From

tfi

classwork

74

1l

tl

*,

.r

unit

classwork

section i

j
:

-DonoVdn, O*Fond (lnlve ,SiV

Bas;c- rgtisft For Science bJ

SECTION

1 simpie instructions

When we want people to do ihings. we

use
instructicns. lnstructions can be give"n in
different
ways. Spoken instruciions can bJ very dir-ect.
for.
example'. Cpen the window.. Close the
dcor.
Give insiructicns io other people in the ciass.
using
this table Make sure the instructions are fcliowed
correctly. Make up some insiructions of your
own

.B ln s.cientific English. we often say

instead of put. For example.
some cooper sulphate crystals on a filter

paper.

i,
!:

t:
1

,I
I
,

'i

Open
Close
Shut

,t,

't;
ii
lr

it
tr

li

t,

ll
llIt

i'tl
t:

your book
the wrndorry.
the cioor.
the cupboard

Many verbs which are used for insti"uctions

fcllowed by a prep,osirion ror. e*arpt;1;r; are
;he light
on. Svtirch the rarlro off
Give more instrrjctions. using this table.
Again. make
sure ihey are carried out correctly.

I
I

,|,

ir

Turn
Switch
Put
Pick
1l

the chair"
the light
your book
your hand
your pen
your desk

up.
on.

off.
do,vr,rn.

rounci,

upside down.

;,

ll

'

{,
I

i.
I'

't:

ll

$l
xt

iirl
ill,
tii

.riii
,:l
rir

l
j

\r!i

"{ifl
ili

tBt
ait

rli

rlt

\I

tsi
tJ I
ai:

Nouu make up your own instructions

with these verbs
and prepositions:

take . .. off
switch/turn ... offlon
pick . . up
Put . .. dcwrr

turn...

round

filter papei

ln everyday English rve could say

Fut -corne sugar in ycur coifee.
Vy'hat verbs

would we use for these instruclions?

some water irrto a beaker.

i -.--....--o!':

@'r'

75

a tube into a test-tube.

unit

the resuit of the equatlon

x'* y' +2? =?

section

a Ciagram of the aPParatus

the stoPPei f rom the contalner

\
?

the wire to the terminal'

'a
!
r

the reaction whrch takes Place'

S!
5>\

tr
7

t
$

the length of the rod

q\
\

classwork

\r\
I

unit

classw'ork

section

C We can illustrate the stages or steps tn a sequence

of operations by meaqs o{ a flow chart. Here is a
flow chart rn,hich shora;s ho\ / to use a key to open a
door.
seleci key

rnser

Use the flow chart to help y6rl

open the door.

instructicns io

Next ask someone to give you instructions to open

door For example.
!\irat shouid I Co frrst?
What shoulC I dc after that?
What sirouid | .ic if the key doesn't turn ?

i.he

i key

into lcck

u.fu

You can also

sa_v:

Whai should i do after I have selec.teci the key?

After you have selected the ft6r7. you should insert
it into the lock.

ihese are all very direct r,vays of giving instructions.

But often instructions are given in an indirect form.
Study tl-re paragraph below. which 'efers again to the
flow chart.

it,-..t
remove key

from lock

no

,i

y'es

:ii-riiii::
i::it:*+i

=t.tli
"i:.:'

open docr
;!.:..:E::,..,in

r,i::;.:t;:i:ii;i:

:ii!l!:::i+

'i:il:iit:;:j,,.:n

-r:,:ti

remove key
frcrn icck
I

.t
:':l

,iI
rl

First ihe key is selected and rnserted into the lock.

The key is then turned arrd the door ope ned Once
the Cocr is ocen. the key shouiC be rernoved f rcnr
the lock. lf the key does not trrrn ir.r the lock. it
shculd be removed from the lock anC the ccrrect
orie should be selected.

D Now drarr,, up your orn;n florv chart for a simple

operation Do this wiih i,6u1 teacher anC the rest of
the ciass

//
instruction and explanation
sEcTloN 2
oi instructions {or settirtg up a
A Here are a list
Use the ciragran-r to help Vou
siilrple voltalc cell
Chcose w'ords from this
(-orrrplete the instructions
list

ncte
wait
connect

for repeating the

Now ccnrplete these instructions
This time. find
rnrith dif{erer-rt electrodes'
"r-p"rirn"nt
your owtr words

contatner'
1 Q
thre eleciiocies f ror''-r the
8 D.-''..---..'-..-'.''._.-iile ln'rtres' ancj zlnc elecirodes w'ith
tnt iopp"t
I" R
iron elecilodes

auTon and

fiii
observe

1C Fc --'--.--.------.--- tlre Eaivanoffr:iel

galrranomeier
1i R - ,-- the va'iue of the
cjeflectiotr
.L^
for coppef
1') .u
this value wlth ihe value
t-/

a!'range

anci zir'c'

