1.

Explain the following observations

a.) When solid ammonium chloride is heated in a test tube. It Disappears and then
reforms on the colder part of the test tube. Explain why this is so.
b.) B.) If the heating continued, ammonia is detected first at the mouth of the test
tube, followed by hydrogen chloride. Explain.
2.) In preparing a chromatogram, the following instructions were given. Suggest a reason
for each instruction.
i) The starting line should be drawn with a pencil rather than ink.
ii) At the end of the experiment, the solvent front should be near the top of paper.
iii.) The spots of solution and dyes on the starting line should be small.
3.) Two of the isotopes of phosphorus are 32P, which is radioactive and 31P, which is not
radioactive.
a) i) Explain the meaning of isotopes and radioactive in this statement.
ii) How many electrons, protons and neutrons are present in one atom of 32P?
iii) Give a use for a named radioactive isotope.
b) An element is in Group VI of the periodic table, give two chemical properties
which this element is likely to have.
c) Name one of the elements in Group 0 of periodic table. Give a use for this
element.
4) When sodium burns in chloride, sodium chloride is formed.
a) What chemical test would show that, at first, the gas jar contained chlorine gas?
b) State two observations which would be made during the reaction?
C) Write an equation for the reaction.
d) Explain why the bonding in sodium chloride gives rise to the following
properties. i) very high melting point
ii) High electrical conductivity when molten
e) Draw the ionic structure of sodium chloride.
5. Draw the structural formula when propanoic acid reacts with ethanol.
6. a) State and explain why cryolite is added to aliminium oxide.
b) Construct ionic equations for the reactions which take place at the electrode
c) Explain why the carbon anodes need replacing regularly
7.) Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to produce hydrogen chloride. This reaction is
exothermic. During the reaction, covalent bonds are broken and new covalent bonds are
formed
H2(g) + Cl2(g) -> 2HCL (g)
deltaH = -184kJ/mol
a) What type of energy change occurs when bonds are broken?
b) What type of energy change occurs when bonds are formed?
c) Which is the larger of the energy changes taking place in the reaction above,
bonds breaking or bonds forming? Explain

d) In forming ionic bonds, electrons are transferred between atoms, how is a

covalent bond formed?
e) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of hydrogen
chloride.
8.) When a solid reacts with a solution, there are three factors which can change the rate
of the reaction.
a) Name these three factors
b) Using the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid as an
example, describe an experiment by which you could investigate the change in reaction
rate with one of the factors which you have given in (a)
When liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is mixed with liquid hydrazine (N2H4), a
very fast exothermic reaction takes place which can propel a rocket. The reaction
products are nitrogen and steam.
i)
What is meant by an exothermic reaction?
ii)
Suggest a reason why this reaction needs to be very fast
iii)
Construct the equation for the reaction above, include state symbol.
iv)
If the rocket is loaded with 680kg of hydrogen peroxide, calculate the
mass of hydrazine which will be needed to react with it.
9.) Instructions for preparing hydrated crystals of magnesium sulphate are given below.
Add one spatula full of magnesium carbonate to 50cm^3 of dilute sulphuric acid.
When it has reacted, add further amounts until no more will dissolve. Then filter the
mixture. Evaporate the filtrate to about half its volume. Allow the filtrate to cool. Filter
off the crystals. Dry them on filter paper. Do not heat the crystals.
a) Explain the importance of the five instructrions which are underlined
b) Because it has a larger surface area, powdered magnesium carbonate reacts
more rapidly than lumps of magnesium carbonate, explain why the larger
surface area leads to a greater rate of reaction
c) Name the gas formed in this reaction and give a test for the gas
d) Name three substance other than magnesium carbonate which react with dilute
sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphate
10. Give the symbol of:
a) a non metal used to sterilize water
b) an element which consists of diatomic molecule
c) the most reactive element in Group VII
d) An element which reacts with water to give an alkaline solution
e) an element which forms an ion of the tupe X^2
f) The main element present in steel
g) Must be present in any organic compound
11. Clean dry air consists about 79% by volume of nitrogen
a) Name the gases which make up the remaining 21% by volume of clean air
b) A sample of polluted air was found to contain both carbon monoxide and
sulphur dioxide. Suggest where each of the two pollutants may have come from

c) Describe a test in which you could carry out to confirm the preence of sulphur
dioxide in polluted air
Respiration and rusting are chemical processes which involve oxygen
i)
Show clearly how oxygen takes part in these reaction(equation)
ii)
One method of rust protection is known as sacrificial protection.
Describe how this method of rust prevention could be used on an oil
pipeline and explain why it works.
12.)

i)How is calcium oxide(lime) manufactured?

ii) Give the equation for the reaction
Explain why the compound is used in a) Agriculture b) In the blast furnace to
manufacture iron
13.) Hydrogen can be manufactured by the reaction between methane and steam
i) Name the source of the methane required for this reaction.
ii) Give the equation for this reaction between methane and steam
iii)
calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen which can be obtained from
16g of methane
Margarine is manufactured using the addition reaction between hydrogen and a
vegetable oil
i)
State the conditions used for this reaction
ii)
What type of bond must be present in this addition reaction?
14) Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are the three main macromolecules of food. They
can be hydrolyzed by either an aqueous acid or by aqueous alkali
a) What is formed by
i) the acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates
ii) The alkali hydrolysis of fats
b) The hydrolysis of proteins gives a large number of products.
i) What is the name of the class of compound formed when proteins are
hydrolyzed?
ii) Describe how chromatography can be used to separate and identify the
products formed by the hydrolysis of proteins.
c) Poly(ethane) and nylon are synthetic polymers. Nylon can be hydrolyzed
because it contains the same linkage of protein
i) name this linkage
ii) Poly(ethane) cannot be hydrolyzed. Outline one environmental problem
caused by this lack of hydrolysis
e) Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, is a colourless liquid. It is rapidly hydrolyzed by
water to form an aqueous mixture of phosphoric acid, H3PO3, and
Hydrochloric acid.
f) Construct an equation, including state symbols for this reaction
Draw the structural and skeletal formula of these organic compounds:
a) 3,5 di ethyl 6- Bromine decanol
b) Propyl butanoate