Professional Documents
Culture Documents
R. Mercy Kingsta2
Assistant Professor
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College,
ECE Department
m.kingsta@gmail.com
AbstractSingle sensor digital cameras capture only one color value for every pixel location. The process of
reconstructing a full color image from these incomplete color samples output from an image sensor overlaid with a color
filter array (CFA) is called demosaicing or Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation. The most commonly used CFA
configuration is the Bayer filter. The proposed demosaicing method makes use of multiscale color gradients to adaptively
combine color difference estimates from horizontal and vertical directions and determine the contribution of each direction
to the green channel interpolation. This method does not require any thresholds and is non iterative. The red and blue
channels are then refined using structural approximation.
Index Terms Multiscale color gradients, Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation, demosaicing, directional interpolation.
1. INTRODUCTION
90
Figure 1.2: (a) is a high edge pattern, (b) is a low edge pattern, (c) is a
corner pattern, and (d) is a stripe pattern.
Then the artifacts are removed and red and blue channels
are refined by the Structural Approximation method. The modules
of the proposed system framework are illustrated in Fig 2.1.
, =
2
2. , 2, ( + 2, )
+
4
, =
91
(1)
(2)
pixel
The Multiscale gradient equations for red and green rows and
column values are,
G i,j+1 -G i,j-1 R i,j+2 -R i,j-2 G i,j+3 -G i,j-3
+
2
N1
N2
MH i,j =
(5)
R i,j+4 -R i,j-4
N3
,
, , ,
, are the horizontal and vertical difference
estimates between green and red channels.
g,r i,j =
Here
= +
92
(7)
, , = , , . (1
+ . , 2,
+ . , + 2, + . , , 2
+ . , , + 2 .
/
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
1, = 1,
1, 1 + 1, + 1
2
, 1 = , 1
1, 1 + + 1, 1
2
+ 1, = + 1,
+ 1, 1 + + 1, + 1
2
, + 1 = , + 1
+ 1, 1 + + 1, + 1
2
(14)
. The end of this equation can be seen that the proposed method
produce superior image quality than other demosaicing algorithms
(13)
3. RESULTS
A set of twenty four images from Kodak test set shown in
Fig 3.1 is used for the experimental verification of the proposed
algorithm. These images are captured using a single sensor digital
camera that uses a Color Filter Array (CFA) in which the color
filters are arranged in Bayer pattern. The sensor alignment of this
93
The horizontal estimate for the missing red and green pixel
values of the red and green rows and columns in the input mosaic
image and the horizontal estimate for the missing blue and green
pixel values of the blue and green rows and columns in the input
mosaic image are calculated.
The vertical estimate for the missing red and green pixel
values of the red and green rows and columns in the input mosaic
image and the vertical estimate for the missing blue and green pixel
values of the blue and green rows and columns in the input mosaic
image are calculated.
94
After the green channel has been reconstructed, the red and blue
components are interpolated. The most common approach for red
and blue estimation consists in interpolation of the color differences.
Now the image can be reconstructed with these interpolated color
channel values as shown in Fig 3.10.
.
