Butane - c4h10 - Pubchem

29/3/2015
BUTANE|C4H10PubChem
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CHEMISTRY
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BUTANE
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Bioactivities
CitethisRecord
PubChemCID:7843
ChemicalNames:BUTANEnButaneDiethylButylhydridebutan106978More...
MolecularFormula:C4H10
MolecularWeight:58.1222g/mol
InChIKey:IJDNQMDRQITEODUHFFFAOYSAN
UNII:6LV4FOR43R
CreateDate:20040916
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/butane#section=SubstanceCategorizationClassification
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Contents
1 2DStructure
2 3DConformer
3 Identification
4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties
5 RelatedRecords
6 ChemicalVendors
7 PharmacologyandBiochemistry
8 UseandManufacturing
9 SafetyandHazards
10 Toxicity
11 Literature
12 Patents
13 BiomolecularInteractionsandPathways
14 BiologicalTestResults
15 Classification
16 InformationSources
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1 2DStructure
Search
Download
GetImage
Magnify
fromPubChem[11]
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2 3DConformer
Download
GetImage
Search
Magnify
ShowHydrogens
ShowAtoms
Animate
fromPubChem[11]
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3 Identification
3.1 ComputedDescriptors
3.1.1 IUPACName
butane
fromPubChem[11]
3.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C4H10/c1342/h34H2,12H3
fromPubChem[11]
3.1.3 InChIKey
IJDNQMDRQITEODUHFFFAOYSAN
fromPubChem[11]
3.1.4 CanonicalSMILES
CCCC
fromPubChem[11]
3.2 OtherIdentifiers
3.2.1 CAS
106978
fromEPAChemicalDataReport[2]http://www.epa.gov/cdr/
68476426
68514318
106978
fromNIOSHPocketGuide[6]http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0068.html
106978
fromOSHAOccupationalChemicalDB[7]http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=49
3.2.2 ECNumber
2034487
fromILOICSC[5]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0232
2034487
fromECHA[8]http://echa.europa.eu/
3.2.3 ICSCNumber
0232
3.2.4 RTECSNumber
EJ4200000
EJ4200000
3.2.5 UNNumber
1011
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1011
3.2.6 UNII
6LV4FOR43R
fromFDA/SPLIndexingdata[10]
http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DataStandards/StructuredProductLabeling/ucm377913.htm
3.2.7 Wikipedia
Butane
fromWiki[9]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane
3.3 Synonyms
3.3.1 MeSHSynonyms
1. butane
2. nbutane
fromMeSH[12]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67046888
3.3.2 DepositorSuppliedSynonyms
1. BUTANE
11. Butanen[Dutch]
21. propylmethyl
31. [butyl
41. [s]1methylpropy
2. nButane
12. Butani[Italian]
22. zincbutane
32. {butyl
42. A21
3. Diethyl
13. 1,2dimethylethane
23. E943a
33. CHEBI:37808
43. 1,4butanediyl
4. Butylhydride
14. A21(lowingagent)
24. poly(butyl
34. (s)methylpropyl
44. 1,4butylene
5. butan
15. R600(alkane)
25. poly[butyl
35. [s]methylpropyl
45. butan1,4diyl
6. 106978
16. HC600(hydrocarbon) 26. 1methylpropyl
36. 1methylpropandiyl 46. R600
7. ButylGroup
17. UNII6LV4FOR43R
27. npropylmethyl
37. EINECS2034487 47. 68527173
8. Butane,pure
18. methylpropyl
28. sbutyl
38. HC600
48. BUT
29. CCRIS2279
39. UN1011
49. NBU
30. HSDB944
40. (s)1methylpropyl 50. Hydrocarbons,C1
9. Methylethylmethane 19. secbutyl

10. nButan
20. methylpropyl
fromPubChem[11]
3.4 CreateDate
20040916
fromPubChem[11]
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4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties
4.1 ComputedProperties
MolecularWeight
58.1222g/mol
MolecularFormula
C4H10
XLogP3
2.9
HydrogenBondDonorCount
HydrogenBondAcceptorCount
RotatableBondCount
ExactMass
58.07825g/mol
MonoisotopicMass
58.07825g/mol
TopologicalPolarSurfaceArea
0A^2
HeavyAtomCount
FormalCharge
Complexity
IsotopeAtomCount
DefinedAtomStereocenterCount
UndefinedAtomStereocenterCount
DefinedBondStereocenterCount
UndefinedBondStereocenterCount
CovalentlyBondedUnitCount
1
fromPubChem[11]
4.2 ExperimentalProperties
4.2.1 PhysicalDescription
GasVapor,LiquidLiquidGasVapor
LiquidGasVapor
GasVapor
ODOURLESSCOLOURLESSCOMPRESSEDLIQUEFIEDGAS.
Colorlessgaswithagasolinelikeornaturalgasodor.
Colorlessgaswithagasolinelikeornaturalgasodor.
4.2.2 Color
Colorlessgas[Note:Shippedasaliquefiedcompressedgas.Aliquidbelow31degreesF]
NIOSH.NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices,CentersforDiseaseControl
&Prevention.NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafety&Health.DHHS(NIOSH)PublicationNo.2010168(2010).
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Availablefrom:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+106978
4.2.3 Odor
Faint,disagreeableodor
Lewis,R.J.Sr.(ed)Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.11thEdition.WileyInterscience,Wiley&Sons,
Inc.Hoboken,NJ.2004.,p.V2:584
4.2.4 BoilingPoint
0.50degC
Haynes,W.M.(ed.).CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics.94thEdition.CRCPressLLC,BocaRaton:FL20132014,
p.376
0.5C
31F
31F
4.2.5 MeltingPoint
138.3degC
p.376
138C
217F
217F
4.2.6 FlashPoint
Gas:76DegF(60DegC)(Closedcup)
NationalFireProtectionAssociationFireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.14THEdition,Quincy,MA2010,p.
32521
60C
NA(Gas)
4.2.7 Solubility
Inwater,61.2mg/Lat25degC
McAuliffeCNature200:10923(1963)
Verysolubleinethanol,ethylether,chloroform
Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton
,FL.1994.,p.V2:1769
Solubilityinwater,g/100mlat20C:0.0061
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Slight
4.2.8 Density
0.573g/cucmat25degC(p>1atm)
p.376
Relativedensity(water=1):0.6
0.6(Liquidat31F)
0.6 fromOSHAOccupationalChemicalDB[7]http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=49
4.2.9 VaporDensity
2.046(Air=1)
Inc.Hoboken,NJ.2004.,p.V2:584
Relativevapourdensity(air=1):2.1
2.11
4.2.10 VaporPressure
1820mmHgat25degC
Riddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:
JohnWileyandSons.,1985.,p.78
Vapourpressure,kPaat21.1C:213.7
2.05atm
2.05atm
4.2.11 LogP
logKow=2.89
Hansch,C.,Leo,A.,D.Hoekman.ExploringQSARHydrophobic,Electronic,andStericConstants.Washington,DC:
AmericanChemicalSociety.,1995.,p.10
2.89
4.2.12 AutoIgnition
550DegF(287DegC)
32521
365C
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4.2.13 Decomposition
Whenheatedtodecompositionitemitsacridsmokeandfumes.
Inc.Hoboken,NJ.2004.,p.584
4.2.14 Viscosity
7.5at300K9.9at400K12.2at500K14.5at600K(allinuPa.s)(gas)
p.6229
4.2.15 Corrosivity
Hasnocorrosiveactiononmetals
Lewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary15thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2007.,p.
190
4.2.16 HeatofCombustion
19,512BTU/lb=10,840cal/g=453.85x10+5J/kg
Weiss,G.HazardousChemicalsHandbook.1986,NoyesDataCorporation,ParkRidge,NJ1986.,p.186
4.2.17 HeatofVaporization
22.39kJ/molatnormalBP
EastmanAD,MearsDHydrocarbonsC1C6.KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.(19992013).NewYork,
NY:JohnWiley&Sons.OnlinePostingDate:4Dec2000
4.2.18 SurfaceTension
14.7dynes/cmat0degC
4.2.19 Ionicity
10.63eV
10.63eV
4.2.20 OdorThreshold
Butane'sodorcanbedetectedbetween2.9and14.6mg/cumandinwaterat6.2ppm.
Bingham,E.Cohrssen,B.Powell,C.H.Patty'sToxicologyVolumes195thed.JohnWiley&Sons.NewYork,N.Y.
(2001).,p.V413
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2700uL/LAbstract:PubMed
AmooreJE,HautalaEJApplToxicol3(6):27290(1983)
Butanehasanodorthresholdof2.8500mg/cum(low)and14.6300mg/cum(high).
RuthJHAmIndHygAssocJ47:A14251(1986)
4.2.21 OtherExperimentalProperties
Liquiddensity(atsaturationpressure15.6degC),kg/cum:583.0/fromtable/
Gerhartz,W.(execed.).Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.5thed.VolA1:DeerfieldBeach,FL:VCH
Publishers,1985toPresent.,p.VA15:349(1990)
Condensingpressure:approx30lbat32.5degCspecificvolume:6.4cuft/lbat21.1degCdoesnotreact
withmoisture
190
Liquidwaterinterfacialtension(est):65dynes/cm=0.065N/mat22degCRatioofspecificheatsofvapor:
1.092
Conversionfactor:1ppm=approximately2.38mg/cum
Clayton,G.D.andF.E.Clayton(eds.).Patty'sIndustrialHygieneandToxicology:Volume2A,2B,2C:Toxicology.3rded.
NewYork:JohnWileySons,19811982.,p.3178
Heatoffusion:4.660kJ/mol
Heatingvalue:3266BTU/cuftat25degC
190
1volofwaterdissolves0.15voland1volofalcohol/dissolves/18volsofthegasat17degC,770mmHg1
volofetherorchloroformat17degCdissolves25or30volofthegas,respectively.
O'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.Cambridge,UK:Royal
SocietyofChemistry,2013.,p.268
VaporPressure:1Paat134.3degC10Paat121.0degC100Paat103.9degC1kPaat81.1degC
10kPaat49.1degC100kPaat0.8degC
p.6100
Criticaltemperature:425.17KCriticalpressure:3796kPaSpecificgravity,liquid,atsaturationpressure,
288.72K:0.5840Grossheatingvalueat288.72K,101.325kPa(1atm):121.37MJ/cum./fromtable/
Henry'sLawconstant=0.95atmcum/moleat25degC(est)
USEPAEstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.4.1.Nov,2012.Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
Hydroxylradicalreactionrateconstant=2.54X1012cucm/moleculesecat25degC
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AtkinsonRJPhysChemRefData,Monograph2,(1994)
4.3 SpectralProperties
Indexofrefraction:1.3326at20degC/D
p.376
IR:2286(SadtlerResearchLaboratoriesPrismCollection)
,FL.1994.,p.V2:1769
MASS:61290(NIST/EPA/MSDCMassSpectralDatabase,1990Version)
,FL.1994.,p.V2:1769
13CNMR:56(Stothers,Carbon13NMRSpectroscopy,AcademicPress,NewYork)
,FL.1994.,p.V2:1769
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5 RelatedRecords
5.1 RelatedCompoundswithAnnotation
Download
3DStructure(2)
Bioactivities(5)
Ethene,1,2dibromo,(Z)
Patents(346)
methanepropane
fromPubChem[11]
5.2 RelatedCompounds
SameConnectivity
24
SameParent,Connectivity
312
SameParent,Exact
287
Mixtures,Components,andNeutralizedForms
6133
SimilarCompounds
597
SimilarConformers
525
fromPubChem[11]
5.3 RelatedSubstances
All
9156
Same
209
Mixture
8947
fromPubChem[11]
5.4 EntrezCrosslinks
PubMed
1621
ProteinStructures
42
fromPubChem[11]
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6 ChemicalVendors
Refine/Analyze
Vendor/Supplier
Download
PurchasableChemical
PubChemSID
18921_ALDRICH
57647772
18921_FLUKA
24851369
443670_ALDRICH
24868067
494402_ALDRICH
24872900
ABIChem
AC1L1POF
104316140
ISChemicalTechnology
I149541
99453429
AKosConsulting&Solutions
AKOS015917446
152056865
TCI(TokyoChemicalIndustry)
B0677
87563681
AGD21767
136402289
AGNPC00B39R
172785976
AGNPC0O8W50
222455479
Ambinter
OR8385
84943128
ChemFrog
888843657
125362537
ChemMol
99129358
241120254
FinetechIndustryLimited
FT0643028
164758908
Chembase.cn
92079
162078777
JamsonPharmachemTechnology
Jsp000618
93617138
SigmaAldrich
AngeneChemical
fromPubChem[11]
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7 PharmacologyandBiochemistry
7.1 Absorption,DistributionandExcretion
Inhalationstudies...inwhichratsandmicewereexposedtolethalconcn(27.829%)revealedthatnbutaneis
absorbedanddistributedtovarioustissues.After4hrofrespiratoryexposure,survivingratsweresacrificed...
concnofbutanewere...highestinperinephricfat(2086ppm),thenbrain(750ppm),spleen(522ppm),liver
(492ppm),andkidney(441ppm).Inmiceexposedto2hrofbutanevapors,thebrainlevelsofnbutanewere
foundtobe779ppm.InbothratsandmicethebrainlevelsofnbutanecorrelatedwiththedegreeofCNS
depression...Dermalabsorptionofnbutanevaporshasnotbeenreported.However,dermalpenetrationof
butanewouldnotbeexpectedtooccurtoanylargeextentsinceskincontactistransientbecauseofvolatility.
Snyder,R.(ed.)EthelBrowning'sToxicityandMetabolismofIndustrialSolvents.2nded.Volume1:Hydrocarbons.
AmsterdamNewYorkOxford:Elsevier,1987.,p.269
Becauseofitsvolatilenature,eliminationofbutanebyexhalationcanbeanticipated.
(2001).,p.V415
7.2 Metabolism/Metabolites
Astudywasconductedtoestablishwhethervolatilehydrocarbons,suchaspropane,nbutaneandisobutane,
aremetabolizedinmiceornot.Inmicehavinginhaledthesegases,isopropanolandacetonewereyieldedfrom
propane,secbutanolandmethylethylketonefromnbutane,andtertbutanolfromisobutaneastherespective
metabolites.Inaddition,livermicrosomeswerefoundtocontaintheenzymicsystemparticipatinginthese
metabolisms.Invitroreactionswithlivermicrosomesproducedisopropanolfrompropane,secbutanolfromn
butane,andtertbutanolfromisobutane.Itwasassumedthathydrocarbonswerefirstconvertedto(omega1)
alcoholsbymicrosomalenzymesystemandthentocorrespondingketonesbyalcoholdehydrogenase.Abstract:
PubMed
TsukamotoSetalJToxicolSci.10(4):32332(1985).
Microsomalenzymesystemshavebeenfoundthatoxidizebutanetoitsparentalcohol.
Hydroxylationofbutane.../occurs/inratlivermicrosomestoyield2butanolasthemajormetabolite.nButane
isthelowestmolecularweightalkane...demonstratedtosubstratebindwithcytochromep450....If2butanolis
themajormetaboliteformedinmammals,itwouldbeexpectedtobeeliminatedinexpiredair....2Butanol
mayalsobeconjugatedwithglucuronicacidorbeoxidizedtomethylethylketonewhichinturnisexpired.
Purifiedliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),amixtureofbutane,isobutane,andpropane,iscommonlyabusedby
inhalation.Littleisknownaboutthemammalianmetabolismofthesesubstances.Metabolismofother
hydrocarbons,includingnhexaneandcyclohexane,hasbeenstudiedinvitrousingarangeofliverpreparations,
withmetabolitesanalyzedbystaticheadspacetechniques...Cyclohexanolandcyclohexanonewereformedfrom
cyclohexaneand1,2,and3hexanoland2hexanonefromnhexaneaspredicted.Secondaryalcoholsare
foundfortheothercompoundsstudied,exceptforpropeneandisobutane,togetherwith2propanoneand2
butanonefrompropaneandnbutane,respectively.SamplesfromthreeindividualswhodiedfollowingLPG
abusecontainedarangeofputativenbutanemetabolites:nbutanol,2butanol,2,3butanediol,3hydroxy2
butanone,and2,3butanedione.To/theauthors/knowledge,thelastthreecompoundshavenotbeenproposed
asmetabolitesofnbutaneinman.Thesemightbeproducedthroughsimilarmetabolicpathwaystothoseofn
hexaneandnheptane...Abstract:PubMed
WalkerRetalJChromatogrSci.44(7):38793(2006).
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7.3 BiologicalHalfLife
Basedonkineticstudies...withethaneandnpentane,theeliminationhalflifeofnbutanecanbeexpectedto
beclosertothatofnpentane(halflife=0.13hr,atnonsaturatingconcn).
Itseliminationhalflifeis0.13hratnonsaturatingconcns.
(2001).,p.V415
7.4 MechanismofAction
...Notinfrequentlyintentionalbutaneinhalationresultsinhighmorbidityandmortality.Afataloutcomeof
butaneabusecanbecausedbyasphyxia,cardiacarrhythmiaortrauma.Thereportednumberofcasesinwhich
deathwastheconsequenceofpurebutaneinhalationislimited,andinmostcasesamixtureofpropellantswas
involved.Thisreportcoverstwocasesofsuddendeathduetothesniffingofacigarettelighterrefillcontaining
butane.Autopsywasfollowedbytoxicological,pathohistologicalandimmunohistochemicalanalysis.Butanegas
wasconfirmedinsamplesofblood,urine,brainandlungs...Histologyshowedalmostidenticalchangesinthe
lungsandheartinbothcases.ThemorphologyofheartdamageonstandardH/Estainswasofspecialinterest
becauseitdisplayedallthecharacteristicsofchronicandacutemyocardialhypoxiafoundintheabsenceof
atheroscleroticheartdisease.Inordertoconfirmearlycardiacdeathcausedbyasphyxiaduetobutane
inhalationapanelofimmunohistochemicalagentswasused...Abstract:PubMed
NovoselIetalJForensicLegMed.18(3):12531(2011).
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8 UseandManufacturing
8.1 MethodsofManufacturing
Butanesarenaturallyoccurringalkanehydrocarbonsthatareproducedprimarilyinassociationwithnaturalgas
processingandcertainrefineryoperationssuchascatalyticcrackingandcatalyticreforming.Thetermbutanes
includesthetwostructuralisomers,nbutane[106978],CH3CH2CH2CH3,andisobutane[75285],
(CH3)2CHCH3(2methylpropane).
EastmanAd,MearsDHydrocarbons,C1C6.KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology(19992013).John
Wiley&Sons,Inc.OnlinePostingDate:December4,2000
Butanesarerecoveredfromrawnaturalgasandfrompetroleumrefinerystreamsthatresultfromcatalytic
cracking,catalyticreforming,andotherrefineryoperations.Themostcommonseparationtechniquesarebased
onavaporliquid,twophasesystembywhichliquidbutaneisrecoveredfromthefeedgas./Butanes/
EastmanAd,MearsDHydrocarbons,C1C6.KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology(19992013).John
Wiley&Sons,Inc.OnlinePostingDate:December4,2000
PreparedfromC2H5I/ethyliodide/andsodiumamalgam.
