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Improving
Health Care
With Data
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The Future
of Crime
Prevention
11
Landing
a Job in
Big Data
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17
Part-time
Passions: Chess
and Flying
S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 4 _________________
THEINSTITUTE.IEEE.ORG
CONNECTING THE DOTS WITH
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THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND
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BRIEFINGS
7
8
1-6
10
9
REGION
REGION NEWS
REGION
NORTHEASTERN
UNITED STATES
New Jersey Coast Section
forms IEEE Education Society
chapter.
Binghamton (N.Y.) Section forms IEEE

Antennas and Propagation Society chapter.
REGION
EASTERN UNITED
STATES
Pittsburgh Section forms IEEE
Power Electronics Society chapter.
Susquehanna (Pa.) Section forms IEEE

Nanotechnology Council chapter.
WESTERN UNITED
S TATE S
Student branch formed at ITT
Technical University, Las Vegas.
Student branch at Western Washington

University, Bellingham, forms IEEE
Oceanic Engineering Society chapter.
REGION
CANADA
Student branch at Laval
University, Quebec, forms IEEE
Women in Engineering (WIE)
afnity group.
Quebec Section forms joint chapter of

IEEE Circuits and Systems and IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology societies.
E U R O P E , M I D D L E E A S T,
AND AFRICA
Student branch at University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, forms IEEE
Power & Energy Society chapter.
REGION
SOUTHEASTERN UNITED
STATES
Student branch at EmbryRiddle Aeronautical University,
Daytona Beach, Fla., forms IEEE
Computer Society chapter.
REGION
Mississippi Section forms IEEE Young

Professionals (formerly Graduates of the
Last Decade) afnity group.
Student branch at Mississippi State
University, Starkville, forms IEEE YP
afnity group.
COVER: GETTY IMAGES; THIS PAGE: ISTOCKPHOTO
SOUTHWESTERN
UNITED STATES
Student branch at University
of Texas, Arlington, forms
IEEE Industry Applications
Society chapter.
REGION
Student branch at Alexandria University, Egypt, forms IEEE Robotics and

Automation Society chapter.
Student branches formed in Egypt at
Kafrelsheikh University, Nile University,
Pharos University, Port Said University,
and South Valley University.
Student branch formed at Tallinn
University of Technology, Estonia.
Student branch formed at University
of Bordeaux, France.
Student branch formed at Technical
College of Regensburg, Germany.
Student branch at Technical University
of Munich forms IEEE Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society chapter.
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______________
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Student branch at Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, forms IEEE Computer

and IEEE Robotics and Automation society chapters.
REGION
10
A S I A A N D PA C I F I C
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Territory (Canberra) Section
forms IEEE WIE afnity group.
Student branch formed at American

University of Kuwait, Kuwait City.
Student branch formed at Shenzhen

University, China.
Student branch at Universidade de

Aveiro, Portugal, forms IEEE Microwave
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Xian (China) Section forms IEEE

Power & Energy Society chapter.
Student branches in Portugal at Universidade do Minho, Braga, and Universidade

do Porto form IEEE WIE afnity groups.
Romania Section forms IEEE Electron
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Student branch formed at Carnegie
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Student branch formed at Universidad
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Sweden Section forms IEEE WIE
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Tunisia Section forms IEEE Intelligent
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Student branch formed at the University
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Bangalore (India) Section forms IEEE

Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology Society chapter.
Tokyo Section forms IEEE Intelligent
Transportation Systems Society chapter.
Student branches formed in Pakistan
at Mehran University of Engineering
and Technology, Jamshoro, and Superior University, Lahore.
Student branch formed at Singapore
University of Technology and Design.
Student branch formed at Pusan
National University, Busan, South Korea.
Thailand Section forms IEEE YP affinity group.
Student branch formed at Dubai

Womens College, United Arab Emirates.
REGION
LATIN AMERICA
Student branch formed at
Universidad Nacional Arturo
Jauretche, Buenos Aires.

Ponticia Bolivariana, Bucaramanga,
Colombia.
Internacional del Ecuador, Quito.
El Salvador Section forms IEEE WIE
afnity group.
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S EPTEMB ER 2014 TH E IN STITUTE
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NEWS
This photo of the

IEEE Women in
Engineering group
at Ajman University Science and
Technology, in the
United Arab Emirates,
won rst prize in
last years IEEE Day
photo contest.
CALENDAR
September
1969: IEEE Life

Fellow Leonard
Kleinrock helps connect a
computer to an Interface
Message Processor, which
becomes the rst node of
the ARPANET.
IEEE Day Is
on Its Way
1882: New York Citys

Pearl Street Station
[top], which houses the
rst central power plant
in the United States, goes
into service.
1901: Birth date of

Life Fellow Ernst
Weber, a pioneer in
microwaves who in 1963
served as IEEEs first
president.
October
November
12
1947: The White

House broadcasts its
first televised address,
by President Harry S
Truman [above].
1936: The Hoover

Dam, built on the
border of Arizona and
Nevada during the Great
Depression, begins
supplying hydroelectric
power to Los Angeles.
11
1988: Using
400 computers
linked to the Internet, a
group of scientists factor
a 100-digit number
a milestone for both
cryptography and distributed computing.
10
1960: Color television transmission

begins in Japan [above].
27
1918: Birth date

of Sir Martin
Ryle, a radio astronomer
who received the 1974
Nobel Prize in Physics
for developing the
aperture synthesis technique, which combines
signals from multiple
telescopes to produce a
high-resolution image.
1842: Birth date

of John William
Strutt, a pioneer in
electromagnetism who
received the 1904 Nobel
Prize in Physics for isolating the element argon.
1722
IEEE
Meeting Series, in New
Brunswick, N.J.
23
1977: The
European Space
Agency puts into orbit
the Meteosat-1, its rst
meteorological satellite.
18
1954: Texas
Instruments and
Idea Corp. announce the
Regency TR1, the rst
commercial transistor
pocket radio.
311
Region 7
Meeting,
in Peterborough, Ont.,
Canada.
27
1894: Birth date of

Konosuke
Matsushita [above],
founder of Matsushita
Electric Industrial Co.,
later to become Panasonic.
30
1887: Nikola
Tesla les the rst
patent application for an
induction motor.
See our interactive calendar for photos and videos of these important dates in engineering history at http://theinstitute.ieee.org/calendar-september-november-2014. Historical
events provided by the IEEE History Center. IEEE events indicated in red.
TH E IN STITUTE S EPTEMB ER 2014
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Remember to
Return Your Ballot
I T S T I M E T O V O T E in the
annual IEEE election. Ballots have
IEEE Raises Dues

for E-Membership
T H E D U E S for electronic member-
ships, referred to as e-Memberships,

in 2015 will be US $75, an increase of
$23. This option is offered to those
living in countries where the per
capita gross domestic product is
$15,000 or less.
E-Membership was a pilot
program launched in 2011 to test
the impact of substantially reduced
dues on member recruitment and
retention in developing countries.
These statistics did not increase signicantly during the pilot. The dues
increase is necessary to make the
program economically sustainable.
As with traditional IEEE membership
dues, future increases will be evaluated against the composite average
of global consumer price indices.
IEEE also has a Special Circumstances reduced dues program that
IEEE
CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: SCHENECTADY MUSEUM/CORBIS; ALLAN GRANT/THE LIFE PICTURE COLLECTION/GETTY IMAGES;
BILL RAY/THE LIFE PICTURE COLLECTION/GETTY IMAGES; GETTY IMAGES
I E E E I S I N V I T I N G its more than