'i-6

galrranom eter

zrnc electrode
(cathode)

orlute
i1 2 SO4 (electrotYte)

--,-.-

connectlng wlre
electrode
(anode)

bubbies o{
hydrogen
forming

cont8!n9r .----.----_.-

acici'
a container with dilute sulPhuric
so
electrolYte
two electrodes in the
vertical and at a distance from
are
theY
that
ehch othera galvanometer across the plates bY
means
"- of trn'o wlres'
the reiding indicated by the
-galvanometer
deflection
5

the action of the acid and the copper

d:':t:t^

in 1f1s
B lnstead o{ writing instruciions
written rn an
be
to
*ui it is also. po"ill" {or them

indirect waY, in a ParagraPh'

suiphuric acid a'nd
A container rs f rlled with Ciluteare.arranged
so thai
zinc
electrodes of topp"t and
parallel
and
upiight
acid
they are irn."',5i in the
apart as
to-"r.f-, other Ti-rev shouid be as,f ar above the
sholl!-be
gnds
-tru'ttt
p"*Ll" Their upper
ate then attached to the
ulli
the
of
ace
sr-rrf
ihe vvires are irt turn
encis of the electrodes' and
The value of the
connecied to a-galvelnorneter.
recorded' and
shouli^be
galvanomet", C"iLtiicn
the acid and the
of
action
after a perroci of time the
copper shoulci be observed'
in tne same waV
Nornr i'e-r,vrite !nstructicns 7-1 2
you have dcne
\lJ-hen
you
p
using these notes io f'uf
sentences.
fcur
paragraph.c-f
ir-tu. v., will !'rave a
n nect
isco
r/w,ii'es/d
ine
nta
e iectiod es/ remove/co
and
copper and zinc
"i"-*itottfshould/iepiaceicarbon
zinc electrodes
ld
then/ recon nect/r'alue/def lection/shcu /
galvanometeri
note
relva lue/copper
va lu e/Oettection /shou ld /trre n/compa
and zinc

unit

classwork
section 2

ffi tttff,*-.:

U",'

#[i[r

uJ{:

F"i{--_F."

P[*.n;1yi

fe

OPERA'I-I ON

P1

f-"I.

C*'te , Jnstr,,tctr-on BooLc

NOTES ON OPERATION

ani ng

El ements

3
B

tabl e compri s i ng
feed table (1)

Pl an i ng

d'ischarge

table

(2)

* Cutter splndle guard

* Cutter spindle cover
* Fence (5)

Feed tabl

*
*

(3)
(4)

r,
,

of cut

The lever (6) regulates the depth

up to max. 3 mm.
The depth

of cut is indicated on tlte

scale (7)

Discharge table

* Is

clamped on the left and right lvith

eccentric clamps (B).

* I t i s removed for

thi cknessi ng.

Cutter spindle quard

The

following is enclosed depending on

country of destrnaticn:

Standard

Is raised

the

and lowered by

hand

SLIVA

Is raised

and lowered by operating a lever.

The guard covers the cutter spindle over the

enti re tabl e w'idth. Duri ng joi nti ng the area
not used is covered by moving the cover

sheet (4) to the side.

Fence

* For the accurate

gu'iclance

of

the

workpi eces.

The fence can be adjusted cross-wise to

offset wear to the cutter.

*
*

The fence can be

The angle

the scale

is

t'il ted by up to

45o.

accurately displayed

(9)

Display range: 0o to 45o.

on

I'lorki ng

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

ti

Remove

trr

ps

swarf.

1.abl e i nto bottom

position.
(Free space = space for swarf).
Set desired depth of cut.
Remove loose branches/twigs.
Remove nai I s and other f ore'ign object.s.
lnihen f eedi nq the workpi ece, exert pressure
i n the di recii on of the di scharge tabl e.
!,.,liren planing workpieces v'rith uneven surfaces, always start vlith a smal'l depth of

Crank thi cknessi nq

cut.

Plane arched boards on the concave side,

orherwise you will not obta'in a plane
surface.

wirlth.

*
*

of your

indl e over the ent.ire tabl

hands.