/nButaneis/...obtainedfromnaturalgasbyfractionationfollowingabsorptioninoil,adsorptiontosurface
activeagents,orrefrigeration.
40CFR184.1165(USFDA)U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration'sElectronicCodeofFederalRegulations.
Availablefrom,asofOctober18,2013:http://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/ECFR?page=browse
RecoveredfromLPG/liquefiedpetroleumgas/bydistillation.
GriesbaumKetalHydrocarbons.Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry7thed.(19992013).NY,NY:John
Wiley&Sons.OnlinePostingDate:September16,2013
8.2 Formulations/Preparations
Grades:Research,99.99mole%pure99mole%technical95mole%,alsoavailableinvariousmixtureswith
isobutane,propane,pentanes,etc.
190
Propaneistheprincipalingredientofbottledgasparticularlyinnorthernstates,whereasbutanewithits
considerablyhigherboilingandfreezingpointsismorewidelyusedinwarmersouthernstates.Mixturesofthe
twoarealsocommon.
Gosselin,R.E.,R.P.Smith,H.C.Hodge.ClinicalToxicologyofCommercialProducts.5thed.Baltimore:Williamsand
Wilkins,1984.,p.II150
8.3 Consumption
About90%asagasolineblendingadditiveabout4%asachemintforbutadieneabout3%asachemintfor
ethyleneabout3%asachemintforaceticacid&itsbyproducts&formaleicanhydride(1975)
SRIConsulting,2010DirectoryofChemicalProducers.MenloPark,CA.2010
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8.4 U.S.Production
(1972)1.64X10+13G(EST)
SRI
(1975)3.243.84X10+13G
SRI
(1984)1.08X10+12g
USITC.SYNORGCHEMU.S.PROD/SALES1984p.15
(1987)2.03X10+9lb
USITC.SYNORGCHEMU.S.PROD/SALES1987p.22
ButaneislistedasaHighProductionVolume(HPV)chemical(65FR81686).ChemicalslistedasHPVwere
producedinorimportedintotheU.S.in>1millionpoundsin1990and/or1994.TheHPVlistisbasedonthe
1990InventoryUpdateRule.(IUR)(40CFRpart710subpartB51FR21438).
EPA/OfficeofPollutionPreventionandToxicsHighProductionVolume(HPV)ChallengeProgram.Butane(106978).
Availablefrom,asofNovember4,2013:http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
ProductionvolumesfornonconfidentialchemicalsreportedundertheInventoryUpdateRule.
Year
ProductionRange(pounds)
1986
>1billion
1990
>1billion
1994
>1billion
1998
>1billion
2002
>1billion
USEPANonconfidentialProductionVolumeInformationSubmittedbyCompaniesforChemicalsUnderthe19862002
InventoryUpdateRule(IUR).Butane(106978).Availablefrom,asofNovember4,2013:http://epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002
vol.html
Productionvolumefornonconfidentialchemicalsreportedunderthe2006InventoryUpdateRule.Chemical:
Butane.AggregatedNationalProductionVolume:1billionpoundsandgreater.
USEPANonConfidential2006InventoryUpdateReporting.NationalChemicalInformation.Butane(106978).Available
from,asofOctober3,2013:http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
Nonconfidential2012ChemicalDataReporting(CDR)informationontheproductionanduseofchemicals
manufacturedorimportedintotheUnitedStates.Chemical:Butane.NationalProductionVolume:
52,402,541,854lb/yr.
USEPA/PollutionPreventionandToxics2012ChemicalDataReportingDatabase.Butane(106978).Availablefrom,as
ofOctober3,2013:http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/
8.5 U.S.Imports
(1972)1.48X10+12G
SRI
(1975)1.69X10+12G(INCLPROPANEMIXTS)
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SRI
(1984)5.17X10+9g
BUREAUOFTHECENSUS.U.S.IMPORTSFORCONSUMPTIONANDGENERALIMPORTS1984p.1395
(1986)3.87X10+7bbl
BUREAUOFTHECENSUS.USIMPORTSFORCONSUMPTIONANDGENERALIMPORTS1986P.1554
8.6 U.S.Exports
(1972)7.7X10+10G
SRI
(1975)4.23X10+11G
SRI
(1984)3.27X10+8g
BUREAUOFTHECENSUS.U.S.EXPORTS,SCHEDULEE,1984p.267
(1987)8.25X10+4bbl
BUREAUOFTHECENSUS.U.S.EXPORTS,SCHEDULEE,DECEMBER1987,P.270
(1988)5.01X10+4bbl
BUREAUOFTHECENSUS.U.S.EXPORTS,SCHEDULEE,DECEMBER1988,P.273
8.7 AnalyticLaboratoryMethods
Method:OSHAPV2010Procedure:gaschromatographyandflameionizationdetectorAnalyte:nbutane
Matrix:airDetectionLimit:0.79ppm(1.88mg/cum).
U.S.DepartmentofLabor/OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration'sIndexofSamplingandAnalyticalMethods.n
Butane(106978).Availablefrom,asofNovember6,2013:http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.html
8.8 ClinicalLaboratoryMethods
Solidphasemicroextraction(SPME)forsamplingmetabolitesintheheadspaceofincubatesofvolatile
compoundswithactivatedratlivermicrosomesisinvestigated.Cyclohexanolandcyclohexanonewereformed
fromcyclohexaneand1,2,and3hexanoland2hexanonefromnhexaneaspredicted...Thefindingsindicate
thevalueofSPMEforinvestigatingthemetabolismofvolatilesubstancesandfordetectingandmonitoring
exposuretothesecompounds.Abstract:PubMed
WalkerRetalJChromatogrSci.44(7):38793(2006).
...Butanegaswasconfirmedinsamplesofblood,urine,brainandlungsbythegaschromatographymethod
"headspace"technique.Histologyshowedalmostidenticalchangesinthelungsandheartinbothcases.The
morphologyofheartdamageonstandardH/Estainswasofspecialinterestbecauseitdisplayedallthe
characteristicsofchronicandacutemyocardialhypoxiafoundintheabsenceofatheroscleroticheartdisease.In
ordertoconfirmearlycardiacdeathcausedbyasphyxiaduetobutaneinhalationapanelof
immunohistochemicalagentswasused:Myoglobin,Desmin,Fibronectin,FibrinogenandCC9.Abstract:
PubMed
NovoselIetalJForensicLegMed.18(3):12531(2011).
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9 SafetyandHazards
9.1 HazardsIdentification
9.1.1 GHSClassification
9.1.2 FireHazard
Extremelyflammable.
9.1.3 ExplosionHazard
Gas/airmixturesareexplosive.
9.1.4 SkinHazard
ONCONTACTWITHLIQUID:FROSTBITE.
9.1.5 InhalationHazard
Drowsiness.Unconsciousness.
9.1.6 EyeHazard
ONCONTACTWITHLIQUID:FROSTBITE.
9.1.7 FirePotential
Highlyflammable,dangerousfire...risk.
190
Flammableinthepresenceofanoxidizinggas(egair),asourceofignitino,andwhentheconcentrationofthe
gasisbetweenthelowerandupperexplosivelimits.Keepawayfromheat/sparks/open
flame/hotsurface/oxidizinggas.Nosmoking.
SigmaAldrichMaterialSafetyDataSheetforbutane.Productnumber494402.Version3.5.(September17,2012).
Availablefrom,asofNovember11,2013.http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/494402?lang=enion=US
Verydangerousfirehazardwhenexposedtoheat,flame...
9.1.8 Skin,Eye,andRespiratoryIrritations
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nButane/didnot/...causerespiratory...irritationinrabbits....Butaneappearstobemildlytomoderately
irritatingtotherabbitskin.
Vapornotirritatingtoeyes,nose,orthroat.
U.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.
GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.
9.2 SafetyandHazardProperties
9.2.1 LEL
1.6%
1.6%
9.2.2 UEL
8.4%
8.4%
9.2.3 Flammability
Lowerflammablelimit:1.9%byvolumeUpperflammablelimit:8.5%byvolume.
32521
FlammableGas
9.2.4 CriticalTemperature
Criticaltemperature:153.2degCcriticalpressure(absolute):525psi
190
9.2.5 CriticalPressure
Criticaltemperature:153.2degCcriticalpressure(absolute):525psi
190
9.2.6 NFPAHazardClassification
Health:1.1=Materialsthat,onexposure,wouldcausesignificantirritation,butonlyminorresidualinjury,
includingthoserequiringtheuseofanapprovedairpurifyingrespirator.Thesematerialsareonlyslightly
hazardoustohealthandonlybreathingprotectionisneeded.
32521
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Flammability:4.4=Thisdegreeincludesflammablegases,flammablecryogenicmaterials,pyrophoricliquids,
andClassIAflammableliquids.Thepreferredmethodoffireattackistostoptheflowofmaterialortoprotect
exposureswhileallowingthefiretoburnitselfout.
32521
Instability:0.0=Thisdegreeincludesmaterialsthatarenormallystable,evenunderfireexposureconditions,
andthatdonotreactwithwater.Normalfirefightingproceduresmaybeused.
32521
9.2.7 NFPAFireRating
4
9.2.8 NFPAReactivityRating
0
9.2.9 NFPAHealthRating
1
9.2.10 PhysicalDanger
Thegasisheavierthanairandmaytravelalongthegrounddistantignitionpossible.Thegasisheavierthanair
andmayaccumulateinloweredspacescausingadeficiencyofoxygen.Asaresultofflow,agitation,etc.,
electrostaticchargescanbegenerated.
9.2.11 OccupationalExposureLimits
MAK:1000ppm,2400mg/mPeaklimitationcategory:II(4)Pregnancyriskgroup:D(DFG2006).
9.2.12 InhalationRisk
Onlossofcontainmentthissubstancecancausesuffocationbyloweringtheoxygencontentoftheairin
confinedareas.
9.2.13 EffectsofShortTermExposure
Rapidevaporationoftheliquidmaycausefrostbite.Thesubstancemaycauseeffectsonthecentralnervous
system.
9.2.14 ExplosiveLimitsandPotential
...Dangerous...explosionrisk.
190
Explosivelimitsinair1.98.5%.
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190
1.98.5%byvolumeinairatambienttemp/fromtable/
Bretherick,L.HandbookofReactiveChemicalHazards.4thed.Boston,MA:ButterworthHeinemannLtd.,1990,p.1843
upper8.5%lower1.9%
Explosivelimits,vol%inair:1.88.4
9.2.15 AllowableTolerances
Residuesofbutaneareexemptedfromtherequirementofatolerancewhenusedinaccordancewithgood
agriculturalpracticeasinert(oroccasionallyactive)ingredientsinpesticideformulationsappliedtogrowingcrops
ortorawagriculturalcommoditiesafterharvest.Use:Propellant.
40CFR180.910(USEPA)U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration'sElectronicCodeofFederalRegulations.
agriculturalpracticeasinert(oroccasionallyactive)ingredientsinpesticideformulationsappliedtoanimals.Use:
propellant.
9.2.16 OSHAStandards
Vacated1989OSHAPELTWA800ppm(1900mg/cum)isstillenforcedinsomestates.
NIOSH.NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards.DHHS(NIOSH)PublicationNo.97140.Washington,D.C.U.S.
GovernmentPrintingOffice,1997.,p.360
9.2.17 NIOSHRecommendations
RecommendedExposureLimit:10HourTimeWeightedAverage:800ppm(1900mg/cum).
9.3 FirstAidMeasures
9.3.1 FirstAid
Eye:FrostbiteSkin:FrostbiteBreathing:Respiratorysupport
EYES:Firstcheckthevictimforcontactlensesandremoveifpresent.Flushvictim'seyeswithwaterornormal
salinesolutionfor20to30minuteswhilesimultaneouslycallingahospitalorpoisoncontrolcenter.Donotput
anyointments,oils,ormedicationinthevictim'seyeswithoutspecificinstructionsfromaphysician.Ifsymptoms
(suchasrednessorirritation)develop,immediatelytransportthevictimtoahospital.SKIN:CAUTION:
Exposureofskintocompressedgasesmayresultinfreezingoftheskin.Treatmentforfrostbitemaybe
necessary.Removethevictimfromthesourceofcontamination.IMMEDIATELYwashaffectedareasgently
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withCOLDwater(andsoap,ifnecessary)whileremovingandisolatingallcontaminatedclothing.Drycarefully
withclean,softtowels.Ifsymptomssuchasinflammationorirritationdevelop,IMMEDIATELYcallaphysician
orgotoahospitalfortreatment.INHALATION:IMMEDIATELYleavethecontaminatedareatakedeep
breathsoffreshair.Ifsymptoms(suchaswheezing,coughing,shortnessofbreath,orburninginthemouth,
throat,orchest)develop,callaphysicianandbepreparedtotransportthevictimtoahospital.Provideproper
respiratoryprotectiontorescuersenteringanunknownatmosphere.Wheneverpossible,SelfContained
BreathingApparatus(SCBA)shouldbeusedifnotavailable,usealevelofprotectiongreaterthanorequalto
thatadvisedunderProtectiveClothing.INGESTION:Thiscompoundisagas,thereforeinhalationisthefirst
routeofexposure.(NTP,1992)
9.3.2 FireFirstAid
Shutoffsupplyifnotpossibleandnorisktosurroundings,letthefireburnitselfout.Inothercasesextinguish
withpowder,carbondioxide. fromILOICSC[5]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0232
9.3.3 ExplosionFirstAid
Incaseoffire:keepcylindercoolbysprayingwithwater.Combatfirefromashelteredposition.
9.3.4 InhalationFirstAid
Freshair,rest.Artificialrespirationmaybeneeded.Referformedicalattention.
9.3.5 SkinFirstAid
ONFROSTBITE:rinsewithplentyofwater,doNOTremoveclothes.Referformedicalattention.
9.3.6 EyeFirstAid
Firstrinsewithplentyofwaterforseveralminutes(removecontactlensesifeasilypossible),thenreferfor
medicalattention.
9.4 FireFightingMeasures
Usewaterspray,alcoholresistantfoam,drychemicalorcarbondioxide.
Usewaterspraytocoolunopenedcontainers.
Wearselfcontainedbreathingapparatusforfirefightingifnecessary.
9.4.1 FireFighting
Donotextinguishfireunlessflowcanbestopped.Usewaterinfloodingquantitiesasfog.Coolallaffected
containerswithfloodingquantitiesofwater.Applywaterfromasfaradistanceaspossible.(AAR,1999)
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9.4.2 OtherFireFightingHazards
confinedareas...Rapidevaporationoftheliquiedmaycausefrostbite.Thesubstancemaycauseeffectsonthe
centralnervoussystem.
9.5 AccidentalReleaseMeasures
9.5.1 SpillageDisposal
Evacuatedangerarea!Consultanexpert!Personalprotection:selfcontainedbreathingapparatus.Ventilation.
Removeallignitionsources.NEVERdirectwaterjetonliquid.
9.5.2 CleanupMethods
Evacuatedangerarea!Consultanexpert!Personalprotection:selfcontainedbreathingapparatus.Ventilation.
Removeallignitionsources.NEVERdirectwaterjetonliquid.
IPCS,CECInternationalChemicalSafetyCardonbutane.(2003).Availablefrom,asofNovember11,2013.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0232.htm
9.5.3 DisposalMethods
Burninachemicalincineratorequippedwithanafterburnerandscrubberbutexertextracareinignitingasthis
materialishighlyflammable.Offersurplusandnonrecyclablesolutionstoalicenseddisposalcompany.Contact
alicensedprofessionalwastedisposalservicetodisposeofthismaterial.
SRP:Wastewaterfromcontaminantsuppression,cleaningofprotectiveclothing/equipment,orcontaminated
sitesshouldbecontainedandevaluatedforsubjectchemicalordecompositionproductconcentrations.
Concentrationsshallbelowerthanapplicableenvironmentaldischargeordisposalcriteria.Alternatively,
pretreatmentand/ordischargetoapermittedwastewatertreatmentfacilityisacceptableonlyafterreviewbythe
governingauthorityandassurancethat"passthrough"violationswillnotoccur.Dueconsiderationshallbegiven
toremediationworkerexposure(inhalation,dermalandingestion)aswellasfateduringtreatment,transferand
disposal.Ifitisnotpracticabletomanagethechemicalinthisfashion,itmustbeevaluatedinaccordancewith
EPA40CFRPart261,specificallySubpartB,inordertodeterminetheappropriatelocal,stateandfederal
requirementsfordisposal.
9.5.4 OtherPreventativeMeasures
SRP:Contaminatedprotectiveclothingshouldbesegregatedinsuchamannersothatthereisnodirect
personalcontactbypersonnelwhohandle,dispose,orcleantheclothing.Thecompletenessofthecleaning
proceduresshouldbeconsideredbeforethedecontaminatedprotectiveclothingisreturnedforreusebythe
workers.Contaminatedclothingshouldnotbetakenhomeattheendofshift,butshouldremainatemployee's
placeofworkforcleaning.
Workclothingthatbecomeswetshouldbeimmediatelyremovedduetoitsflammabilityhazard(i.e.,forliquids
withaflashpoint<100degF).
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9.6 HandlingandStorage
9.6.1 NonfireSpillResponse
Keepsparks,flames,andothersourcesofignitionaway.Keepmaterialoutofwatersourcesandsewers.
Attempttostopleakifwithoutunduepersonnelhazard.Usewaterspraytoknockdownvapors.(AAR,1999)
9.6.2 SafetyStorage
Fireproof.Cool.
9.6.3 StorageConditions
Butaneinliquidformmaybestoredbothaboveandbelowground.Besidesstorageinliquefiedformunderits
vaporpressureatnormalatmospherictemperatures,refrigeratedliquidstorageatatmosphericpressuremaybe
used.Suchsystemsareclosedandinsulated,andtheliquidpetroleumgasvaporiscirculatedthroughpumps
andcompressorstoserveastherefrigerantforthesystem.Butanemaybestoredinpitsintheearthcappedby
metaldomesandinundergroundchambers.
190
Storagetemp:ambientventing:safetyrelief.
U.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.
GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.
9.7 ExposureControlandPersonalProtection
9.7.1 REL
TWA800ppm(1900mg/m3)
9.7.2 PEL
none
9.7.3 RELTWA
800ppm
1900mg/m3
9.7.4 IDLH
N.D.
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9.7.5 Conversion
1ppm=2.38mg/m3
9.7.6 ThresholdLimitValues
15minShortTermExposureLimit(STEL):1000ppm
AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.ThresholdLimitValuesforChemicalSubstancesand
PhysicalAgentsandBiologicalExposureIndices.ACGIH,Cincinnati,OH2013,p.15
9.7.7 OtherOccupationalPermissibleLevels
Australia,Belgium,Finland,France,India,Switzerland:TWA800ppm(1900mg/cum).
(2001).,p.V81168
Austria,Germany,Germany(DFGMAK):TWA1000ppm.
(2001).,p.V81168
Denmark,Japan(JSOH),Russia:TWA500ppm(1200mg/cum).
(2001).,p.V81168
Ireland,TheNetherlands,UnitedKingdom(HSEOES):TWA600ppm.
(2001).,p.V81168
HungaryTWA300mg/cumSTEL900mg/cum.