430,000 members to celebrate the
fth annual IEEE Day on 7 October
but not all in one place. The day will
commemorate the anniversary of the
1884 meeting in Philadelphia when
members of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers, one of IEEEs
predecessor societies, gathered for the
rst time to share technical ideas.
Members around the world are
planning local events to celebrate
the day, surrounding the theme
Leveraging Technology for a Better
Tomorrow. Events include technical
and networking meetings, workshops,
and social events. Last year, more
than 400 celebrations took place.
Want to host an event of your
own? Youll nd some ideas by visiting http://www.ieeeday.org. There,
youll also be able to add your event
and its location to a world map and
download the ofcial IEEE Day logo
and T-shirt design.
There is also a contest for the
best photos taken of celebrants
at the events. Cash prizes will be
awarded to the IEEE organizational
units that submit winning photos,
which will be displayed on the IEEE
Day website [see last years winning
photo, above]. You can also post messages about your celebration and see
what others are planning to do on
the Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter
pages listed on the website.
Amanda Davis
been sent to members postal

mailboxes.
In addition to the three candidates for 2015 president-elect,
various IEEE divisions and regions,
the IEEE Standards Association,
IEEE Technical Activities, and
IEEE-USA will be electing officers.
Members who are eligible to vote
can access and return their ballot
electronically at http://www.ieee.
org/elections or return by mail using
the postage-paid reply envelope
included in each ballot package. Ballots must be received by 12 noon CST
USA/17:00 UTC on 1 October.
To learn more about the 2015
IEEE president-elect candidates,
visit http://www.theinstitute.ieee.
org/static/2015-candidates-videos.
Carrie Loh
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offers 50 percent off the standard

dues for members who are unemployed, are retired, or have low
income. Members can choose this
option when joining or renewing
their memberships.
Members who choose the
e-Membership option will continue to have all the advantages
of standard membership. These
include the ability to vote in IEEE
elections, join societies, engage
in local activities, be considered
for membership grade elevation
to senior member and Fellow, and
access member discounts. They can
also participate in new offerings
such as the IEEE RsumLab and the
IEEE MentorCentre. E-Membership
members receive electronic instead
of printed versions of the IEEE
membership card, as well as IEEE
Spectrum and The Institute.
We would like to thank members
who are participating in the program
Available 8 September at
theinstitute.ieee.org
BOOKS OF INTEREST
E-books cover topics relating
to big data.
IN MEMORIAM
The Institute pays
tribute to three members
who recently died.
and ask their understanding of the

dues increase, which will allow us to
continue to offer the program, says
Jamie Moesch, senior director of
IEEE Member Experience. IEEE will
continue to look for ways to improve
the value of membership worldwide
and examine ways to make it more
affordable to new and existing members who are most in need.
Kathy Pretz
The IEEE History

Center Relocates
A F T E R R E S I D I N G for 24 years on
the campus of Rutgers University in

New Brunswick, N.J., the IEEE History
Center in July moved up the road a bit
to Stevens Institute of Technology, in
Hoboken. The center is located in a
wing on the third oor of the schools
Samuel C. Williams Library [below].
The move was prompted by a
review conducted in 2012 to determine what partnerships might best
enhance IEEEs activities in documenting the history of technology. It
was decided that when its agreement
with Rutgers expired on 1 July, the
History Center would move to Stevens and begin a strategic partnership with the universitys College of
Arts and Lettersthe academic unit
dedicated to teaching and research
in science, technology, the humanities, and the arts.
In the partnership with Stevens,
some of the History Center staff
of six will teach courses on the
history of engineering and help
organize exhibits and other activities on campus.
A.D.
IEEE Open Access

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Learn more about IEEE Open Access
www.ieee.org/open-access
ALEX MAGOUN/IEEE
Michael Geselowitz, senior director of the IEEE History Center, at the centers new location in
the Samuel C. Williams Library at Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, N.J.
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FEATURES
How Big
Will Big
Data Get?
I G D A T A is a term with no set
denition, mainly because the
meaning of big changes with the
advance of technology. Because
more devices are becoming part of
our everyday livesincluding wearables
applied to health care and tness, sensors
and surveillance cameras in cities, and
smart appliances and gadgets for the home
there are more bits of data than ever before.
A decade ago, big data was measured in
terabytes (or 1,000 to the fourth power in the
International System of Units), and today
the measure has reached petabytes, or 1,000
times that size. Soon big data will likely mean
exabytesor 1 million terabytes. All of the
facts, gures, les, and records making up
this data will be up for analysis, with the hope
that the results will provide insight into the
world we live in and will help to improve it.
IEEE is a major player in this arena. The
IEEE Big Data Initiative, launched in June
under the Future Directions Committee
the organizations R&D armis working not
only to advance technologies that support
and make sense of the growing mountains of
data, but also to ensure that the information
remains secure. This work includes developing
ways to increase storage capacity for databases,
supporting IT infrastructures for handling
an ever-increasing data load, and developing
standards for the eld. The initiatives members
are also examining the potential consequences
of big data in terms of security, reliability, and
privacy, and the best ways to deal with them.
This issue of The Institute highlights several
applications of big data. The health-care
industry is using data analytics to cut costs
and improve care [this page]. Law enforcement
ofcials are also using software to analyze
data from a multitude of sources to predict
and sometimes even prevent crime [p. 8].
And weve proled IEEE Member Mark
Davis, leader of the IEEE Cloud Computing
Initiatives big data track [p. 17].
This issue also highlights IEEE
products, standards, and conferences
that will provide the basis for advancing
the eld and enable IEEE members to
put big data to use in their own work.
TECH TOPIC
Better Health Care

Through Data
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ISTOCKPHOTO
How health analytics could contain costs

and improve care B Y K A T H Y P R E T Z
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TS NO SURPRISE
that keeping people

healthy is costing more
money. From the price
of medications and the
cost of hospital stays to doctors fees and medical tests,
health-care costs around
the world are skyrocketing.
The World Health Organization attributes much of
this to wasteful spending
on such things as ineffective drugs and duplicate
procedures and paperwork,
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as well as missed diseaseprevention opportunities.

All countries can do
somethingmany of them
a great dealto improve
the efciency of their health
systems, reports the WHO,
thereby releasing resources
that could be used to cover
more people, more services,
and more of the costs.
Its estimated that the
health-care industry could
save billions by using bigdata health analytics to mine
the treasure trove of information in electronic health
records, insurance claims,
prescription orders, clinical
studies, government reports,
and laboratory results.
Analytics could be used to
systematically review clinical
data so that treatment decisions could be based on the
best available data instead
of on physicians judgment
alone. Long waits at hospitals
for a room could be reduced
once calculations can be
made to predict when beds
might become empty. Flu
outbreaks could be contained if health authorities
could track the numbers
and locations of those who
contract the illness.
And nally, ordinary
people will gain more control. We have to gure out
how to use these data and
technologies to help people
make health-enhancing
choices, says IEEE Senior
Member Michael S. Johnson.
He is director of utility-care
data analysis for the Kaiser
Foundation Health Plan, in
Oakland, Calif. Part of the
Kaiser Permanente health
system, it has more than
9 million members, 17,000
salaried physicians, 611 medical ofces, and 37 hospitals.
Johnson was also a speaker at
the IEEE Computer Societys
2013 Rock Stars of Big Data
event, held last October in
Mountain View, Calif.
The data accumulating in
health records are an unbelievably rich source for
improving public health,
for communities to understand their own needs, and
for spotting inequities and
disparities in care within

society as a whole, he says.
Several health-analysis
initiatives are under
way at Kaiser and other
organizations.
to spot complications after

a procedure, and reduce
the number of people
being readmitted for the
same condition.
PREVENTATIVE CARE
Several other health analysis projects were outlined

in A Look at Challenges
and Opportunities of BigData Analytics in Health
Care, written by researchers from Cisco Systems,
including IEEE Senior Member Raghunath Nambiar, the
companys chief architect
for big-data solutions. The
article is available in the
IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
Several big-data projects
aimed at battling the u
were outlined in the Cisco
researchers article. Seasonal u spreads easily and
can quickly sweep through
schools, nursing homes,
and businesses, hospitalizing millions and killing
upwards of 500,000 people
worldwide. Its important to
contain the us spread and
lessen the chances of a pandemic like the one caused
by the H1N1 virus in 2009.
Each week, the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control
makes available for analysis
the more than 700,000
weekly u reports it receives
from health-care providers
that contain details about
the illness, treatments given,
and whether they were successful. The CDC FluView
application sifts through and
organizes this data to provide
a picture of how the disease
is spreading as well as what
vaccine strain is working
best. The information is
posted on the CDC website.
The WHOs FluNet
compiles data provided
by the National Inuenza
Centres of the Global
Inuenza Surveillance
and Response System and
other national u-tracking
laboratories. That information is uploaded and used
for tracking the movement
of viruses globally and
interpreting the epidemiological data. The real-time
data are publicly available
TRACKING TOOLS
Kaiser has the most electronic health records in the

