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Jordan Giza
jgiza@linfield.edu
5/12/14
Final Essay

PROPOSED TOPIC: Excessive alcohol consumption and binge drinking among college students
in the United States.
PROPOSED QUESTION: Should the federal government create a new law that forces colleges
and universities to increase students awareness of alcohol consumption and binge drinking by
requiring an alcohol awareness course for first-year students?
REVISED QUESTION: Should the federal government require first-year college students to
enroll in an alcohol awareness course without changing the minimum legal drinking age
(M.L.D.A) of 21?

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Table of Contents
Preface

Abstract

Introduction

Thesis and Roadmap

10

The culture of alcohol in America

11

Reasons why college students are binge drinking

13

Colleges must input new techniques into curriculum

16

Conclusion

18

References

20

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Preface
At the beginning of this semester I was aware that it was going to be one of the most
rigorous semesters of my academic career. The rumors about the class from hell or also known
as Information Gathering had me worried, but I wanted to look at it as a challenge I could take
head on. Although I didnt take the most writing intensive classes throughout high school,
writing has always been one of my stronger areas; however, this course took that to a completely
different level. The writing classes I had taken before Info Gathering did not prepare me for the
journey I was about to go through with this class. After receiving my first paper back in this
class, I was disappointed in myself and couldnt help but think that this was going to be the worst
semester of my life. But with the help of my professors, friends, and family, this class taught me
a lot more than how to write.
There was a reality check right from the start as I selected my topic and the research
process began. The troubles I had at the beginning of my research on binge drinking was being
able to properly identify which sources were general periodicals, scholarly articles, and so on.
Once I started to understand what sources were which, then I had to figure out what sources were
credible, and up to the standards of the professors. I received a six out of ten on my topic
proposal and knew right then that my organization, and time management skills were going to
need to improve if I wanted to get the most out of this class. I developed a system for recording
my sources and one day Susan came over to where I was in the library and told me how
impressed she was with what I was doing. That little encouragement drove me to start
committing almost all of my time to Information Gathering and was a huge boost; this is when I
started to recognize myself truly growing as a student. Each week that passed as we turned in
main assertions, author analyses, and strengths and weaknesses, I was seeing improvements in

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my writing. The scores I was earning kept getting better, and this was the first time I saw my
hard work as a student paying off; I couldnt have been happier. Then the most difficult part of
this semester came as the compare and contrast assignment was due. Difficulties back at home
led to me not giving my full attention to school-work, and the attention I was giving was not my
best. I was coming up empty-handed while trying to find reliable sources, and was as frustrated
as can be. Then one day I walked into Professor Thompsons office; we talked a little about
writing, but our conversation consisted mostly about sports and my family. I didnt need to tell
him any details about what was going, but I walked away from his office that day feeling
refreshed and ready to get back to work. I pulled out the sheet I had used to find sources for
assignments earlier in the semester, and then everything began clicking for me again. This was
an important moment that put me back on the right path to finish the semester strong. The true
test of this class came with the complete annotations. The first ten were more difficult than the
last ten, but in every way possible this assignment took everything I had. The progress I had
made during the semester helped me a lot, and the struggles I endured with the assignments
before the annotations helped me persevere and complete the assignment to the best of my
ability. After finishing all 20 completed annotations I know that Ive never felt so accomplished
turning in an assignment for school.
The interviews we conducted for our research helped me get out of my comfort zone, and
talk to a professional about their perspective on college binge drinking. This process allowed me
to improve my interviewing skills and gain confidence with each person I interviewed. I will be
able to take this experience and build-off of the pros and cons to make sure Im getting the most
out of my future interviews.

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From the start of the semester it was clear that I included a strong voice and opinion
within my writing. It was difficult at first, but I was able to start implementing contrasting views
and present the information I was gathering in a more balanced way. Grammar was not my
strong suit by any means, and after my first paper was returned I thought that Professor
Thompson had re-written my entire essay. I was never able to turn in a paper that had perfect
grammar, however, I did see improvements in that area and I was limiting the number of
unnecessary words to help strengthen my writing. Overall, the progress and amount of
information I learned this semester will carry over into the rest of my courses while in school, as
well as my career. This class was one of the most difficult things Ive ever gone through, but I
couldnt be more thankful for all that I learned.
First off, Id like to thank my parents. If it wasnt for them I wouldnt even be able to
attend this institution and gain as much knowledge as I have. Their unconditional love and
support has helped me so much while going through this class, and they were constant reminders
that drove me to keep pushing no matter how bad I wanted to give up.
This class drove me insane; sleep deprivation, constant worrying, and anxiety led to me
not always be the best friend, roommate, or teammate. But through it all my friends stuck by my
side and were always there when I needed a helping hand, or just extra push to make sure I was
working to the best of my ability. For that, I greatly appreciate and give thanks to all of them.
I also want to thank Sara Miller for all the time and effort she put forth toward making
sure our references were correct and done in the right way. She was a great help numerous times
throughout the semester.
Lastly, I want to give thanks to Susan and Professor Thompson. You two were everything
us students could have asked for while taking this class. The answers were never given to us, we