(2001).,p.V81168
PolandTWA1900mg/cumSTEL3000mg/cum.
(2001).,p.V81168
Russia:STEL300mg/cum.
(2001).,p.V81168
Ireland:STEL750ppm(1780mg/cum).
(2001).,p.V81168
Finland:STEL1,000ppm(2,350mg/cum).
(2001).,p.V81168
9.7.8 PersonalProtection
Skin:FrostbiteEyes:FrostbiteWashskin:NorecommendationRemove:Whenwet(flammable)Change:No
recommendationProvide:Frostbitewash
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Moreinformation.
9.7.9 RespiratorRecommendations
Notavailable.
9.7.10 FirePrevention
NOopenflames,NOsparksandNOsmoking.
9.7.11 ExplosionPrevention
Closedsystem,ventilation,explosionproofelectricalequipmentandlighting.Preventbuildupofelectrostatic
charges(e.g.,bygrounding)ifinliquidstate.Usenonsparkinghandtools.
9.7.12 InhalationPrevention
Useclosedsystemorventilation.
9.7.13 SkinPrevention
Coldinsulatinggloves.Protectiveclothing.
9.7.14 EyePrevention
Wearfaceshield.
9.7.15 ProtectiveEquipmentandClothing
Compressedgasesmaycreatelowtemperatureswhentheyexpandrapidly.Leaksandusesthatallowrapid
expansionmaycauseafrostbitehazard.Wearappropriatepersonalprotectiveclothingtopreventtheskinfrom
becomingfrozen.
Wearappropriateeyeprotectiontopreventeyecontactwiththeliquidthatcouldresultinburnsortissue
damagefromfrostbite.
Quickdrenchfacilitiesand/oreyewashfountainsshouldbeprovidedwithintheimmediateworkareafor
emergencyusewherethereisanypossibilityofexposuretoliquidsthatareextremelycoldorrapidly
evaporating.
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9.8 StabilityandReactivity
9.8.1 ReactivitiesandIncompatibilities
Verydangerousfirehazardwhenexposedto...oxidizers.
Additionofnickelcarbonyltoannbutaneoxygenmixturecausesanexplosionat2040degC.
491123
Strongoxidizers,(e.g.,nitratesandperchlorates),chlorinefluorine(nickelcarbonyl+oxygen).
Strongoxidizers(e.g.,nitrates&perchlorates),chlorine,fluorine,(nickelcarbonyl+oxygen)
STABILITY:Thischemicalisstableundernormallaboratoryconditions.Solutionsofthischemicalinwater,
DMSO,95%ethanoloracetoneshouldbestablefor24hoursundernormallabconditions.REACTIVITY:This
compoundcanexplodewhenexposedtoflameorwhenmixedwith(nickelcarbonyl+oxygen).Itcanalsoreact
withoxidizers.Strongacidsandalkaliesshouldbeavoided.(NTP,1992)
9.9 TransportInformation
9.9.1 DOTEmergencyGuidelines
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/FireorExplosion:EXTREMELY
FLAMMABLE.Willbeeasilyignitedbyheat,sparksorflames.Willformexplosivemixtureswithair.Vapors
fromliquefiedgasareinitiallyheavierthanairandspreadalongground.CAUTION:Hydrogen(UN1049),
Deuterium(UN1957),Hydrogen,refrigeratedliquid(UN1966)andMethane(UN1971)arelighterthanairandwill
rise.HydrogenandDeuteriumfiresaredifficulttodetectsincetheyburnwithaninvisibleflame.Usean
alternatemethodofdetection(thermalcamera,broomhandle,etc.)Vaporsmaytraveltosourceofignitionand
flashback.Cylindersexposedtofiremayventandreleaseflammablegasthroughpressurereliefdevices.
Containersmayexplodewhenheated.Rupturedcylindersmayrocket.
U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.2012EmergencyResponseGuidebook.Washington,D.C.2012
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/Health:Vaporsmaycausedizzinessor
asphyxiationwithoutwarning.Somemaybeirritatingifinhaledathighconcentrations.Contactwithgasor
liquefiedgasmaycauseburns,severeinjuryand/orfrostbite.Firemayproduceirritatingand/ortoxicgases.
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/PublicSafety:CALLEmergency
ResponseTelephoneNumberonShippingPaperfirst.IfShippingPapernotavailableornoanswer,referto
appropriatetelephonenumberlistedontheinsidebackcover.Asanimmediateprecautionarymeasure,isolate
spillorleakareaforatleast100meters(330feet)inalldirections.Keepunauthorizedpersonnelaway.Stay
upwind.Manygasesareheavierthanairandwillspreadalonggroundandcollectinloworconfinedareas
(sewers,basements,tanks).Keepoutoflowareas.
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/ProtectiveClothing:Wearpositive
pressureselfcontainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA).Structuralfirefighters'protectiveclothingwillonlyprovide
limitedprotection.Alwayswearthermalprotectiveclothingwhenhandlingrefrigerated/cryogenicliquids.
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/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/Evacuation:LargeSpill:Considerinitial
downwindevacuationforatleast800meters(1/2mile).Fire:Iftank,railcarortanktruckisinvolvedinafire,
ISOLATEfor1600meters(1mile)inalldirectionsalso,considerinitialevacuationfor1600meters(1mile)in
alldirections.
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/Fire:DONOTEXTINGUISHA
LEAKINGGASFIREUNLESSLEAKCANBESTOPPED.CAUTION:Hydrogen(UN1049),Deuterium
(UN1957)andHydrogen,refrigeratedliquid(UN1966)burnwithaninvisibleflame.HydrogenandMethane
mixture,compressed(UN2034)mayburnwithaninvisibleflame.SmallFire:DrychemicalorCO2.LargeFire:
Watersprayorfog.Movecontainersfromfireareaifyoucandoitwithoutrisk.FireinvolvingTanks:Fightfire
frommaximumdistanceoruseunmannedhoseholdersormonitornozzles.Coolcontainerswithflooding
quantitiesofwateruntilwellafterfireisout.Donotdirectwateratsourceofleakorsafetydevicesicingmay
occur.Withdrawimmediatelyincaseofrisingsoundfromventingsafetydevicesordiscolorationoftank.
ALWAYSstayawayfromtanksengulfedinfire.Formassivefire,useunmannedhoseholdersormonitor
nozzlesifthisisimpossible,withdrawfromareaandletfireburn.
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/SpillorLeak:ELIMINATEallignition
sources(nosmoking,flares,sparksorflamesinimmediatearea).Allequipmentusedwhenhandlingtheproduct
mustbegrounded.Donottouchorwalkthroughspilledmaterial.Stopleakifyoucandoitwithoutrisk.If
possible,turnleakingcontainerssothatgasescapesratherthanliquid.Usewaterspraytoreducevaporsor
divertvaporclouddrift.Avoidallowingwaterrunofftocontactspilledmaterial.Donotdirectwateratspillor
sourceofleak.Preventspreadingofvaporsthroughsewers,ventilationsystemsandconfinedareas.Isolatearea
untilgashasdispersed.CAUTION:Whenincontactwithrefrigerated/cryogenicliquids,manymaterialsbecome
brittleandarelikelytobreakwithoutwarning.
/GUIDE115:GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)/FirstAid:Movevictimtofreshair.Call
911oremergencymedicalservice.Giveartificialrespirationifvictimisnotbreathing.Administeroxygenif
breathingisdifficult.Removeandisolatecontaminatedclothingandshoes.Clothingfrozentotheskinshouldbe
thawedbeforebeingremoved.Incaseofcontactwithliquefiedgas,thawfrostedpartswithlukewarmwater.In
caseofburns,immediatelycoolaffectedskinforaslongaspossiblewithcoldwater.Donotremoveclothingif
adheringtoskin.Keepvictimwarmandquiet.Ensurethatmedicalpersonnelareawareofthematerial(s)
involvedandtakeprecautionstoprotectthemselves.
9.9.2 ShipmentMethodsandRegulations
Nopersonmay/transport,/offeroracceptahazardousmaterialfortransportationincommerceunlessthat
personisregisteredinconformance...andthehazardousmaterialisproperlyclassed,described,packaged,
marked,labeled,andinconditionforshipmentasrequiredorauthorizedby.../thehazardousmaterials
regulations(49CFR171177)./
49CFR171.2(USDOT)U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration'sElectronicCodeofFederalRegulations.
Availablefrom,asofNovember4,2013:http://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/ECFR?page=browse
TheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA)DangerousGoodsRegulationsarepublishedbytheIATA
DangerousGoodsBoardpursuanttoIATAResolutions618and619andconstituteamanualofindustrycarrier
regulationstobefollowedbyallIATAMemberairlineswhentransportinghazardousmaterials.
InternationalAirTransportAssociation.DangerousGoodsRegulations.47thEdition.Montreal,QuebecCanada.2006.,p.
153
TheInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCodelaysdownbasicprinciplesfortransportinghazardous
chemicals.Detailedrecommendationsforindividualsubstancesandanumberofrecommendationsforgood
practiceareincludedintheclassesdealingwithsuchsubstances.Ageneralindexoftechnicalnameshasalso
beencompiled.Thisindexshouldalwaysbeconsultedwhenattemptingtolocatetheappropriateproceduresto
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beusedwhenshippinganysubstanceorarticle.
InternationalMaritimeOrganization.IMDGCode.InternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCodeVolume22006,p.42
9.9.3 DOTIDandGuide
1011115
9.9.4 PackagingandLabelling
9.9.5 ECClassification
Symbol:F+R:12S:(2)91633Note:C
9.9.6 UNClassification
UNHazardClass:2.1
9.9.7 EmergencyResponse
TransportEmergencyCard:TEC(R)20S1011.
NFPACode:H1F4R0.
9.10 RegulatoryInformation
9.10.1 DOTEmergencyResponseGuide
115GASESFLAMMABLE(IncludingRefrigeratedLiquids)
POTENTIALHAZARDS
FIREOREXPLOSION
*EXTREMELYFLAMMABLE.*Willbeeasilyignitedbyheat,sparksorflames.*Willformexplosivemixtures
withair.*Vaporsfromliquefiedgasareinitiallyheavierthanairandspreadalongground.
CAUTION:Hydrogen(UN1049),Deuterium(UN1957),Hydrogen,refrigeratedliquid(UN1966)andMethane(UN1971)arelighter
thanairandwillrise.HydrogenandDeuteriumfiresaredifficulttodetectsincetheyburnwithaninvisibleflame.
Useanalternatemethodofdetection(thermalcamera,broomhandle,etc.)
*Vaporsmaytraveltosourceofignitionandflashback.*Cylindersexposedtofiremayventandrelease
flammablegasthroughpressurereliefdevices.*Containersmayexplodewhenheated.*Rupturedcylinders
mayrocket.
HEALTH
*Vaporsmaycausedizzinessorasphyxiationwithoutwarning.*Somemaybeirritatingifinhaledathigh
concentrations.*Contactwithgasorliquefiedgasmaycauseburns,severeinjuryand/orfrostbite.*Firemay
produceirritatingand/ortoxicgases.
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PUBLICSAFETY
*CALLEmergencyResponseTelephoneNumberonShippingPaperfirst.IfShippingPapernotavailableorno
answer,refertoappropriatetelephonenumberlistedontheinsidebackcover.*Asanimmediateprecautionary
measure,isolatespillorleakareaforatleast100meters(330feet)inalldirections.*Keepunauthorized
personnelaway.*Stayupwind.*Manygasesareheavierthanairandwillspreadalonggroundandcollectin
loworconfinedareas(sewers,basements,tanks).*Keepoutoflowareas.
PROTECTIVECLOTHING
*Wearpositivepressureselfcontainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA).*Structuralfirefighters'protectiveclothing
willonlyprovidelimitedprotection.*Alwayswearthermalprotectiveclothingwhenhandling
refrigerated/cryogenicliquids.
EVACUATION
LargeSpill
*Considerinitialdownwindevacuationforatleast800meters(1/2mile).
Fire
*Iftank,railcarortanktruckisinvolvedinafire,ISOLATEfor1600meters(1mile)inalldirectionsalso,
considerinitialevacuationfor1600meters(1mile)inalldirections.
EMERGENCYRESPONSE
FIRE
*DONOTEXTINGUISHALEAKINGGASFIREUNLESSLEAKCANBESTOPPED.
CAUTION:Hydrogen(UN1049),Deuterium(UN1957)andHydrogen,refrigeratedliquid(UN1966)burnwithaninvisibleflame.
HydrogenandMethanemixture,compressed(UN2034)mayburnwithaninvisibleflame.
SmallFire
*DrychemicalorCO2.
LargeFire
*Watersprayorfog.*Movecontainersfromfireareaifyoucandoitwithoutrisk.
FireinvolvingTanks
*Fightfirefrommaximumdistanceoruseunmannedhoseholdersormonitornozzles.*Coolcontainerswith
floodingquantitiesofwateruntilwellafterfireisout.*Donotdirectwateratsourceofleakorsafetydevices
icingmayoccur.*Withdrawimmediatelyincaseofrisingsoundfromventingsafetydevicesordiscolorationof
tank.*ALWAYSstayawayfromtanksengulfedinfire.*Formassivefire,useunmannedhoseholdersor
monitornozzlesifthisisimpossible,withdrawfromareaandletfireburn.
SPILLORLEAK
*ELIMINATEallignitionsources(nosmoking,flares,sparksorflamesinimmediatearea).*Allequipmentused
whenhandlingtheproductmustbegrounded.*Donottouchorwalkthroughspilledmaterial.*Stopleakifyou
candoitwithoutrisk.*Ifpossible,turnleakingcontainerssothatgasescapesratherthanliquid.*Usewater
spraytoreducevaporsordivertvaporclouddrift.Avoidallowingwaterrunofftocontactspilledmaterial.*Do
notdirectwateratspillorsourceofleak.*Preventspreadingofvaporsthroughsewers,ventilationsystemsand
confinedareas.*Isolateareauntilgashasdispersed.
CAUTION:Whenincontactwithrefrigerated/cryogenicliquids,manymaterialsbecomebrittleandarelikelytobreakwithout
warning.
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*Movevictimtofreshair.*Call911oremergencymedicalservice.*Giveartificialrespirationifvictimisnot
breathing.*Administeroxygenifbreathingisdifficult.*Removeandisolatecontaminatedclothingandshoes.*
Clothingfrozentotheskinshouldbethawedbeforebeingremoved.*Incaseofcontactwithliquefiedgas,thaw
frostedpartswithlukewarmwater.*Incaseofburns,immediatelycoolaffectedskinforaslongaspossiblewith
coldwater.Donotremoveclothingifadheringtoskin.*Keepvictimwarmandquiet.*Ensurethatmedical
personnelareawareofthematerial(s)involvedandtakeprecautionstoprotectthemselves.
9.10.2 FIFRARequirements
agriculturalpracticeasinert(oroccasionallyactive)ingredientsinpesticideformulationsappliedtogrowingcrops
ortorawagriculturalcommoditiesafterharvest.Use:Propellant.
agriculturalpracticeasinert(oroccasionallyactive)ingredientsinpesticideformulationsappliedtoanimals.Use:
propellant.
9.10.3 FDARequirements
Substanceaddeddirectlytohumanfoodaffirmedasgenerallyrecognizedassafe(GRAS).
21CFR184.1165(USFDA)U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration'sElectronicCodeofFederalRegulations.
Butaneusedasageneralpurposefoodadditiveinanimaldrugs,feeds,andrelatedproductsisgenerally
recognizedassafewhenusedinaccordancewithgoodmanufacturingorfeedingpractice.
9.11 OtherSafetyInformation
9.11.1 ToxicCombustionProducts
Hazardousdecompositionproductsformedunderfireconditions.Carbonoxides.
9.11.2 OtherHazardousReactions
confinedareas.
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10 Toxicity
10.1 ToxicologicalInformation
10.1.1 ExposureRoutes
Thesubstancecanbeabsorbedintothebodybyinhalation.
inhalation,skinand/oreyecontact(liquid)
10.1.2 Symptoms
drowsiness,narcosis,asphyxialiquid:frostbite
10.1.3 TargetOrgans
centralnervoussystem
10.1.4 Interactions
...Mixingbutaneandisobutyleneproducedanadditive.../CNSdepressant/effectin2of12miceanda
potentiatingeffectintheremaining10animals.Inrats,thebutaneisobutylenemixtureshowedasummationof
effectsin9of12animalsandapotentiationofeffectsintheremaininganimals.
...Exposureofdogsto120%nbutanefor...2minto2hrhypersensitizedthehearttoventricularfibrillation
inducedbyepinephrine./Inaseparatestudy/...exposureofdogstoconcnof1590%for10mincausedthe
hearttobesensitizedtoepinephrineinducedarrhythmias.
10.1.5 ToxicitySummary
nButaneisacolorless,flammablegasatroomtemperature.Itoccursasacomponentinnaturalgasfrom
whichitisrefined.nButaneisusedasfuel,refrigerantandaerosolpropellant.Theacutetoxicityofnbutane
hasbeenstudiedafterinhalationexposureinexperimentalanimals.LC50(4h)was658mg/linratsandLC50
(2h)was680mg/linmice.Indogs,lethalconcentrationsrangedfrom474to592mg/l.Aconcentrationof308
mg/lcausedlightanesthesiainmicewithin25minutes,andanexposureto521mg/lhadsimilareffectwithin
oneminute.nButane...sensitiz/ed/themyocardiumtoepinephrineinducedcardiacarrhythmiasindogsafter
inhalation.Noreportsonacutetoxicityofnbutaneinexperimentalanimalsbyotheradministrationrouteswere
locatedintheavailableliterature.Ina21dayinhalationtoxicitystudyofamixtureofnbutane,isobutane,n
pentaandisopentane,containing25%ofeach,theabsenceoftoxicitywasevidentupto11.8mg/lwhichwas
thehighestconcentrationtested.ThestudywasperformedinSpragueDawleyratswhichwereexposed6hours
perdayoverthreeweeksforatotalof15exposures.Nolongtermstudiesusingpurenbutanewerelocatedin
theavailableliterature.NomutagenicactivitywasobservedinseveraltestsinSalmonellatyphimuriumstrains
TA1535,TA1537,TA1538,TA98andTA100withorwithouttheadditionofanexogenousmetabolism
system.Nostudiesoncarcinogenicity,reproductiontoxicityandteratogenicity,immunotoxicityorallergywere
locatedintheavailableliterature.Severalreportsonhumanexposuretonbutanewereavailable.The
increasingabuseofvolatilesubstances,nbutanebeingamongthem,increasestheriskofsuddendeathin
connectiontoinhalationofthegas.Therangeofconcentrationsthatmayleadto"high"feelingsortodeathhas
beennotedtobeverynarrow.Theuseofaovencleanercontainingnbutaneaspropellanthascausedtransient
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myoclonusinonepatient.Nootherphysicalabnormalitieswerenoted.Anaerosolspraywhichcontainedn
butaneaspropellant,wasreportedtocausedeepfrostbitesymptomsirtheskinwhensprayeddirectlyonit.
