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3/7/2012
CompactionGroutingConsensusGuide
ShortCourse
CompactionGroutingDesign
Dr.DawnShuttle,PE
ObjectivesoftheDesignModule
1.BecomefamiliarwithstandardCG
design.
2.Knowwhatcanbedensified,andwhy.
3.Understandwhyslowerinjectionis
better..
4.Understandthelimitationsofstandard
analysisofcompactiongrouting.
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Slides5to8havebeenrelocatedto
advances
Startwiththeconceptualmodel.
SoilBehavior101
Loosesoilcontractingduringshear.
Draft SubjectToRevision
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SoilBehavior101
Densesoilexpandingduringshear.
BUTwedontwantthesoiltoexpand
SoilBehavior101
1000
Easyto
compaction
grout
400
800
deviator stress, q: kPa
600
200
Loose
400
10
15
3
2
contraction
0
-1
expansion
volumetric strain: %
volumetric strain: %
axial strain: %
-2
Dense
200
Impossibleto
compaction
grout
600
10
axial strain: %
15
3
2
1
contraction
0
-1
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5
-5
expansion
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
0.900
Loose
G685
0.800
G682
G681
Void ratio, e
emax
0.700
CSL
G662
G665
0.600
G667
Dense
e ec
Erksak
0.500
10
100
1000
10000
RelationshipbetweenDrandSoil
Description D e e
e
e
max min
max
Relative
Density (%)
Descriptive
Term
Approximate \
03
0 15
Very loose
+0.1
310
15 35
Loose
0.0
1018
35 65
Medium Dense
-0.05
1830
65 85
Dense
-0.1
>30
85 100
Very Dense
-0.3
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Densitymatters
deviator stress, q: kPa
600
400
200
Dense
0
0
10
15
20
25
axial strain: %
30
35
volumetric strain: %
4
3
2
1
contraction
0
-1
-2
-3
expansion
40
CGonlyworksfor
loosersoils
Generally\ >0.05
IfsoilisdenseCGcan
actuallymakelooser.
Ifindoubt,consider
someshearbox(or
triaxial)testing
OrconsiderCPTtesting
-4
-5
Whatabouttheincreaseofmean
effectivestress?
meanstressincrease
shearing
Byfarthemostbangforyourbuckfromshearing
Draft SubjectToRevision
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Drainedvs.Undrained
contraction
Drainedloading
Undrainedloading+
consolidation
ModifiedfromKovacevicetal.,2000
DrainedorUndrained?
ALWAYSDRAINED!
Draft SubjectToRevision
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Practically InjectionRate
Typicalinjectionrateisontheorderof
2ft3/min.(|57litres/min)
Slowerratesmaybeneededforsensitive
applications.
Higherratesmaybeusedundercertain
conditions(butlikelyneedsadvanced
monitoringand/oranalysis).
CGMechanics InjectionRate
However,groutingathighinjectionrates
maybehardertocontrol.
Highinjectionratesmayproduceundrained
behavior.
Densificationisreducedsignificantly.
Injectionpressureisgreatlyincreased.
Ruleofthumb,8psi/min;1to2ft3/min.
| 55kPa;28to57litres/min
Draft SubjectToRevision
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CGMechanics InjectionRate
Injectionratesshouldbeslowenoughto
allowporepressuredissipationconsistent
withthesurroundingsoilspermeability
rate.=>successfulcompaction
Unbalancedinjectionratescanproduce
hydraulicfracturing.
Hydrofractureformationcanprecludethe
controlledintergranularshearing necessary
tosuccessfuldensification.
SoilstypessuitableforCG
Needthegrouttodisplacethegrout,not
permeateintothesoilsporespace
GRAVELUSUALLYNOTSUITABLE
Butlowmobilitygroutisgoodforfillingvoids
Needporepressurestodissipate.
CLAYSNOTSUITABLE,SILTS????
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Pressureatdepth
Thepressurethatmattersisthepressureat
groutinjection notatsurface
Measuringthiswillbecoveredindetailin
FieldAdvances
Simpler(althoughlessaccurate)approachis
theoffsetapproach
length
gauge
pressure
Atmospheric
pressure
Pressuredropdowngroutpipe=pressuredrop/length
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Design questionsbeforewestart
Isthesoilsuitable?(density,type)
Layering?