United States. Occupying
about 30 petabytes of storage,
these records double almost
every two years, according
to Johnson. Although Kaiser
began creating electronic
records about a decade ago,
it just recently developed
analytical tools to make
sense of the information to
improve care.
For example, the company searches through the
electronic medical charts of
the 1,500 or so individuals
who visited or contacted
a Kaiser facility the previous day. It then produces a
daily report of patients who
require follow-up care, such
as blood tests or immunizations. The program also
looks for gaps in care using
evidence-based clinical
rules that govern best-care
practices, such as how
often to monitor the blood
sugar levels of diabetics. A
record may be agged and
reviewed by the patients
doctor, who can then schedule a procedure if necessary.
Instead of seeing only
20 patients a day, doctors
are able to see 75 to 100
people and get ahead of the
wave, Johnson says. You
can imagine how satisfying that is for a physician.
We believe these types of
physician-support tools,
used side by side with electronic medical records, are
the future of health care.
Kaiser is also using predictive health analytics to
improve procedures in its
hospitals, he says, because
care there is measured in
minutes, and its critical to
do the right thing right now.
It is developing programs
to prevent falls by patients
in the hospital, predict the
length of hospital stays, create early-warning systems
and presented in various

formats, including tables,
maps, and graphs.
Meanwhile, computer
scientists at the University
of Southern California, in
Los Angeles, and medical
experts have teamed up
to use data to better treat
patients with Parkinsons
disease, a progressive disorder of the nervous system.
The team created an
algorithm that analyzes
data from sensors that track
a patients movements,
including 3-D sensors,
similar to those used in the
Microsoft Kinect gaming
system, a smartphone, and
body sensors. The sensors
monitor the diseases progress and the treatments
effectiveness in real time. If
decreased range of motion
or exibility is spotted, caregivers are alerted so they
might prescribe different
medications or have the
patient try other musclestrengthening exercises.
THE FUTURE
According to Johnson and

the Cisco researchers, with
the help of big data, more
personalized medicine
that uses patient-specic
data, including genomics,
will be the future of patient
care. Individualized treatment plans will control
costs and improve quality of
life in at least three ways
by reducing trial-anderror prescribing, avoiding
adverse drug reactions, and
preventing unnecessary
hospitalizations.
Today the health care
industry is just beginning to
understand all the innovative things that can be done
with big data, wrote the
Cisco researchers. Integrating data from various
sources can build predictive
models that can lower overall
cost and improve quality
of care signicantly. New
data sources and analytics
technologies are expected
to emerge in the near future
that will change the way
medicine is practiced.
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TECH TOPIC
The Future
of Crime
Prevention
Big data can stop criminals in
their tracks B Y M O N I C A R O Z E N F E L D
those programs
can detect criminal
activity, theres still
some way to go, says
IEEE Member Marc
Goodman, founder
of the Future Crimes
Institute, a group of
technical specialists who consult with
law enforcement
ofcials on technologys role in crime and
its prevention.
Goodman, a former police ofcer,
has also served as
a senior advisor to
Interpol, the international police organization based in Lyon,
France, whose 190
member countries
work together to
ght crime.
Data often
replicates what a
police ofcer already
knowsfor example,
that more crime
takes place on Friday
nights, when people
go out, or in places
where illegal drugs
are sold, says Goodman. Data analysis will be
more useful when it can
reveal more complex information that police ofcials
might not be able to gure
out on their own.
Big-data analysis programswhich can massage
the data gathered from
so many places in todays
records- and sensor-lled
worldmay be the answer.
Such programs are already
being used to complement
law enforcement practices.
JOINING FORCES
N T H E 2 0 0 2 lm
Minority Report, police
apprehend criminals
based on the predictions of three psychics.
Although the story is science ction, the potential
for law enforcement to predict and prevent a crime
before it takes place is not.
Because of technology
including smartphones,
surveillance cameras, and
biometric sensors that can
detect markers like ngerprintsmore data about
individuals is available now

than ever before. And analyzing that data can lead
law enforcement to crimes
before they occur.
BEYOND PUSHPINS
From the pushpins police

used in the early 1900s to
mark where street crimes
ocurred, in order to allocate
foot patrols, law enforcement
has moved to computer programs that analyze data to
spot areas where crimes are
likely to occur. And although
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One company using data

to make predictions is
Palantir, in Palo Alto, Calif. It
designed a program used by
the U.S. intelligence community to prevent acts of
terrorism. By examining the
vast amount of information
already available on terrorism suspects, the program
can piece together data to
connect the dots and indicate what might happen.
Data can include a
suspects DNA, facial information gleaned from the
surveillance of automated
teller machines used to wire
money, rental-car license

plates monitored at different
locations, phone records,
and places that the suspect
is known to have visited.
The program has uncovered
terrorist networks planning
bomb attacks in several
countries and, in one case,
found suspects in the murder of a U.S. Customs agent.
Forensic Logic, in Walnut
Creek, Calif., is another dataanalysis company working to help prevent crime.
Goodman notes that many
contiguous police precincts
do not share information
with one another.
In one project, the
company combined
the databases of some
80 cities and towns within
Los Angeles County and
analyzed the results. It
was able to quickly locate
several fugitives, simply
because they had moved
from one police precinct
to the next.
Projects like these are a
powerful tool for law enforcement, Goodman says.
Social networks have
also been useful, providing a vast amount of public
information for police to
comb through. Software can
scan for specic keywords
and behaviors that could
indicate unlawful activity.
Programs have not only
uncovered plots to commit
crimes, such as robberies
and drug deals, but also
pinpointed those who might
commit them, as well as
when and where the crimes
might take place.
An impressive example
of a data project on crime is
at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, notes
Goodman. A team in its
Department of Criminology
came up with an algorithm to predict who will
be a victim of a homicide
based on a variety of data,
including reports from local
police precincts. Rather than
targeting the likely murderer,
the researchers partner with
police to warn potential
victims that they are at risk
and advise them on how to
protect themselves.
The department previously developed software
to help parole boards
determine which inmates

could be released because
theyre unlikely to commit a crime again. These
predictions are based on 24
variables, including criminal
records and the ages at
which crimes were committed. About 80 percent of
U.S. parole boards now use
similar systems, which have
been shown to drop the
recidivism rate by 15 percent.
Big-data programs have
proven best at predicting
street crimes, such as auto
thefts and homicides during the commission of a
felony, as well as street riots
and acts of terrorism, says
Goodman. Other offenses,
such as cybercrime or socalled crimes of passion, are
not likely to be uncovered
in advance by a data program. I dont see how an
algorithm can predict them
just yet, he says.
CHALLENGES
The biggest obstacle to

using big data in predicting criminal activity is that
programmers and law
enforcement are not joining
forces. Another challenge
is to determine what to do
once the data indicate that
someone might be up to no
good. Prosecutors could ask
a judge to place someone
under house arrest or issue a
restraining order, if enough
evidence is there. But arresting someone based on data
analytics could be trickier,
Goodman says.
Data doesnt always
show the whole picture,
he explains. And software
programs are not always
neutral. There is concern
about how their algorithms
are implemented.
As big-data programs
and the technologies that
provide data advance,
there is no doubt that law
enforcement will use these
tools to help them do their
jobs, Goodman continues. But before we can
achieve that theoretical
Minority Report world, the
programs need to improve,
and questions about their
effects on privacy and the
appropriate use of them
need to be answered.
ISTOCKPHOTO
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Remington Rand delivered its Univac