Becauseoftheanestheticeffectofnbutane,truckdriversandterminaloperatorsfromdifferentloadingfacilities
andservicestationswereexaminedforexposuregasolinevapourscontaining90to92percentnbutane,
isobutane,npentaneandisopentane.Exposurestothegasolinevaporweresubstantiallylowerthanthe
establishedACGIHthresholdvalues(300ppmor0.89mg/lforgasoline,and800ppmor1.9mg/lfornbutane).
Occupationalexposureof53malerefineryworkersforanaverageof11yearstonbutane(concentrationvaried
from0.0004mg/lto0.0178mg/l)didnotcauseanyclinicalsymptomsintheworkers....Inconclusion,exposure
tolowconcentrationsofnbutanehasnotbeenreportedtocauseadverseeffectsinhumans.Itisanestheticto
bothhumansandexperimentalanimals.Suddendeathmayoccurwhennbutaneisinhaledathigh
concentrations.Thesafetymarginbetweenanestheticandlethalconcentrationsappearstobeverynarrow.
Chronicexposuretonbutanehasbeenreportedtocausesomesymptomsinthecentralnervoussystem.
Criticaleffectsmightbelethalitywheninhaledinhighdoses,andeffectsonthecentralnervoussystemin
chronicallyexposedindividuals.
BerzinsTNord28:1026(1995)
10.1.6 AntidoteandEmergencyTreatment
FIRSTAID:SkinONCONTACTWITHLIQUIDFROSTBITE:rinsewithplentyofwater,doNOTremove
clothes.ReferformedicalattentionEyesONCONTACTWITHLIQUIDFROSTBITE.Firstrinsewithplentyof
waterforseveralminutes(removecontactlensesifeasilypossible),thenreferformedicalattention.
IPCS,CECInternationalChemicalSafetyCardonbutane.(2003).Availablefrom,asofNovember11,2013.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0232.htm
Immediatefirstaid:Ensurethatadequatedecontaminationhasbeencarriedout.Ifpatientisnotbreathing,
startartificialrespiration,preferablywithademandvalveresuscitator,bagvalvemaskdevice,orpocketmask,
astrained.PerformCPRifnecessary.Immediatelyflushcontaminatedeyeswithgentlyflowingwater.Donot
inducevomiting.Ifvomitingoccurs,leanpatientforwardorplaceontheleftside(headdownposition,if
possible)tomaintainanopenairwayandpreventaspiration.Keeppatientquietandmaintainnormalbody
temperature.Obtainmedicalattention./Aliphatichydrocarbonsandrelatedcompounds/
Currance,P.L.Clements,B.,Bronstein,A.C.(Eds).EmergencyCareForHazardousMaterialsExposure.3Rdedition,
ElsevierMosby,St.Louis,MO2005,p.241
Basictreatment:Establishapatentairway(oropharyngealornasopharyngealairway,ifneeded).Suctionif
necessary.Watchforsignsofrespiratoryinsufficiencyandassistventilationsifnecessary.Administeroxygenby
nonrebreathermaskat10to15L/min.Monitorforpulmonaryedemaandtreatifnecessary....Anticipate
seizuresandtreatifnecessary....Foreyecontamination,flusheyesimmediatelywithwater.Irrigateeacheye
continuouslywith0.9%saline(NS)duringtransport....Donotuseemetics.Foringestion,rinsemouthand
administer5mL/kgupto200mLofwaterfordilutionifthepatientcanswallow,hasastronggagreflex,and
doesnotdrool.Administeractivatedcharcoal....Treatfrostbitewithrapidrewarmingtechniques..../Aliphatic
hydrocarbonsandrelatedcompounds/
Advancedtreatment:Considerorotrachealornasotrachealintubationforairwaycontrolinthepatientwhois
unconscious,hasseverepulmonaryedema,orisinsevererespiratorydistress.Positivepressureventilation
techniqueswithabagvalvemaskdevicemaybebeneficial.Considerdrugtherapyforpulmonaryedema....
Monitorcardiacrhythmandtreatarrhythmiasasnecessary....StartIVadministrationofD5W/SRP:"Tokeep
open",minimalflowrate/.Use0.9%saline(NS)orlactatedRinger's(LR)ifsignsofhypovolemiaarepresent.
Forhypotensionwithsignsofhypovolemia,administerfluidcautiously.Watchforsignsoffluidoverload....
Treatseizureswithdiazepamorlorazepam....Useproparacainehydrochloridetoassisteyeirrigation....
/Aliphatichydrocarbonsandrelatedcompounds/
10.1.7 HumanToxicityExcerpts
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/HUMANEXPOSURESTUDIES/Mildlytoxicbyinhalation.Causesdrowsiness.Anasphyxiant.
/HUMANEXPOSURESTUDIES/A10minuteexposureat10,000ppm(1%)butanegasresultsindrowsiness,
butnootherevidenceofsystemiceffects.
AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.DocumentationofThresholdLimitValuesforChemical
SubstancesandPhysicalAgentsandBiologicalExposureIndicesfor2012.Cincinnati,OH.2012.
/HUMANEXPOSURESTUDIES/...Aspray/fromacigarettelighter/ontheeye(preignition)repeatedly
causedtransientblurringofvision.
Grant,W.M.ToxicologyoftheEye.3rded.Springfield,IL:CharlesC.ThomasPublisher,1986.,p.162
/HUMANEXPOSURESTUDIES/Ondirectcontact,liquefiedbutanemaycauseburnsorfrostbitetotheeyes,
skin,ormucousmembranes.Theinhalationof10,000ppmfor10minmayresultinCNSdepressionbut
producesnosystemiceffects.Itcancauseblurredvisionandcanbeaspiratedresultinginpneumonitis.
(2001).,p.V415
/SIGNSANDSYMPTOMS/Potentialsymptomsofoverexposurearedrowsiness,/CNSdepression/,asphyxia
directcontactwithliquidmaycausefrostbite.
/CASEREPORTS/...Thetwocasesoflethalinhalationofpropane/butanegasobservedby/theauthors/overa
veryshorttimeoccurredinthiscontext.Toxicologicanalyseswereperformedbymeansofgaschromatography
(headspace)andrevealedapropane/butanemixtureinallspecimens(heartblood,bile,andurine)except
vitreoushumor.Althoughfatalarrhythmiaposthydrocarbongasabuseiswellknown,theconcentrationsofthe
twohydrocarbonsweresufficienttoinducedeathbyasphyxiationandweredistributed(fairly)homogeneouslyin
allbiologicalfluidsandorgansexamined,aparameterpermittingonetoassumethatdeathoccurredwithina
relativelyshortperiodoftime.Theabsenceoffindinginvitreoushumorandthetraceamountinurinesuggests
thatbothmendiedveryquickly.Abstract:PubMed
RossiRetalJForensicSci.57(3):8324(2012).
/CASEREPORTS/...Acaseofhemiparesisresultingfromacuteintoxicationfollowinginhalationofbutanegas
fromacanisterina15yearoldboy/isreported/.
GrayMY,LazarusJHJToxicol31(3):483485(1993)
/CASEREPORTS/...Recently,therehasbeensporadicinformationsuggestingthatnonhalogenated
hydrocarbonsmaycausepotentiallyfatalcardiacarrhythmias.Thisreportdocumentsfivesuddendeathsdueto
inhalationofnonhalogenatedhydrocarbons:nbutane,isobutaneandpropane.Thehydrocarbonswereidentified
byheadspacegaschromatographyinblood,brain,andlungtissue.Casehistories,toxicologicalfindingsand
analyticalproceduresarediscussed.Abstract:PubMed
RohrigTPAmJForensicMedPathol18(3):299302(1997)
/CASEREPORTS/Butaneinhalationcancauseseriousmedicalcomplicationsandisparticularlytoxictothe
nervoussystem.Thisisareportofanacutelyencephalopathicyouthwithprominentabulia.MRIrevealed
severebithalamicinjuryattributedtobutanetoxicity.Clinicalissues,includingparticularradiologicfindings,
relatedtobutaneinhalationarereviewed.Abstract:PubMed
KileSJetalPediatrNeurol.35(6):43941(2006).
/CASEREPORTS/Acaseoffatalbutanegaspoisoninginayoungfemaleispresented.Quantitative
toxicologicalanalysisshowedthattheconcentrationofbutaneinthefemoralbloodwas6.8uL/mL,and
isobutaneandpropanewerealsoidentified.Severecongestionofthelungsanddepositionoflipofuscininthe
myocardiumwerealsoobserved./Investigators/concludedthatthecauseofdeathofthevictimwasdueto
cardiacarrhythmiainducedbythebutanegasabuse.Abstract:PubMed
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TanakaNetalSoudLek.55(4):445(2010).
/CASEREPORTS/...Butaneinducedmyocardialinfarctionisararepresentationamongteenagers./The
authors/reportona14yearoldmalestudentwhosustainedcardiopulmonaryarrestaftersniffingseven
canistersofbutane.Hewasfoundtohaveextensiveanteriormyocardialinfarctioncomplicatedbyventricular
fibrillation.Cardiaccatheterizationrevealedpatentcoronaryarterieswithsevereanterolateralandapicalleft
ventricularwallhypokinesia./Theauthors/assumethatcardiaccomplicationsafterbutaneinhalationsmaypartly
besecondarytointensecoronaryarteryspasmonthebasisoftheclinicalandlaboratoryfindings...Abstract:
PubMed
ElMenyarAAetalEurJEmergMed.12(3):13741(2005).
/CASEREPORTS/Volatilesolventabuse(VSA)isdefinedatthe"intentionalinhalationofavolatilesubstance
forthepurposeofachievingaeuphoricstate".ThelifetimeprevalenceofVSAintheUKremainssteadyat
around15%,thefourthhighestrateinEurope,andVSAisthemostcommonformofdrugabuseinthe1115
yearagegroupinEnglandandWales.A13yearoldgirlpresentedtotheaccidentandemergencyunitfollowing
inhalationofbutanebaseddeodorant,whichresultedinaprolongedsemiconsciousstatewithencephalopathic
symptoms.[HarrisD,andMirzaZEmergMedJ.22(9):6767(2005).]Fulltext:PMC1726908Abstract:PubMed
/CASEREPORTS//Researchers/presentacaseofanaccidentalautoeroticdeathinvolvingtheinhalationofa
propanebutanegasmixture,alsoknownasLPG(liquefiedpetroleumgas).A19yearoldmalewasfounddead
insupinepositioninhisbedinaresidentialaccommodationonedayafterhewaslastseenalive...Onhisleft
shoulder,anemptyrubberballoonandonthebedside2empty"KisagGas"cartridgeswerefound.Toxicologic
investigationsrevealedanintoxicationwithpropaneandbutane,togetherwitharecentconsumptionof
cannabis...Abstract:PubMed
JackowskiCetalAmJForensicMedPathol.26(4):3559(2005).
/CASEREPORTS/...Acaseofoutofhospitaldefibrillationina15yroldschoolgirlwhodevelopedventricular
fibrillation(VF)inassociationwithbutanegasinhalation/isdescribed/.Althoughdefibrillationperformedbyan
attendingparamedicwassuccessfulinrestoringacardiacoutput,herclinicalcoursewascomplicatedbysevere
neurologicalimpairment....Abstract:PubMed
WilliamsDR,ColeSResuscitation37(1):4345(1998)
/CASEREPORTS/ThetoxicologicalpropertiesofbutanemainlyaffecttheheartandtheCNS.Aserious
pathophysiologicalmechanismisasphyxiaduetothereplacementofoxygenbybutane....anabusivebutane
inhalationina15yroldgirl,resultingincardiopulmonaryresuscitationandsubsequentdevelopmentofsevere
braindamage/isdescribed/.Abstract:PubMed
DoringG,BaumeisterFAKlinPadiatr214(5):295298(2002)
/CASEREPORTS/Acaseofventricularfibrillationduetobutanetoxicityafterunintentionalinhalationofair
freshenerisreportedforitsrarityandtocreateawarenessamongpractitionersandthepublic.A25yearold
womancollapsedinthesupermarketafterunintendedexposuretoairfreshenersprayedintohernostrils.Her
husbandstartedcardiopulmonaryresuscitationimmediately,andshewasbroughttothehospital.Shehad
coarseventricularfibrillation.Defibrillationwith360Jwasgiven,andtherhythmrevertedtonormalsinusrhythm
afterthethirdshock.Epinephrinewasnotadministered,andshewastreatedwithesmololinfusionfor
ventricularectopy.Thepatientrecoveredcompletelywithoutanysequelaeandwasdischargedonthefifth
hospitalday.Onthinlayerchromatography,thechemicalcontentofthespraywasidentifiedtobeisobutane.
Avoidingepinephrineandadministeringbetaadrenergicblockersmayprotectthecatecholaminesensitizedheart
earlyduringresuscitationinbutaneexposurecases.Abstract:PubMed
SenthilkumaranSetalJElectrocardiol.45(2):1646(2012)
/CASEREPORTS/A16yroldgirlwasseenfornbutaneabuse.Shehadbeeninhalingitforayr,andhad
collectedover22canisters(232ml)whichshehadinhaledduringtheprevious3mo(about5ltotal).Thepatient
usedthecoverofthecanisterasthemaskfortheabuse.Shesufferedfromvisualhallucinationsduringinitial
abuseandbecameincreasinglyirritable.Schoolattendancebecameveryirregularandtherewasagradual
deteriorationinsocialfunctioningleadingtosocialisolationwithverylittlecontactwithherpeergroup.Physical
examinationwasunremarkable.Thepatientdidnotcooperatewithfurtherhematologicalandpsychological
investigations.Abstract:PubMed
MathewBetalBrJAddict84(5):5634(1989)
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/CASEREPORTS/A19yroldmandevelopedrapidlyprogressivebilateralpulmonaryinfiltratesradiologically
consistentwithhydrocarbonpneumonitisafter"firebreathing."Thispracticeinvolvedfillinghismouthwithfumes
fromabutanelighterandexpellingthemonanopenflame.Onatleastoneoccasionheswallowedthefumes.
Ellenhorn,M.J.andD.G.Barceloux.MedicalToxicologyDiagnosisandTreatmentofHumanPoisoning.NewYork,NY:
ElsevierSciencePublishingCo.,Inc.1988.,p.967
/CASEREPORTS/Anewborninfantwhosufferedintrauterineanoxiaisdescribed,whosemotherinhaled
butanegasaccidentallyduringthe6thmonthofpregnancy.Theinfantwasbornat39weeks.Ultrasonography
andneuroradiologicalstudies(CTscanandangiography)showedanalmostcompleteabsenceofbothcerebral
hemispheres.Thethalamus,brainstemandcerebellumwerepreserved.Thesefindingswerecompatiblewith
hydranencephaly.Theauthorsbelievethatthemalformationwasduetointrauterineanoxiaoccurringduring
fetalbraindevelopment.Abstract:PubMed
FernandezFetalDevMedChildNeurol28(3):3613(1986)
/CASEREPORTS/Anautopsycaseofa14yearoldboywhosedeathisconsideredtobearesultofcardiac
arrhythmiaafterbutaneinhalationandsamplepreservationforbutaneanalysisarereported.The
electrocardiogramtakenintheambulancerevealedventricularfibrillation.Therewerenoautopsyfindingsasto
thecauseofdeath.nButane,isobutaneandpropanewereidentifiedintheblood,brainandlungofthecadaver
...Basedontheseresults,thecauseofdeathwasconcludedtobecardiacarrhythmiaduetobutane
inhalation...Abstract:PubMed
FukeC,MiyazakiTLegalMedicine4(2):134138(2002)
/CASEREPORTS/Rapidlyprogressivebilateralpulmonaryinfiltratesoccurredina19yroldmanfollowingan
unusualhydrocarbonabuse.Theacuteillnesswastheresultofa"trick"knownas"firebreathing."Firebreathing
involvesfillingtheoralcavitywithbutanegas,fromanordinarybutanecigarette/cigarlighter,andexhalationof
thevolatilevaporsoveranopenflameproducingaflamethrowingeffect.Becauseofthepulmonarytoxic
reaction,thisactivitycouldhaveaseriousorevenfataloutcome.Abstract:PubMed
CartwrightTR,BrownEDArchInternMed143(10):20072008(1983)
/CASEREPORTS/Mostcasesofacutepoisoningbybutaneandothervolatilecompoundsoccurinyoung
peopleasaconsequenceofsubstanceabusebyinhalation.Clinicalsymptomsarecausedbyasphyxiaand
mainlyaffectthecardiovascular,respiratoryandcentralnervoussystem.Therearealsoreporteddeathsfrom
intoxicationofbutaneinhalation,mostlybycardiacarrhythmia./Theauthors/reportthecaseofahealthy14
yearoldboywhoinhaledbutanegasfromanaerosolcanforrefillingcigarettelighters.Despitesuccessful
resuscitationanddefibrillation,hediedtwodayslaterfrommultipleorganfailureinvolvingthecentralnervous
system,cardiovascularsystem,pulmonarysystemandtheliver.Althoughsuchincidentsarerareinmiddle
Europeancountries,emergencyandintensivecaremedicinestaffshouldbeinstructedontheconsequencesand
managementofbutanegaspoisoning.Abstract:PubMed
RiederScharingerJetalWienKlinWochenschr.112(24):104952(2000).
/CASEREPORTS/Twonewborninfantswhosufferedsevereintrauterineanoxiaafewweeksbeforebirthare
described.Bothdiedshortlyafterbeingbornspontaneouslyandslightlyprematurely.Inonecasethemother
hadattemptedsuicidebyinhalingbutane.Theinfant'skidneyswerehypoplasticandresembledthoseseenin
renaldysplasia,andthebrainshowedasevereencephalomalaciawhichwouldprobablyhavedevelopedinto
hydranencephaly...Thismechanismisthoughttoaccountinparticularforsomecasesofrenaldysplasiaandfor
hydranencephaly.Abstract:PubMed
GosseyeS,etalDevMedChildNeurol.24(4):51018(1982)
10.1.8 NonHumanToxicityExcerpts
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Butaneisanessentiallynontoxicpetroleumgasthatcausesno
disturbanceoftheeye,evenwheninjectedintotheanteriorchamberexperimentallyinrabbits,disappearing
spontaneouslyfromtheeyein2to4days.
Grant,W.M.ToxicologyoftheEye.3rded.Springfield,IL:CharlesC.ThomasPublisher,1986.,p.161
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/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/...Concnof2.1to5.6%causesniffing&chewingmovementswith
rapidrateofbreathing/inguineapigs/,butquickrecoveryaftercessationofexposure.
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Concnsof5,000ppmintheanesthetizeddogmaycause
hemodynamicchanges,suchasdecreasesincardiacoutput,leftventricularpressureandstrokevolume,
myocardialcontractility,andaorticpressure.
(2001).,p.V415
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/...Respiratoryexposureofmiceto27%(270,000ppm)for2hr
causeddeathin40%oftheanimalsand310,000ppmfor2hrcaused60%mortality.Indogs,lethalitywas
observedatconcentrationsof200,000250,000ppmanesthesiaandrelaxationprecededdeath....Therewas
onlyasmallmarginofsafetybetweenanestheticandlethalconcn....nButaneissomewhatmoretoxicthan
isobutane....
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/nButane/didnot/...causerespiratory...irritationinrabbits.
...Butaneappearstobemildlytomoderatelyirritatingtotherabbitskin.
