Advance Reservoir Engineering

ADVANCE RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
ARE310
Mohamed Ali
Chapter 1: Type Curve Analysis
Agenda
WTA overview
Log-Log type curves
Derivative type curves
Type curves as qualitative diagnostic tools
Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014
Dr. M.Ali
WTA overview
What Is A Pressure Transient Test?
A pressure transient test is a field experiment, that is like any

experiment, partially controlled.
It cannot be repeated under the same conditions, but can be rerun

using the results from earlier test (experiments).
There are many ways to interpret pressure transient test data;

There are many models with a set of parameters that may match
the observed data, but there is only one correct and more than a
few probable answers.
Dr. M.Ali
What Is A PTT?
A tool for well and reservoir evaluation and characterization
Investigates a much larger volume of the reservoir than cores or logs

Provides estimate of porosity, permeability under in-situ conditions
Provides estimates of near-wellbore condition
Provides estimates of distances to boundaries
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Primary Objective of PTT

o
To obtain the productivity of a well and properties of the formation

from down-hole and/or surface pressure and flow-rate
measurements.
The formation and reservoir information obtained from pressure

transient measurements are essential (Why)
They reflect the in-situ dynamic properties of the reservoir under
realistic production/injection conditions.
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Dr. M.Ali
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Well Testing vs. Formation Testing

A well test may last from several days to several weeks and
even months, and hence provide information on reservoir
over a large scale. Large volumes are produced/injected.
On the other hand, WFTs refer to small scale tests with low
flow rate and short duration (e.g., from a few minutes to a
few hours).
Both are subsets of PTT. Both obey the same law of
physics and can theoretically be interpreted in the same
way, but note their scales are different.
Dr. M.Ali
Dr. M.Ali
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Tools for Reservoir Characterization

Well/Formation/Reservoir Evaluation:
Core Analysis/Petrophysics
Wireline Well Logs
Production Logging (Flowmeter)

Pressure Transient Formation and Well Testing
Measurement While Drilling (MWD)
Borehole Geophysics
Siesmics (2D, 3D, or even 4D)
Geostatistics (stochastic modeling)
Upscaling and Numerical Reservoir Simulation
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PTT Objectives
Define reservoir limits
Estimate average drainage area pressure
Characterize reservoir
Diagnose productivity problems

Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness
Determination of the Productivity Index
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Productivity Index
Productivity Index is a measure of the well's
ability to produce fluids under an imposed
reservoir pressure drop.
Function of many parameters
Transmissibility, kh/
Storativity, cth
Skin damage, s
Drainage area of the well, A

Reservoir and well geometry
Can we determine individual values of these
parameters?
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Basic Steps of PTT Interpretation

It involves three basic steps:
Step 1: Model Identification
Step 2: Estimation of model parameters
Step 3: Validation of results
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Interpretation Methodology
Is to identify the appropriate interpretation model(s) and obtain
reasonable estimates of the formation (or reservoir) parameters of interest
from indirect measurements of pressure and rate data.
These estimates are defined in terms of a mathematical well/reservoir model,
derived based on simplified assumptions, yet from physical principles
(conservation laws) governing the behavior of the system under observation.
All monitored pressure transients in porous media are governed by some form
of the diffusivity equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions.
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Interpretation Methodology
Pressure transient interpretation sequence is applications of
inverse/forward(direct) problems:
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STEP 1: Model Identification

Find a model SM which behaves in the same way as the real system S given the
input and output.
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STEP 2: Model Parameter Estimation

Adjust the parameters of the MODEL Sm so that Om matches O quite
well.
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STEP 2: MP Estimation
Tools for Model P. Estimation
Straight line methods (semi-log, Cartesian plots, etc.)

