi fl nrfIt f.(tu(.,r1
ih e n m( nDr t oft im c iiloo k to c [,s i i ts b o o l s c a c h rl n ! 1i l rfi )nr l ]$(,Li ng
d .tvs h , t $i) l) e. r ( r s ing .l .' f..ts .n d .\.t(,i i n rr tn th f i i nnncr,dcprfrnrcnr
n l o rr. s.\ ' e. 1t he f ( r npa n v g 2 (lm i l l n l l ) .n c h ,re n r
Th i s s.:r ncc onr pany ' sl e g .rld c Pn fL n ri ,nht d s .ts o b e ncfi h,dbv rpptyi ng
s i \ si tm d io ihc lc r r gt ho f ti rn .' i i h \)k to fi l c p i i c rrl .p pl i cdti ons.I trnD gh

,:i
&

:;r

S ra srIa p | ress C o]tro

nr.i { rftnl t p.rtofnr.rn{ .(,,.rn{tdrnti f\i rg \o uf . . \ i) l

' \ \,' ri .rtl (D \. tl ,(, .(nrrp.ny str(xnrlir lr l
lh.
s,,
i l r,rri trt. rt ,rffl t,rti (j f s.,rl th(trrgh ,r .tIi n {n t I \ . \ . . r s
t,' ,1 .\\
. "rr.l
r r.' 1 ,.r' .
11.' t r,.. t.r , , -. r., tr t r
.r .r....r..
',
,' $ \ .r r,!j { l l i nq l l r..fl i R ,frl .rj r
rt}ri i (.rti ,nj Ihc rtrrronrL,r as r h, r t ,
\rl l r r' Ir .,tj (l i f! | ror. l ,rrrr,,r.. ttt f,j i rrf,l r!,s t(.1t.rt
(l (,l ,r| 1,n( , I tiil. s
,,,,) n,f,rr,,1t! i . !tj t,ft. tr,r:,\t\ .t ti nr,,
lr i li o L l r . , i s , , ', 1 $ , r r r t r u
ri/(rl ltr,rlr\.D,j \Ir,jI Inrl)rL\(!rcjrl
: , . 't
L
r
r ,|,.1,,,
' l 'r
t r ' ) s ( , f r , i : . r I l n r f t l r r ( ( ( r " 1 , 'n \ 'i r ! , , j
ot l.(!!IIiIrlnjor.(,ltirifIl
l, ' , l,l . r l r t . i I , r l l i l \ | f ( j ( , . ! , ( , ,

i \( ,L j i r
,..r ,.
,r j r r l

l mmcdiatOsJVin!JS
v0lsus c0st av0i{ jance
:t.j l ,rl , j rj ,\l (!.11,),rtl ,rti ,,,,s
tr,r\(, t,j tr t,.l r1t,rg I Lr it .
| ,1 \( ,s!\ tl r,rl .,Irl ! (rr\ l v tr\,!t $j l tr.r r i Ij j I(!l r,rl (.i nrl ,,r\l ,j | |njlji\
\,\ r ,tnj ,, tj r^ j i l (" . ,r,rL
l ,) ,ri rj r\t i Inr.(tr,j t(.t\ i r( r . , r si, r !
,r th.,tr,rt,.1:\ ()| l trx(,.(()sL )r,ht,.,,j :. it r , r r$.
l ' r(i lj l .l ,i l i l \ b\ r,r
l )r!l Li (.l Inr.Ll r,rL(.,.sr l :.j ,tr(.j ,,j It,ttrrl j .tn\\()fL.s(,.,tj .,i f(l $, r f
r,rIl \,(i :l \(l r)l ,.tl | ,1\\,
l ,rl Irj t.,nj r| ,rrrr...rIL(),rh,Lrt :l !rqnri t jL lil
r!rl l rL t,)l ,r,l I r( tr1!,tr r(.11.tr.tr [,,t I r,tl i i i .. tj j (t,]rrr,,j rr t $t ! . r .
(L )r'rI rrrr.. | (.(.Lrt(i ,' l i t,t\ Ltr.\ \ :i !| r,j si rrl .i } | tLrt
nr.rj !Ltr
\s ,r nl ,l \

l l n l l r(r)r{L(.,1\r(s,,t )(,r.\!(,| ,,t)(\r\\..t!,1,1(t !\ort\i hul (t t , . , ( t L0

' L \\
j r(.f,rrl j (. r j ! , I r ( l
l !\\hl ,
l !,r.j (J,,,r,Ir!J s.tr!l j U sr,r \ t\rr.,
r(i \(.,\!tr(),l l r,f' \t!t,t
ti ,,j (, tt!.,,1,r l [tr]rLt i (rt r\,j Ll , !.( . ist r , r i
rr f,t\(sr(s
L,| (i i (n, n(.tt, L\t.n l L,r ,r \1,()rl
f,.,i ,!t t,l t,,r(,, tr \ ! siI ll
:rrr)t,1.If,\(..'
nrtj ri \trj rtrrl .r. trL.\ \tl ,Ikt t.(.,r1,.t0rL j rl i (, n, jt r t r ( ,
' l !s l
tl l .l i rj .
t\\!l rl ,.t!rt(j f,,,,Ir(i .L\(l ,rtt
t]r\!l (\\rr,l
,j (,( ( . , \ , , j \
,f \ ( il \ L ( 11,ri i ,j ! r( N l (\ tl j ()t()q!\,,, ,.r1trrLr
L,Iri t\ ,. (1,\i 1t,,nq ( |r n, nl