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/NeartheLC50,miceexhibitedcentralnervoussystemdepression,
rapidandshallowrespiration,andapnea./isobutane/
/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/nButaneisreportedtobeaweakcardiacsensitizerinthedog,
and5,000ppmintheanesthetizeddogmaycausehemodynamicchanges,suchasdecreasedcardiacoutput,
decreasedleftventricularpressureandstrokevolume,anddecreasedmyocardialcontractibilityandaortic
pressure.
/GENOTOXICITY/ThemutagenicpotentialofnbutanewasevaluatedinvitroatseveralconcnusingAmes
Salmonellamicrosomeassay.nButanewasnotmutagenic.
KirwinCJetalJSocCosmetChem31(Dec1980):36770(1980)
10.1.9 NonHumanToxicityValues
LC50Ratinhalation658mg/l/4hr
LC50Mouseinhalation680mg/l/2hr
LC50Ratinhalation658g/cum/4hr
LC50Mouseinhalation680g/cum/2hr
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10.1.10 TSCATestSubmissions
ButadieneFeedstock,amixturecontaining1,3butadiene(4069%),1butene(1119%),isobutene(520%),and
mixedbutenesandbutane(724%),wasevaluatedforthepotentialtoinducechromosomaldamage.Crl:CDR
1(ICR)BRSwissmice(10/sex/group)wereexposedtotargetconcentrationsof0,10,000,20,000,or30,000ppm
(actualaverageconcentrationswere0,10,802,20,671,or35,430ppm,respectively)byinhalation2hours/day
for2consecutivedays.Apositivecontrolgroupof5malesand5femalesreceivedoneintraperitonealinjection
ofcyclophosphamide(75mg/kg)oneachoftwodays.Animalsweresacrificedandbonemarrowsmearswere
preparedondays3and4.Expectedresultswereobtainedfrompositiveandnegativecontrolgroupsexposedto
cyclophosphamideandaironly,respectively.Femalesatalldoselevelsshowedasignificant,doserelated
increaseinmicronucleusformationovercontrolsonbothdays.Malesshowedasignificantincreaseonlyat
35430ppmonbothdays.Therewasadecreaseinmicronucleatederythrocytesonday4inbothsexesatall
doselevels.
GulfOilCorp.SummaryofinvitroandinvivoGenotoxicityStudieswithButadieneFeedstock(03/1984)EPADocument
No.888400616OTS0509705
mixedbutenesandbutane(724%),wasevaluatedforthepotentialtoinduceunscheduledDNAsynthesisin
primaryhepatocytesfromfreshlyperfusedratliver.Thetestcompoundwasinjecteddirectlyintosealed
desiccatorchambers.Cellcultures(3/concentrationlevel)weretestedat1000,5000,10000,20000ppm.Three
culturesservedasvehicle/negativecontrols(airinjected),and3cultureswereexposedto2acetylaminofluorene
(0.2mcg/ml)aspositivecontrols.Anadditional3culturesservedassystemcontrols:noinjectionsweremade
intothechamber.Thecultureswereexposedtothetestcompoundand3Hthymidinefor1820hours.Slides
werepreparedanddippedinautoradiographicemulsionandweresubsequentlydeveloped,stained,and
coverslipped.Theaveragenetnucleargraincountperslidewascalculatedandthemeannetnucleargraincount
wasdeterminedforeachexposureconcentration.Thepositiveandnegativecontrolsgaveexpectedresultsfor
unscheduledDNAsynthesis.Aweakpositiveresponsewasobservedat20000ppmbutadienefeedstockwhen
comparedtothenegativecontrol.Thiswasalmostdoubletheresponseat1000ppm.
No.888400616OTS0509705
mixedbutenesandbutane(724%),wasevaluatedforthepotentialtoinducemutationsinChinesehamster
ovarycellcultureseitherwithorwithoutmetabolicactivation.Targetconcentrationsof2,250,11,250,22,500,or
45,000mg/m3(correspondingtoapproximately1,000,5,000,10,000,or20,000ppm)wereinjecteddirectlyinto
4sealedglassdesiccatorseachwith6flaskscontainingculturesofapproximately1millioncells(3withS9
metabolicactivation,3without)for5hoursoncultureday2.Thevehiclecontrolgrouphad12flasksinall,6
withS9activationand6without.Controlculturesreceivedfilteredair,medium,andS9mix(negativecontrol),or
filteredairand100mcg/mlethylmethanesulfonatemixedwiththegrowingmedium,orfilteredair,S9mix,and4
mcg/mlofbenzo(a)pyreneinthemedium(positivecontrol).Thecontrolgroupsgaveexpectedresults.Therewas
notasignificantdifferenceinthenumbersofmutantcoloniesfromculturestreatedwithbutadienefeedstock
andthoseinthevehiclecontrolgroup.
No.888400616OTS0509705
Thesubchronictoxicityofa50:50mixtureofnbutane:npentanewasevaluatedbyinhalationexposureinmale
andfemaleFischer344rats(20malesand10females/group)atconcentrationsof1000and4500ppm,whilea
controlgroupof40malesand20femalesreceivedfilteredair.Allgroupswereexposedfor6hours/day,5
days/week.Halfthemalesfromeachwererandomlyselectedforsacrificeandnecropsyafterthetwentieth
exposuretheremaininganimalswerenecropsiedafter65exposures.Allanimalssurvivedtoscheduled
sacrifice.Malerats(3/10)exposedto4500ppmandmale(2/10)andfemale(1/10)ratsexposedto1000ppm
exhibitedhunchedpostureand/orlethargywhichpersisted1to3daysfollowingweek6.Bothmalesand
femalesexposedtothehydrocarbonmixturesshowedcrustedeyesandswolleneyelids,thehighestincidence
wasobservedinfemalesreceiving4500ppm.Bodyweightsweresignificantlydecreasedinmalesandfemales
atbothexposurelevelscomparedtocontrolsbyweeks3and4.Femalebodyweightsremaineddepressed
throughoutthecourseofthestudy,whilemalesseemedtorecoverduringweek11.Therewasnoapparent
doserelationship,however.Liverandkidneyweightsfromalltreatedratswerecomparabletothoseofthe
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controlsatboth4and13weeks.Grosslesionsobservedduringnecropsywereconsideredunrelatedto
treatment.
IITResearchInstituteThirteenWeekInhalationToxicityStudyofC4/C5HydrocarbonBlendsinRatsEPADocumentNo.
FYIAX03850332OTS000003321
10.2 EcologicalInformation
10.2.1 EnvironmentalFate/ExposureSummary
nButane'sproductionanduseinmanyproductsassociatedwiththepetroleumandnaturalgasindustriesmay
resultinitsreleasetotheenvironmentthroughvariouswastestreams.Thecombustionofgasolineisamajor
mechanismforthereleaseofnbutaneintotheatmosphere.Wasteincinerators,hazardouswastedisposalsites,
andlandfillsalsoreleasenbutaneintotheenvironment.nButaneoccursasahighlyvolatileconstituentinthe
paraffinfractionofcrudeoil,innaturalgas,liquefiednaturalgasandsubstitutenaturalgas.Ifreleasedtoair,a
vaporpressureof1820mmHgat25degCindicatesnbutanewillexistsolelyasagasintheatmosphere.Gas
phasenbutanewillbedegradedintheatmospherebyreactionwithphotochemicallyproducedhydroxylradicals
thehalflifeforthisreactioninairisestimatedtobe6.3days.Dataalsosuggestthatnighttimereactionswith
radicalspeciesandnitrogenoxidesmaycontributetotheatmospherictransformationofnbutane.nButane
doesnotcontainchromophoresthatabsorbatwavelengths>290nmand,therefore,isnotexpectedtobe
susceptibletodirectphotolysisbysunlight.Ifreleasedtosoil,nbutaneisexpectedtohavehighmobilitybased
uponanestimatedKocof40.Volatilizationfrommoistsoilsurfacesisexpectedtobeanimportantfateprocess
baseduponaHenry'sLawconstantof0.95atmcum/mole.nButaneisexpectedtovolatilizefromdrysoil
surfacesbaseduponitsvaporpressure.Abiodegradationrateof1.8mgC/day/kgdrysoilsuggeststhat
biodegradationmaybeanimportantenvironmentalfateprocessinsoil.Ifreleasedintowater,nbutaneisnot
expectedtoadsorbtosuspendedsolidsandsedimentbasedupontheestimatedKoc.Volatilizationfromwater
surfacesisexpectedtobeanimportantfateprocessbaseduponthiscompound'sHenry'sLawconstant.
Estimatedvolatilizationhalflivesforamodelriverandmodellakeare50minutesand3days,respectively.
Whilevolatilizationisexpectedtobethedominantfateprocessinbothsoilandwater,nbutaneisalso
susceptibletobiodegradationprocesses.Completebiodegradationwasreportedin34daysusinganactivated
sludgeinoculum,suggestingbiodegradationmaybeanimportantenvironmentalfateprocessinwater.An
estimatedBCFof40suggeststhepotentialforbioconcentrationinaquaticorganismsismoderate.Hydrolysisis
notexpectedtobeanimportantenvironmentalfateprocesssincethiscompoundlacksfunctionalgroupsthat
hydrolyzeunderenvironmentalconditions(pH5to9).Occupationalexposuretonbutanemayoccurthrough
inhalationanddermalcontactwiththiscompoundatworkplaceswherenbutane,orpetroleumandnaturalgas
containingnbutane,isproducedorused.Monitoringdataindicatethatnbutaneisawidelyoccurring
atmosphericpollutant.Themostlikelypathwaybywhichthegeneralpopulationmaybeexposedtonbutaneis
viainhalationofambientairinaddition,ingestionoffoodanddrinkingwater,anddermalcontactwiththis
compoundinliquidssuchascrudeoilandgasolineandotherliquidproductscontainingnbutanemayresultin
exposure,althoughthesepathwaysareconsideredminorwhencomparedtoinhalation.(SRC)
10.2.2 NaturalOccurringSources
nButaneoccursinambienturbanair.nButaneisamajorconstituentinliquefiednaturalgasandsubstitute
naturalgas(1).Rawnaturalgascontainsonaverage0.30mol%nbutane(2).Inwarmerclimates,liquid
petroleumgasispredominatelybutane(1).nButaneoccursinpetroleuminnaturalgasandrefinerycracking
productsrecoveredfromnaturalandrefinerygases(3).
(1)CarreonTAliphaticHydrocarbons.Patty'sToxicology.6thed.(19992013).NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
Onlinepostingdate:17Aug2012(2)EastmanAD,MearsDHydrocarbonsC1C6.KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemical
Technology.(19992013).NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&Sons.OnlinePostingDate:4Dec2000(3)O'NeilMJ,edThe
MerckIndex.15thed.Cambridge,UK:TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry.p.268(2013)
nButaneisaconstituentintheparaffinfractionofcrudeoilandnaturalgas.
USEPADrinkingwaterCriteriaDocumentforGasolineECAOCIND006,8006619(1986)
10.2.3 ArtificialSources
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nButane'sproductionanduseinmanyproductsassociatedwiththepetroleum(1,2,1416)andnaturalgas
industries(2)mayresultinitsreleasetotheenvironmentthroughvariouswastestreams(SRC).nButanehas
beendetectedintheexhaustofgasolineengines(17)therefore,thecombustionofgasolineisamajor
mechanismforthereleaseofnbutaneintotheatmosphere(39,14).Inaddition,wasteincinerators(10),
hazardouswastedisposalsites(11,17)andlandfills(12,13,17)alsoreleasenbutaneintotheenvironment(SRC).
(1)SauerTCJrOrgGeochem7:116(1981)(2)ArntsRR,MeeksSAAtmosEnviron15:164351(1981)(3)Hampton
CVetalEnvironSciTechnol16:28798(1982)(4)NelsonPF,QuigleySMAtmosEnviron18:7987(1984)(5)Neligan
REArchEnvironHealth5:58191(1962)(6)SigsbyJEetalEnvironSciTechnol21:46675(1987)(7)StumpFDetal
AtmosEnviron23:30720(1989)(8)ZweidingerRBetalEnvironSciTech22:95662(1988)(9)AltwickerER,Whitby
RAAtmosEnviron12:128996(1978)(10)CarottiAA,KaiserERJAirPollutContrAssoc22:22453(1972)(11)
LaReginaJetalEnvironProg5:1827(1986)(12)YoungP,ParkerAVaporsOdorsandToxicGasesfromLandfills
ASTMSpecTechPubl851:2441(1984)(13)SawhneyBL,RaabeJAGroundWaterContaminationMvmtOrgPollutin
GranbyLandfill,Bull833p9(1986)(14)SawyerRFEnvironHlthPerspectSuppl101:512(1993)(15)McLarenRetal
EnvironSciTechnol30:30019(1996)(16)OstermarkU,PeterssonGChemosphere25:7638(1992)(17)CarreonT
AliphaticHydrocarbons.Patty'sToxicology.6thed.(19992013).NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Onlineposting
date:17Aug2012
10.2.4 EnvironmentalFate
TERRESTRIALFATE:Basedonaclassificationscheme(1),anestimatedKocvalueof40(SRC),determined
fromalogKowof2.89(2)andaregressionderivedequation(3),indicatesthatnbutaneisexpectedtohavehigh
mobilityinsoil(SRC).Volatilizationofnbutanefrommoistsoilsurfacesisexpectedtobeanimportantfate
process(SRC)givenanestimatedHenry'sLawconstantof0.95atmcum/mole(SRC),derivedfromitsvapor
pressure,1820mmHg(4)andwatersolubility,61.2mg/L(5).Thepotentialforvolatilizationofnbutanefromdry
soilsurfacesmayexist(SRC)baseduponitsvaporpressure(4).Whilevolatilizationfromsoilsurfacesisexpected
tobethepredominantfateprocessofnbutanereleasedtosoil,thiscompoundisalsosusceptibleto
biodegradation(SRC).Abiodegradationrateof1.8mgC/day/kgdrysoil(6)suggeststhatbiodegradationmaybe
animportantenvironmentalfateprocessinsoil(SRC).
(1)SwannRLetalResRev85:1728(1983)(2)HanschCetalExploringQSAR.Hydrophobic,Electronic,andSteric
Constants.ACSProfRefBook.HellerSR,consult.ed.,Washington,DC:AmerChemSocp.10(1995)(3)USEPA
EstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.4.1.Nov,2012.Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm(4)RiddickJAetalOrganicSolvents:PhysicalPropertiesand
MethodsofPurification,TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,NewYork,NY:WileyInterscienceVol2,p.7880(1986)(5)
McAuliffeCNature200:10923(1963)(6)ToccalinoPLetalApplEnvironMicrobiol59:297783(1993)
AQUATICFATE:Basedonaclassificationscheme(1),anestimatedKocvalueof40(SRC),determinedfroma
logKowof2.89(2)andaregressionderivedequation(3),indicatesthatnbutaneisnotexpectedtoadsorbto
suspendedsolidsandsediment(SRC).Volatilizationfromwatersurfacesisexpected(4)baseduponan
estimatedHenry'sLawconstantof0.95atmcum/mole(SRC),derivedfromitsvaporpressure,1820mmHg(5)
andwatersolubility,61.2mg/L(6).UsingthisHenry'sLawconstantandanestimationmethod(3),volatilization
halflivesforamodelriverandmodellakeare50minutesand3days,respectively(SRC).Accordingtoa
classificationscheme(7),anestimatedBCFof40(SRC),fromitslogKow(2)andaregressionderived
equation(3),suggeststhepotentialforbioconcentrationinaquaticorganismsismoderate(SRC).Photolysis(8)or
hydrolysis(4)ofnbutaneinaquaticsystemsarenotexpectedtobeimportantenvironmentalfateprocessin
water(SRC).Whilevolatilizationfromwatersurfacesisexpectedtobethepredominantfateprocessinwater,
thiscompoundisalsosusceptibletobiodegradation(SRC).Completebiodegradationwasreportedin34days
usinganactivatedsludgeinoculum(9),suggestingbiodegradationmaybeanimportantenvironmentalfate
processinwater(SRC).
(1)SwannRLetalResRev85:1728(1983)(2)HanschCetalExploringQSAR.Hydrophobic,Electronic,andSteric
Constants.ACSProfRefBook.HellerSR,consult.ed.,Washington,DC:AmerChemSocp.10(1995)(3)USEPA
EstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.4.1.Nov,2012.Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm(4)LymanWJetalHandbookofChemicalPropertyEstimation
Methods.Washington,DC:AmerChemSocpp.49,74to75,151to1529(1990)(5)RiddickJAetalOrganicSolvents:
PhysicalPropertiesandMethodsofPurification,TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,NewYork,NY:WileyInterscienceVol
2,p.7880(1986)(6)McAuliffeCNature200:10923(1963)(7)FrankeCetalChemosphere29:150114(1994)(8)
SilversteinRM,BasslerGCSpectrometricIdofOrgCmpd,JWileyandSonsIncp148169(1963)(9)SolanoSerenaFet
alApplMicrobiolBiotechnol54:1215(2000)
ATMOSPHERICFATE:Accordingtoamodelofgas/particlepartitioningofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsin
theatmosphere(1),nbutane,whichhasavaporpressureof1820mmHgat25degC(2),isexpectedtoexist
solelyasagasintheambientatmosphere.Gasphasenbutaneisdegradedintheatmospherebyreactionwith
photochemicallyproducedhydroxylradicals(SRC)thehalflifeforthisreactioninairisestimatedtobe6.3
days(SRC),calculatedfromitsrateconstantof2.54X1012cucm/moleculesecat25deg(3).Experimentaldata
showedthat7.7%ofthenbutanefractioninadarkchamberreactedwithnitrogenoxidetoformthe
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correspondingalkylnitrate(4,5),suggestingnighttimereactionswithradicalspeciesandnitrogenoxidesmay
contributetotheatmospherictransformationofnbutane(SRC).Basedondataforisooctaneandnhexane(6),
nbutaneisnotexpectedtoabsorbUVlightatwavelengths>290nmand,therefore,isnotexpectedtobe
susceptibletodirectphotolysisbysunlight(SRC).
(1)BidlemanTFEnvironSciTechnol22:361367(1988)(2)RiddickJAetalOrganicSolvents:PhysicalPropertiesand
MethodsofPurification,TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,NY,NY:WileyInterscienceVol2,p.7880(1986)(3)Atkinson
RJPhysChemRefData,Monograph2,(1994)(4)AtkinsonRetalJPhysChem86:45639(1982)(5)AtkinsonRetal
PreprintsDivEnvironChem23:1736(1983)(6)SilversteinRM,BasslerGCpp.148169inSpectrometricIdofOrg
Cmpd,JWileyandSonsInc(1963)
10.2.5 Biodegredation
AEROBIC:Ameanhalflifeof5.9dayswasreportedforalldetectablehydrocarbonsinanaerobic
biodegradationstudyofgasolineinwaterfromadomesticsewagetreatmentplant(1).Amongthelast
compoundstobedegradedwasbutane,forwhichadegradationhalflifewascalculatedas15days(1).Within
24hrs,nbutanewasoxidizedtoitscorrespondingmethylketone,2butanone(2,3),andthecorresponding
alcohol,2butanol(3,4),bycellsuspensionsofover20methyltrophicorganismsisolatedfromlakewaterandsoil
samples(13).After192hrs,theconcentrationofnbutanecontainedingasolinewasreducedfrom0.63to0.37
uL/Lforbothasterilecontrolandamixedculturesamplecollectedfromgroundwatercontaminatedwith
gasolinethesedataindicatethatnbutanewasnotbiodegradedoverthestudyperiod(5).Thebiodegradationof
nbutaneinaColumbiaRiversoilwasmeasuredover50daysadegradationrateof1.8mgC/day/kgdrysoil
wasreportedwithouttheadditionofnitrogen(6).Whennitrogenat0.15mgperbottlewasadded,the
degradationrateincreasedto11.4mgC/day/kgdrysoil(6).100%oftheinitiallyaddednbutane(32.9mg/L)was
biodegradedover34daysinascreeningstudyusinganactivatedsludgeinoculum(7).