Type-curve matching based on Pressure and/or Pressure-Derivative
responses
Non-linear regression
To reduce non-uniqueness:
Calculated parameters should be very similar independent of the
method (or tool) used.
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STEP 3: Validation of Results

Verify the consistency of the interpretation model by:
matching with test observed data (log-log, Horner, simulation)
matching results from other well tests
matching with other knowledge (geology, petrophysics, cores, fluids,
completion)
common sense (range of plausible parameter values).
Inspect confidence intervals, correlation coefficients, RMS errors if
non-linear regression is used.
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PTT Interpretation Models
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History of PTT Analysis
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Modified from Gringarten (SPE 102079)
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Type Curve Analysis
Overview
Type curves are plots of theoretical solutions to diffusivity

equation, they can be generated for virtually any kind of
reservoir model for which a general solution describing
the flow behavior is available.
Type curves are always presented in terms of

dimensionless variables.
Type curves are derived from solutions to the flow

equations under specific assumptions, initial and boundary
conditions.
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History of Type Curves Analysis
Type curves first appeared in oil industry literature in the seventies.
Several kinds, as listed below, are used to interpret a test in a vertical

well with a infinite homogeneous reservoir:
Agarwal et al. type curves;
McKinley type curves;
Earlougher and Kersch type curves;
Gringarten et al. type curves;
- Bourdets derivative type curves;
- Rameys type curves.
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Gringarten et al. type curves
Let us remember the dimensionless solution of diffusivity equation at the

wellbore:
During wellbore storage dominant period
During infinite acting transient period
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Gringarten et al. type curves
Gringarten
A.C.,1987, Type-Curve Analysis: What It Can and Cannot Do,
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Journal of Petroleum Technology.
27
Problem.
The classical type curves have very similar shapes for high
values of CDe2s which lead to the problem of finding a
unique match by a simple comparison of shapes and
determining the correct values of k, s, and C.
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Solution.
Bourdet et al.(*) addressed the problem by proposing that

flow regimes can have clear characteristic shapes if the
pressure derivatives rather than pressure is plotted
versus time on the log-log coordinates. Since the
introduction of the pressure derivative type curves in
1983, well test analysis has been greatly enhanced by its
use.
(*) Boudet
D. et al.:ANew Set of Type Curves that Simplifies Well Test Analysis,

World Oil , May 1983, p: 95
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Advantages of derivative type curves

Heterogeneities hardly visible on the conventional plot of well test
data are amplified on the derivative plot.
Flow regimes have clear characteristic shapes on the derivative plot.
The derivative plot is able to display in a single graph many separate
characteristics that would otherwise require different plots.
The derivative approach improves the definition of the analysis plots
and therefore the quality of interpretation
It is possible to make qualitative interpretation regarding the porous
medium and the flow system in the formation by just looking at the
shape of the derivative plot.
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Bourdets derivative type curves
Boudet
et al.:ANew Set of Type Curves that Simplifies Well Test Analysis, World
Dr.D.
M.Ali
Oil , May 1983, p: 95
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Gringarten-Bourdet Type Curves
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The Analysis Procedure

1.
Using the actual well test data, calculate the pressure difference P and the
pressure derivative plotting functions as defined below for drawdown and
build-up tests.
For Drawdown Tests

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For Build-up Tests

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2.
On tracing paper with the same size log cycles as the BourdetGringarten type curve graph plot:
(P) and (tP)as a function of the flowing time t when analyzing
drawdown test data. There will be two sets of data on the same loglog graph; the first is the analytical solution and the second is the
actual drawdown test data.
The pressure difference P versus the equivalent time te and the

derivative function teP versus the actual shut in time t. Again
there are two sets of data on the same graph.
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3.
Check the early time pressure points for the unit-slope line. If it exists
calculate the wellbore storage coefficient C as follows:
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4.
Calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient CD by applying