\l l i ,tl S i l fr,i l t,)rLrr,ltl r,rt Ir i t! l i r:t i $(, \(.,i f: (,r .rf| \i rrf si\ \ ! r I , r
rrrrrl\ N trl nr..rrl 0i l l st,r()l r\i \l r!,t rr()l tr(.(,r(,!(j f\L,t t(\\ h . jr r r i. ll
l fu i r t,i u ss(s i l j .,r (.(j r ,l tr(.(.rsj l \ i nrt,,L)\,\l $. l tr i , j j , , l . i (\ , t\ s Lr( h
t
,rs s ' ,rLl (rfl ()l !.l r5hL,Lrr.Ll j ni tf.rnr5,t,n| \srj r.rfs,(JIn., rl .l r( \ I ( li. r
i rh n r ' , ri \l ()gr. | :.l ,\l l r\,t,.1.1()(tr. t\..rI(t(.t,.nr.nr,rf\r(!rtf( ) ( t jnr l
rrl } t \\ .' n.:.r l . r\ l (\l \i ,)\,rt)l (. 1(,Ir(\(.q!j (
\ l hr(j l str,r n, f i( , \ ( ) r
t,r()l (\' tsrl Il r,trLfnr\lsi 1]n1 {,rni \unrs l (,l l rf l r(nl or)rti fr It({u\ . ( , r . , js
l h ( l r l .rrL\rl \.i rnIl !rtfr\f' s(,strr!.rnrf)r(\r(1,A l | (,Ll tregnrrt,,\rt. . t
p r)l f( ts th,rl t(\.Lrs.(l.Ihrr\(.sl l l ! rtr..sr\cfr i f(Li r, l he i nri l J or r nLI . r l
l h r t ()}r () l l x l [1,,]rrl rl r.h.rrrl .st tr, (,.r(h rrrl i t tu\l r rf, \ l r n( ! r ,
!)p h sti (.rl (d nr{ )l ssu.h ,r\ rl .si qn ()i (,\tefi nr,,fts.j n(l ,tr.i ,rn t , , . . ; ,
s rrn r.r(l ' }.rnder1rr1.200t1).

:ri
! I s 0|r

pr0l,rsr.L]ll

l,r

3i!

lr i^ (,r l0 \1,,Ii jt ! U t J inS ( t r nt , r f i. \ lhr r , Lig h t h . r n I t ( . n , r r l , r t ( f

r (jl
ihrir\ ril:Ij,r.rpf(rr jr . t ) ( , r Lr t h, j,
f r ( t r r \ , ( ) r , . , j! , , 1 , \ r , r \ . 1 {, L j , j , i t r r I t t
lfsl ir\ \r1 tri,r tn,l, ! l l\ c l} l\ i, r t l\
ilr f ( r r ,
r t I 'i ) t ( , ( t \ ! , t \ l , r l
t,)r rtr,
' lir rrlrI
fh ,r{r \h , r il( l r r n t , . r hi N. h ir h t t t l) i g s f , r j r ) r t n r o : t ( l i l l i , ! t l
rLl'r,r l!ilrr)t,'l
l, Lr l or ( \ lt r , r t . L, . t f , ! , , r il, jr . \ \ , r ( t l j ( t
l,jrr.r1t.,rtjl(,
Ll,iir,!fnr(,Il
{,rrr r , t , \ t \ \ . t
Li\ r , t r j. r
|
,
j
j
j
u
t
.,tL.t\.,jt\(.
l) f ( j( \ 1 t ( j
ft r\ rL t.rjr l, (,hk.I j: t lr , I lj, r \ ( . I ! t , |( . r jir i, r ( lj( r t
.Ir(l t(,L,r,rlr\t (,r L,|.,
()r lrrjj( l\ \ |ilI Llr , ( . |L! t i\ 1r r , ! : t , t
f,f(\lr
,r LItnjt,tIr(\t ,.\.i1tr|,j
.if , r.1 }. I r.,l(,: tf . r iI i|. 1 , I j( l
I r , jr L ( . t o ! , ) |r . t , r ! \ i , r n ( t l i r ( \ . , 1 .
\r\.,,rtlj,r
.. t,| |j, j, 1, Ljj | ( , jnr t ) t L. lI jl
t,,(!t\t:. ,,1 L,jLI:(, (\Lr.rirr!,.
tr' lt i,i/,'lrn FL lrs.,\(,r
$l) , l . |( t s ( ) l r ) r ( . r \ r t r s , r j! l r r t j , . , , r r . , j ( t ! t ( \ t t t )
i, ' , i,,(\(.(t,,.r rLr,r,r 1{ l( li\ 1. n, , jlr , r . r r n. j. jt ! , r r . li: l , n t j j ! , $
i,r.i!rt,rt\t..
1, , .1 \'r),.!,,r1(\l ,rt i) |j, r r r , , ! ( , in1r t ! t \ r j, j\ \ t t \ 1, 1. i, , r ,t , . . t
Ji(.rtrL\,lrLt.r(j,jt\
I lLi r rl,.l\.
\,s, jr , r t , . , , r , , jf , , , s t r ( j$ , , I ( r 1l, j j / , r i ( r , L t ( r , . t , ( : . , , ! . r
' \
tr r,rr rrrrf|,trrir.|) r r r , Lr , ( - . \ ( . r ! ( . ( jl
r t : LLr iLi l , l i r , . r r t s 1 , t r \ t o l l \ L r !
r: t 1r(.l1t\ tr, \l!\,r(
i, l, ! t r . , r t r ! l t r,l j , , , ,( t( r j j .I r( t r r . l , u t , r . ! , ) . r l :