(1)PrinceRC,etal.EnvironSciTechnol.41:33163321(2007)(2)PatelRNetalApplEnvironMicrobiol39:72733(1980)
(3)HouCTetalApplEnvironMicrobiol46:17884(1983)(4)PatelRNetalApplEnvironMicrobiol39:7206(1980)(5)
JamisonVWetalpp.18796inProcIntBiodegSymp3rdSharpleyJM,KapalanAM,eds.EssexEng(1976)(6)
ToccalinoPLetalApplEnvironMicrobiol59:297783(1993)(7)SolanoSerenaFetalApplMicrobiolBiotechnol54:
1215(2000)
AEROBIC:Thedegradationofnalkanesbymicroorganismsissimilartothedegradationoffattyacids.The
terminalmethylgroupisenzymaticallyoxidizedbyincorporationofmolecularoxygenbyamonooxygenase
producingaprimaryalcoholwithfurtheroxidationtoanacidgroup,althoughinvolvementofadioxygenaseis
alsopostulated.Oncethefattyacidisproduced,itisdegradedinto2carbonunitsviathebetaoxidation
pathway....Anotherpathwayfornalkanedegradationthatisencounteredlessoftenistheoxidationofboth
terminalcarbonstoformadioicacidwithsubsequentbetaoxidation.Subterminaloxidationofthe2carbon
atomisseenmainlyinC3C6alkanes....Adehydrogenationofthenalkanemayalsooccuryieldinganalkene
whichisthenconvertedtoanalcohol,althoughthereislittleevidenceforthistheory.Somemicroorganisms
havebeenshowntohavebothterminalandsubterminaloxidation,eachhavingverydifferentratesofactivity.
/Inastudycomparing/...growthonlongandshortchainalkanesbysomebacteria...theinitialoxygenasehad
abroadspecificityandwouldoxidizeC1C8alkanes.../but/cellsgrownonC4C8alkanesdidnotoxidizethe
shorterchainalkanestoasignificantextent..../nAlkanes/
Parr,J.F.,P.B.Marsh,andJ.M.Kla(eds.).LandTreatmentofHazardousWastes.ParkRidge,NewJersey:NoyesData
Corporation,1983.,p.327
AEROBIC:Incubationwithnaturalflorainthegroundwaterinpresenceoftheothercomponentsofhighoctane
gasoline(100uL/L):biodegradation:0%after192hrat13degC(initialconcentration0.63uL/L).
Verschueren,K.HandbookofEnvironmentalDataonOrganicChemicals.Volumes12.4thed.JohnWiley&Sons.New
York,NY.2001,p.V1:356
PURECULTURE:...Mycobacteriumcrassa&Mphleigrowonbutane.Incombinationwithvariousconcnof
oxygen,butanesupportsthegrowthofNeurosporacrassa,aswellasthegerminationofN.ascrospores&
growthofEscherichiacolistrainsB&Sd4,thusrenderingbutanepotentiallybiodegradable.
10.2.6 AbioticDegredation
Adetailedmechanismispresentedforreactionsoccurringduringirradiationofppmconcnofpropeneand/orn
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butaneandoxidesofnitrogeninair.Asmogchambersolarsimulatorfacilitydesignedforprovidingdatasuitable
forquantitativemodelvalidationwasusedtoelucidateseveralunknownoruncertainkineticparametersand
detailsofthereactionmechanism.ProductsofthephotooxidationinthepresenceofNOxincluded2butyl
nitrate,butyraldehyde,1butylnitrate,methylnitrate,peroxyacetylnitrate,propeneoxide,propionaldehyde,
formaldehyde,andacetaldehyde.
CarterWPLetalIntJChemKinet11(1):45102(1979)
EstimatedlifetimeunderphotochemicalsmogconditionsinSEEngland:15hr.
York,NY.2001,p.V1:356
Therateconstantforthegasphasereactionofnbutanewithphotochemicallyproducedhydroxylradicalsis
2.54X1012cucm/moleculesecat25degC(1).Thiscorrespondstoanatmospherichalflifeofabout6.3
days(SRC)atanatmosphericconcentrationof5X10+5hydroxylradicalspercucm(2).Experimentaldata
showedthat7.7%ofthenbutanefractioninadarkchamberreactedwithnitrogenoxidetoformthe
correspondingalkylnitrate(3,4)thissuggeststhatnighttimereactionswithradicalspeciesandnitrogenoxides
maycontributetotheatmospherictransformationofnbutane.Therateconstantforthegasphasereactionofn
butanewithphotochemicallyproducednitrateradicalsis4.59X1017cucm/moleculesecat25degC(1).This
correspondstoanatmospherichalflifeofabout1.9years(SRC)atanatmosphericconcentrationof5X10+8
nitrateradicalspercucm(5).nButaneisnotexpectedtoundergohydrolysisintheenvironmentduetothelack
ofhydrolyzablefunctionalgroups(6).Basedondataforisooctaneandnhexane(7),nbutaneisnotexpectedto
absorbUVlightatwavelengths>290nmand,therefore,isnotexpectedtobesusceptibletodirectphotolysisby
sunlight(SRC).Thenbutaneconcentrationofanairsample,initially286ppbC,wasreducedby14%within6hrs
ofirradiationbynaturalsunlightindowntownLosAngeles,CA(8).
(1)AtkinsonRJPhysChemRefData,Monograph2,(1994)(2)MeylanWM,HowardPHChemosphere26:229399
(1993)(3)AtkinsonRetalJPhysChem86:45639(1982)(4)AtkinsonRetalPreprintsDivEnvironChem23:1736
(1983)(5)AtkinsonRAtmosEnviron34:2063101(2000)(6)LymanWJetalHandbookofChemicalPropertyEstimation
Methods.Washington,DC:AmerChemSocpp.74,75(1990)(7)SilversteinRM,BasslerGCSpectrometricIdofOrg
Cmpd,JWileyandSonsIncp148169(1963)(8)KopczynskiSLetalEnvironSciTechnol6:3427(1972)
Thephotooxidationratesfornbutaneinairandwaterwithozoneandperoxyradicalswere3.1X1014cu
cm/moleculesec(1)and3.0X104L/moleculesec(2)at30and28degC,respectively.Neitherreactionis
expectedtobeenvironmentallyimportant(SRC).
(1)AtkinsonR,PittsJNJrJPhysChem78:17804(1974)(2)HendryDGetalJPhysChemRefData3:94478(1974)
10.2.7 Bioconcentration
AnestimatedBCFof33wascalculatedfornbutane(SRC),usingalogKowof2.89(1)andaregressionderived
equation(2).Accordingtoaclassificationscheme(3),thisBCFsuggeststhepotentialforbioconcentrationin
aquaticorganismsismoderate(SRC).
(1)HanschCetalExploringQSAR.Hydrophobic,Electronic,andStericConstants.ACSProfRefBook.HellerSR,
consult.ed.,Washington,DC:AmerChemSocp.10(1995)(2)USEPAEstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.
4.1.Nov,2012.Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm/(3)FrankeCet
alChemosphere29:150114(1994)
10.2.8 SoilAdsorption/Mobility
TheKocofnbutaneisestimatedas900(SRC),usingameasuredlogKowof2.89(1)andaregressionderived
equation(2).Accordingtoaclassificationscheme(3),thisestimatedKocvaluesuggeststhatnbutaneis
expectedtohavelowmobilityinsoil.
(1)HanschCetalExploringQSAR.Hydrophobic,Electronic,andStericConstants.ACSProfRefBook.HellerSR,
consult.ed.,Washington,DC:AmerChemSocp.10(1995)(2)USEPAEstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.
4.1.Nov,2012.Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm(3)SwannRLet
alResRev85:1728(1983)
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10.2.9 VolatilizationfromWater/Soil
TheHenry'sLawconstantfornbutaneisestimatedas0.95atmcum/mole(SRC)baseduponitsvapor
pressure,1820mmHg(1),andwatersolubility,61.2mg/l(2).ThisHenry'sLawconstantindicatesthatnbutane
isexpectedtovolatilizerapidlyfromwatersurfaces(3).BasedonthisHenry'sLawconstant,thevolatilization
halflifefromamodelriver(1mdeep,flowing1m/sec,windvelocityof3m/sec)(3)isestimatedas50
minutes(SRC).Thevolatilizationhalflifefromamodellake(1mdeep,flowing0.05m/sec,windvelocityof0.5
m/sec)(3)isestimatedas3.0days(SRC).nButane'sHenry'sLawconstantindicatesthatvolatilizationfrom
moistsoilsurfacesmayoccur(SRC).nButaneisexpectedtovolatilizefromdrysoilsurfaces(SRC)basedupon
itsvaporpressure(1).
(1)RiddickJAetalOrganicSolvents:PhysicalPropertiesandMethodsofPurification,TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,
NewYork,NY:WileyInterscienceVol2,p.7880(1986)(2)McAuliffeCNature,200:10923(1963)(3)LymanWJetal
HandbookofChemicalPropertyEstimationMethodsNewYork,NY:McGrawHillp.1515to1529(1982)
10.2.10 WaterConcentrations
GROUNDWATER:Oneof11groundwatermonitoringwellsneartheGranbyLandfill,CTcontainednbutaneat
aconcentrationof20ppb.
SawhneyBL,RaabeJAGroundWaterContaminationMvmtOrgPollutinGranbyLandfill,Bull833p.9(1986)
DRINKINGWATER:nButanewaslistedasoneofthemanyorganicchemicalsidentifiedindrinkingwaterin
theUSAasof1974(13).
(1)AbramsEFetalIdentificationofOrganicCompoundsinEffluentsfromIndustrialSourcesUSEPA560/375002(1975)
(2)KoolHJetalCritRevEnvControl12:30757(1982)(3)KopflerFCetalAdvEnvironSciTechnol8:41933(1977)
SURFACEWATER:nButanewaslistedasacontaminantpresentinthewatersofLakeOntario(1).TheInner
HarborNavigationCanalofLakePontchartrainatNewOrleans,LAwasfoundtocontainnbutaneatanaverage
concnfor8samplesof2.4ppbonMay6,1980(2).
(1)GreatLakesWaterQualityBoardInventoryChemSubstIdGreatLakesEcosp195(1983)(2)McFallJAetal
Chemosphere14:125365(1985)
SEAWATER:All8nearsurfaceseawatersamplesfromtheintertropicalIndianOceancontainednbutaneata
meanvalueof52pMol/L(1).nButanewasmeasuredinsurfaceseawatercollectedfromthemidAtlanticOcean
inSeptember/October1988atmeanconcentrationsforeachtransectrangingfrom2.8to32pMol/L(2).n
Butanewasmeasuredinseawaterat0.21and0.3nL/L(3).
(1)BonsangBetalJAtmosChem6:320(1988)(2)PlassCetalJAtmosChem15:23551(1992)(3)SinghHB,
ZimmermanPBAdvEnvironSciTechnol24:177235(1992)
10.2.11 EffluentsConcentrations
Influegasofmunicipalincinerator:<0.4ppmexhaustgasofdieselengine:5.3%ofemittedhydrocarbonsin
combustiongasofhouseholdcentralheating:approx50ppmat7%carbondioxidesystemongasoil,3.3g/kg
gasoilat6%carbondioxide,1.6g/kggasoilat7%carbondioxideingasoline:4.315.02vol%inautoexhaust
(gasolineengine):62carsurvey,5.3vol%oftotalexhausthydrocarbons15fuelstudy,4vol%oftotalexhaust
hydrocarbonsenginevariablestudy,2.3vol%oftotalexhausthydrocarbonsevaporationfromgasolinefuel
tank:16.548.5vol%oftotalevaporatedhydrocarbonsevaporationfromcarburetor:9.123.0vol%oftotal
evaporatedhydrocarbons.
York,NY.2001,p.V1:356
nButanewasidentifiedineffluentsfromcookstovesusedinurbanandruralChina(1).Molaremissionratiosin
CO2(X107)were(stovetype):1.95(honeycombbriquettemetalwithoutaflue)notdetected(honeycomb
briquetteimprovedmetalwithoutaflue)3.95(coalbriquettemetal)368(washedcoalpowdermetalwitha
flue)134(unprocessedcoalpowdermetalwithaflue)7.59(unprocessedcoalbrickwithaflue)3.81(wood
brickwithaflue)3.55(woodimprovedbrickwithaflue)5.18(wheatbrickwithaflue)5.87(maizebrickwitha
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flue)14.0(maizeimprovedbrickwithaflue)0.537(kerosenewickwithoutaflue)1.33(LiquefiedPetroleum
Gastraditionalwithoutaflue)1.22(coalgastraditionalwithoutaflue)3.48(naturalgastraditionalwithouta
flue)(1).nButaneconcentrationsingasolineandgasolinepoweredtailpipeemissionswere7,620ug/ggasoline,
1,620ug/kminacatalystequippedengine,191,000ug/kminanoncatalystequippedengine(2).Vehicle
emissionswereanalyzedintheMariaMalufTunnelinSaoPaulo,BrazilinMay2004(3).Averageemission
factorsfornbutanewerereportedMay5morning,321.6mg/kgMay5evening,452.1mg/kgMay6morning,
2043.4mg/kgMay6evening,455.4mg/kg(3).nButanehasalsobeenmeasuredasexhaustfromdiesel
enginesat22ppm(5).
(1)TsaiSMetalEnvironSciTechnol37:28692877(2003)(2)SchauerJJetalEnvironSciTechnol36:11691180
(2002)(3)MartinsLD,etalEnvironSciTechnol40:67226729(2006)(4)ClaytonGD,ClaytonFE,edsPatty'sIndustrial
HygieneandToxicology:Volume2A,2B,2C:Toxicology.3rded.NewYork:JohnWileySons,19811982.,p.3182
FluegasesemittedfromawasteincineratoratBabylon,LongIsland,NYcontainednbutaneatconcentration
generallylessthan0.4ppm(1).TwooffiveHazardouswastesiteslistedontheNationalPrioritiesListemitted
gaseousnbutanewitha75to100%frequencyofoccurrence(2).Landfillsalsoreleasenbutaneintothe
environment(3).Oneof11groundwatermonitoringwellsneartheGranbyLandfill,CTcontainedtracequantities
ofnbutane(4).AlandfillgassamplecollectedfromaU.K.wastedisposalfacilityin1994containedunreported
quantitiesofbutane(5).nButanewaspresentat0.006%volumeinlandfillgascollectedduringtheanaerobic
decompositionstageataPalosVerdes,CAmunicipallandfillsite(6).nButanewasdetectedinlandfillgas
samplescollectedfromtheFreshKillsmunicipalsolidwastelandfillatanaverageconcentrationof3.80ppmv
(n=250)(7).
(1)CarottiAA,KaiserERJAirPollutContrAssoc22:22453(1972)(2)LaReginaJetalEnvironProg5:1827(1986)(3)
YoungP,ParkerAVaporsOdorsandToxicGasesfromLandfillsASTMSpecTechPubl851:2441(1984)(4)Sawhney
BL,RaabeJAGroundWaterContaminationMvmtOrgPollutinGranbyLandfill,Bull833p.9(1986)(5)AllenMRetal
EnvironSciTechnol31:105461(1997)(6)BrosseauJ,HeitzMAtmosEnviron28:28593(1994)(7)EklundBetal
EnvironSciTechnol32:223337(1998)
ATexacorefinerylocatedinTulsaOKwasattributedwithemissionstothesurroundingatmospherenbutane
concnweremeasuredas175.2and342.7ppbCfortwominbeforeandafter1:33PM(1).Thenbutanecontent
oftheairdownwindofaMobilnaturalgasfacilityinRioBlancoCOwas56.0ppbC(1).Underwaterhydrocarbon
ventdischargesfromoffshoreoilproductionplatformswerefoundtocontainnbutaneconcninthevaporphase
at740umol/Lofgas(2).nButanewasemittedtotheairfromaSwedishcatalystcrackingpetroleumrefinery
airsamplescollected100mdownwindfromthefluidcatalyticcrackingunitcontainednbutanerangingfrom3.3
to9.8%byweight(3).
(1)ArntsRR,MeeksSAAtmosEnviron15:164351(1981)(2)SauerTCJrOrgGeochem7:116(1981)(3)Ostermark
UChemosphere30:181317(1995)
nButaneisaproductofgasolinecombustion(68).DatafromSept21979identifiednbutaneasagaseous
emissionofthevehicletrafficthroughtheAlleghenyMountainTunnelofthePennsylvaniaTurnpike(1).The
averageexhaustfrom67gasolinefueledvehicleswasfoundtocontainnbutaneataconcn2.2%byweight(2).
Anaverageweightpercentof4.39wasreportedfornbutaneemittedinvehicleexhaustintheCassiar
Connector(atwinborehighwaytunnel,Vancouver,BC)inAugust1995(3).Anemissionrateof146mg/lwas
reportedfornButanebasedonmeasurementsmadebothinsideandoutsidetheVanNuystunnelinSeptember
1993(4).LightdutyvehicleemissionsmeasuredattheCaldecottTunnelinAugust(lowoxygenatefuelsold)and
October(highoxygenatefuelsold)1994containednbutaneat1.8and1.9weight%oftotalVOCs,
respectively(5).EmissionratesofnbutanefromlightdutyandheavydutyvehiclesintheFortMcHenry
tunnel(Baltimore,MDcollectedJune1992)weremeasuredas10.4and3.9mg/vehiclemile,respectivelyair
concentrationsattheeastportalrangedfrom6.8to96.8ppbC(6).Emissionratesofnbutanefromlightduty
andheavydutyvehiclesintheTuscaroratunnel(PennsylvaniacollectedSeptember1992)weremeasuredas
8.1and9.4mg/vehiclemile,respectivelyairconcentrationsrangedfrom2.4to21.2ppbC(6).