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had to work for everything, and you two were harsh at times. But I wouldnt have wanted it any
other way. I will be taking a lot more from this class than proper academic writing and APA
citations; and I only have you two to thank for that. When I felt confused, overwhelmed, and
helpless, Susan you were there to drive me. When I felt broken, discouraged, and lost, Professor
Thompson you were there to get me back on track. The relationships we have built I only hope
means that I can come to you two when I need guidance during my remaining time at Linfield.
From the bottom of my heart I can say that I wouldnt have been able to complete this course if it
wasnt for you two, so thank you!

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Abstract
There are a number of factors that lead to thousands of college students binge drinking
each year. The attitude America has toward excessive alcohol consumption has evolved into a
culture that accepts it as something college students will always do. This culture has led to youth
growing up thinking that partying and drinking is the social norm for students in college, and has
also affected the way institutions approach alcohol with its students. The media has had the
biggest impact on encouraging this type of culture by how it advertises alcohol to the general
public, and specifically youth. College students are trapped while in school because of this
attitude toward alcohol, and it has led to college presidents sending mixed messages to students.
By allowing events on campus to include alcohol, allowing the purchase of alcohol at sporting
events, and also allowing alcohol at Greek life functions, institutions have contradicted their zero
tolerance alcohol policies. Although there are online alcohol awareness courses for incoming
freshman, institutions must input new techniques into its curriculum to educate students about
the dangers of alcohol. In order to see the levels of binge drinking decrease, colleges must
provide as many resources as possible to educate students about the dangers of alcohol. By
including prevention advertisements, awareness programs, educating the community, and the
federal government allowing institutions to teach moderation to first-year students at then end of
a semester long course, it will cause the media to have less of an impact.

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Introduction
There isnt only one reason why the number of college students binge drinking continues
to remain at a high number each year. Factors such as: The way parents raise their children
around alcohol, the culture that has been tolerated by the American people about alcohol, and the
media advertising of alcohol, has contributed to the epidemic of binge drinking by college
students across the country. The tolerance level parents have with their children about consuming
alcohol has a direct impact on the choices they make while at college. A document provided by
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration explains that children who
consume alcohol prior to the age of 19 are more likely to become heavy drinkers once in college
(SAMHSA, 2011). Although there have been parents whove allowed their children to drink at
home in order to teach moderation and have done so effectively, this approach can lead to serious
consequences if not done properly.
College presidents and administration have accepted the fact that students will binge
drink, but they continue to enforce strict alcohol policies on their campuses. This tolerance by
administration has come from America forming a culture where excessive alcohol consumption
is thought of as a social norm. By having the youth grow up in a culture that tolerates alcohol,
and having colleges or universities not tolerate it; college students only become more tempted to
consume alcohol because its what they arent allowed to have (Califano, 2007).
The targeted advertising of alcohol to youth has only fueled the acceptance of underage
drinking by the people in America, and contributes to the two other factors I have previously
discussed. The consumption of alcohol is shown as something that is cool in advertisements,
movies, music, and television, which has had an extreme impact on youth (Boulard, 2005). When
children grow up seeing the coolest celebrities or music stars partying and consuming alcohol,

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youth set that as the standard of what it takes to be popular among their peers. Boulard continues
to explain how the multiple media outlets like social networking sites such as Facebook and
Twitter, have created a culture where youth now boast about what they are doing with alcohol.
This is the big difference between college students now, and college students from the 1960s and
1970s. However, as early as 1978, the Hollywood movie Animal House portrayed college as a
place where only partying mattered, and academics were irrelevant (SAMHSA, 2011). These
examples show that the media has been presenting college binge drinking as something that is
okay, and over time has only increased the number of ways it can be looked at as a social norm.
Colleges and universities continue to send the wrong messages to students by the way
alcohol policies are being enforced. In an assessment of campus alcohol policies, there are
institutions who continue to implement strict alcohol policies of no drinking for its students,
while also allowing alcohol advertisements around its campus, fraternities, sororities, and the
sale of alcohol at athletic events. This mixed message shows students that presidents and
administration arent taking the policy theyre presenting seriously (Creemens, 2013). If colleges
and universities want their alcohol policies to be taken seriously by students, then presidents and
administrators cant allow alcohol to be advertised, or tolerated on their campuses. Until then,
students will feel the need to rebel and disobey against the policies that are established.
Alcohol awareness programs have seen success in making an impact on students, but the
voluntary programs arent doing enough. The Red Watch Band movement at Stony Brook State
University has had 140 students complete the training, and now more institutions are trying to
make it available for their students (Johnson, 2009). The prevention program at SBSU consists of
a four-hour training session that teaches students how to recognize and respond to the symptoms
of a student who is suffering from alcohol poisoning; the urban myths about how to treat an