E s l a l ) l i s h t ! l a b a se l tn cp ro l ccl . a p eff0r lr ance

lle a s L tef l c n l l fi tmc!vo rk
. . 1t , . . r ( ( ( ! \ l r t lr ! i\ . . , r t n r , , , \ ( , r
lrrllr'{'rfi|1 .rti,iIllrrl
rr.r(jr lrl(,1r,
(.
rr
,(
rjr L ,,l l\ ' , r j, . . r r LI r \ | t 1\ iI jt , , r ^ L., , , . ,j r ! ! t 1 r , r , \ | j , . , L r . . t t , , r jl(
l! ,
'r'i,,
. , , , , 1 (,r l,r,r!.,1 :r ( , 1\ :
t |\ , , i\ llt , , , ( t , LI jji, r q, I r t t
l,|.Ir(.t!(t,t(.
t,j
, I i,r|)|(.IIj,,(|(.\t.I()I, i( r jt ( ' r h. lj, , r t r jr . Lf ( \ t r i t r (
t, ll
| ,rt r ,'ir frL rgrr s : , r ! . '
. or |, ' jil. r r L) |. j ! ( ) . r t \ :
'
rLl(!,1 r\lirtr,)lrif
lk . \ i, ) r nr lir i\ r jI t ! r l
l jirj.rrri.j t\.rtrjrjI,lr,(.
.t,r'ri,i, rl r,rIr\, , , t t \ . r t , i, , , , . I r ( ( . , l] . r ir . , t ir t L.r . , r r L . r r r , l . , , ( t s .
,t)
lirr.!r . i, lr , f lt ) lr i. r r L( . , g. r |\ ( \ l( , n r , ! l , r ) ( 1 . L 1 .
"li.Illlt
llr.,rL ,ll,,i
'
,"
rIr\rrrr,r,'r.

h,r\.a !, | |, , , \ ( . \ , , , r r I t ( \ ot ! , L, ( 1 ,
r((. ,,,(,,rs
l!jroIrj.,
..1
....,r,.,r
r.,
.t ,,,,
,l
\
,
|
,
,
,
'.
'r.,t
.\ l(rf
l. r l

[( f\,r], 1 , ) f li\ t . , r ( t ir jr t I I | ( j I I r,j I | (j Ir .

f nrl|((
li' ,r ttrl,i,,ir.lr(t.
i, . r n1t l( . r ! ) t , r r , I , t r r r r r , : r r r r . . .
r]Lr r ( | r I(, r I Ii ,ri I | ,I I ir ! , , js r f , r . t ( ! , . r t L, ,( , ! ( lr r r t r , r I \ ,
LIt, ir()l l,rlL ,r(r)r nr

.l

,1,r.,,.,

'

or t h( . L r r s i( if r { , r
11. js l! \ t i \ . .

.,,.r t,.r

l\)ltr

.rt.,,r'...

l! , , r , ' r , '
t .,,
.,' ,
'' '
tn , dir n, lr , l) r \ it ,L rrs h i r h Irr,l e n rrrrrsrh L ,,rLh ,,\.Irfnl
L r, r \ lr . ' t { lt . ( ) Lii r\.1
\.s

Il(,m.,1 ,Irl

t,,,...,,,.
(,t l tr. trn,rn

&

,t
X :re S rarr
r c a f , ro c e sCo
s rlro
I h( nr . . s
j. , . 1. ' : . , , r

r.s ,rs.rt str()|Lt b(, tiIt.d to L,r.

f f t r . c \ s ( , \ h h r f , . r h r \.r tIr .
,. .,t,,.r.,,.
J,r
. . "' , , , , r t
rt VI,l.,t
.t...rt,
...,.,
r,.,,.,1,1. |
1
, , , 1 ,,.
()f( i,rri.fs.lr(t nr(,s5r.\ rhr,i.(\t
( |sr(jfr(,f |(\\t\
r
(
)
i
I
I
"( \ \
( I rl (,rl . tlrL, rt\ (jl cIL tr.r,t(!rl

lh

p.rlt),,I,rjr,.IIIrrIsrIf.IIj.|)Ir,rnr(.

(.,r'r.i\li
lr

| , r j r ( l L( j r r I r i t r l , I i
L.nrf ,\ t!. |,\(,|\L.jlrj|,

i! ! r ill, '| | r r g ;
\ r ir r l( i r n r | ( , l ( , I t , j l i r ! r \ t j . r t ( , 1 , \ ;
r "! s ' l ( r 'r L r r l
r | ( l r . \ , r I r i ir r t r r ;
( r , r t n , l , I r l r i , r t , n \ f I r t 1 rL l
.,' rr t\ rrr!t,lrt jjr.rirri,rjr I1i \l. rLt, (l: ()r L,\(r.
L,rr.
|,(t!is(!1. l),isrtl (rr llrr.
I r i \ l t 1 . . , , L r l l i r j ( , ( i I th |

L, J ' N l l r r , r s i , , r . l f r j r ( r , l : . r . l . r L t t t l ( j : i , , ( . l ] \ (. . (
Lr \ 1 r )1, , ,(,rj t r , r ( t r r r r
L, . t , r ( i\ ,, , ', r i r . t i r t \ , \ :
r",L.,1r.,r(.rt.
r(ti\ LIr jl lr.,t()r|.,,jtt,
j j r . r ,r 1 ,,
t,..r.r,..t
| | rt .,r,.,..,...t
j
.
,
.
t
r
t
r
r .l
'
", ' , ,
I,l
,r".",.,t,.,1,.,.,r..,.,
t ,,.
r t r : lr t , s l \ 'l h r I
r i r , 's l r , r l s ', r r ( l t ] l , r , r . .
llr , l! \ Li' s i \ \ i r I j , , I i , r , | | , , ,