(1)HamptonCVetalEnvironSciTechnol16:28798(1982)(2)NelsonPF,QuigleySMAtmosEnviron18:7987(1984)
(3)McLarenRetalEnvironSciTechnol30:30019(1996)(4)FraserMPetalEnvironSciTechnol32:205160(1998)
(5)KirchstetterTWetalEnvironSciTechnol30:66170(1996)(6)ZielinskaBetalAtmosEnviron30:226986(1996)
Hotsoak(nbutane=33.04weight%)andcoldstart(nbutane=12.23weight%)emissionprofilesofan
integratedsampleofvehiclesandagesweremeasuredinsideaparkinggarageinChicagoduringMarch1990
hotsoakemissionsweremonitoredafterthemorningrushhourwhilecoldstartemissionsweremeasuredwhen
thevehiclesleftfortheeveningrushhour(1).nButanewaspresentingasolineengineexhaustforlightduty
vehiclesat1.3and4.4%byweightoftotalorganicgasemissions(noncatalystandcatalystequippedvehicles,
respectively)(2).nButanewasmeasuredinvehicleexhaustsamplesfromlightdutyvehiclesat2.84and6.44
weight%ofnonmethanehydrocarbonsintwodifferentstudies(3).Emissionsofnbutanefromlightduty
vehicles(currentfleet,1989)underincrementalcoldstart,stabilized,andhotstartconditionswere3.75,19.57,
and7.59weight%nonmethanehydrocarbons,respectivelyemissionsofnbutanefromanolderfleetofcars
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(19831985)were7.80weight%(3).nButaneconcentrationsweremeasuredintheexhaustof30vehiclesdriven
underavarietyofconditionsemissionsof130.08,66.73,35.96,17.95,and18.17mg/kmweremeasuredfor
drivingunderurban(averagespeed21.38km/hr),suburban(averagespeed41.73km/hr),rural(averagespeed
54.53km/hr),motorway1(averagespeed90.72km/hr)andmotorway2(averagespeed111.36km/hr)conditions,
respectively(4).Emissionsfromcurrentvehiclesversusseverallowemissionvehiclesweremonitoredovera
suburbandriveat40km/hrnbutaneemissionswere66.7(mean),32,19,1.4,and6.1mg/kmforthecurrent
vehicles,aleanburnvehicle,andvehiclesequippedwitheitheranoxidationcatalyst,a3waycatalyst,anda
second3waycatalyst,respectively(4).Emissionsfromninepopularlatemodel4cylindermotorvehicleswere
characterizedatthreetesttemperatures(75,90,and105degF)inordertosimulatesummerdriving
conditions(5).Diurnalevaporativeemissionscontainednbutaneatanaverageweight%of14.6018.39(throttle
bodyfuelinjectionportfuelinjection),25.2425.15,39.9242.24attemperaturesof6084,7296,and84108
degF,respectively(5).Hotsoakevaporativeemissionscontainednbutaneat3.462.86,5.083.57,8.270.68
weight%attemperaturesof75,90,and105degF,respectively(5).Tailpipeemissionsinthisstudycontainedn
butaneat1.010.92,1.641.41,and3.332.39weight%at75,90,and105degF,respectively(5).
(1)DoskeyPVetalJAirWasteManageAssoc42:143745(1992)(2)HarleyRAetalEnvironSciTechnol26:2395408
(1992)(3)FujitaEMetalEnvironSciTechnol28:163349(1994)(4)BaileyJCetalSciTotalEnviron93:199206
(1990)(5)StumpFDetalJAirWasteManageAssoc42:132835(1992)
nButanefromcarexhaustrangedinconcnfrom0.12to0.28ppmVwithanaveragefor8samplesof0.18
ppmV(1).Theaverageconcnofnbutaneintheexhaustof46automobileswas4.8,23.2and4.9weight%of
totalhydrocarbonsaccordingtothefederaltestprocedure,hotsoaktestandtheNewYorkCitycycle,
respectively(2).Ameanconcentrationof2.61ppmvwasdeterminedfromexhaustsamplestakenfrom6
differentcars(3).Tailpipeemissionsfromalatemodelmediumdutydieseltruckwereobtainedusingthehot
startFederalTestProcedureurbandrivingcycleonatransientchassisdynamometerannbutaneemissionof
3830ug/kgwasmeasured(6).Emissionsfromtwopassengerferries(mediumspeed,fourstrokedieselmain
engines)operatinginSwedenweremeasuredduringJulyandAugust1995averageconcentrationsand
emissionswere<0.02mg/nm3and<0.1mg/kWhr(4).Anemissionrateof66.7tons/dayhasbeendetermined
fortheCaliforniaSouthCoastAirBasin(5).
(1)NeliganREArchEnvironHealth5:58191(1962)(2)SigsbyJEetalEnvironSciTechnol21:46675(1987)(3)Blake
NJetalJGeophysRes98:285164(1993)(4)CooperDAetalAtmosEnviron.30:246373(1996)(5)GrosjeanDetal
EnvironSciTechnol27:11021(1993)(6)SchauerJJetalEnvironSciTechnol33:157887(1999)
10.2.12 Sediment/SoilConcentrations
SEDIMENT:nButanewasdetectedin10of10sedimentsamplesfromWalvisBayoftheNamibianshelfof
SWAfricaatconcentrationsof2.2,0.45,2.2,1.5,0.31,0.24,0.01,0.22,0.52,and0.27ng/g(1).Sediments
fromtheBeringSeacontainednbutanegasatconcentrationsrangingfrom4to43nL/L(2).
(1)WhelanJKetalGeochimCosmochimActa44:176785(1980)(2)KvenvoldenKA,ReddenGDGeochimicaet
CosmochimicaActa44:114550(1980)
10.2.13 AtmosphericConcentrations
GroundlevelconcentrationatPointBarrow,AK,Sept1967:0.030.19ppbatdowntownLosAngeles,1967:
10thpercentile20ppb,average46ppb,90thpercentile80ppbexpectedgroundlevelconcentrationinUSA
urbanair:0.050.45ppm.
York,NY.2001,p.V1:356
URBAN:Theaveragenbutaneconcnfor2samplesper4sitesinTulsa,OKwas102.0ppbCwitharangeof
16.5to342.7ppbC(1).Thenbutaneconcnfor6sitesinRioBlanco,COaveraged10.3ppbCwitharangefrom
0.7to56.0(1).nButanewasdetectedin21of21airsamplesfromHouston,TXranginginconcnfrom11.5to
1604.1ppmwithanaverageof316.1ppm(5).AccordingtotheTotalExposureAssessmentMethodology
(TEAM)conductedinNewJersey,4of12airsamplescontainednbutane(2).Roadwayairsamplescollected
duringthesummerof1990alongaheavilyusedroadintheAtlantametropolitanareacontainednbutaneat
4.11ppbC%(3).AirsamplescollectedwithinAtlanta'sairportonAugust27,1990containednbutaneat2.89
ppbC%(3).UrbanairsamplescollectedinSouthernCaliforniaoverSeptember89,1993duringasevereLos
Angelesareaphotochemicalsmogepisodecontainednbutane(average,16.45ug/cumrange,7.1045.10
ug/cumn=36)(4).Airsamplescollectedover15daysbetweenJulyandSeptember1987indowntownChicago
containednbutaneataverageconcentrationsof5.96and8.44ug/m3(4and20hoursampletimes,respectively)
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(6).nButanewasmeasuredin100%ofairsamplescollectedfrom6locationsinColumbus,OHatmeanand
maximumconcentrationsof2.75and10.01ppbV,respectively(7).
(1)ArntsRR,MeeksSAAtmosEnviron15:164351(1981)(2)WallaceLAetalEnvironRes35:293319(1984)(3)
ConnerTLetalJAirWasteManageAssoc45:38394(1995)(4)FraserMPetalEnvironSciTechnol31:235667(1997)
(5)LonnemanWAetalHydrocarbonsinHoustonAirUSEPA600/379/018p.44(1979)(6)ScheffPA,WaddenRA
EnvironSciTechnol27:61725(1993)(7)SpicerCWetalAtmosEnviron30:344356(1996)
URBAN:Theaveragenbutaneconcentrationintheairatthe6thflooroftheCooperUnionBuildinginNew
YorkCityNYwas43,48and38ppbCfor19,12and10samplestakenat6:009:00AM,9:0011:00AMand
1:003:00PM,respectively,inJuly1978(1).Theaveragenbutaneconcentrationintheairatthe82ndfloorof
theEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCityNYwas17,27and19ppbCfor18,21and17samplestakenat
6:009:00AM,9:0011:00AMand1:003:00PM,respectively,inJuly1978(1).AtstreetlevelattheEmpire
StateandWorldTradeBuildingsinManhattan,NYtheaveragenbutaneconcentrationof4sampleswas72
ppbCinJuly1978(1).In1975theaveragenbutaneconcentrationof14airsamplestakenbetween05:3008:30
and12:3015:30attheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityNYwere36and30ppbC,respectively(1).In1975
theaveragenbutaneconcentrationof11and8airsamplestakenbetween5:308:30AMand12:303:30PMat
theInterstateSanitationCommissioninNewYorkCity,NYwere64and97ppbC,respectively(1).nButanewas
detectedatanaverageconcentrationof27.4ug/cumfor5samplescollectedatthe82ndflooroftheWorld
TradeCenterinNewYorkCitybetween5:00AM5:30PMAug23,1977(2).
(1)AltwickerERetalJGeophysRes85:747587(1980)(2)AltwickerER,WhitbyRASampling,SamplePrepand
MeasurementofSpecificNonmethaneHydrocarbons72AnnMeetAirPollutContrAsssoc(1979)
URBAN:Thegroundlevelatmosphericconcentrationofnbutanewas29ppbat13:25and165ppbat08:00for
HuntingtonPark,CA(1).At1500ftthenbutaneconcentrationwas8ppbat07:43andataheightof2,200ft
thenbutaneconcentrationwas3ppbat8:07(1).Thenbutaneioconcentratnrangedfrom21to70ppbof
volumeatadowntownLosAngeleslocationfortheFallof1981(2).Thenbutaneconcnat1100ftjusteastof
Antioch,CAwas13.5ug/cum,at1000ftnearPittsburg,CAwas21.0ug/cum,at1100ftoverCarquinez
Strait,CAwas2.5ug/cumandat1000ftoverSanPabloBay,CAwas0.5ug/cum(3).Accordingtothe
NationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,themedianurbanatmosphericconcentration
ofnbutaneis9.174ppbofvolumefor546samples(4).87.5%ofairsamplescollectedfromWashingtonDC
fromMarch1990toMarch1991duringtheChemicalManufacturersAssociationUrbanBaselineVOC
MeasurementProgramcontainednbutaneatameanconcentrationof4.29ppbV(median=3.3ppbVmax=
30ppbV)(5).Amediannbutaneconcentrationof40.3ppbCwasdeterminedbasedonmeasurementsofair
samplesfrom39U.S.citiesfrom1984to1985(range=4.55448ppbC)(6).
(1)ScottResearchLabsIncAtmosphericReactionStudiesintheLosAngelesBasin,NTISPB194058p.86(1969)(2)
GrosjeanD,FungKJAirPollutControlAssoc34:53743(1984)(3)SextonK,WestbergHEnvironSciTech14:32932
(1980)(4)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOCDatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)(5)HendlerAH,
CrowWLPreliminaryResultsoftheChemicalManufacturersAssociationUrbanBaselineVOCMeasurementProgram,
In:Proc.Annu.MeetingAirWasteManageAssoc,85th(Vol2B),92/75.05(1992)(6)SinghHB,ZimmermanPBAdv
EnvironSciTechnol24:177235(1992)
URBAN:nButanewasdetectedintheatmospheresofPretoria,JohannesburgandDurban,SouthAfrica(1).n
ButanewasidentifiedintheambientairofSydneyAustralia(2)ranginginconcentrationsfrom0.8to52.0ppbof
volumewithanaverageconcentrationof9.5ppbofvolume(3).nButanewasdetectedatanaverageconcnof
121.61ppbCintheatmosphereovertheBritishColumbiaResearchCouncilLaboratoryattheUniversityof
BritishColumbia(4).TheaveragenbutaneconcntratioenintheairoverTokyo,Japanin1980and1981were
1.9and2.4ppbfor66and192samples,respectively(5).AtDeuselbach,HunsruckinGermany,theatmospheric
nbutaneconcoentratinwas0.54ppbforOctober23,1983(6).nButanewasdetectedintheatmospheresof6
industrializedcitiesoftheUSSRranginginsizeofpopulationfrom0.4to4.5millionpeople(7,8).Theminimum,
maximumandaveragenbutaneconcentrationsintheambientairofBombay,Indiawere0.6,145.0and21.2
ppb,respectively(9).Concentrationsofnbutanewerefollowedforoveroneyear(July1991toSeptember1992)
atalocationinLondon,Englandconcentrationsrangedfrom6.8to36.7ppbVwiththehigherconcentrations
reportedinthewintermonths(10).
(1)LouwCWetalAtmosEnviron11:70317(1977)(2)MulcahyMFRetalPaperIVp17inOccurrenceContr
PhotochemPollut,ProcSympWorkshopSess(1976)(3)NelsonPF,QuigleySMEnvironSciTechnol16:6505(1982)
(4)StumpFD,DropkinDLAnalChem57:262934(1985)(5)UnoIetalAtmosEnviron19:128393(1985)(6)RudolphJ,
KhedimAIntJEnvironAnalChem290:26582(1985)(7)IoffeBVetalDoklAkadNaukSssr243:11869(1978)(8)Ioffe
BVetalEnvironSciTechnol13:8648(1979)(9)MohanRaoAM,PandittGGAtmosEnviron2:395401(1988)(10)
FieldRAetalEnvironTechnol15:93144(1994)
URBAN:Airsamples,collectedfromdowntownCairo,EygptandattheSheratonTunnel,Eygpt,inJune1997
containednbutaneat0.94%byweight(1).ThemeanconcentrationofnbutanemeasuredatdowntownPorto
Alegre,Brazillocationsoveraoneyearperiod(March1996April1997)was11.9mg/cum(2).Thearithmetic
meanconcentrationofnbutaneinairsamplescollectedinViennaduringMay1987was19.5ppbC(3).Air
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samplescollectedfromaninnercityresidentiallocationandadowntownsiteinBerlinduringJunethrough
August1996,containednbutaneatanaverageconcentrationof4.43and7.40ug/cum,respectively(4).Air
samplescollectedfromtheTaipeimetropolitanareainAugust1998containednbutaneatamedian
concentrationof716.6partspertrillionV(rangeof103.93912.6partspertrillionV)(5).Thearithmeticand
geometricmeanswere16.6and11.3ppbC,respectively,fortheatmosphericnbutanecontentaturban
locationsinLancaster,England(6).AnairsamplecollectedonaLondonstreetcontainednbutaneat78
ppbV(7).ConcentrationsofnbutanemeasuredinaLondonphotochemicalplumestudy(July12,1988)
averaged2871and1915ppbVintwoseparateflightsconcentrationsoutoftheplumerangedfrom342to1339
ppbV(7).Ameanconcentrationof397.2ug/cumnbutane(range=37.8to738.2ug/cummedianof421ug/cu
m)wasmeasuredinairsamplescollectedinLondonduringapollutioneventin1991priortothispollution
event,themeannbutaneconcentrationwas109.7ug/cum(range=18.9372.3ug/cummedian=91.5ug/cum)
(8).Amedianconcentrationof12.86ug/cumwasreportedfor212samplescollectedbetweenDecember1991
toNovember1993atadowntownstationinEdmonton,Alberta(9).nButanewasmeasuredatanannual
averageof30.8and6.3ug/m3inpollutedandbaselineairsamples,respectively,fromtheRhineRuhrareain
Germany(10).
(1)DoskeyPVetalJAirWasteManageAssoc49:81422(1999)(2)GrosjeanEetalEnvironSciTechnol32:20619
(1998)(3)LanzerstorferC,PuxbumHWaterAirSoilPollut51:34555(1990)(4)ThijsseTRetalJAirWasteManage
Assoc49:13941404(1999)(5)WangJLetalEnvironSciTechnol34:224348(2000)(6)ColbeckI,HarrisonRMAtmos
Environ19:1899904(1985)(7)BlakeNJetalJGeophysRes98:285164(1993)(8)FieldRAetalEnvironTechnol13:
391408(1992)(9)ChengLetalAtmosEnviron31:23946(1997)(10)LuxenhoferO,Ballschmiter,KFreseniusJAnal
Chem350:395402(1994)
SUBURBAN:AccordingtotheNationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,themedian
suburbanatmosphericconcentrationofnbutaneis8.832ppbofvolumefor226samples(1).Thenbutane
concentrationwas6.0,2.5and2.0ug/cumat10,15and40midownwindofJanesville,WI81478(2).Air
samplescollectedover15daysbetweenJulyandSeptember1987inasuburbanlocationofChicagocontained
nbutaneatanaverageconcentrationof3.85ug/cum(4and20hoursampletimes,respectively)(3).
(1)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOCDatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)(2)SextonKEnviron
SciTechnol17:4027(1983)(3)ScheffPA,WaddenRAEnvironSciTechnol27:61725(1993)
INDOOR:IndoorairsamplescollectedinacarpetedadministrativeofficewithnoVOCemittingoffice
equipmentlocatedoneflooraboveacopycenterandinacarpetedhallwayapproximately40feetfromthe
entrancetoacopycentercontainednbutaneat9.5and23.5ppbV,respectively(1).Theinvehiclemedian
concentrationofnbutane,measuredin24doorsedansinRaleigh,NCin1988,was36.1ug/cum(meanof
54.3ug/m3rangeof3.9to588.4ug/cum)(2).Themedianconcentrationsofnbutanemeasuredinsidetwo
vehiclesdrivenunderurban,interstate,andruralconditionswere57.3,27.8,and8.4ug/cum,respectively(2).
Increasesinbutaneconcentrationofindoorairwereattributedtocoldstartandhotstarttailpipeemissionsfrom
a1993BuickRegal(3.6LV6)in16houseswithattachedgarages(3)
(1)StefaniakABetalEnvironRes83:16273(2000)(2)ChanCCetalEnvironSciTechnol25:96472(1991)(3)Graham
LAetalJAirWasteManageAssoc54:563584(2004)
RURAL:Therespectivemedian,minimumandmaximumatmosphericconcentrationsofnbutanefor5rural
locationsinNCrangedfrom1.1to33.6,0.2to14.8,and2.5to47.5ppb(2).Theatmosphericconcnofnbutane
forJonesStateForest,TXrangedfrom12.0to49.6ppbwithanaverageof24.1ppbfor10samples(3).
AccordingtotheNationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,themedianrural
atmosphericconcentrationofnbutaneis0.779ppbofvolumefor36samples(4).Thearithmeticandgeometric
meanswere1.1and1.3ppbC,respectively,fortheatmosphericnbutanecontentatrurallocationsinNW
England(5).AtaruralsitenearDuren,Germany,theatmosphericnbutaneconcentrationwas5.5ppbforMarch
1984(1).AtarurallocationoutsideofBerlin(FrohnauFunkturm)duringJunethroughAugust1996,airsamples
containednbutaneatanaverageconcentrationof1.0ug/cum(9).nButaneconcentrationsweremeasuredat
fourrurallocationsinCanada:SaturnaIsland,BC(rangeof0.09to1.42ppbVfromJunetoDecember1991,n=
62),KejimbujikNationalPark,NovaScotia(rangeof0.08to0.88ppbVfromNovember1990toDecember
1991,n=124),LaclaFlamme,MontmorencyForest,Quebec(rangeof0.01to0.93ppbV,n=100),Egbert,
Ontario(rangeof0.12to1.62ppbV,n=116)(6).nButanewasmeasuredat1.75ppbVatarurallocationin
Egbert,OntarioinApril1990(8).Concentrationsofnbutanemeasuredinairsampledalongthecoastofsouth
NorwayfromMay1987toMay1988rangedfrom20to3020partspertrillion(7).