computer to the U.S. Census Bureau
in 1951. One of the worlds rst
commercial computers, it stored data
on magnetic tape instead of punch
cards. The bureau immediately put it to
work to process its 1950 data.
TECH HISTORY
Census and
Sensibility
A little history of big data
BY MICHAEL GESELOWITZ
O C I E T Y I S A T a turning
point, and its the result of
big data. Many believe the
explosion of ways to identify,
collect, store, and process
information will provide an unprecedented ability for people to understand and control the natural world
and especially the social world.
This trend toward exploiting
incredibly large data sets, which could
also be used to make predictions, is
generally lumped under the term big
data. The term rst emerged in the
1980s to describe the impact computers had on the social sciences in the
1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the need to
understand larger and larger data sets
was a driving force behind the development of computational technology.
S
UNDERWOOD ARCHIVES/GETTY IMAGES
KEEPING TRACK
The roots of big data go back much

further than the current informaTHEINSTITUTE.IEEE.ORG
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tion age. The need to grapple with

data sets beyond one persons native
ability began almost 10,000 years
ago, when our ancestors abandoned
hunter-gatherer lifestyles for agriculture. The agricultural revolution led to
population concentrations with more
complex political organizations and
more extensive craft specialization
and trade. In turn, this required better
ways to account for people and goods.
Archaeologists believe that
alphabetic and numeric systems
and arithmetic rst began in the
ancient agricultural Near East.
Their purpose: to keep track of
crops and livestock collected as
taxes by central theocratic bureaucracies. Calculating devices such as
the abacus soon followed.
Consider just one use of todays
big data with a deep history and a
major impact on computational
technology: keeping track of a coun-
trys citizenry. This has often been

accomplished through a periodic
counting, or census. Many references to censuses exist in the ancient
world, from Egyptian tomb inscriptions and the Hebrew Bible to, perhaps, most famously, the worldwide
Roman census described in the Book
of Luke in the New Testament.
In 2 C.E., Han Dynasty China
conducted a censusthe largest for
centuries to comewhose accuracy
is considered remarkable for
the time. It counted 59.6 million
individuals and 12.36 million
households. In 1086, William I the
Conqueror of England commissioned the Domesday Book, in which
were recorded the names of all the
landowners in his kingdom and
their possessions. His aim: to better
collect taxes. Since William did not
have access to the tax records of the
king he defeated, Edward the Confessor, he had to start from scratch.
An even greater need for accurate
counts of citizens emerged with the
formation of highly centralized and
bureaucratic modern nation-states.
At the time of the Domesday Book,
the population of what was to
become the United Kingdom was
probably under 2 million.
The 17th-century Enlightenment
polymath Sir William Petty, a founder
of the U.K.s Royal Society, developed
a number of statistical techniques to
estimate this population, which in
his day was probably about 6 million.
By the time George III ordered the

rst modern British census to help
govern his burgeoning empire in
1801, the count was almost 11 million people. Georges action followed
well after the rst systematic census
in Europe had been conducted by
Great Britains rival Prussia way back
in 1719, and after the rst census by
his breakaway colony, the United
States, was made in 1790.
It was in the United States where
an accurate population count took
on its greatest importance and had
the greatest impact on statistics
especially on tabulating and processing technology. Population counts
were needed not just for military
musters and economic planning but
also for political representation in
the growing young nation. The U.S.
Constitution mandates an actual
enumeration every 10 years. The
rst U.S. census, in 1790, revealed
about 4 million inhabitants. By 1870
the number had reached more than
38 million, and clerks had great difculty processing the data by hand.
AUTOMATION TOOLS
Accordingly, the U.S. Census Bureau

began to experiment with ways to
automate the process. Based on his
work for the 1880 census, an engineer
named Herman Hollerith, a member
of the bureaus technical team, felt
he could improve the process. He got
busy and, in 1884, led a patent for an
electromechanical device that rapidly
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The U.S. Census Bureau used this electromechanical machine, invented by bureau
engineer Herman Hollerith, to tabulate statistics for the 1890 census.
read information encoded by punching holes on a paper tape or a set of

cards [above]. In 1889 Holleriths Tabulating Machine Co. was chosen to
process the 1890 census. The project
was successful; on 16 August 1890,

the population of the United States
was put at 62,622,250 people.
Because Hollerith had a monopoly on the new method of data
processing, he charged a premium

for his equipment. In reaction, the
bureau developed its own punchcard equipment based on his ideas.
After a number of patent battles,
which Hollerith ultimately lost,
competitors made innovations in the
eld of tabulation and calculation.
His company went on to evolve into
International Business Machines
(now better known as IBM).
The Census Bureau was not
done with innovation. The census
of 1940 revealed more than 132
million inhabitants, putting a
strain on the Hollerith-type system.
A company formed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly, who
invented the ENIAC computer during World War II, received a contract from the bureau to develop an
electronic computer to tabulate the
census. Remington Rand, a pioneer
in calculating machines, bought
Eckert and Mauchlys company,
and on 31 March 1951 delivered
the Univac, which stored data on
magnetic tape [see p. 9] instead of
punch cards. The bureau immediately put it to work on its 1950 data.
The need to store and manipulate large data sets from the census
was critical to the evolution of the

computer and to the birth of the
information age, which some date
to around 1948, with the publication of Claude E. Shannons information theory and Norbert Wieners
Cybernetics. It also led to the invention of the transistor as well as the
running of the rst stored-program
computerand, ultimately, to the
rise of big data.
If a key characteristic of big data
proves to be its value in prediction,
one story about Univac drives this
point home. As a publicity stunt
during the 1952 U.S. presidential
election, Remington Rand set up a
Univac to monitor and predict its
outcome, which pollsters projected
to be very close. When the computer
predicted in the early evening a
landslide for Dwight D. Eisenhower,
journalists at the CBS television network doubted the result and refused
to announce it until much later that
night. In perhaps its rst predictive
foray, big data proved to be right.
Michael Geselowitz is the senior director of
the IEEE History Center, which is funded
by donations to the IEEE Foundation.
HULTON ARCHIVES/GETTY IMAGES
Innovation doesnt just happen.

Read rst-person accounts of
IEEE members who were there.
IEEE Global History Network
www.ieeeghn.org
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CAREER GUIDANCE
Landing a Job in Big Data

The eld requires the right skills and mind-set
B Y J O H N R . P L AT T
IG DATA
KUTAY TANIR/GETTY IMAGES
needs you. Recent

searches for bigdata job openings on several
major career sites revealed
thousands of job postings, and that number is
only expected to grow. A
recent study by SAS Institute, a business analytics
company, predicted that
the number of employees
needed to handle big-data
tasks will grow by more
than 240 percent by 2017.
McKinsey, a consulting
rm, predicted a shortfall
of hundreds of thousands of
big-data employees in the
United States alone.
Every eld has to redene itself in this new era,
where you can collect so
much more data and use it
to improve your competitive advantage, says IEEE
Fellow Manish Parashar,
founding director of the
Rutgers Discovery Informatics Institute, in Piscataway, N.J., which focuses
on solving data-intensive
challenges in engineering,
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science, medicine, and

other disciplines.
IEEE Fellow Francine
Berman, a professor of computer science at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, in Troy,
N.Y., sees the application
of big data creating new
industries and new ways
of doing things. Becoming
literate about data, getting interested in data, and
knowing how to handle data
will be prerequisites for just
about everything.
She is also chair of
Research Data Alliance/
US. The organization is
developing the global
infrastructure needed for
data sharing and exchange
among diverse research
areas, including tools,
code, institutional policy,
and best practices. These
will provide the foundation for new data-driven
insights and discoveries.
RDA/US receives support
from the U.S. National
Science Foundation, the
European Commission,
and the Australian Commonwealth government.
A TRIO OF SKILLS
Three important skills are