r t t ( t L . | t 1 , \ , r j ( r j L r \ i h ( . {l ( . r r l i l i ( , r t i r r,,l .r
: r ! r , . s . l , r ( 1 t , , \ r ( : i . . ) , | ! t , r . . : . 1 \r , r , ! t t ( \
l \ . , l , , i r i r , r i ,( ,
i' r l ( , r r o i s ( K l 'l c )
r s ( . 1 , r ( . r o r .!.1 , , ) r L t L t! . L t ( , \ ( ( t t r ( , I j r i r r . , r ! . r o i z.r
, . 1: , ". .
, r r r s r ( ! , , , , , , ( l r {. | , . : ( . , r r i r t r , r t . , , r ( ( . , , I \ {, r ! r , r k , . t r t , l L t,.j !.
' '', " ', , ', ,
rr! \l .,lLilr( lrr,jr!r,jl qr,.rt\,lr(,Lrirt h(.rt(,,!t\
( t j r j l I r I L , r L r \ t t (j ,r tl
Ii , I | \ i ( I | ,,r Ir , i , r ( t i , . , r ! t , i r r r t i , j t , j
l \ . r r , | r j i r ) ( , . J l |l !,
l, i, ! ( ". s , 1 ( r n . l i , r . r l l ( , \ t . l t h , s , r f t , , ( j . r t j
rrjtrL.s.
l t , I ) ( . I t i ( . r Nj !
l\ L( ll( . , r ( . N i , ! l ( , 1
,I!t rl. t..,t,i|(r!l s((,,1\,if,t.()i
l , {! l , , , , i r . l i ( . r I , . , ,s
t L, : r ( i I i L r r f 'r j l , t ( . . . . ( \ . r . 1 \ , r r r ( t t t , \
ls
t\!.ro||,rn(r,r.\|
", ( , s
llr , |. \ t( , ! ( ( ( \ : t I t
, j t L t ! . f , , \ f \ . t ( \ . t i \ l tr ( ,
llr t(jrn,,|N.,,r.,j:!rfrn(r,l
( l( lr iilir . r l / ( i r r , I r ( l
tr,Ir\.rlrn,)l
trisi()n!! r,\lrrrrrrr(,Il:.
r ( l n r r l cti (
( ) t ( ! li\ . s
i r r i o . r i r r t {. r t r . r r r 1:l. . 1 o l
n t r , . r ! r j {, : . l l x,
Innr\q Jl.rrIrnr.lr.
( r ' \ r r ) r . ,r 1 , r t r! r ! r t , r r , r f i S ( ! r n r r t ( j t
l , r ( \ t \ \ , ! h , r \ l \ 1 1 r J ( r r . ( l L , l r ( . \ r l,r t,r j
llr s lr , r |s l . r l i ( ! r l ! r \ . ( , : ! l \ {! r $ l ! ! r . j l u . t . l i L r r , r t ( ) q . r n r / , r t r ( ) j i s r r r . r i r r \ t . r l

ll:.

''.'t.." ..1.,.,,,.:,,,

"''|1"rr",,'

i,
!',,,,
r
l, t.,. ..r ,

fIl.rt th(,ir(li\ t1,rt tr,\. {,iui I rr,tilsrrr

l]r,r

S i s q nl p oft!s

l t r a 1 '/

.l r7

(,t iriLli
nrfnrg.nr.rrl
r r , r n. l\ J f \ l, , , lr \
t\,ri,)rn r,rn.. nrfn igc nr ( . 1,
s ! \ 1 1 , 'i \ .
lh: . r t
\rtl, ll:
\ n r ()r . lr n\ \ r . l\ \
f ( r l, ir r r r r r ! . , i 1 ) f , r 'r \ i l
lht , l h . r , i s l \ \ t i , l
r(nf|.,rr\
,il ((JLrf:t,. !1lr(,1 f 1( , , 1 lh ir r l( lt r , ilr ( iI s
(
il
lr r r l r ir l\ lr ir r i
f (. fr,,rfrr((,rir.,r\f,.r ir . r r 1.
li. ,l,,frir,iti.r.\r(\\
t , \ h, jit lr t \ , r r . Lr : Lr l
' i, r r r r r r \ \ ( j L l t . r ! 'i , , ! r r ,
( , 1) l\ ) r lLir r r l r ( : , , r i ( l l ( i r r ( i l r ! , i l ( l n r
/ ,i l i , i n r l r , r( r ' r l l\ r r r l, r r ^( r r ' (
'l
,1i ,.r,,9, (,1
1 r \ '. r r
llir \ ( L, ir r ilr , , , r . . l\ f , . ill \
I 0,,ri,,rr,(. rl, (\.r r , r il
(
l,\ lrrr ,lr.'.,r , 1 , , r ' ir r t \ , r L \ i, , li, \ ' 1, ii, r i l l ! r l , ) , I 'i , r r r L , i | , L , l
' r, ,lr
Ll \(.rL ,r (r, rl r i, Lr : r r r lf ( i\ ( r ii( ! ' L
lr'
LL
n.' l\'lsL 1 r t r ' , 1( f r r r . r r r it r ii( |! , , , , , i, , r 1 , r l l l r ( , ) r r r l L \ L ', i l
l 1 i l ! , 1 'r r l L ) l . , \ \ .
, r r r lj, . |( \ \ l t t ,
t r.r rr,.r,'rl,rr,,l,rrr l
lr ( lr , ir i! \ \ , ) , . il i t , L r l (
L(r jj.,l ,,rt'ti,()r,lrL r ' ' L\ r is , , if
t ', ^ , l f t 'r I i ,
,1: ()l
LI (,\ ( | , i | ' | | ,, .Ii | ,' r( l r \ 1 , , 1 ! i, ( . |\ L, r { |ii( 1r L.r , ' Ll! l l i , L r r f , t _ ( , r l , l r \ (
, , , , | , , t \ | ,.) | :l!, r Ll lt L, a\ l ll , ' , Llr t , ( 1, , r , . , t 'l , l r ( , r 1 . , r r i , j i l t \ l \ '. , , 1
' '

