Image Enhancement

PRESENTED BY:
FARZEEN WALAYAT. (22015956-003)
MOMAL QAISAR. (22015956-006)
RUBAB TARIQ. (22015956-015)
MOMNA ANJUM. (22015956-027)
FARZEEN WALAYAT
22015956-003
 INTRODUCTION

 Image enhancement is the process of adjusting

digital images so that the results are more
suitable for display or further image analysis.
For example, you can remove noise, sharpen, or
brighten an image, making it easier to identify
key features.
 The visual quality and certain image properties,
such as brightness, contrast, signal-to-noise
ratio, resolution, edge sharpness, and color
accuracy were improved through the
enhancement process.
Types
 spatial domain operator:

Types of spatial domain operator:

Point operation (intensity transformation) - Point operations refer to running the same conversion operation
for each pixel in a grayscale image. The transformation is based on the original pixel and is independent of
its location or neighboring pixels.
Spatial filter (or mask, kernel) - The output value depends on the values of f(x,y) and its neighborhood.
 METHODS

 Here are some useful examples and methods of image enhancement:

 Filtering with morphological operators
 Histogram equalization
 Denoising
 Linear contrast adjustment
 Median filtering
 Unsharp mask filtering
 Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE)
 Decorrelation stretch
Examples
 Rubab Tariq
22015956-015
 5 Techniques to image enhancement

1. Histogram Equalization
2. Balance contrast enhancement technique
3. Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization
4. Image complement
5. Gamma Correction

T. Rahman et al., “Exploring the effect of image enhancement techniques on COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray
images,” Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 132, no. November 2020, p. 104319, 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104319.
 Histogram Equalization

 The histogram equalization (HE)

technique aims to distribute the gray
levels within an image. Each gray level
is therefore has equal chances to occur.
HE changes the brightness and contrast
of the dark and low contrast images to
enhance image quality.
Example
 Gamma correction

 Typically, linear operations are performed on

individual pixels in image normalization, such as
scalar multiplication, addition, and subtraction.
Gamma correction performs a non-linear operation
on source image pixels. Gamma correction alternates
the pixel value to improve the image using the
projection relationship between the value of the pixel
and the value of the gamma according to the internal
map.
Example
Momal Qaisar
22015956-006
 6 Techniques To Image Enhancement

1. Gray transformation method.

2. Histogram equalization method.
3. Retinex method.
4. Frequency domain method.
5. Fusion method.
6. Defogging method.

W. Wang, X. Wu, X. Yuan, S. Membe, and Z. Gao, “An Experiment-Based Review of Low-Light Image Enhancement
Methods,” vol. 8, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992749.
 Gray Transformation Method

 Allows the modification by mapping input gray levels to various output levels to achieve
the desired image enhancement.
 It uses a mathematical function Based mapping based strategy.
 Two types are as follow:
 Linear Transformation. (negative & identity)
 Non-Linear Transformation. (logarithmic & gamma functions)
 Histogram Equalization Method

 It’s a technique used to adjust the contrast of an image by modifying the intensity
distribution of pixel.
 Retinex Method

 It is a technique that is used to enhance the color and brightness of an image by

simulating the human visual system.
 Frequency Domain Method

 It is a technique that is used to analyze & manipulate an image by converting it from spatial domain
to frequency domain using Fourier Transform.
 It uses “Homomorphic Filtering”.
 Homomorphic filtering is a technique that is used to improve the quality of image by adjusting the
brightness & contrast.
 Particularly helpful for fixing images with uneven light or contrast due to varying light condition.
 Fusion Methods

 It combines multiple images or images features to create an enhanced & visually

appealing image.
 It involves merging, blending of different images to create more detailed & visually
pleasing image.
 Defogging Methods

 It is used to enhance the images that are affected by

fog, haze or atmospheric scattering.
 Aim is to restore the visibility & improve the
quality of image captured in such degraded
conditions.
Moma Anjum
22015956-027
 4 Techniques To Image Enhancement

1. Interpolation.
2. Dynamic range compression.
3. Alpha rooting.
4. Contrast stretching.

G. Babatunde Iwasokun and O. Charles Akinyokun, “SCIENCEDOMAIN international Image Enhancement Methods: A
Review,” Br. J. Math. Comput. Sci., vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 2251–2277, 2014, [Online]. Available: www.sciencedomain.org
Interpolation

 An image is expanded to size (2n-

1) x (2m-1) and the defined pixels
are marked with ‘X’ while the
undefined pixels are filled by
taking the average values of the
neighboring pixels.
Dynamic Range Compression

 Dynamic range compression in image processing is a technique

that reduces the contrast in an image by decreasing the difference
between the brightest and darkest parts of the image.
Alpha Rooting

 Alpha rooting is a process that

involves taking the logarithm of
the pixels values in an image.
 This can be used to reduce the
contrast in high contrast images.
Contrast Stretching (CS)

 It adjust the contrast of an image by stretching the range of the

pixels values.