Always reach above the cover

spindle.

pcs i

*
sp

Press workpi ece orrto the tabl e wi th the

Correct

tl

Do rrot grasp arouno workpiece.

bal I s

cutter

ni

*r

Safe t.y note

C,-rver

Ir

ili
{i
{i

Planing wide workpieces

ili

ti on of

hands

of the cutter

for

p1

ani ng

n
r+

+
+
+

+
+

Joi nti ng

cutter spindle is guarded by the spindle

cover to the thj ckness of the workpi ece.

The

Safety note

f,
t
f,
*

+
+
fi
il

ru

t
I
t
n
I
il
ru

ril

* Guide workp'iece irr upPer area.

* Never reach under the cutter spind'le

Correct posi tion of hands

cover.

for joi nti ng.

Planing and jointing of workpieces with

small cross sections
blarning! Increased risk
to poor gu'idance r:n the

of accident
f ence

owing

l!

Use a self-made auxjliary angle fence (1)

Attach it to the fence (e.g. with two
cramps )

7,

ll

-tr-<--

.I
-l
@

F--

-- --

The guard i s fi tted with a spring (?) So

that it assumes the function of a jointing
stri p. The openi ng rra' is approx. 14 mm.

Safety regul ations

General

Keep the working area clean.

cl Do not wear loose work clothes. Make sure

that your work cl othes are t'ight at your
wrists and hips.

o Remove ri ngs, watches, cha'ins etc.

o Never 'leave the

machi

ug the mach'ine
maintenance work
servi ci ng

Unpl

ne runn.ing unattended.

for

set-up work

changing tools
remedy i ng faui ts.

Do not reach
runni ng.

into

machine when

it

is

0n1y remove swarf and workpieces when the

ne i s swi tched off.

mach i
0 0n1
D

remove resi n wi th terpenti ne.

Flount safety equipntent before commission'ing and check that it functions.

0n1y use perfectly qround cutters.

ng wi th dul I grourrd cutters
overl oads the machi ne, i ncreases the ri sk
of kick-back and produces poor results.

l,Jorki

not use cracked planing cutters.

Do

Always change

tools in pairs.

loose twigs and branches from the

ece. 0therwi se, they are pul 1 ed out
during planing and f1y out of the mach'ine.
Remove

workpi

Remove na"i I

Check the

tool.

s and other forei gn objects.

direction of rotation of

the

I
,anl ng

Thi cl<nessi ng

o Adopt stable working posjtion

(1eft foot roughly at level of

cutter

Duri ng

spi ndl e )

o Only work with swarf ejection hood.

in this way the cutter spindle 'is
always covered.

{rb

thicknessi ng, check

kick-.back guard functions.
rai sed, i t must automat'ical
Bef o'r^e

worki ng di recti

on

that

the

When

ly

f ai

back.
p1

ani ng

the cutter

spindie is to be covered with

ihe guard over the entire table

()nly use terpentine to remove resins

from the kick-back plates.
Do

than 125 mm. Exaci guidance through

the transport rollers is no longer

\^/idth.

Never reach under the cover of

the cutter spindle during

not thickness workpieces smal I er

guaranteed.

When

There is an increased risk of kick-back when thi cknessi ng boards of

di fferent thi cknesses .

board w'idth.

Afier thicknessing, move thicknessing

p1

ani ng.

joi nti ng, cover cutter

spindle vrith guard except for

Wi

th short workpi eces,

use

e i nto 'i ts bottom pos i ti on so

that swarf can be easily removed.

and

0n1y remove swarf from the opening

when the machi ne i s srv'i tched of f .

tabl

feedi ng devi ce.

Gu'ide workpjece
saf

ely.

firmly

T
Ir
ru

x
s

+
ffi

.?*;i

s"ii*f

i,l

t:.-, g.:

ili

It

cr: sa*

I i i.rr i.u*

;'

i:

?'i.al:c "iiAr*;rji{i h* fu:l:i*-.:,.:*!:+i.;..

'

=i;i:ij_:r+:

5lg*lail;g

e;,;

l;'

i. tr+ i i: * rifTl.r :*,ts"; !;a3f1q-;:gr: -t_rixi: ! * g

;:*rl

,ja:i*til-r;=1"
,?.

:i=,'E:lti lii$g.3: I;.i:tg ,ir*

$,;c3*: r:t"8ir:r:

g** l*::rfuin*

is ln:rgriirff jj
;*" ?ieseriS:
il*: i ti

i.

to

gu i de

Use an auxi I i ary fence when

pl aning urorkpieces rvi lh a smal

cross section

Clamp discharge table r,^iith

eccentrrc.