needed if youre to be effective in handling big data,
points out Dennis Shasha,
associate director of NYU
Wireless at New York University and a researcher in
pattern recognition and
database tuning. Hes also a
fellow of the Association of
Computing Machinery.
First is an understanding of databases and
how they manage large
amounts of data. Next is
knowledge about machine
learning and data mining,
which allows inferences
to be made from the data.
Last comes statistics, so
you can estimate the reliability of your conclusions.
It also helps to have an
inquisitive personalitya
cross between that of a
detective and a journalist, says Shasha. The more
questions you ask, the more
youll learn from the data.
Add to that the ability to
take questions about data
sets and translate them
into insight and knowledge.
Its important to understand the eld in which the

data is going to be used, he
continues. This allows you
to ask the right questions and
design the right experiments
to produce additional data.
Working with big data
also requires data literacy.
You need to know when
the data does or does not
make sense, whether the
data is pertinent to the point,
when the data supports the
conclusions, and when that
data is likely to be faulty,
Berman explains.
She also advises people
not to be afraid of the mathematics theyll have to use.
You dont have to be
a professional mathematician to navigate in
a data-driven world, but
understanding and having
an afnity for how things
work quantitatively is really
important, she says.
THINGS TO DO
Employees will also be

needed to deal with cybersecurity, formulate policy and regulations, and
research issues involving
long-term storage and who
can access the data.
A lot of research needs
to be done into how to
manage the large data
volumes and rates, and how
to process it in an efcient
and scalable manner, says
Parashar, as well as how to
provide enough bandwidth,
throughput, computing
capability, and storage
capacity for handling it all.
Issues regarding the
stewardship and preservation of data both now
and in the future must be
worked out, Berman notes.
This is especially true in the
scientic realm, where large
data sets like the Worldwide Protein Data Bank, a
collection of 3-D structural
data of proteins and nucleic
acids used by researchers
around the globe, will be
important to the eld for
decades to come.
Finally, there is the ability
to act on the information
gathered. You have to incorporate big data into your
business plan, says Parashar.
Its going to change the way
you do things.
GETTING IN
Many doors can lead to a

career in big data, according to Berman. Thats
because every industry is
generating its own data,
and data-driven professions
require multiple kinds of
expertise. Its a really broad
space, she says. You enter
through your own interests.
Big data has applications in every eld and
every industry. Parashar
notes that people already
working in electrical
engineering, computer
science, or any other hightech eld could move their
career in that direction by
adding data-science skills
to their knowledge base.
If youre interested in a
big-data career, there are
numerous online resources
to consult for information, including a series of
big-data videos from the
IEEE Computer Society. So
far, these cover the ethics
of big data, the ways sensor
data is being used, and the
challenges posed by the
vast amount of data in electronic medical records.
Opportunities also exist
for more training. Many universities, including Rutgers,
offer certicate programs
that cover analytics, data science, and informatics. There
are also the tutorials and
workshops given at IEEE
conferences [see p. 15].
Only a relatively small
number of people will work
at specialized data companies. Instead, most should
consider an industry theyre
already familiar with and
look for open positions there,
according to Shasha. His
own work at NYU has been
as varied as studying which
genes might govern certain
behavior of plants, predicting housing prices in Los
Angeles, guring out whether
a banks systems could prevent fraudulent transactions,
and determining the best
way to deploy wireless base
stations for mobile devices.
The skill set for big
data is generic, Shasha
says. Ive had students who
started in a eld like biology,
then went off to work in the
nancial industry.
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OPINIONS
Smart cities are not the

only and best way for urban
living. Engineers do not
have the authority to impose
their vision of happiness and
perfection on the public.
RESPONSES TO
THE JUNE ISSUE
QUESTION OF THE MONTH
What You Had

to Say About
Smart Cities
A D VA N C I N G S M A R T C I T I E S
In June, The Institute reported on

the work of IEEE members to make
cities around the
world smarter, more 5 8 11 18
efcient, and maybe
even happier. Here
are some reader
comments from
our website about
articles in that issue.
Meet the 2015
President-Elect
Candidates
Guadalajara:
IEEEs First
Smart City
Evaluating
the Quality of
Research
Part-time
Passions:
Taking Aim
VOLUME 38 ISSUE 2 JUNE 2014 THEINSTITUTE.IEEE.ORG
IEEE members are

working to make cities
smarter, more efcient,
and maybe even happier
In this article, we provided a list

of IEEE standards related to the
topic. Alex commented that cities
should preserve nature rather than
develop more technology: I enjoy
breathing clean air, listening

to birds chirping, and smelling owersnot staring at a
screen waiting for updates.
Suresh Doraiswamy shared his
concerns about potential long-
term impacts of high-frequency,

high-powered transmissions
on human health and urged
engineers to spearhead alternative, green-energy deployment
in the smart city arena.
O M PA N I E S A R E A LWAY S O N T H E L O O K O U T
for top tech talent, and one of the best ways to recruit
and retain such individuals is by offering competitive
salaries. To align compensation with the job description,
geographic area, and a candidates expertise, recruiters are
turning to big-data platforms, which are setting the salaries for workers
with in-demand skills based on a greater variety of timely information
than ever before.
For example, the human resources department at Bandwidth, a
communications technology rm in Raleigh, N.C., relies on a data
analytics tool from PayScale, a compensation information company.
The tool calculates salaries based on criteria such as skills, number
of years in the eld, and certications and degrees. Bandwidth will
then reward employees with a salary increase or bonus for acquiring
the latest skills. Previously, the company relied on general salary
information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, which becomes
outdated relatively quickly and isnt as specic.
The change made Bandwidth more attractive to the talent it wants
to hire, according to Rebecca Bottorff, its chief people ofcer, who adds
the tool has also helped the company retain its best workers.
Do you feel big data can determine

your worth, and is it the best way to set
salaries for technical professionals?
Chime
In...
12
Respond to this question by commenting online at
http://theinstitute.ieee.org/opinions/question.
A selection of responses will appear in the December
issue of The Institute and may be edited for space.
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G UA DA L A JA R A : S M A R T
CITY OF THE NEAR FUTURE
We highlighted the city in Mexico

chosen to be the pilot for the IEEE
Smart Cities Initiative, and several
readers expressed their approval.
Armando Rodriguez wrote, Tech
We invited readers to submit

their questions about smart cities
to IEEE Fellow Mischa Dohler,
our resident expert. Some of the
questions and his responses were
published on 30 June. In response
to Will smart cities be able to
afford to maintain themselves?
talent in much of Latin America

remains untapped. With actions
like the one IEEE is taking in
Guadalajara, we will begin to
see important transformations
throughout Mexico and Latin
America. Garry Musgrave wrote
about the importance of incorporating advanced technology
in developing countries: Infra-
structure changes can have real

and positive impact in Mexico;
they can affect peoples lives
for the better. On the other
hand, Alejandro Ochoa Marquez
says engineers and city ofcials
should consider the environment
rst: If they want to plant trees
and work on clean transportation, then we can talk!

CAN YOU BUILD HAPPINESS?
In our question of the month, we

asked if people
want their
cities to invest
in high-tech
systems or in
simpler things
like more bike
paths and
parks. One reader, Bert, wrote:
Dohler implored local ofcials to

think long term before implementing any major changes to infrastructure: Its important for a
city to fully develop a business

plan rst, which should include a
budget to pay for operations as
well as other smart applications
that can bring in or save money.
Another question concerned ways
to save energy in urban environments. Dohler cited a few examples:
Smart streetlights and new LED

technology can help reduce electricity use while saving money.
Other innovations include tiles
that can generate energy when
people walk on them and waste
disposal systems that can
turn trash into electricity.
Join the conversation by visiting
http://theinstitute.ieee.org. New articles
and blog posts are added each week.
CLOCKWISE FROM LEFT: ISTOCKPHOTO; GETTY IMAGES; CARLO RATTI ASSOCIATI & TEAM FOR GUADALAJARA CCD A.C.; ROB WHITWORTH/GETTY IMAGES; ISTOCKPHOTO
Should Big Data