equation :
5.
Check the late time data points on the actual pressure derivative plot to see
if they form a horizontal line which indicates the occurrence of transient
flow. If it exists, draw a horizontal line through these derivative plot points.
6.
Place the actual two sets of plots, i.e. the pressure difference plot and the
pressure derivative function plot, on the Gringarten-Bourdet type curve and
force a simultaneous match of the two plots to type curves. The unit slope
line should overlay the unit slope on the type curve and the late-time
horizontal line should overlay the horizontal line on the type curve which
correspondence to a value of 0.5.
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7.
From the match of the best fit, select a match point MP and record
the corresponding values of the following:
From the Gringarten type curve, i.e. (PD vs tD/CD); determine
(PD, P)MP and the corresponding (tD/CD, t)MP or(tD/CD, te)MP
Record the value of the type curve dimensionless group (CDe2s)MP from the
Bourdet type curves, i.e. (PD tD/CD vs tD/CD);
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8.
Calculate the permeability from equation:
9.
Recalculate the wellbore storage coefficient and dimensionless wellbore

storage coefficient from equations, and compare the values of C and CD with
those calculated in steps 3 and 4.
For Drawdown Tests
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For Build-up Tests
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10. Calculate
the skin factor s as follow:
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Type Curves as
Qualitative Diagnostic
Tools
Infinite Acting Radial Flow
Semi-log plot (dimensioned)
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Log-log plot (dimensionless)
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Closed Outer Boundary
Cartesian plot (dimensioned)
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Constant Pressure Boundary
Cartesian plot (dimensioned)
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IARF with wellbore storage and skin
Log-log plot (dimensioned)
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Infinite conductivity fracture
Log-log plot (dimensioned) 0.5
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Log-log plot (dimensionless) 0.5
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Finite conductivity fracture
Log-log plot (dimensioned) 0.25
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Log-log plot (dimensionless) 0.25
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Dual porosity system
Semi-log plot
Log-log plot
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Horizontal Wells
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Linear Impermeable Boundary
Semi-log plot
Log-log plot
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Final Comments
I.
A maximum: This is found at early times and indicates wellbore storage and
skin. The higher the maximum (or the hump) the more damaged the well. The
absence of a maximum indicates an undamaged or a stimulated well.
II.
A minimum: This indicates heterogeneous/dual porosity behavior.
III. Stabilization: Stabilization indicates semi-log radial flow and corresponds to

the semi-log straight line on a Horner plot.
IV. An upward or downward trend at the end: These indicate the influence of
the reservoir boundary.
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NEXT SESSION
2
MATERIAL BALANCE FOR OIL AND GAS

RESERVOIRS
The General Form of the Material Balance Equation
Derivation of the Material Balance Equation
The Material Balance Expressed As A Linear
Equation
Initial Steps in Applying the Material Balance
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Natural Water Drive
Material Balance Applied to Gas Reservoirs
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54

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ADVANCE RESERVOIR

Log-Log type curves

Derivative type curves

Type curves as qualitative diagnostic tools

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

What Is A Pressure Transient Test?

A pressure transient test is a field experiment, that is like any

It cannot be repeated under the same conditions, but can be rerun

There are many ways to interpret pressure transient test data;

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

A tool for well and reservoir evaluation and characterization

Investigates a much larger volume of the reservoir than cores or logs

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Primary Objective of PTT

To obtain the productivity of a well and properties of the formation

The formation and reservoir information obtained from pressure

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Well Testing vs. Formation Testing

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Tools for Reservoir Characterization

Production Logging (Flowmeter)

Diagnose productivity problems

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Drainage area of the well, A

Basic Steps of PTT Interpretation

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

of the diffusivity equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions.

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

STEP 1: Model Identification

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

STEP 2: Model Parameter Estimation

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Straight line methods (semi-log, Cartesian plots, etc.)

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

STEP 3: Validation of Results

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

PTT Interpretation Models

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

History of PTT Analysis

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Modified from Gringarten (SPE 102079)

Type Curve Analysis

Type curves are plots of theoretical solutions to diffusivity

Type curves are always presented in terms of

Type curves are derived from solutions to the flow

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

History of Type Curves Analysis

Type curves first appeared in oil industry literature in the seventies.

Several kinds, as listed below, are used to interpret a test in a vertical

- Rameys type curves.

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Gringarten et al. type curves

Let us remember the dimensionless solution of diffusivity equation at the

During wellbore storage dominant period

During infinite acting transient period

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Gringarten et al. type curves

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014

Advance Reservoir Engineering 2014