Press workpiece with ball of

hand onto table
Never use yollr fingertips .,
or knuckles to advance the
workpiece.

Use a feed i ng devi ce

narrov/ workpi eces.

Hand pos i t'i on .

- Cl osed fi ngers
- Palm flat

,ii-gr:

;"*{}i{{re .:ai*;?ts {r;'{:;xiir:;':,+

i":s.:*.9 i-l*t"

li :+ :i::,:*!; *l

+',

!iqs,rr"!i-r, :i:+ ;=;r-glrtg !lrr;lrJ f+:iiii:ir:s:

aah**it l? gtsi i:ur., :it',i.rE{*-i*g-:.

tt

+
*

fr
fr

k
F

rom

ToPco t'd TlLr lrvc LE\/EL

ToVyo Optr co I

Co.

rrodeL

-T-S

,Ltd.

NOMENCTATURE
Reor oirning sighl

Forword oiming sight

Hood

Horizontoi odiusimeni
clomP

--..-Renection

plote

-,::+:]

',t
lr

Fi e.

Focusing

iii ,.;;:.
I

knob---'-

Eyepiece

Circulor level

Fine iilting kno

Fine horizontol knob

velling

screw

ring is revolved post ihe point of distincf vision, then repeot

the odiustment from the beginning once more.
This odiustmeit must be undertoken corefully becouce it
will help eliminote porollox (ond, therefore, errors) in

OPERATION
Setling up the Tripod
(l) Spreod the tripod legs ond press in firmly so lhqt the
tripod heod is level ond ot o suitoble height for cttoching
lhe instiument. When using on extension leg tripod. first
extend lhe legs lo suitoble lengths ond tighten the winged
nuts on their mid-seciions.

(2) Once the tripod hos been set up, tighten the winced nuts
below the fripod heod.

Attoching the lnstrument

*(31 Toke the instrument corefully out of the metcl ccrrying
cose ond ploce it on the tripod heod; screw tne tripoC
screw into the instrumeni's tripod socket ond tightly fix the
instrument to the tripod.
Acliust the three levelling screws ond center the bubble of

the circulor

Torget Sighfing
lrTl Loosen the horizontol odiustment clomp. which will permit
the telescope io be rototed sround its verticol oxis, ond
point the telescope towords the iorget. using the rough
(8)

oiming sights on top of the telescope for speedy olignment.

When oligned roughly to the torget, tighten the horizonlql
odiustment clomp.

ony deviotions beiween fhe horizonto! line ot

hoirs ond the tcrget; if there is, porollox exisis

is porollox, either focusing hos not been corre
iustment of the eyepiece to the user's eyesigh

been properly mode. both of which will leocl to

the reoding o{ the levelling rod or torget' Por
be eliminoted by re-focusing ccrefully or re-odi
eyepiece,

or

both.

Fine Tilling Adiustments by lrnoge Coincidencr

(.I3) Adiust brightness

of ihe holf bubble imoges

whi

through the eyepiece. by roioting the refteciion

(See Fig. 7)

Focusing

(9)

(12) Shift the eye up ond dcwn ond check whether

Revolve the focusing knob,

in either direction, while look-

ing through the telescope, ond stcp when the torget

is

seen distinctly.

Levelling the lnsfrument

l4l

focusi n g.

Checking Porollox

level.

use two of the levelling screws only cnd move

the bubble so thot it is loccted on o line perpendiculor

(o) First,

Focusing wil! be greoily speeded uP if the estimoted distonce is set to the focusing knob prior to octuolly focus'
ing on the torget. (See Fie. 6)

to o line running fhrough lhe centers of ihe two

levelling screws which ore being used to mcke the
initiol

odjustment.

(b) Next,
(.)

use the remoining levelling screw only cnd shift

the bubble to the center of the circulor level.
lf it is not possible to center the levbl bubble, ihen

repeot the levelling operotion once more from

the

begin ning.

Distonce scole

.iL9.':
re
.'Fie. 7

Eyepiece Adiustment

*'

(5) Point the telercope towords the light qnd rock the eyepiece
out completely, by revolving the eyepiece odiustment ring
in the counter-clockwise direction until if stops.
(6) Next, revolve the odiustment ring slowly in the clockwise
directicn, while looking through the eyepiece, cnd stop
when ihe cross-hoirs of the reticule c!'e seen shcrply ond
distinctly, which will be the point ot which the eyepiege l5
odiusted to the user's eyesight. lf the eyepiece adiusiment

(10) When the torget is seen shorp ond disfinct in the field of
view, use the fine horizontol knob ond olign the torget to
the center of the reiicule cross-hoirs.
{ll) Check focus once more.

l0

1l

}l.