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acutely intoxicated student are clarified, and students become certified to give CPR if the
situation presents itself. Although programs such as this are important to have, there needs to be
more ways that institutions allow students to become educated about binge drinking. Adria
Godon-Bynum (2014) explains that a student health center is beneficial for students who want to
become more aware of specific topics, but because of the impacts that alcohol has had on student
bodies, communities, and families; there needs to be a more proactive approach to educating
students about what irresponsible drinking can lead to.
Thesis and Roadmap
In order to decrease the number of college students binge drinking and becoming acutely
intoxicated, presidents and administration of colleges and universities need to be required to
implement a more intensive educational approach within its curriculum. This approach could
include an alcohol awareness course for first-year students that stresses prevention, exposes
dangers, and teaches moderate alcohol consumption. Also, students in the class will become CPR
certified. Although the federal government requires all citizens to be the age of 21 to consume
alcohol, colleges and universities need to be allowed to conclude a semester long alcohol
awareness course by teaching moderation to first-year students in a controlled setting without the
government changing the MLDA of 21. This type of approach could be the most effective way to
impact students and allow them to make smarter choices while around alcohol in college.
This paper is going to examine the leading causes that tempt college students to binge
drink even though colleges and universities have strict alcohol policies in-place. It will then
explain that due to the American society accepting alcohol, it has led to colleges and universities
sending mixed messages to its students. This paper will discuss the negative impact media
advertising has had on youth and society, and how that impact has led college students down a

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path of destruction. There must be more done than in the past to make students aware and
educated about the severity of binge drinking, and an educational approach is the most effective
way to accomplish that. The current alcohol policies at colleges and universities are sending the
wrong message or continue to see the same results. Institutions that blend a mixture of alcohol
awareness, prevention, and moderation for first-year students, as well as eliminate the factors
promoting alcohol, will begin to see positive results.
The culture of alcohol in America
Since the media has portrayed alcohol as a necessity to be considered cool and popular
while in college, parents are starting to take matters into their own hands. High school students
before arriving to college are consuming more alcohol because parents want to make sure their
children dont drink for the first time while at college. According to Stains (2013), high school
students are also beginning to party more; he states You cant blame colleges for the fact that
most teenagers, more than 70 percent of high school students, have experimented with alcohol
(Pg. 3). Research shows that the first six weeks of a students freshman year is the most
vulnerable time for heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences. In one source, it states that
parents are beginning to monitor their childrens alcohol consumption to try and teach them their
limitations (Macleans, 2011). However, another way parents can accomplish this without
providing alcohol to their children is by discussing with them that nothing positive comes out of
excessive alcohol consumption. The NIAAA (2013) explains, that students who choose not to
drink or only drink moderately, often do so because their parents discussed with them the
consequences that come from drinking irresponsibly.
The culture of alcohol in America has led to college presidents and administrators to
accept that its students will binge drink, while also enforcing strict policies. The youth of

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America want to feel as if they stand out, so they tend to rebel against what rules are being
enforced. The same kind of theory works for zero tolerance alcohol policies, since institutions
wont allow students to drink, it only attracts them to the substance more. Gary Boulard states
that zero tolerance alcohol programs, or the attempt to make college campuses alcohol free, tends
to backfire on the administration (2005). The research on how many college students who binge
drink shows this is a problem that must be taken seriously. A study provided by CASA states that
nearly half of all full-time college students are considered to be binge drinkers, or have drank to
excess (Califano, 2007). In 2008, there were 29,000 college students between the ages of 18 and
24 that were admitted to a hospital because of alcohol overdose (Stains, 2013). That was a 76
percent increase from 1999.
Some institutions have tried a different approach, and actually provide students with
alcohol. A university in Ontario promotes harm reduction rather than prohibition and encourages
students to drink in commons rooms, and not behind closed doors (Kauri, 2014). The university
limits the number of bottles that students can get in order to monitor the pace at which students
are drinking, and says it has seen a decrease in the number of hospital visits by students
compared to previous years. However, this argument by Kauri is countered by a study conducted
in 2008 by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. The study included 747 college
presidents, and showed that 34 percent of colleges banned alcohol for all students regardless of
age. CSPI also states that the students attending these colleges with the ban consumed just as
much alcohol as the students attending colleges without a ban (CSPI, 2008). Although CSPI
explains that the number of students who are binge drinking is the same whether theres a ban or
not; the approach of harm reduction still shows that there was a decrease in hospital visits caused