Determine Salaries?
YOUR QUESTIONS
ANSWERED: SMART CITIES
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PRESIDENTS COLUMN
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Kathy Pretz, k.pretz@ieee.org
_________
A S S O C I AT E E D I T O R
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____________
S E N I O R E D I T O R I A L A S S I S TA N T
_____________
Amanda Davis, amanda.davis@ieee.org
E D I T O R I A L C O N S U LTA N T
Alfred Rosenblatt
With Big Data Comes

Big Responsibility
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P R I VA C Y M A T T E R S
already predict with 95 percent

certainty that you are going to buy
cookies this Sunday because you
have done so every Sunday for the
last six months. Therefore, when
you make your market purchases
later this week, you will receive a
coupon for cookies.
Has your privacy been invaded?
On the one hand, your personal
habits are being observed, recorded,
and analyzed as if you were
little more than a variable in an
experiment. On the other, you are
receiving something that you may
use to your benet as a result of
such observations and analysis.
Now, add a level of complexity
to that example. Perhaps the data
gathered by that store is sold to a
data broker, which sells it to your
health insurance company. Your
insurer has years of data on your
health already. Combine the two
sets of data, and now it has a picture
of your health and the steps you are
takingor not takingto remain
healthy. Based on that, an insurer
could decide to raise your insurance rates. The true cost of those
cookies suddenly becomes far more
than merely caloric.
Again, though, has your privacy
really been invaded? You have
either tacitly or overtly provided
your approval of these observations
of your activities. So where should
or perhaps even coulda line be
drawn? And who gets to draw that
line? In whose hands should we
place accountability for the responsible use of our personal data?
These questions also highlight the
importance of another component
of the professional activities of
technologists: the ethical dimension of our efforts to advance
technology and the challenges we
sometimes encounter.
For some, the moment when

privacy vanishes is the point
when gathered data is analyzed
and put to use. When this happens, individual choice irts with
the illusory. For example, based
on acquired data, algorithms can
According to the report Big Data:

Seizing Opportunities, Preserving
Values issued by U.S. president
Barack Obamas administration in
May 2014, personal data manage-
ORE THAN
400 years ago,

Shakespeare wrote
Whats past is prologue in his play
The Tempest. His point was that peoples pasts play a role in their future.
Centuries later, we nd that todays
data gatherers, data miners, analytics professionals, and data brokers have added a whole new level
of meaning to that phrase. Today,
peoples pasts can be analyzed by
groups like these in an effort to draw
conclusions about what the individuals future actions will be.
By themselves, data points
are raw and empirical. They do
not tell you, for example, why an
individual or group makes a decision or takes a particular action.
However, as more data is gathered
over time, patterns often emerge,
and it becomes easier to anticipate
peoples decisions and actions.
Whether we like it or not, our
personal data is a by-product of
our daily lives. Purchases at online
and brick-and-mortar retail stores,
photos of our license plates taken
by surveillance cameras as we drive
through intersections, messages
posted on social networksthese
actions and countless others can tell
a story about our lives to those interested in knowing more about us.
While many of these observations occur in public settings or
with implicit user approval, the
terms, conditions, use, and policy
around this data collection and
analysis are often not explicitly
clear or even comprehensible to
the average person. Any story that
may be told, however, remains
our story; it is about the unique
actions of an individual.
ment may be better off in the

hands of academia. When individuals were asked what entities they
trusted not at all, only 17 percent
of respondents cited academia.
Government agencies (34 percent),
businesses (42 percent), law
enforcement (53 percent), and the
intelligence community (67 percent)
had generated far greater levels of
mistrust among those surveyed.
We have all seen the stories
in the media about identify theft
and data breaches of government
and corporate security records. As
measures to secure data evolve, so
do the methods used to circumvent those protections. In turn, this
spurs the need for better methods for securing data. Where this
seemingly unending upward spiral
leads is uncertain. What is certain
is that what the future will look like
depends on the actions we take
today. Data is not merely data anymore; it is a commodity that can be
bought and sold by corporations,
governments, and individuals.
Questions need to be answered
about where personal data
originates, how it is collected, and
whether its being used responsibly.
In IEEEs ongoing Big Data and
Internet initiatives, we are delving
deeply into a variety of issues centered on the future of the Internet,
among them privacy, security, and
the future of data.
IEEE has a community of
technologists who can bring more
certainty to our future; we can
and must do so whenever and
wherever possible. I am grateful to
those within IEEE who are already
pursuing answers to these questions, and I urge others in our global
community to join in these efforts.
Please share your insights with me
at president@ieee.org.
____________
WHOM TO TRUST
J. Roberto Boisson de Marca

IEEE President and CEO
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BENEFITS
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
A Repository of
Big-Data Resources
Handy references for dealing with
lots of data B Y K A T H Y P R E T Z
H O S E I N V O LV E D W I T H
the IEEE Big Data Initiative

have been compiling
resources to help make sense
of massive data streams.
Heres whats available so far.
WEB PORTAL
The latest news and research articles about big data can be found
on the IEEE Cloud Computing portal under the Innovations section
at http://cloudcomputing.ieee.org/
innovations/big-data.
______________
PUBLICATIONS
The quarterly online-only IEEE

Transactions on Big Data is set to
launch in the rst quarter of 2015.
Thirteen IEEE societies and councils are collaborating on its content
and providing nancial and technical support. The publication will
feature research articles on infrastructure, standards, and performance analyses, as well as security,
privacy, and legal issues.
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Other publications already covering the topic include Computer,

IEEE Intelligent Systems, IEEE
Micro, IEEE Software, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in
Computing, and IEEE Transactions
on Cloud Computing.
Computer magazine will
devote an entire issue to big-data
management and applications in
March 2015.
This Septembers issue of IEEE
Transactions on Emerging Topics
in Computing has a special report
on new strategic research areas
that address the challenges presented by big data. Included are
articles on such topics as big-data
theoretical models; large-scale
incremental, distributed, and
federated data sets; and simulation
and debugging systems.
IEEE Micros July/August issue
explored how the IT industry can
more effectively store, process, and
serve the growing volume of data
through better processors, memory
systems, and storage and network

architectures. The issue also looked
at emerging computing, storage,
and communications technologies.
The IEEE Intelligent Systems
journal published a special report
in its November/December 2013
issue. It included eight articles that
looked at the trends and controversies surrounding the use of extreme
learning machines for handling
large sets of data. ELMs are effective learning algorithms of single
hidden-layer feed-forward neural
networks. They offer fast learning
speed and good generalization performance. Another article showed
how a pandemic could be contained
by applying simulation methods and
advanced articial intelligence.
IEEE Software magazine published two back-to-back special
issues in 2013. Its July/August
issue included a Q&A with six software analytics experts about the
most important yet overlooked
aspects of the eld. Another
article discussed the trade-offs
between studying easily obtained
analytics and richer analytics that
may be expensive to acquire.
The September/October issue
highlighted the power of analytics
for different types of organizations. It
included interviews with representatives from software companies about
their experiences building big-data
repositories and predictive models.
The issue also looked at how several
research projects are deploying
large-scale analytics and discussed
their effect on research practices.
These publications can be found
in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
IEEE QUICK GUIDE

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PODCAST
Three attorneysIEEE Senior

Member Brian Gaff, Jennifer
Geetter, and Heather Egan
Sussmanwrite a monthly column in Computing about U.S.
law and its impact on technology.
Their June article, Privacy and
Big Data, covered how big datas
explosive growth has prompted
the U.S. government to release
new reports that address the
resulting issues, particularly with
respect to privacy. The three also
produced an accompanying audio
recording of the same name in
which they discuss those topics
and answer questions about the
column sent in by readers.
The podcast is available under
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at http://www.computer.org/portal/
web/computingnow.
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IEEE
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E-mail: __________
society-info@ieee.org
______________
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CONFERENCES : OCTOBERDECEMBER
Upcoming IEEE events cover topics

related to big data
STAN DAR DS
Standards That
Support Big Data
Covering a variety of applications
BY MONICA ROZENFELD
H E I E E E S TA N DA R D S
Association has
introduced a number of
standards related to bigdata applications, with
others in the works.
IEEE 2200-2012
APPROVED JUNE 2012
IEEE International Conference

on Big Data
IEEE Standard Protocol for Stream

Management in Media Client
Devices denes the interfaces
for intelligently distributing
and replicating content over
heterogeneous networks to
portable and intermediate devices
with local storage.
IEEE 42010-2011
APPROVED DECEMBER 2011
WASHINGTON, D.C.; 2730 OCTOBER
TOPICS: Big-data standards, infrastructure, and

management; cloud computing software models,
computational modeling, and security and privacy
for big data; and big-data applications in science,
engineering, medicine, nance, and transportation.
SPONSOR: IEEE Computer Society
VISIT: http://cci.drexel.edu/bigdata/bigdata2014
IEEE 1808-2011
IEEE Cloud Computing

for Emerging Markets
analytics, big datas effect on IT, and

the limits of big data.
BANGALORE , INDIA; 1517 OCTOBER
SPONSOR: IEEE Computer Society