\,\
(, i,rLl , ) r : li. \ (
Lt.i! i(,1[.rL((:.(il
! r r r l( j( r r ( l Li) lr ' (
\ , i!,,ih t,
. rtr,r
l l i , '. L , n l , i r .
r , l r , l , 'r r '
l\'rlo rrrr,r r , ( ' r r r ( \ r r t Lr t r r Lr il : \ r Lt ' ! ir !
l
, r \ ! , ) r , , L , 1 r t n ! f r l ( , I L l n 'i i l L
, \ ( ,1 (ii i i \ , ,| \ , Iri , .Ir i ( jl ll! ii, , . , i, ( . ir r
, r I ! I t 'I | 'I , 'I ( ( '
lL\ \ , , , , , ' , , , t \ . ln r [ \ . , , 1 ] , r r l t ) l
r(,rli(i,r ()l llr'\li, r
rr(|r:r||L ,|,,,I l,.r r r r r i, ' L. Ll, ( t L, if (I i II I i i I t I | , rL ,I I | , i I r ( , r \ r r l t i l r ( t , l i l ( \ L
r , h ! r i ( , r 'r r 'r j i , 'r r L
, r Lt , t , ! , .
, \ .i. L l,. i,rt L ,5r ( jn t ) l ( r , : I LiI ir ( . , I I , i
l l r *L
Llr
'
.
1\
llr
r
\
L,',
i
l
li(
it
(
r
I
iI
iL,
,
I
i,
||LI
tnft),,rr,rir,(
lit \L* !,.,,ii1
$ 'l r r r i r L t )
l.r( L (,r. $ ll ,i(rrl ! t , l! L, r l, , r i i|, i , r , , I ' LI I r I l ) \ , , i i l , , r ',
(.sl,jl)li' r.( L(t\rio l\ r \

, , t I i. '

l, t ) t ( ! 1.

andlinks
14.6 C0ncluding
0bservations
withExcellence
:n
t I I I I r t L i , L o i , r L ( - ) L r . rL \
Lt ( lr ir i( lr r L, L, I r I j|\ ( I ] l{
5i\'rilrr,r r!ri,, r r I s
\1 , rrrf rr rl l l(.) \ ll, r r , l' ilr lit l ( , ij l' L\ ( \ : ( ( ) r l r o L ! l '( ) l 'r r l i l i : r r l i \ '
ilr,$(
lL,l
L(ill,r,$1,t
1,.,,j l(-)Nlt'r 5l'( , t . l, , jt lr t \ l llr . , r l, , r i! ( ( i
..,,L, |!1, lLll
r , ! , 1. , 1. r r l\ ' , r Ll( iN( 11 lt , llLi( L r r ! I r , \ l
l( -)Nl ,rr(l !l'(
\ \ iLlr I ir ' l( - ) \ l I ' liilt ' n, f , l r \ . , i , . , i \ 1 'j , . i ( i l i ( i r r '
i, r rfri\L,f(rilt!,l.,ri i,
i l( r \ ( . r , \ , . r tl i t l r r L r i l r r i i l r ( _ L r ( i f r i r
i,,rris(al
l,f,,llL
,
r
iil!
r
t
iil:
i^.
l,
l) \ r ( if L r . , : L I i l ! , 1 r t l ( . l i \ L r r i l l
r r l: 5\ , iSl. i
1( ,t.r.j|ir(. lr.,r l\ j. ( liI
: ( l : l i , g L r i 'l r , r l i , r r l ( ) \ 1
l' ,t,rlllr(,(itr\',L l,liLr t li( : lr , r llL, , r ir r r l
l' \ llI i,]lL r!il\ ( , r t ir ' , r l( r \ . r r liL) r i r r r Ll 1' r , i ( , l , l r r L i l l l
. , , , r ( l 'i \
I\(.l,.n(t.,rffrL ),r(l! - . ' , , ( lr s llr ( ' I li( . ) \ l|\ r Lll( 1n. Nlt \ 1 . 1
1 r!rt)l. , n. , il, r ^\ . lr t r lL: l( f r , hi( \ Lr r ir lt ll{ r , 'i i r r i / . 1 i , j r h L
' L gn iir\.
( nn f ] ] \ r l ( \ 1 ) . L n l h { b , '! ] 'r i r l l i
tr. rt,r n r,Inr,. l h ( l \ , r lldr ( , \ 1( r 11 1

gt

&
X 3rB SrrtrstrcaPror0ssConirrl
th n :. o i (l f,rl .gj . rnrfr^frI(Jrt, ri hi l \t tl r(,sj \ si grl rn i j fri ti hr)ru t r
s tf.rtts \ rsi di ' r\.n \.l ri .l f ti r d.hi .! nrc\(. l (,ncci hr(trrgh:
I ( ()rnfr l r.(l l (,.i (l .rshi l ,
I l rrl r!ri i tr(rr $l l l r l (J| .\( l str,j r,.l r\
] \,,ri l r' .1 .l r,Ir)f ,j L.,rl \ l j l ,rtl l i ,l l !
| ( r\i (f n,, .Ikl nrf[(.t l (!| \
5 l i ()l | 1 , Ir rrr. Irl i LI
r' l J L r' i r(\\ l i r,\L cs 1(r' r\

7 ( ) l, n. s 'i , i , r \ i l l r II I t . ,I \ L, | (,II I (,II i

ij ( t l r r L r ( ) u :i I r j t \ ', r l o r j
( ),ttrrr /fli(!r,rl 1,.,r,ii,r!
',
ll) ( ( , r ili , i U ( i r r r ( | 1 , , , , . , r i ( , | 1

llr . s f . I {
l\ iil. r ; l

h r,rf t ! r l ' i f r tr , t h , . | \ , ( , I i ( , I i ( i . N l r | .
lr I iltL,(.
( l l r l r l r '! i \ ! i r j r . r l \ t , l l ( , | ( ( , '. ( ) r r r , / r L \ , r / , i . t , l ) . [

I h (s(t.,r 5i,
],,)

A
I
It

re146

rrfFl f

dLl tfl rl

Lr ,r ! !rrtr l

Ih c | 1 i s .r sh.l .
r(.i .,l rr..rrrl nr.,,i \(rrrl .nl rrr\t).r\,.h(cfhLtJo.l hr.
s rh l (\.1(n si \ \i gnri rn!l i l i s nr,t p()ssi trl (,
h(l (, l () rl ()l usri .r r1rttk gf Q l
(1 .r1 (i i thou!l rtth,)tl r,r5g(!x i nn' l l rfstr!.tl rc(,frtresfrP ff(,.r.l j es,\s
\!i th l ;ro.l j i rr.th(!1s, (l fs,fi b.d i f th. pf(,\i ot| s (l Lrfr,,rr rhf rnrj( n