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by alcohol, and is a safer approach as long as the university confirms students dont have their
own bottles of liquor in the rooms as well.
Excessive alcohol consumption has a variety of consequences, especially to students
personal health. The NIAAA provides statistics of consequences that college students will face
this next year: over 1,825 students will die, almost 600,000 students will be injured, 696,000
assault cases will be filed, and there will be 97,000 sexual abuses charges (2013). All of those
incidents will include someone who was under the influence of alcohol. The consequences of
binge drinking are not only limited to the students who partake in this reckless behavior, but
innocent students are being impacted as well. Virtually all college students will experience the
effects of college binge drinking, whether they drink or not (NIAAA, 2013, pg. 1). Binge
drinking will also lead to students having unprotected sex, experiencing academic decline, and
drunk driving (SAMHSA, 2011). The consequences that come from binge drinking lead to an
increasing number of students dropping out of college and failing to reach their full potential.
Since America accepts the fact that college students will binge drink, parents are
beginning to do everything they can to make sure their children enter college as educated as
possible about the dangers of alcohol. This attitude by America has also had an impact on college
presidents and administration and the way they implement their alcohol policies. The research on
the number of students who are binge drinking is severe enough for college presidents to make
the necessary changes so students can become more aware about the consequences alcohol
presents.
The reasons why college students are binge drinking
The influence the media has on youth, and the mixed messages sent by college presidents
and administration, are the main factors that lead to college students binge drinking. Once

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college students arrive at school they are being told one thing, but are seeing something different.
In an interview with Rich Dennis (2014) he states that college presidents are implementing zero
tolerance alcohol policies for students, but still allow certain events on campus to have alcohol
included. This contradicts the message being sent to students and only encourages rebellious
behavior. Institutions are providing alcohol to be purchased at sporting events, and also allow
alcohol to be included at Greek life functions (Weiss, 2013). Institutions that allow the purchase
of alcohol at sporting events, are more interested in making money than providing students with
a healthy environment; these same universities are also supporting on-campus alcohol
advertising of beer companies to its students. Research shows that students who attend colleges
and universities with strong Greek systems and successful athletic programs, tend to consume
more alcohol than students who attend other institutions. By doing this, colleges and universities
are continuing to provide its students with reasons to drink, rather than lead them in a direction
away from alcohol.
The media is influencing youth and college students in a negative way. Since the number
of options alcohol companies have to promote their products keeps growing, the idea of
underage drinking being acceptable to society keeps growing as well. Alcohol advertisements are
being directed toward a younger demographic more each year. Between 2001 and 2003 there
were 90,000 more alcohol advertisements televised (Boulard, 2005). Also, Boulard explains that
the alcohol industry is attracting a younger demographic by including computer games and
premiums for downloading music on their websites.
The number of bars that surround campuses and advertise to underage students is also
becoming more a problem for colleges and universities (Dennis, 2014). Since this is becoming
more of an issue, institutions need to start connecting with the local residential and business

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communities to help increase the awareness of underage advertising, which will decrease the
number of underage students drinking. Another way institutions can impact underage drinking
within the community is by having local bars increase the prices of alcohol to all college
students, and eliminating low-cost drink specials.
The media continues to use movies, television, social media sites, and many other media
outlets to popularize the consumption of alcohol. This has led to youth and college students
thinking that the best way to fit-in and make friends is by drinking. College students use social
networking sites such as Instagram, and Snapchat to show off the amount of alcohol they have
consumed, as well as to show theyre having a good time (Linfield college house, 2014). George
Dowdall (2009) stated that all students have the choice of whether to drink or not, but those
choices correlate to what those students think is cool and respectable among their peers. Dowdall
is explaining that although no one is forcing the bottle of alcohol down a students throat, the
media alters the decision a student makes when the situation presents itself. Due to the success
media companies have had from alcohol advertising, companies are also incorporating alcohol
into video games. For example, youth can go to the store and buy the classic drinking game of
beer pong (Keegan, 2009). There also applications on smartphones that youth can download to
play the drinking game as well.
College students are becoming less likely to avoid the dangers of alcohol because of the
impact from the media, and the message that college presidents and administration are
promoting. Institutions are expecting students who grow up in a culture that accepts alcohol to
not drink, while those institutions continue to allow the purchase of alcohol at on-campus events.
This mixed message will keep resulting in students drinking irresponsibly because of the culture
we live in. The influence of the media has been the leading cause to students thinking alcohol is