VISIT: http://www.computer.org/
portal/web/Rock-Stars/Data-Analytics
______________________
TOPICS: Big-data management and

analytics, data security and privacy,
cloud computing environments,
networking issues, and cloud computing services for emerging markets.
SPONSORS: IEEE Computer and
Communications societies and IEEE
Bangalore Section
VISIT: http://ewh.ieee.org/ieee/ccem
OLIVER MALMS/ISTOCKPHOTO
2014 Rock Stars of

Big Data Analytics
SAN JOSE , CALIF.; 21 OCTOBER
TOPICS: Big data and challenges

in data science, machine data and
operational intelligence, self-serve
______________
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ISO/IEC/IEEE Systems and

Software Engineering
Architecture Description
addresses the creation, analysis,
and maintenance of system
architectures through the use
of descriptions. The contents of
an architecture description are
specied, as well as architecture
viewpoints, frameworks, and
description languages for
codifying conventions and
common practices.
IEEE Global Communications

Conference, Exhibition, and
Industry Forum
AUSTIN, TEX AS; 812 DECEMBER
TOPICS: Big-data analytics, cloud

computing, cybersecurity, social
networks, e-health, software-dened
networking, vehicular networks,
the Internet of Things, ber optics,
cognitive radio, and sensors.
SPONSOR: IEEE Communications
Society
VISIT: http://www.ieee-globecom.org
APPROVED FEBRUARY 2011
IEEE Guide for Collecting and

Managing Transmission Line
Inspection and Maintenance
Data provides information
to assist electric utilities and
their contractors with the
development of computer-based
resources. A high-level overview
of key principles is included to
help avoid common pitfalls and
enhance system usability.
IEEE 1636-2009
APPROVED MARCH 2009
IEEE Standard for Software

Interface for Maintenance
Information Collection and
Analysis (SIMICA) provides a
specication for implementing
an interface that relays messages
to information systems
containing data pertinent for
the diagnosis and maintenance
of complex systems. The
interfaces support the creation
of application programming
systems to access, exchange, and
analyze historical diagnostic and
maintenance information.
The following standards are under
development.
IEEE P2302
IEEE Standard for Intercloud
Interoperability and Federation
(SIIF) defines topology, functions, and governance for
cloud-to-cloud exchanges. The
definitions include ones for
cloud systems, gateways that
mediate data exchange between
clouds, resource ontologies
that include standardized
units of measurement, and key
infrastructure.
IEEE P2413
IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the
Internet of Things (IoT) denes
the relationships among devices
used in industries, including
transportation and health care.
It also provides a blueprint for
data privacy, protection, safety,
and security, as well as a means
to document and mitigate
architecture divergence.
IEEE P3006.8
IEEE Recommended Practice
for Analyzing Reliability Data for
Equipment Used in Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems
describes how to examine the
dependability of data for power
equipment. Included are data
collected over the years, as well
as key reliability metrics such as
failure rates.
For more information, visit

http://standards.ieee.org.
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PEOPLE
cessing chunks of data independently and then merging the results.

We cope with variety by using new
techniques to enrich data, such as
natural-language processing and
machine learning methods that produce new metadata based on an
intelligent analysis of content.
Databases, for example, are
used to complete bank transactions,
which in a simple form help tally the
balance of an account. By comparison, big-data tools do much more.
Search engines like Google and
Yahoo collect data virtually every
time a pin drops on the Internet
say, when an e-mail is written or
a particular term is searched. The
engines then transform that data
into meaningful information.
In 2004, Davis founded Kitenga,

a Santa Clara, Calif., start-up that
developed natural-language processing and machine learning applications, enabling computers not only
to understand human language but
also to build upon what was learned.
He joined Dell in his current position
when it bought Kitenga in 2012.
That same year, IEEE asked
him to join what became its Cloud
Computing Initiative to focus on the
growing area of big data. Hes now
investigating big data in terms of
cybersecurity due to the explosion of
data-gathering devices.
Daviss rule of thumb: Be wary of
how the expansion of big data will
affect our security, but dont obsess
about it.
HERE COMES THE FUTURE
PROFILE
Mark Davis: Making

Sense of Data
Advancing and securing data processing
technologies B Y S U S A N K A R L I N
E E E M E M B E R Mark Davis has
devoted the last two decades
to advancing technologies for
information retrieval, machine
learning, and natural-language
processingkey elements needed
to process and prioritize todays
mountains of data. So it only makes
sense that he would also be a driving force in the big-data movement.
Davis is the leader of the IEEE
Cloud Computing Initiatives big
data track. The initative is part of the
Future Directions Committee, IEEEs
R&D arm. In this role, he advances
technologies such as storage and
databases to keep up with the growing amount of data collected from
sensors, smart devices, and other
things. He also works to implement
standards and is looking into how to
prevent security breaches and other
unintended consequences that may
arise as this eld continues to grow.
Davis is also helping to launch
the IEEE Journal of Big Data, which
highlights related research within
IEEE. Its expected to debut early
next year.
KIRA DAVIS
______________
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Outside of his volunteer work

with the organization, he is a distinguished engineer and leader of bigdata technologies for Dell Software,
in Santa Clara, Calif.
Traditional databases and data
warehousing technologies are not
able to cope with the scale, variety,
and complexity of data in the modern world, he says. My entire career
has been dedicated to the creation
and expansion of intelligent systems.
Technologies used for massaging big data can more intelligently
piece together kernels of information in whats collected, which can
greatly improve smart systems such
as smart grids and make adslike
them or notmore personal.
D E F I N I N G B I G DATA
For Davis, the term big data has

become hyped without a clear
meaning. The broader denition of big data is data that is too
large and complex to be handled by traditional databases, he
explains. Those of us who work in
this eld cope with scale by pro-
For Davis, an interest in engineering began at home. His father was

an electrical engineer and owned
an HP 3000 computer. When I was
10, he programmed a game that
guessed the animal you were thinking of. It was a simple intelligent system, but it demonstrated to me the
potential of technology, Davis says.
He went on to earn a bachelors
in electrical engineering from New
Mexico State University, in Las
Cruces, in 1988. After graduating,
he went to Fiji for a two-year stint
in the Peace Corps, teaching high
school physics. He returned to his
alma mater in 1994 to pursue a
masters in EE, after which he spent
ve years in computer R&D for the
universitys Computing Research
Laboratory, with funding from the
U.S. intelligence community. (The
lab is no longer in operation.)
I started working in information retrieval and natural-language
processing systems in the 90s,
when the only people interested
in those topics were librarians and
spies, he says with a laugh.
In 1999, he joined Microsoft, in
Redmond, Wash., as a program
manager working on SharePoint,
a portal technology with a search
engine. He left a year later to join
InXighta spin-off of Xerox PARC,
in Palo Alto, Calif.as principal
engineer. It was at this point that he
began focusing on emerging technologies for big data.
Big data, as we see it today, can
be traced back to when Google
was revamping its indexing of the
Web using a new style of computing, he says. The upshot was that
this method could drive contextaware advertising, e-mail spam
detection, and even automatic
language translation.
PA R T - T I M E P A S S I O N S
Hon Ki Tsang
Chess Master
PA S S I O N
Competitive chess
O C C U PA T I O N
Professor and chair of