,e
S r s qml l r..{ r:s rtri tr

.l i ,! X

,,, r lr il, ut i( ! r or sr\ s i q j r,r h ,rsrx )l h .(rr i ,) rtr,.r.,rri (j ,r (j t In\\ r(\trrt,l

i ,r' \ ( r r n. lh, , , l ,u i .\, l )r I i l rrl i rl ri f! rr) i Ii (,ri LIrtr,| , ()t \(rrr(),,I,rn
,r)I n( , il t r r ' f r ( \ l
l L ,r ,r (l i \,i fl l n .(l q l ,!!L rr .LI ,rl I.,,).r(tr,rrrLlIr.i l
L()nr in, l' I ( , |1,r l r ( !l ff .1 t)
. .rn { ll .o l o n r l i | (, i nrl ,r()\.rn(..1...I(, ttr
' r,rr)r

d Chapter
highlights
Nli,lL)r(il,r irt,(\l! . . 11
lli( . ! r r ! r , I i
t , r \ \ : ir t I r , r l . r \ ( \ !
(t,,,r tL\ 1,,
(1'l',iri.t r'li,ilrilr t r , r n( l ilr . r lit r t , r
,
r
I I 'l \ t L r ( r ( \ 1 t , .
I l\ l! r l: . r f t
l,,ir.s,'r(l , \ltri{ lr lLr 1 ( n, t { il , r r \ l , . l, , r r
\ trr!i\\
L lr.rt( , I r , r , lji. \ L s i\ \ 11, jr , , r . r l. , r t .r \ ( s t ( n
\ !j,r,j \ ll!.
:t.rl {1 i(.rl ri(|!L r f ( dl \ f r , r li( jnlt . I i
\ , { , \ l\ \ . t L \ l t r ) l r , r \ r , , r , l ( , 1 ( \ i f , r r i
',1 .'

tht,,i,1 ..]\'r

n' i liin, , . \ ( , |. r

t , $i, , , , t t ) . s ( f , , L . L l I

I rtti.

)f(!i.\:

s,\sLltirrr s.,L I r r il. li

r Lr l , r t ' t , r , r , r , lr i, r r jr l ) f ( i \ j r j q l , ( , r l r j f j r r , j r j , t , t . \
l(! u\r lt t, I L {, r , I r ( i, g \ , r lr k r t , r lh. ( ! : t , iI r ( f , , , , t ( , t i l i r , r i , r l t t r \ t . ,
n h ( l'.ril(l r(i \, r 1, , .
l|lf,,,,.
l\(. I I r ( I. | , | (,II I,I I I r , ! ' .
c l, r r f \
r . , 1 , 1 ,\ , , j 1 , I r . : r \ : r l r r r , r ,
'
'
,'Ili().,rlj
lrtl|(.\ L. r s L
i. \ j, jl\ r . . lhr l, , ( ^, . , j|1 1 ( ( n r r , , , ! r t r N l
\t( l
In \(.r(,
I ,r) i, ir t , , L\ t , |i( 1r
l r t ) t 1 | i , ! '\
', r r r . J ) i ) .
( ln \'1.,\L l{l'l)(
r \ ) . t ( j ( l( \ . r lr ( . s t r . i, . 1t ( \
(ji
l,r\("... LI(.ir,l,
r t tl(\i!ir.
n r,r I jr t , , j( , I t
, r r r , i , I l, t { t I r t I r .
t(i(ti.1t
lL, t\,1,,,,1
rr' ,r( ir L\ t,Irtrr 1. .
l)t.sirt i (i | \l{.rii(
, lr 1l ) i) l ) t , , ( j\ r ( lt - jr r ' ll! \t r
r,,, tt\lj,rt,IrLt (t,tl
In r/,,ig1 tr(.lr.fi), , r iir r ( ' t ' t . ,
) , ( \ ( . c s . l( r t ur lL, r
r.\ t(.t)r.rtr
,1r(rr
lr!,$ ,r\l,rl
:li(,,11. ( lI r t t , ( ", t \ it
\\t.\tr.,
)r(.rr:(. lirr(,lil\ l,il)r(,
It1 ,..|(i$l(\l{rNtr(
r : , t , t \ ) , 1! \ \
: i|, , , , . , t , 1 , , ( j , t , , \
I Ii (. L' i , | ( : IL Ir . ( I l) , ) l r r . l|, l. :
r l( , r it il\ ir ! t t i ( . l , i ( L ( ) r r l i , t ! , ( \ , r r l
, r L(tl,!l.1 irrIltIi,
l( \ { l: ' t , t
t lr . t , r . Li, \ . , , 1. ,
1,,q,Ir,(,,,j(rr(L,r,li,,
( , \ , ilLr , it ir r ! lr ( , r L\ Lr ll\ , r r r r l ( t , r \ l
, iff.r\'ir .\f(fr.rr.r r t :
r(j|:
\ \\!{|'.','fffri,r(tr(\( lLr ' \ t ioji) ! , , r |/ , r lj( nr . r
(rltL|(-..rrrl ltn nrL..r.,
1,,(\ Lr\\l 5 i\ :i! r ) i. r ( r ' r t , lr / . , li. r N. r j i( l, lil ( r r t t ' l , \ , , ! , | 1 1 ( i r i 1 , , , ( t . f
: l.rrtrlrr1 t tL,\l(ir ir ( , r r L\ lr r r ( nr ( ! r ls . i( l. r jl l\ L o r (
irj\,)\r.
I 'r t \ . s ! s
, r r.r'fri'\,\\
( . , ! r (, ' 1. , ' r ( r - . 1 r f , . , \ t , t ( j I t r . , r 1 ! . .
L ( jn1 r j' , , j' 1, ,I r ' f r \
l).,,,1 rrr,rrrr1 I(ri,' { |I | ( iI l, ! I , i|( l I r ( ir t \ . , r ( 1 ( , h l , r i I r , L I i , | . i I j ( I I I 1 l
l'f(il!rl\
jr!i)l\L:
irirfl'. , , i. n1t , ( l s i\ s it I r , i
\ f . r t . ! if :
(,,r(i(.r..tr
I
rn\()L \(,rrrrl ,i,r Ll r lr ins { , \ lr Lt J . ( ) f 1' , r ni/ . , t ( ) r j s r L l L . , . l | j r t .
1,,(,lL\l
{ lf,li(irr
l,!ir. . I r l i. r \ s is , llf r ^r f r Lr r l
Irt,ihr\l:.lr(t
i(!,1\ j(,
I r illL nrr.flrlr(!'.rr t , r \ ! r f nr f I lt J r
I r r , r jr i. r ll, f r t r r L \ ( r , I I I I I I L I I j i ( . I I
t)|.
r.n lril
r.(l \(r:1 , I n1\ l r J lf r , \ . nr . r r l
( \ t ( . l: , l. r n r {\ l . , t r r , r I r . j f L , , r t , I t \
5rr srl]'n ,r f,(\f!!
nr f ( \ . r i' LI l
\ l.rsrrJlJl,xIln ,lrs . l] l, r k t nlt : nI LI ( , [ r r t n, ] l\

