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Power measurements
DC circuits
AC circuits
Three-phase systems
High-frequency power
measurements
Energy measurements
DC circuits
AC circuits
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Dynamometer
Digital wattmeter
Thermal wattmeter
Hall-power meter
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Power
P using
I LVaL voltmeter and an
Can be carried out
ammeter (generally)
Two measurement arrangements
Wattmeter's:
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Power in DC circuits
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a) Ammeter measures
current which flow
into the voltmeter
and load
b) Voltmeter measures
voltage drop across
the ammeter in
addition to that
dropping across the
load
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DC circuits
Dynamometer
Power (direct)
measurement device for
DC and AC systems
Accuracy better than
0,25 %
Two coils: static and
movable
Torque is proportional
product of current in
current coil and current
in voltage coil
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Several techniques
(multiplication of signals)
Electronic multiplier is an
analog system which gives as
its output a voltage
proportional to the power
indication required A/D
conversion
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Power in AC circuits
Instantaneous power
(time dependence)
Mean power (usually the
most interesting)
Real power (active work),
reactive power, apparent
power
Measures can be done
same way as DC circuit
(single-phase)
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1
P p(t )dt
T 0
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AC circuits
P VL I L cos
Q VL I L sin
S P Q
2
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2
2
2
VAC
VAB
VBC
PL
2R
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Line-Frequency Power
Measurements
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MYcsvtu Notes
Line-Frequency Power
Measurements (2)
One-wattmeter arrangements
Two-wattmeter arrangements
Three-wattmeter arrangements
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Line-Frequency Power
Measurements (3)
V1 V2 V3
I1 I 2 I 3
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S V1 I1 V2 I 2 V3 I 3
P S cos
Q S sin
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P 3UT IT cos
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IA
PAB
VAB = VA - VB
Phase A
W
V
Phase B
VCB = VC - VB
IC
V
W
Phase C
PCB
P PAB PCD
Q 3 * PAB PCD
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Three-wattmeter arrangement
Two-wattmeter arrangement
Barbagelata arrangement
Righi arrangement
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Two-wattmeter arrangements
Measurements
arrangements for
reactive power
measurements
Q 3 P1(30) P3(10)
where
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Barbagelata arrangements
Measurement
arrangements for
active and reactive
power measurements
Two-wattmeter
method
MYcsvtu Notes
P P12 P32
Q 1 2P P P P
13
31
32
12
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Righi arrangements
Measurement
arrangements for
reactive power
measurements
1
Q
P32 P12 2 P2(31)
3
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High-frequency power
measurements
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Energy measurements
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DC Energy Measurements
Electrodynamic measurement
device (integrating wattmeter)
Based on DC motor (no iron)
Magnetic field is generating by
line current
Torque
kIV
C m
k 2 IV
R
Aluminum disk and permanent
magnet gives linear dependence
of and power
Mechanical counter transfers the
rotating motion into a digital or
mechanical display
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AC Energy Measurements
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AC Energy measurements
1. Current coil and
magnetic circuit
2. Voltage coil and
magnetic circuit
3. Rotating disk
4. Disk axis
5. Permanent magnet
6. Display
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Energy measurements
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Pricing
Controlling generation/loads
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The End