95
MAX I2
SNR 10. log 10
MSE
SSIM x, y
2
2
x
y C1 2 xy C 2
y2 C1 x2 y2 C 2
96
LPA
GBTF
MGBD
Proposed
40.46
36.19
39.87
40.61
41.33
41.99
41.77
46.18
43.47
43.66
43.72
47.86
40.86
42.38
41.13
45.86
37.54
37.86
39.05
42.47
40.93
37.74
41.38
42.87
43.02
43.16
43.51
47.89
37.13
34.94
37.56
39.99
43.49
42.01
43.96
47.89
10
42.67
42.67
43.20
47.72
11
40.53
39.09
41.36
43.62
12
43.98
42.43
44.45
48.26
13
36.09
35.22
36.00
37.72
14
36.97
39.19
37.97
42.29
15
40.09
41.86
40.30
45.00
16
43.99
40.12
44.86
46.33
17
41.80
42.43
42.32
46.76
18
37.42
38.97
38.22
41.97
19
41.51
38.42
42.17
44.71
20
41.44
41.86
42.16
45.96
21
39.63
38.76
40.31
42.44
22
38.49
40.15
39.05
43.68
23
43.89
44.08
44.02
47.46
24
35.37
38.32
35.69
41.38
Avg
40.50
40.15
41.00
44.46
No
MGBD
Proposed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Avg
0.9186
0.9227
0.9110
0.9135
0.9352
0.8887
0.9204
0.9249
0.9116
0.9169
0.8917
0.8801
0.9167
0.9255
0.9288
0.9142
0.9422
0.9368
0.9182
0.9201
0.9193
0.9250
0.9267
0.9297
0.9183
0.9523
0.9711
0.9595
0.9616
0.9621
0.9586
0.9615
0.9540
0.9488
0.9529
0.9526
0.9600
0.9473
0.9579
0.9668
0.9544
0.9589
0.9638
0.9553
0.9523
0.9561
0.9571
0.9635
0.9550
0.9576
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.9
Avg
22
19
Proposed
16
0.8
13
MGBD
MGBD
Proposed
7
0.85
1
GBTF
10
Avg
22
19
16
13
10
LPA
SSIM
0.95
CPSNR
Image Number
Image Number
97
6. REFERENCES
[1] IbrahimPekkucuksen and Yucelltunbasak, Multiscale GradientsBased Color Filter Array Interpolation Fellow, IEEE Trans
.Image process , vol. 22, no. 1, January 2013
[2] B. E. Bayer, Color imaging array, U.S. Patent 3 971 065, July
1976.
[3] Cok,D. R. Signal processing method and apparatus for producing
interpolated chrominance values in a sampled color image
signal, U.S. Patent 4 642 678, Feb 1987.
[4] K. L. Chung, W. J. Yang, W. M. Yan, and C. C. Wang,
Demosaicing of color filter array captured images using gradient
edge detection masks and adaptive heterogeneity-projection,
IEEE Trans. Image Process. , vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2356-2367, Dec.
2008.
[5] B. Gunturk, Y. Altunbasak, and R. Mersereau, Color plane
interpolation using alternating projections, IEEE Trans. Image
Process., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 997-1013, Sept. 2002.
[6] J. W. Glotzbach, R. W. Schafer, and K. Illgner, A method of
color filter array interpolation with alias cancellation properties,
in Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Image Process., vol. 1. 2001, pp. 141
144.
[7] J. W. Glotzbach, R. W. Schafer, and K. Illgner, A method of
color filter array interpolation with alias cancellation properties,
Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Image Process. vol. 1, pp. 141-144, Oct.
2001.
[8] K. Hirakawa and T. W. Parks, Adaptive homogeneity-directed
demosaicing algorithm, IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 14, no.
3, pp. 360-369, March 2005.
[9] J. F. Hamilton Jr. and J. E. Adams, Adaptive color plane
interpolation in single sensor color electronic camera, U.S.
Patent 5 629 734, May1997.
[10] Y. Itoh, CFA Interpolation using Unified Geometry Map, Proc.
FIT2008, RI-002, Sept. 2008.
[11] T. Kuno and H. Sugiura, Practical Color Filter Array
Interpolation Part 2 with Non-linear Filter, IEEE Trans.
Consumer Electron. vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1409-1417, Nov. 2006.
[12] X. Li, Demosaicing by successive approximation, IEEE Trans.
Image Process., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 370-379, March 2005.
[13] R. Lukac and K. N. Plataniotis, Data adaptive filters for
demosaicing: A framework, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.,
vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 560-570, May. 2005.
[14] W. Lu and Y.-P. Tan, Color filter array demosaicing: New
method and performance measures, IEEE Trans. Image Process.,
vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1194-1210, Oct. 2003.
[15] N.-X. Lian, L. Chang, Y.-P. Tan, and V. Zagorodnov, Adaptive
filtering for color filter array demosaicing, IEEE Trans. Image
Process., vol.16, no. 10, pp. 25152525, Oct. 2007.
[16] B. Leung, G. Jeon, and E. Dubois, Least-squares luma-chroma
demultiplexing algorithm for bayer demosaicing, IEEE Trans.
Image Process., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 18851894, Jul. 2011.
98