electronics engineering
HOMETOWN
Hong Kong
O N E M I G H T A S S U M E that an
electrical engineer would tackle
chess with his mind, not his gut. But
when IEEE Senior Member Hon Ki
Tsang was introduced to the game
at age 13 by his middle school math
teacher, he was immediately smitten with how much his instinct
inuenced his strategy.
Chess is a very intuitive game,
which is surprising when you consider how computers play top-level
chess by evaluating thousands of
positions per second, says Tsang,
now 49. But its impossible for the
human brain to calculate everything,
so intuition plays a big role in selecting the moves.
Today Tsang, chair of the department of electronics engineering
at the Chinese University of Hong
Kong (CUHK), is a chess champion
in Hong Kong and a World Chess
Federation (FIDE) master. There
are only 6,542 FIDE masters in the
world out of a total of about 200 million chess players.
Within three years of his rst
chess game, Tsangwho was born
17
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The lessons paid off: Gaudiot

went on to earn his pilots license
Up, Up and Away
that very same year. He earned a
license for teaching instrument
ightnavigating the craft without
PA S S I O N
visual referencesin 1995 and then
Flying
earned his instructors license in 2000.
Gaudiot now belongs to the
O C C U PA T I O N
RI Flying Club at the Fullerton
Professor of electrical
Municipal Airport, in California,
engineering and
where he pilots three types of
computer science
single-engine planes: a Piper
Dakota that he bought with three
HOMETOWN
other pilots, a Cessna Skyhawk, and
Irvine, Calif.
a Piper Arrow that he uses to teach
ight students. The planes can y as
high as 4,500 meters and cruise at
more than 250 kilometers per hour.
I E E E F E L L O W Jean-Luc Gaudiot
Each year, Gaudiot ies upwards
[below] was born in France, but as
of 200 hours and trains three to
a military brat, he spent his childCompeting for his native Hong Kong, IEEE Senior Member Hon Ki Tsang [right]
four student pilots. You dont know
hood moving all over the world.
faces opponent Abobker Elarbi at the 2012 World Chess Olympiad, in Istanbul.
how to do something well until you
That fueled his passion for travel,
can teach it, he says. Its all the
and he found a hobby that would
Kong against teams from 150 counmore true with ying. He nds it
let him do more of it.
in Hong Kong but grew up in Belfast,
tries and territories in FIDEs World
a different kind of teaching than
I have always been interested
Northern Irelandrepresented
Chess Olympiad, where games can
in collegemore one-on-one. Its
in ying, says Gaudiot, a profesNorthern Ireland in the 1979
last more than ve hours. In the 2012
helped me consider the individual
sor in the department of electrical
Glorney Cup (an annual chess
Chess Olympiad, Tsang placed 22nd.
needs of students, and I try to bring
engineering and computer science
team competition among England,
The game has helped Tsang
that understanding back to my
at the University of California, Irvine.
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) in the
address problems unrelated to
professorship, he says.
As a kid, I wanted to be an American
under-18 age category. He continued
tournaments. It taught me focus
Gaudiots hobby runs him
astronaut, which people laughed
playing at Cambridge University,
and improved my academic studies
around US $1,000 a year for things
at for obvious reasons since I was
where he pursued an electrical engias a student, he says. It has also
like ying club dues, refresher
French. I was also born legally blind
neering degree. He later competed
given him the ability to strategize
clinics that review ight instrucin one eye, which made any kind of
for Cambridge in the British champhis career goals.
tion rules, and insurance. Owning
ying problematic.
ionships before returning to Hong
Chess requires a vision of longa plane is another story. His 1985
In 1981, when Gaudiot was
Kong in 1993 to teach at CUHK.
term goals, like the ideal positioning
Piper cost $100,000, which he and
26, a friend insisted that he could
Tsang [above, right] believes his
of pieces. Similarly, in academia, it is
his friends split four ways. The
become a pilot even with his disengineering background helps, as
important to identify research goals
ongoing engine and structural
ability. All he had to do was pass
chess players increasingly rely on
and focus only on problems that can
inspections and insurance for the
a special ight test. At the time,
computers to gain an upper hand
be reasonably tackled. Chess analyplane itself run upwards of $3,000
Gaudiot was earning a Ph.D. in
on opponents. In competition at
sis identies the strengths, weaka year for each owner, and fuel
computer science at the University
the international level, players are
nesses, opportunities, and threats.
costs roughly $72 per ight hour.
of California, Los Angeles. He was
notied who their opponents are just
A similar strategy can be applied to
What keeps an airplane in the air is
intrigued and took lessons at the
a few hours prior to a match. To preengineering.
Susan Karlin
money, he says with a laugh.
nearby Santa Monica airport.
pare, he turns to Stocksh and ChessBeyond the ethereal
Base, open-source chess engines and
feeling of having a birdsdatabases that store players moves
eye view of Earth and
from previous games, to study the
being able to escape from
way his opponents strategize.
lifes pressures for a time,
Computers are extremely useful
ying also challenges
for tournament preparation, and
Gaudiots technical side,
these databases are mandatory
such as when he pilots the
tools, he says. You can use them
plane based on the air trafto view your opponents previous
c control system (ATC).
games. My key piece of equipment
All the individual
at tournaments is a quad-core
actions that ying
computer notebook with access
entailssuch as mainto a database that stores 5 million
taining altitude, timing,
previous games played by the top 10
and communicating with
percent of players in the world.
ATCare relatively easy,
Despite a busy academic schedhe says. It is coordinating
ule, Tsang manages to compete in
them and making the right
some 20 local tournaments in Hong
decisions at the right times
Kong each year, as well as major
thats the hard part. Its a
competitions around the world that
profoundly satisfying intelcan run up to two weeks. Each game
lectual achievement to
day requires a few hours to study his
handle all of those things
opponents previous matches, plus 3
IEEE Fellow Jean-Luc Gaudiot sits in the cockpit of a Piper Cherokee 235 at Big Bear City Airport,
simultaneously.
S.K.
to 4 hours for the game itself. Every
in California, after a day of skiing.
two years, he competes for Hong
18
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TOP: HON KI TSANG; BOTTOM: JUNG-YUP KANG
Jean-Luc Gaudiot
T______________
HEINSTITUTE.IEEE.ORG
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______________________________________
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THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

Let us help secure your place in that future, with

The IEEE Member Group

exclusively to IEEE members and their families in

To learn more about

(except AK) and Puerto Rico. This comprehensive

Visit IEEEinsurance.com/plans or call 1.800.493.IEEE(4333)

In CA d/b/a Mercer Health & Benets

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

Binghamton (N.Y.) Section forms IEEE

Susquehanna (Pa.) Section forms IEEE

Student branch at Western Washington

Quebec Section forms joint chapter of

Mississippi Section forms IEEE Young

COVER: GETTY IMAGES; THIS PAGE: ISTOCKPHOTO

Student branch at Alexandria University, Egypt, forms IEEE Robotics and

Student branch at Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, forms IEEE Computer

Student branch formed at American

Student branch formed at Shenzhen

Student branch at Universidade de

Xian (China) Section forms IEEE

Student branches in Portugal at Universidade do Minho, Braga, and Universidade

Bangalore (India) Section forms IEEE

Student branch formed at Dubai

Student branch formed at Universidad

SEND US YOUR NEWS The Institute

S EPTEMB ER 2014 TH E IN STITUTE

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

This photo of the

1969: IEEE Life

1882: New York Citys

1901: Birth date of

1947: The White

1936: The Hoover

1960: Color television transmission

1918: Birth date

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1894: Birth date of

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IEEE Raises Dues

ships, referred to as e-Memberships,

I E E E I S I N V I T I N G its more than

been sent to members postal

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

offers 50 percent off the standard

and ask their understanding of the

The IEEE History

the campus of Rutgers University in

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S EPTEMB ER 2014 TH E IN STITUTE

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND

THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND