Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Jatropha Curcus Oil in CI Engine As An Alternate Fuel

ISSN 2394-3777 (Print)
ISSN 2394-3785 (Online)

Available online at www.ijartet.com
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET)
Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2015
Performance And Emissions characteristics

Of Jatropha Curcus Oil In CI Engine as an
Alternate Fuel
Dr.C.Krishnaraj1
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India1
Abstract: As a result of present work it is apparent that the non-edible oil obtained from biofuels crops called
JATROPHA CURCUS may behave like diesel fuel. It has the potential to act as an alternate to diesel and
form a renewable source of energy. The oil can be used in two ways. First, Pure Jatropha oil blended with
diesel up to 20% can be used without any problem. Secondly, by converting the plant oil into biodiesel which is
nothing but glycerin free oil in order to reduce viscosity can be used in the engine without any blending with
diesel. Both cases offers almost the same performance and engine durability as with use of petroleum diesel
fuel, which are non-flammable, non-toxic, and reducing tailpipe emissions, visible smoke, Noxious fumes and
odors without any engine modification. It is found that, esterified jatropha oil called biodiesel, is best suited as
the exhaust pollution is very much reduced and also the efficiency is near to the efficiency of diesel fuel. But
the cost required for converting into biodiesel has to be taken into account. This paper critically reviews
different aspects of pure jatropha oil blended with diesel an alternate fuel for diesel engine. The various issues
under consideration for fuel properties, comparison with diesel, performance of engine using various blends and
emission characteristics of diesel engine using pure jatropha oil.
Keywords: Jatropha Curcus, Esterified jatropha oil, Viscosity, Emission characteristics, Biodiesel
I.
INTRODUCTION
Pure jatropha oil is completely natural,
renewable fuel applicable in almost any situation
where conventional petroleum diesel is used.
There is no petroleum or other fossil fuel in
biodiesel. It is 100% vegetable oil based. It
operates well in a conventional diesel engine with
very few or no engine modification and can also be
used in a blend with conventional diesel, while still
achieving substantial reductions in emission.
II.
ABOUT THE PLANT
JATROPHA CURCUS
It is a monocious shrub or small tree
grow up to 6 meter height in low rainfall regions
and are not browsed by animals. The plant reaches
a height of 3m within 3 years. This promising
biofuel crop can be successfully cultivated on
waste lands. The plant produces small seeds which
contain25% to 35% of viscous oil by weight. The
plants grow luxuriantly even in marginal, stony and
sandy tracts. It cn be grown in hedges at a spacing
of 15-20 cm by 15-25cm in single or double rows
for conserving soil. For commercial plantation the
spacing goes like 2m by 1.5m. Dry climate

improves the oil yield. Jatropha absorbs carbon
from the atmosphere and helps in preventing soil
erosion. It is a source of clean fuel with no
emissions and has a potential to transform the rural
employment scenario. In Tamil Nadu Jatropha
grown over 0.4 hectares can produce 1.10 million
liters of biodiesel.
III.
PREPARATION OF
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is formed by removing the
glycerin molecule from the raw jatropha seed oil.
Once the glycerin is removed from the oil, the
remaining molecules are called as biodiesel.
The process involves,
One mole of pure Jatropha oil and 3 mole
of ethanol are taken into the flask. The mixture is
stirred vigorously at about 70c for one hour since
jatropha oil are immiscible liquids. Now, the
mixture is cooled to 50c. Then sodium hydroxide
and little amount of ethanol are added. Here NaOH
acts as a catalyst. Again the mixture is heated to
about 70c for one hour and stirred vigorously.
Reaction takes place and three moles of fatty acids
7
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and one mole glycerol are produced. Glycerol is a

valuable byproduct. Now the solution is cooled to
50c and some amount of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and cold water are added. Then
it is allowed to cool overnight at room temperature
and without stirring. Two layers are formed. The
bottom layer consists of glycerol and top layer
consists of esters also known as biodiesel. It is
separated from glycerol and then used as fuel.
IV.
ADVANTAGES OF
BIODIESEL
It is non-toxic, biodegradable and
renewable source of energy.
Handling and storage are safer than
conventional petroleum diesel fuel.
The cost compares well when pricing
against other alternative fuels.
Biodiesel itself acts as a lubricant, which
actually improves the engine life, the thus
chance of wearing out gets substantially
reduced.
Biodiesel exhaust has a less harmful
impact on human health than diesel fuel.
V.
PROPERTIES OF JATROPHA
OIL IN COMPARISON WITH
DIESEL
Parameter
Energy content
MJ/kg
Specific Weight
at 15 C
Solidifying Point
C
Flash point C
Cetane number
Sulphur %
VI.
Number of cylinder
Bore
Stoke
Number of stokes
Orifice diameter
Cooling media
Dynamometer
Rated power output
Diesel
Jatropha oil
42.6 45.2
39.6- 41.8
0.84
0.91
-14
80
110- 240
47.8
51
1
.13
EXPERIMENT SET UP
AND TEST RESULT
:1
:80mm
:95mm
:4
:24mm
:water
:Rope type
:5hp
No. of revolutions
:1500rpm
Coefficient of discharge
:0.64
Exhaust
gas
temperature,
engine
temperature etc. are measured using dial
thermometer, fuel consumption is measured by
calibrated burette attached with 3-way cocks and
intake pressure is noted with the help of U-tube
manometer. An Eddy current dynamometer was
coupled to the test engine for torque and speed
measurement. Jatropha oil as a diesel fuel is
effective up to 20% blend in diesel. All testing are
carried out at constant speed i.e. 1500rpm. Testing
is carried out using various blends as:
100% Diesel
5%J
95%J
10%J
90%J
15%J
85%J
20%J
80%J
The Work was carried out on a single

cylinder four stoke, direct injection and water
cooled diesel engine. The test setup consists of
engine, rope brake dynamometer and measuring
instrument like dial thermometer tube manometer.
The coolant inlet and outlet temperature of water,
exhaust has temperature were measured using
thermometer. Speed of the shaft can be measured
by tachometer. Fuel flow is controlled by 3-way
valve.
VII.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PERFORMANCE GRAPHS
Brake Power Vs TFC
1.104 2.2
3.3
4.4
5.5
6.6
Figure 1. Brake Power Vs TFC
8

60
BRAKE POWER Vs AIR FUEL RATIO
Figure 4 BRAKE POWER Vs THERMAL EFFICIENCY

1.6
50
BRAKE POWER Vs SFC
1.4
40
1.2
1
30
0.8
20
0.6
0.4
10
0.2
0
0
0
1.104 2.2
3.3
4.4
5.5
6.6
1.104 2.2
3.3
4.4
5.5
6.6
Figure 3. BRAKE Vs EXHAUST HEAT LOSS

30
BRAKE POWER VsTHERMAL

EFFICIENCY
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1.104 2.2
3.3
4.4
5.5
3.3
4.4
5.5
6.6
VIII.
BRAKE Vs EXHAUST HEAT LOSS
1.104 2.2
Figure 5 BRAKE POWER Vs SFC
Figure 2. Brake Power Vs Air Fuel Ratio
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
6.6
DISCUSSIONS OF
PERFORMANCE GRAPHS
Brake power Vs SFC
Specific fuel consumption is very important
factor in selection of the fuel. The graph clearly
indicates that as load increases SFC decreases.
Among the various blends 80:20 blend decreases
the SFC to a minimal value compared to other
blends as shown in Figure 5.
Brake Power Vs TFC
Total fuel consumption increases with an
increase in load. Among the blends analyzed 80:20
blends consumption is less compared to other
blends as shown in Figure 1.
Brake Power Vs Exhaust Temperture
Exhaust temperature at the stack is being
reduced when jatropha blend is used in multi
cylinder diesel engine.
When the exhaust
temperature is reduced this will have positive effect
on the environment.
Exhaust temperature is
minimal for 80:20 blends which recommend its
use.
Brake Power Vs Air-fuel ratio
The graph indicates that air fuel ratio
decreases with increase in brake power. The air
fuel ration for 80:20 blends is maximum at no load
condition and minimum at maximum load. The
above results may be due to the presence of high
oxygen content in the Jatropha oil as shown in
Figure 2.
Brake power Vs Exhaust Heat loss
9