Nearbystructuresortopographychanges?
Designconsiderations
Layering?
fromByle(2000)
10
Draft SubjectToRevision
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Designconsiderations
Nearbystructures?
Buildingfoundations
Utilities
Topographychange?
Slope
Cliff
Effectofconfinement
veryloose
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Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Effectofconfinement
loose
Withconfinement
\ = +0.05
Very Loose Silty Sand
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
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Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
withconfinement
\ = -0.10
Medium Dense Silty Sand
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
CGMechanics Confinement
Soildensificationmoreeffectiveifconfined
bystiffersoilzones,eitheraboveoradjacent
totheexpandinggroutmass.
Enablesdevelopmentofhigherlocal
stresses,forcingparticlesclosertogether
duringshear.
Importanceofdrilling/injectinginsequence
onagridpattern.
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Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Groutquantityestimate
Toreliablyestimategroutquantitiesyouneed
reliableinsitusoilproperties
Sadly,therereallyisnowayroundthis
Willthesoildilateorcontract?
Density
Layering
Needagoodlowmobilitygrout
Controlofinjection
Slowinjection
Remembersomeleakage
10 m
Proposed Building
8m
Plan
Layer 1: Dense sand
Layer 2: Fill
5m
Jd = 1360 kg/m3
Layer 3: Rock
Soil Profile
14
Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Examplegroutvolumeestimate
calculation
Currentdensity(kg/m3)=1360
Targetdensity(kg/m3)=1700
Requiredreductioninvolume(%)| 20%
massofsoilremainsconstant
Mass=Volume*Density
1*1360=FinalVol*1700
FinalVol=0.80
Convenienttoassumeinitialvolume=1
1 0.8=0.2
Examplegroutvolumeestimate
calculation
Volumeofsoiltobegrouted(m2)=5*(8+10)*(10+10)=1800
Volumeofgrouttobeinjected(m2)=0.2*1800=360
Volumepermetredepth(m2)=360/5=72
Spacing=2.5m(usuallyabout2 3.5m)
Numberofholes| 18/2.5*20/2.5| 72
Groutperholepermdepth(m3)=360/(5*72)=1.
(radius=0.56m)
15
Draft SubjectToRevision
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Layoutoftheholes
row
row
row
row
row
Typicalspacing612ft(1.8 3.6m)
Confine
16
Draft SubjectToRevision
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Fillin
Rememberthecolumnswillmove
soneedtoroundupvolumes
17
Draft SubjectToRevision
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ControllingGroutInjection
(andthethingstowatch)
Pressurelimitatagiveninjectionrate
Theinjectionratematters!
Volumeofgroutlimit
Thisisusuallyquotedperstage
Monitormovements
Buildings,utilities,etc
Maximumliftatsurface
Raisingthegroundsurfacehaslittleeffectonthe
insitusoildensity(i.e.avoid!!)
Pointsforthecontract
Rememberyourepayingtohavethesoil
madedenser NOTtopumpgrout.
Soeither
Specifythefinalsoildensityandhowthisdensity
willbeconfirmed,or
SpecifyRATEaswellasvolumeandlimiting
pressureforrefusal
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Draft SubjectToRevision
3/7/2012
Pointstotakeaway
Compactiongroutingworksbyshearingthe
soiltoveryhighstrains
Loosesoilsdensifyduringshearing(butdense
soilscanloosen)
Undrainedsoilsdontchangevolumeduring
shearing(soCGwontwork)
Compactiongroutingisnotdifficulttodesign,
butdoesneedagoodknowledgeofthesoil
andthesite
Thankyouforyourkindattention
The Presenters for the Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide Short Course, their employers, affiliates,
successors, and anyone acting under their authority disclaim any and all liability for any personal injury, property
damage, financial loss, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct,
indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any persons use of, or reliance on any and
all materials presented at the aforesaid short course, which is presented for information purposes only.
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