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the answer to becoming popular, and it has also led to society tolerating the amount of alcohol
college students are drinking.
Colleges must input new techniques into curriculum
In order for colleges and universities to see an improvement in the number of students
binge drinking, new prevention strategies must be incorporated into alcohol policies. There are
different types of prevention strategies available that institutions can input to have an impact on
its students. A study examining how students perceived alcohol prevention advertisements
showed that male and female students comprehend messages in different ways. There has to be
different prevention techniques in order to have an effect on all students (Glassman, 2012). This
means the preventative advertisements must include different shapes, colors, facts, etc. to impact
both males and females.
Colleges and universities need to include counseling services, substance abuse programs,
and more, so students have as many resources as possible that can educate them about excessive
alcohol consumption. Joyce Kinde discussed that the University of Colorado Boulder has
implemented all of these techniques and the rates at which students are being impacted by
college binge drinking get better each year (Kinde, 2014). Students on the UC Boulder campus
also have the option to attend substance abuse therapy sessions at a clinic where citizens of the
general public join also. Kinde explained that this allows students to build relationships with
people who arent students and are going through the same issues as them. David Anderson
discusses that colleges and universities need to have a more comprehensive approach to
prevention, and must provide students with a variety of strategies; not just establish and enforce
strict policies (Anderson, 2011).

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College presidents and administration must begin taking the right steps to start decreasing
the number of students, families, and friends who are being impacted by binge drinking.
Anderson (2011) explains there must be a call to action to encourage colleges and universities to
address alcohol abuse more aggressively to its students. The current policies in-place are clearly
not doing what it takes to provide a safe and healthy environment for students to learn. Teaching
moderation, which allows students to become more aware of their limits is a more efficient way
of education and prevention (Boulard, 2005). By accomplishing this in a controlled setting,
students will realize at what number of drinks they begin to feel intoxicated, and can monitor
how they react to the alcohol. This type of environment, compared to a party where students
quickly consume an excessive amount of alcohol, will have far better outcomes.
The next step colleges and universities must take is a more intensive campus communitylevel intervention, as well as interventions targeted at the general public (Saltz, 2011). The better
relationship institutions can build with the citizens in the community, the healthier of an
environment its students will be around. A study by Drew Saylor (2011) showed that the
approach of teaching moderation has been considered, but it is against the law for minors to
consume alcohol. By dropping the legal drinking age of 21 to 18, professionals explain that it
would cause more of a negative impact on youth than the current law. This is why the federal
government needs to allow colleges and universities to teach moderation to first-year students
without changing the MLDA of 21; the law would still be enforced on all citizens who are caught
under the influence of alcohol and not the age of 21. Students would also be given the
opportunity to see how much alcohol they can consume before feeling impaired, so while at a
party on the weekend students can plan ahead and make better decisions to ensure their safety.

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Institutions need to begin taking a more serious approach to the message college students
are being sent. The current alcohol policies have not been successful and Ive provided the
research to show that college binge drinking is a severe problem. The preventative strategies
colleges and universities can incorporate to start impacting students in a positive way are out
there, but the presidents and administration must be willing to give extra effort to be sure the
strategies are effective. The theory of teaching moderation to students could be the most
beneficial strategy out there, however, the federal government would need to allow institutions to
provide alcohol for minors without changing the MLDA of 21.
Conclusion
The number of resources available to educate students about the dangers of alcohol
should be something institutions are constantly attempting to increase (Kinde, 2014). By
including prevention advertisements rather than alcohol advertisements, counseling services, and
substance abuse programs, the influence of the media will become less of an impact on students.
Institutions can also target the community as another way to control the levels of binge drinking
by students (Saltz, 2011). The stronger relationships an institution has with local businesses and
the general public, the safer its students will be. By incorporating a semester long alcohol
awareness course for first-year students that covers a variety of topics, and teaches students how
to drink moderately; institutions only need the approval of the federal government to implement
what some professionals think is the most effective prevention program yet. This is why colleges
and universities should have the right to teach moderation at the end of the course after students
have been taught the necessary information. There isnt only one reason why thousands of
college students face the consequences of binge drinking each year, its multiple factors that have
led to this epidemic. However, by implementing these different prevention strategies, and giving

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a little extra effort, institutions would provide its students with the safest, and healthiest learning
environment possible. This could have an extreme impact on improving students college
experience, and the culture of alcohol in America can begin changing.

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