Exhaust temperature is reduced to a great

extent when diesel is blended with Jatrophacurcus.
Exhaust heat loss is also reduced due to the above
fact. Usage of 80:20 result in reduction of heat
lost through exhaust gases by 50% as shown in
Figure 3.
Brake Power Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency:
Brake thermal efficiency increases as load
increases. As proportion of the oil in the blended
fuel increases the brake thermal efficiency also
increases. Hence among the tested blend 80:20
blends has the highest brake thermal efficiency as
shown in Figure 4.
IX.
Co2 Vs Blends
45.8
45.6
45.4
45.2
45
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.2
EMISSION GRAPHS
Figure 8 Co2 Vs Blends
Combustion efficiency Vs
Blends
Flue Gas Temperature Vs Blends

200
150
100
50
0
99.2
99
98.8
98.6
98.4
Figure 9 Flue Gas Temperature Vs Blends

Figure 6 combustion efficiency Vs Blends
CO Emission Vs Blends
25
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 7 CO Emission Vs Blends
X.
DISCUSSIONS OF EMISSION
GRAPHS
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION

Carbon dioxide is the only recyclable
emission from the I.C engine.
Increase in
proportion of Jatropha oil in the diesel blend
increases the carbon dioxide emission. as shown in
Figure 8.
Jatrophacurcas plant is a very good
absorber of atmospheric carbon dioxide and it can
absorb the complete carbon dioxide emitted and
recycle it. A slight increase in the carbon dioxide
emission does not have adverse effect on the
environment.
SULPHUR EMISSION
The exhaust emissions of sulphur oxides
and Sulphates from blend were essentially
10

eliminated compared to Sulphur oxides and

sulphtes from diesel.
PARTICULATE MATTER
The exhaust emissions of particulate
matter from biodiesel are about 47 percent lower
than overall particulate matter emissions from
diesel.
COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
A fuel with high oxygen content increases
the combustion efficiency substantially, Again as
proportion of Jatropha oil in the blend increases the
combustion efficiency also increases. Hence 80:20
blend has good combustion efficiency as shown in
Figure 6.
NITROGEN OXIDES
NOx emissions increase or decrease
depending on the engine family and testing
procedures. NOxemission(a contributing factor in
the localized formation of smog and ozone) from
bio diesel increase on average by 10%. However
blends lack of sulphur allows the use of NOx
control technologies. So NOx emissions can be
effectively managed and eliminated as a concern of
fuel.
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE
As shown in Figure 9 the particulate
matters has reduced as proportion of Jatropha oil in
the blend increases the combustion efficiency also
increases. Hence 80:20 blend has reduced flue gas
temperature.
XI.
PRESENT STATUS OF
BIODIESEL IN INDIA
It is reported that the Railways, one of the
largest consumers of diesel has leased 500 acres of
land to Indian Oil Corporation, Lucknow for the
plantation of Jatropha which is expected to yield
500-800 metric tones of biodiesel in two or three
years. The price of this biodiesel is projected at
Rs. 11-12per liter.
If biodiesel is used, as per plans, to the
extent of 10 percent mixture with the conventional
diesel, the Railways would be able to not only
save on its rising fuel bill of Rs.3,400 crores for
using diesel could be reduced by nearly Rs.300
crores to 400 crores per annum by using biodiesel.
Ultimately, the percentage of biodiesel would go
up to 15 per cent as per the accepted global norms.
XII.
CONCLUSION
Study on pure jatropha oil and biodiesel
reveals that it is a good alternative for diesel fuel
and it is also ecofriendly fuel and its exhaust
emission characteristics are also better than that of
diesel emissions. The properties of biodiesel also
indicate that it is close to that of petroleum diesel
and hence can be used easily in the existing diesel
engines. Thus biodiesel can become a suitable
alternative fuel for diesel in the future.
REFERENCES
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Emissions, SAE Paper No 952420.
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Enhancement on the Emission from DI Diesel via
Manipulation of Fuel and Combustion Chamber Gas
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Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Jatropha Curcus Oil in CI Engine As An Alternate Fuel

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ISSN 2394-3777 (Print)

ISSN 2394-3785 (Online)