Fis. 6

(14) When the bubble imoges ore illuminoted sotisfo

volve the fine tilting knob ond coincide the lef
holf bubble imoges. As in Fig.3, the fine tl
should be rotoled to coincide the index-point or
to the Cot index on the instrument body, which
the bubble imoges inside its f rome in the field

the telescoPe.
12

F,#d/Ft ;

oti

ADJ( ,
l. A{.

IMPORTANT
l. Before focusing on the torget, corefully odiust the eyepiece
to the user's eyesight (os exploined in OPERATION)' os
otherwise,therewillbeerrorsinfocusing'duetoporollox

(l)

orising from improper eyepiece odiustrnent'

2. For high precision surveying, cover both instrument ond

them
fripod with some kind of owning or umbrello to shield

i
t

from the strong sunlight.

Fig'

irnoges
ln most instonces, the ends of boih holf bubble they
wili not be coincided ot this time ond' therefore'
knob'
should be coincicjed by using the fine iilting

lftheleft-sidebubbleimogeishigher'theeyepiecesideo'f
krrob
in" iu'u;;o; is high aid,'therefore,-the fi-ne tilting

to
sh6uld be roil!d-d in ihe counter-clockwjlg direction
the
if
hond'
other
the
move the ;na""-ioinito the left' Cn
the fine tilting
ri.ght-side bubble imoge is higher' revolve
the ends of
kn-ob in the clockwise direciion ond coincide
the ends of
when
ccse'
either
ln
the holf bubble imoges'

theholfbubbleimogesorecoincided,thetelescopeiscor.
rectly levelled. (See Fig' 9)

3.Whentheilluminotorisnotbeingused'theengrovedline
oniheilluminotionknobshouldolwcysbeplocedporollel
to the optiol cxis of the telescope'
during trons4. Preveni shock or vibrotion to the instrumenf'
portotion, by using suitoble cushioning moteriol'
ond
After using the inslrument, corefully wipe owoy dust
ond wellmoislure qnd then store the instrumeni in o dry
6.

ventiloted Iocotion.
dusting or
The lens surfoce should be cleoned' ofier first
or oir
brush
o
with
dirt
ond
blowing owoy the surfoce dust
hos been
which
cloth
cotlon
well'woshed
o
soft
blo*er, u'ith
ond ether' The
dipped in olcohol or o mixture of olcohol
but the lens
strongly
rubbed
be
not
lenr rurfoce should
until the lens
motion
o
circulor
with
wiped
be
should
sur{o:e

$lexaiiug

i'1q',i] h,vt:

{$.i [a 3i{

;3

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srfl

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t"i lt g'+t'$ I *rtlr' ! {rr: l'3**

-lirc

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t;;x{',uq{it,

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fi{ pt}r

i.tir-ru

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.[j]s5{"riil6

{tte

t:nrs{l{.

li*ir";l p:e$'lllliti :1-'tlili6itjt:i1{'d

;5

flt lii

lre'inlrr{"i"11

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if;$}li

g{-xxi f}iirsri t{} Iif{}}-{l

{}q.;ir {ri{c*;{;t

Ft* q;;t"i Xrqi i fu e

IA

ust*t*.

i;ci-i

3:,4,i;4"*be

ii;

lq" }: r: *

{xt' {Xu*

itl4

Obiective side high

iY 1\'i;

r"i"ius{*:*1

;a

* la:,lrul'ibci

ci

Fig. 9
IJ

trr:ims

I I i rt'i",l, i,r{.:

t-\irtt \hrlrttd

O
Level

must be overhquled.

Eyepiece side high

'-..6i-."

I .l,!tx,;rnihe fihc triFcrj'

:. {-};1..;crihe, f.{rel f:r*si$:lutt *{''ffue fusfufui*

surfoce is cleon.

with
Z. The lightness of the levelling screws con be odiusted
necessory'
when
screws'
the levelling screw oCiustment
much' os the levelHowever, do not tighten the screws too
ling screws will be domoged'
contoct the
8, Do not dismontle the instrument but olwoys
the :ns!runlent
if
shop'
repoir
cpricol
experienced
n.or..i

{"" i

tra

fi

;a

lEn

{i t'{r!

g$

ri

ii'il.

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qlisl
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