l\.flL,

rittr(,if,lnjIrt,

g
,

rS0

S l atrstrcalP roressC 0nrro

k l rc1nl rrrs,rnrl ,.fr\ oui th. l rnpf()\rnrcnrs.N rti turcsi \+ i g nr . r

f.o
g f nn!r.s hLr!r Jtro t I pt,r..nr of th. r\1l l kri ,r...s tj t.rrk U f t ( s.
l rnfn\l Jnffi l i ft.rl th(l Lr[h\,]rrchrr..r{ ,fst((j rsi rsr:nr.r.rtfr,.rc t r t , s,
h h rfrj rrf (rnn.rti \l t() si l tfi ti .nni l ,()| { Jrnl i nc trrfrti ts In of t jcr lr )
(l c l i ver l h.sf 11\!l ts, str.rr()ti . ,)bt(!1j \rs InLrsrb(, ti fkcJ \!i rh r r r ( I s
rn ,rf.nl (,r !\ si i tnr.rpr()i (t rs nr\(i rftf(j fri .rl f j nfu | .rl i r)n . r n( tnr ( , 1
,( s Lr\\l i r) l ri ()ri t /i rr!.rnd r,,r.\i | !]
f,,,t(tt tn,!f.!s.]n(l \ u( . . ss
l rrrtr.rll (r Lrs\l !)! { l h( (rrl rnnr\l i rr(,s,r\l rgsf.rttr(.rtl Lrn((N l , r \ , ) t {l
,ri r, , t,' (l (.l i \,,, tl r" l { i n h,rnl l i .q i rui t' l rcl (,r. l !mi ni t l (j l tr , , sn. f r
l rr r t l i i l l l r(.frn tl r' tnr.
,\ l ' f' l l rch,r i l l ). Is.(l i | (,st.rb \tr I1t b.rs.ti | ,,| (,l l rl s
r ( . t '\ ,
s h(,ul (ll r,r\, J(\U ( l .nr.,rts n,t,rl (!th)rsi f.rr(.S \{t.\ e o}j i i k, rl ,lr d g( ) , r t
rl .t, r)\ j rrfrt; l ' r(! t.ssIr,j rr.r1| tnfIr; rrtr\i (t| .rt11.rt.fnr,j n.(.,r r . I r , r it .
ri . nL; r(\ i .$.
5 r \ srr:.r. ,: r!)l ,r., r\ l (\.h.i rtu. rl s 1,,rLi | \ N rv L,. r(j In(t iI t eNj
.,,i rl sl ' ( l r Ls,r ri .l f.$1)fl tl rol i tr w hi (tr tt{!.,t!
teN t,rj( t SI , (
l , ! , 1\ rl t , Lrf \ l i ,I r(l n.r( 1,l l r(,rfl r l \,t{ Jrti ,rt tt (t(.ti \,.r: trr.,rt( ill( , u}jll
h t r(l Ll srnLl i .5l !' rtl c,,,rtl rrnrtl ,tt!,rrre,rsti \,rf(t
,l \!\1(j i ( lr . r , \ ,
Ir r' l r,r' l l rrLe\hLl s.r
5,.l ' ,i rf.I| (.rr,rl tl (j fnr.rt)t,r,r1tl hr t f |si\
! jrri ,' b,.nl tl i rj Lri r I st.,rt(rt es.

. References
andlurther
reading
r ir u

1l01jtr t)n,/rrr trl r |/

rr

i,ilni

I ..,\.r

tirll(,s(,rLlr

, , r u f.In .