(1)RudolphJ,KhedimAIntJEnvironAnalChem290:26582(1985)(2)SeilaRLetalAtmosphericVolatileHydrocarbon
CompositionatFiveRemoteSitesinNWNC,USEPA600/D84092(1984)(3)SeilaRLNonurbanHydrocarbonsConcn
inAmbientAirNoofHoustonTXUSEPA500/379010p38(1979)(4)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOC
DatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)(5)ColbeckI,HarrisonRMAtmosEnviron19:1899904(1985)(6)
BottenheimJW,ShepherdMFAtmosEnviron29:64764(1995)(7)HovOetalAtmosEnviron25A:198199(1991)(8)
ShepsonPBetalAtmosEnviron27A:74957(1993)(9)ThijsseTRetalJAirWasteManageAssoc49:13941404
(1999)
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REMOTE:AccordingtotheNationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,themedian
remoteatmosphericconcentrationofnbutaneis0.510ppbofvolumefor7samples(1).For9samplescollected
overa30hourperiod,theaveragenbutaneconcentrationintheSmokeyMountains,NCwas4.8ppbCwitha
rangefrom3.6to7.6ppbC(2).OnAug27,1976,theaveragenbutaneconcnforairoverLakeMichiganat
altitudesof2000,2500and3000ftwas5.9ppbofvolume(3).OnAug28,1976,theaveragenbutaneconcnfor
airoverLakeMichiganataltitudesof1000and1500ftwas1.5ppbofvolume(3).TheairovertheNorwegian
Arctichadanaveragenbutaneconcentrationfor5samplesfromBearIsland,2fromHopenand2from
Spitsbergenoflessthan0.02ppbofvolumeinJuly1982and0.805ppbofvolumeinthespringof1983(4).All
27airsamplesfromtheintertropicalIndianOceancontainednbutaneatconcoentratinrangingfrom0.03to
0.70ppbofvolume(5).AirsamplescollectedfromthehazeovertheArcticduringMarch1984andApril1983
containednbutaneat415partspertrillionvolume(rangeof150to590partspertrillionvolume)(6).The
averagenbutaneconcentrationmeasuredduringanaerialstudyintheArctic(Alert,NWT,Canada,May1989)
was344partspertrillionvolumegroundsamplescollectedinAlertinApril1989containedanaveragenbutane
concentrationof459partspertrillionvolume(7).
(1)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOCDatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)(2)ArntsRR,Meeks
SAAtmosEnviron15:164351(1981)(3)MillerMM,AlkezweenyAJAnnNYAcadSci338:21932(1980)(4)HovOet
alGeophysResLett11:4258(1984)(5)BonsangBetalJAtmosChem6:320(1988)(6)KhalilMAK,RasmussenRA
GeophysResLetters11:43740(1984)(7)KieserBNetalAtmosEnviron27A:297988(1993)
REMOTE:nButanewasdetectedatconcentrationsof0.08to0.4ppbVininterstitialairfromwithinthesnow
packonanicefloeintheArcticOcean(collectedApril1994)(1).
(1)AriyaPAetalJAtmosChem34:5564(1999)
SOURCEDOMINATED:AccordingtotheNationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,the
mediansourcedominatedatmosphericconcentrationofnbutaneis9.500ppbofvolumefor53samples(1).
EmissionsfromaTexacorefinerylocatedinTulsa,OKcontainednbutaneat175.2and342.7ppbCfortwomin
beforeandafter1:33PM(2).ThenbutanecontentoftheairdownwindofaMobilnaturalgasfacilityinRio
Blanco,COwas56.0ppbC(2).Thearithmeticandgeometricmeanswere7.3and3.4ppbC,respectively,for
theatmosphericnbutanecontentatpollutedrurallocationsinnorthwestEngland(3).nButanewasdetectedin
theambientairover1of5NationalPrioritiesList(NPL)hazardouswastesitesandoneindustrial/municipal
landfillinNewJersey(4).Thefrequencyofoccurrencefornbutaneatbothsiteswasbetween75and100%(4).
nButanewasdetectedintheairoftheLincolnTunnelatanaverageconcnof198.1ppbC(5).Airoverthe
roadwayoutsidethetunnelhadanaveragenbutaneconcentrationof16.42ug/cum(5).Airsamplesfromthe
Caldecotttunnel,collectedinJune1991,containednbutaneatameanconcentrationof72.94ppbC(7).Oilfield
emissionsampleswerecollectedfromtheTulsa,OKareaconcentrationsofnbutanerangedfrom4.8to25.2%
weightcomposition.Inaddition,nbutaneemissionsfromwellhead,gatheringtanks,pipelinetanks,terminal
tanks,andrefinerytankswere17.4to21.8,21.4,14.0,11.4,and23.5%weightcomposition(6).
(1)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOCDatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)(2)ArntsRR,Meeks
SAAtmosEnviron15:164351(1981)(3)ColbeckI,HarrisonRMAtmosEnviron19:1899904(1985)(4)LaReginaJet
alEnvironProc5:1827(1986)(5)ScheffPAetalJAPCA37A:46978(1989)(6)ViswanathRSJAirWasteManage
Assoc44:98994(1994)(7)ZielinskaB,FungKKSciTotalEnviron146/147:2818(1994)
SOURCEDOMINATED:Emissionsfromapetroleumrefinery,leadsmelter(usingaheavyoilasfuel),andcast
ironfactory(usingcoalasafuel)weresampledinCairo,Egyptnbutanewasmeasuredat36.85,25.60,and
18.07%byweight,respectively(1).Petroleumrefineryemissionsmeasuredonemiledownwindofamajor
refineryinRomeoville,ILin1990containednbutaneat15.26weight%(2).Airsamplescollectedover15days
betweenJulyandSeptember1987fromanindustriallocationonthesoutheastsideofChicagocontainedn
butaneatanaverageconcentrationof10.8ug/cum(4and20hoursampletimes,respectively)(3).Butanewas
reportedatanaverageconcentrationof24ug/cuminairsamplescollectedfromtheCraeybeckxhighwaytunnel
inAntwerpBelgiumduringApril1991backgroundconcentrationswere4.1ug/cum(4).
(1)DoskeyPVetalJAirWasteManageAssoc49:81422(1999)(2)DoskeyPVetalJAirWasteManageAssoc42:
143745(1992)(3)ScheffPA,WaddenRAEnvironSciTechnol27:61725(1993)(4)DeFreRetalEnvironHlth
Perspect4:3137(1994)
10.2.14 FoodSurveyValues
Butane,notspecifiedasnbutane,wasdetectedinbeefvolatilesatanunreportedconcentration(1).nButane
emissionratesfromhamburgermeatcharbroilingoveranaturalgasfiredgrillwas107,000ug/kgofmeat
cooked(2).Butanecomprisedof14.4,24.42,10.25and6.23ppbC%ofnonmethaneorganiccarbonemissions
monitoredinrestaurants,tortillerias,rotisseriesandnearfoodfryingoperationsinMexicoCity,respectively(3).
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(1)ShahidiFetalCRCCritRevFoodSciNature24:141243(1986)(2)SchauerJJetalEnvironSciTechnol33:1566
77(1999)(3)MugicaVetalAtmosEnviron35:17291734(2001)
10.2.15 MilkConcentrations
nButanewasdetectedin6of12samplesofmothersbreastmilkfromthecitiesofBayonneNJ,JerseyCityNJ,
BridgevillePAandBatonRougeLA(1).Abstract:PubMed
(1)PellizzariEDetalBullEnvironContamToxicol28:3228(1982)
10.2.16 OtherEnvironmentalConcentrations
Anairsampletakennearanoilfirewasfoundtocontainnbutaneandnbuteneatacombinedconcnof1.63
mg/cum(1).Thebackgroundmeasurementsutilizedasasetofcontrolsforairexpiredfromhumanscontained
nbutanein8of20samplescollectedover18months(2).Butanewasoneofthemostabundantcompoundsin
gasolinewithreportedconcentrationsof4.7%and24.2%wtinsummerandwinterheadspacevapor,
respectively,and0.5%and3.4%wtinsummerandwinterliquidgasoline,respectively,asreportedinadiurnal
andseasonalvariabilityanalysisofgasolinerelatedvolatileorganiccompoundemissionsinRiverside,
California(3).Analysisofsixfine(foliar)fuelscommontofireproneUSecosystemsrevealedthepresenceof
butaneintheprimarilycarbonaceousPM2.5particulatematterasfollows(biomasstype(mg/kgbiomass
burned):inPinaceaeloblollypine(63.5)Westernhemlock(44.5)Ponderosapine(70.9)inmixedecosystems:
Acereae/Fagaceae(36.0)Palmea/Pinaceae(27.2)Poceae/Pinaceae(27.0)(4).
(1)PerryRMassSpectroscopyintheDetectionandIdentificationofAirPollutants,IntSympIdentMeasEnvironPollutp.
1307(1971)(2)KrotoszynskiBKetalJAnalToxicol3:22534(1979)(3)GentnerDRetalEnvironSciTechnol43:
42474252(2009)(4)HaysMDetalEnvironSciTechnol36:228195(2002)
Butanewasreleasedfromoneoffourligninsamplesataconcentrationofrangingfrom80mg/kg(1).
(1)FontetalChemosphere52:10471058(2003)
10.2.17 ProbableRoutesofHumanExposure
Accordingtothe2006TSCAInventoryUpdateReportingdata,thenumberofpersonsreasonablylikelytobe
exposedintheindustrialmanufacturing,processing,anduseofnbutaneis1000orgreaterthedatamaybe
greatlyunderestimated(1).
(1)USEPAInventoryUpdateReporting(IUR).Nonconfidential2006IURRecordsbyChemical,includingManufacturing,
ProcessingandUseInformation.Washington,DC:U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Availablefrom,asofNovember
20,2013:http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH(NOESSurvey19811983)hasstatisticallyestimatedthat988,880workers(186,786ofthesewere
female)werepotentiallyexposedtonbutaneintheUS(1).Exposuremayoccurviainhalationanddermal
contactwiththiscompoundatworkplaceswherenbutane,orpetroleumandnaturalgascontainingnbutane,
areproducedorused(SRC).A1984studyshowednbutanewasemittedfromgasolineexposingoutside
operatorsattherefineriestoanaverageairconcentrationof3.437mg/cumnbutanewasdetectedin54of56
samples(2).Transportdriverswereexposedtonbutaneatatmosphericconcentrationof9.701mg/cumandn
butanewasdetectedin49of49samples(2).Gasstationattendantswereexposedtonbutaneatatmospheric
concentrationof21.605mg/cumandnbutanewasdetectedin49of49samples(2).Attendantsatahigh
volumeservicestationineasternPAwereexposedtolevelsofnbutanerangingfrom0.1to0.3ppmfor18of
18airsamples(3).Workersatseparategasolinebulkhandlingfacilitieswereexposedtovaporsthatcontainedn
butaneatconcentrationof33.7%byweight,21.2%byweightand38.1%byvolume(4)oftotalhydrocarbons.
Exposurestototalhydrocarbonsatoneofthefacilitiesexceeded240ppmfor5%ofthesamplingtime(4).n
Butaneisahighlyvolatilecompoundandmonitoringdataindicatethatitisawidelyoccurringatmospheric
pollutant(SRC).Thesedataindicatethatthegeneralpopulationmaybeexposedtonbutaneviainhalationof
ambientair,ingestionoffoodanddrinkingwater,anddermalcontactwiththiscompoundinliquidssuchas
crudeoilandgasolineandotherliquidproductscontainingnbutane(SRC).
(1)NIOSHNOES.NationalOccupationalExposureSurveyconductedfrom19811983.Estimatednumbersofemployees
potentiallyexposedtospecificagentsby2digitstandardindustrialclassification(SIC).Availablefrom,asofNov20,2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/noes/(2)RappaportSMetalApplIndHyg2:14854(1987)(3)KearneyCA,DunhamDBAmIndHyg
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AssocJ47:5359(1986)(4)HalderCAetalAmIndHygAssocJ47:16472(1986)
10.2.18 AverageDailyIntake
AccordingtotheNationalAmbientVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)Database,themedianurban
atmosphericconcnofnbutaneis9.174ppbVfor546samples(1).Baseduponthisfigureandthevaluefor
averagedailyinhalationbyahumanadultof20cumofair,theaveragedailyintakeofnbutaneviaairis183
mg.
(1)ShahJJ,HeyerdahlEKNationalAmbientVOCDatabaseUpdateUSEPA600/388/010(1988)
10.2.19 BodyBurdens
nButanewasdetectedin6of12samplesofmothersbreastmilkfromthecitiesofBayonneNJ,JerseyCityNJ,
BridgevillePAandBatonRougeLA(1).AccordingtotheTotalExposureAssessmentMethodology(TEAM)
conductedinNewJersey,2of12personalbreathsamplescontainednbutane(2).Thebackground
measurementsutilizedasasetofcontrolsforairexpiredfromhumanscontainednbutanein8of20samples
collectedover18mo(3).Butanewasdetectedinhumanbreathsamplesatconcentrationsbetween1to10
ppb(4).
(1)PellizzariEDetalBullEnvironContamToxicol28:3228(1982)(2)WallaceLAetalEnvironRes35:293319(1984)
(3)KrotoszynskiBKetalJAnalToxicol3:22534(1979)(4)FenskeJD,PaulsonSEJAirWasteManageAssoc49:
59498(1999)
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11 Literature
11.1 DepositorProvidedPubMedCitations
DepositorProvidedPubMedCitationCount(1621)
fromPubChem[11]
11.2 NLMCuratedPubMedCitations
AllNLMCuratedPubMedCitations
fromPubChem[11]
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12 Patents
12.1 DepositorSuppliedPatentIdentifiers
Refine/Analyze
1to10of194,344
3 ... 19,435
Download
Relevance
Patent
Submitted
CrystallineAlPO439[US4663139]
19870505
Wetmetallizationofacrylicresinarticles[US4663199]
19870505
Polyureacoatingsforobjectsofmetalglasswoodorplastic[US4663201]
19870505
Flexible,chemicallytreatedfibersandcoatedfabricsthereof[US4663231]
19870505
Coatedphotographicbasematerial[US4663236]
19870505
Methodforembeddingelectricalandelectroniccircuitry[US4663237]
19870505
Electrophotographiclightsensitivematerialcomprisingorganicphotoconductorand
pyryliumsensitizer[US4663260]
19870505
Hightemperatureresistantphotoresistsfeaturingmaleimidebinders[US4663268]
19870505
Silverhalidephotographicmaterialcontainingapolymerwithaphotographically
usefulgroupwhichisrenderednondiffusivebycrosslinking[US4663272]
19870505
Bicyclicamideacetalmodifiedcatalystsforpolyurethanepolymerformation
[US4663302]
19870505
Granted
fromPubChem[11]
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13 BiomolecularInteractionsandPathways
13.1 ProteinBound3DStructures
Refine/Analyze
MMDBID:123814
MMDBID:122818
Download
MMDBID:122787
fromPubChem[11]
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14 BiologicalTestResults
14.1 BioAssayResults
Refine/Analyze
1to6of6
Download
Relevance
Activity
Substance
BioAssay
unspecified
103370310
Octanolwaterpartitioncoefficient,logPofthecompound[AID:603957]
unspecified
103370310
Solubilityinwaterwasdeterminedvaluesexpressedaslog[AID:13316]
unspecified
103370310
Partitioncoefficientinalkaneswasdetermined[AID:23726]
unspecified
103370310
Partitioncoefficient(logP)[AID:23737]
unspecified
103370310
Partitioncoefficientinwaterhexadecane(P16)wasdetermined[AID:23718]
unspecified
103370310
Partitioncoefficientinwatercyclohexanewasdetermined[AID:23729]
fromPubChem[11]
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15 Classification
15.1 Ontologies
15.1.1 MeSHTree
Refine/Analyze
ListView
1to1of1
Download
TreeView
butane
fromMeSH[13]http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
15.1.2 ChEBIOntology
Refine/Analyze
ListView
1to1of1
Download
TreeView
butane
fromChEBI[14]http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
15.1.3 WIPOIPC
Refine/Analyze
1to10of22,645
3 ... 2,265
ListView
Download
TreeView
A61P11/04forthroatdisorders
A61P11/06Antiasthmatics
A61P11/08Bronchodilators
A61P11/10Expectorants
A61P11/12Mucolytics
A61P11/14Antitussiveagents
A61P11/16Centralrespiratoryanaleptics
A61P13/00Drugsfordisordersoftheurinarysystem
A61P13/02ofurineoroftheurinarytract,e.g.urineacidifiers
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A61P13/02ofurineoroftheurinarytract,e.g.urineacidifiers
A61P13/04forurolithiasis
fromWIPO[15]http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/
15.2 SubstanceCategorizationClassification
Download
BioassayScreeningResults(1)
BiologicalProperties(18)
ChemicalReactions(13)
DatabaseVendor(2)
JournalPublishers(1)
MetabolicPathways(2)
Patents(110)
PhysicalProperties(19)
Protein3DStructures(42)
SubstanceVendors(17)
TheoreticalProperties(14)
Toxicology(7)
fromPubChem[11]
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16 InformationSources
1. nButanefromHSDB944http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+106
978
2. ButanefromEPAChemicalDataReport106978http://www.epa.gov/cdr/
3. Hydrocarbons,C45fromEPAChemicalDataReport68476426http://www.epa.gov/cdr/
4. Hydrocarbons,C14fromEPAChemicalDataReport68514318http://www.epa.gov/cdr/
5. BUTANEfromILOICSC0232http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0232
PeerReviewStatus:27.11.2003Validated
6. nButanefromNIOSHPocketGuidenpgd0068http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0068.html
7. BUTANEfromOSHAOccupationalChemicalDB49http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?
RecNo=49
8. ECHA2034487http://echa.europa.eu/
9. Wiki8774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane
10. FDA/SPLIndexingdata6LV4FOR43R
http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DataStandards/StructuredProductLabeling/ucm377913.htm
11. PubChemhttp://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
DatadepositedinorcomputedbyPubChem
12. butanefromMeSH67046888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67046888
13. MeSHTreefromMeSHDescTreehttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
MeSH(MedicalSubjectHeadings)istheNLMcontrolledvocabularythesaurususedforindexingarticlesfor
PubMed.
14. ChEBIOntologyfromChEBIOBOhttp://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
TheChEBIOntologyisastructuredclassificationoftheentitiescontainedwithinChEBI.
15. InternationalPatentClassification2015fromWIPOIPChttp://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/
TheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)InternationalPatentClassification(IPC)providesfora
hierarchicalsystemoflanguageindependentsymbolsfortheclassificationofpatentsandutilitymodels
accordingtothedifferentareasoftechnologytowhichtheypertain.
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16. HC600(hydrocarbon) 26. 1methylpropyl

36. 1methylpropandiyl 46. R600

37. EINECS2034487 47. 68527173

40. (s)1methylpropyl 50. Hydrocarbons,C1

9. Methylethylmethane 19. secbutyl

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