lit \ lor i ( . , 1 t \ r 1 ( r 'l r r r r r l r a L | 1 r | . , r r i 1

:r.,rr,\!tr\
Iti!!kir,.Nir\
\'( r l
i1f ( . .(
r l r r Li . r ) / / r , . n r J r l r r r l i . , l i r l , a r
t/rr \itrrrl
l l t t t t i , t ,ttt ti ttn r .
. Irr , /lr,rr,, l()hn \! l(\ ,! \ti r!, Ni\\ \({ .
t iL i t i i I i t
'
l( f , - . ,( i l l L r L ) l , t ! l i r L r r r . \ , ) i l, t / , i , r r l , , r
I t , r | i r . i " l i r l r , , t j t t t I r t l t , . t t t t j j tr l tr j j l
r ir , l l , , L i t i rt l I l r I r \ t r l L i I r \ , \ ' , I & S ( r r , N ! . t r r , , (
lr ! ! . N l , " t r 1 ! t l l r r r l L . l i 1 l l ) l ) L r!t| l r l , r , r
/ / r , / t r , i r / , / / | r r / t , / ,l \ J ,,r .f,r ,,r
5r r , r , . / , , , r , l r r r , ! r r I r ! / / r f l \ ', ! / , / t , t ( , r r r r r r r a r . . t ) ( {r l , L ( 1 l r \ , N t \ \ \ ', j r (
ll, r \ r t! , l i . , r t r l \ r l r L j i , , N t
1 1 ) 1 ) , tl \ '/ l r r r . . . t r i \ r ! , r r l ! , i , \ \ , ! l , r r , ! , n r r r , , \ S( l
l' L \ ! , N l l N , r L r l , 1 . ! \ , t S \
( J . r l, r r l . l !
(lL)rrr lr,/ I r,.i,rrlrrrrrrr/ /\,,/1,1n
, , \ , / r r , 1 r r ! l l i,/,/ /,r ..
/ ijl r a r r r r | ,
\,\ r llLrLL.r\rrLj t,if. r rll()\lirrl
'
/ r r Ll( , l l S , i \ t , L , i t r r r i , l i l ) , n r l ( . r \ , . r A l r , l i l i
(tLr0|) /lrri|
\r"rrL\irl
/ti i
r /
'! 1 t , , ! i r , r r l r ) r / l f r / , / '( ', a r r , , l r , . l r , l / r r , | ! t f l , , j r l 'r i r ! n r r r , , \ l ( . jr $

l ' L rd.r,I r:l rl ):' )' !\ S Ll tn,rl l !.l l ,,rf , (-)U rtr\ \,\(rl (l 1l e,\
l5
tl ' ll
w l s t) r, ( (l )l ri t \/L \/!,
rrl !rt t),\l rtt t\.t!i t,tl tt
ar t,
llr li rJ\\rf

l l r I l f n.rr,rf|,

(J\l Lj rd

,t
Srxs gmaprocess
qua 1y 3St I

I
I

questions
Discussion

I llxpl.rin thc statisticalp.inciplcs bchtn.t six,signr. pro.rss qu.rtitv

a.d wh\ it is.rssociatcd
$ith 3..1ppn1
deic.r fdrc.Sho".ihe effc,ct
of
Incrcrsrngsignri .apabitlt\,on '(iefc,crs
per mjltion opportuniiics,
.lnd how Lhisrchk s to ilcfcascd profits.
I Usi,rgproccss
c'rpabiliy indkl s, such.rsc/1.rr(lal,t (secChrpky I 0)
r'\plah th. dificrentpcrt(rnnncclevL,ls
ol I ro 6 signri incrc.rsing
bv
rniL'gefs.

I II.t.ri l t he s t . ' ps of l h c s i \,\i g mn D MA IC m ri h( ol ogv (D .l i no,

Mi 'i 5 ur ( , A nily s f , I n rp ro v c ,(l o rrr-(n )r d i n d i c .rt.,thc rootsnnJ l ech
n i q u e s iv hic h I iighl L rcn p tr()p ri n tf n t.rrh s t.rg c .
l )'(,L hr n ! 1 hc ( nippoiI h ,d (,l 1 f.ri ro n s L i i (,c to f(,f .r nrrf (| t.r.tufi ng.l 1d
sc' \'r... , ) nr pr nv whi .h h rs r frr(J rtu p u l ,rri o nfo (tui ti rv Jh.R ,h.r\.
h (e l r s . v c r r l nt n, npls l o i Irp R )\' e th i s d L Ii fg l h c
fr\i (JU s t0 r.,]rs,
,h l r,lr ' \ , r , . , lr r \ . . ,' ,-r r,,l rn r| .,,...t,t |
\ \ .t,..,. \t'
t,.,V
i r.l t| l ll. olk il!
\ 1 ,)d fl Ih c s ( h .r!e t,..n .ri b c st p,r i n v su(.(,ss
Iti rrr l l( ll t hf ( r ' g, rn j /rti (rr Po n .l r rtrL rn t' i 1 l l ,,rns ot $..rv(,sof
n rn r'.' 8( ! nr nt i' r ili, r t irr\.
l Vri l (,,r pf t s c r r t , r t ionf ()r t| l , b o .rr(l1 ,irti fr.to rs (n th . f()rJrprn\,w hfre
t h. elr nr e | ts ()l i s i x s i f,n I rp p (L r( h l l ) l .]ckl i IB th. fuLl
\ o u sc l
f
' ) Ut
l fr"s,.\ pl. r ir r if g t ! hn l \!i l l b ( d i tf.rfn t ti r i h f p r(,!i,,usj ,ri ti Il i v,,s
, !Vh Il i s l) ( s ijt n ol li\ p fri rn (' n ts (t)(j tj )t W h n l rr, l h(.b.rst. shJ)s i I
l ){,l i .nd ho! ! , lo t hey l i ' rI to g (l h rr n , s Pfo rt s i \-srl tnr,rrfffo.rch$l
\ ' .l ,.. , lilr . l , , , ' ,J .r 1 .,,:, .. , | | , ,, .,,t.,.r, .r.,1..,ri ., ,r/.,t i r .
\'()" ,i r r ( ( r r s r ( l( f ing i h l i L rn .l r ()t r 5 \ s rg n r,rb,rsr(t ((D l i nu() ,
i trl )1 1 111111'|(. J1gr r Il n .
i n l h f (o n rp .rfv l t\ft.ri f i Jer.ri l thc ter
\ , , . , ir tt , | | | | . . | | r . | | . .. ,I h | , i ,r..,.. ,,..t,,. ...,-r,,.,
'
p R)l ..ls lJ r . r t$
bc p .rrI o l th f rv .rr t()N ,rr(1 .
' ll