CHAPTER - 1

Research on the topic previously

Topic -Sensor-Controlled Lighting System
About - To design a system for lightning cities and highways.
To control the light intensity during the night time.
To reduce power, save the environment, increase the lightning
Our project differ from the previous project
Topic - Solar Street light on/off system depending on vehicles
About - The project was done by using LDR but we have modified it by using PIR
motion sensor instead of that.LDR is light depending resistor which works when
on the absence of sunlight and light intensity control during the night time which is
independent of traffic. But PIR motion sensor works only when vehicles present on
the street. Our modified project is to save energy that is when the traffic will be
less the energy consumption will be less.

Introduction
Basically, street lighting is one of the important parts of a citys infrastructure
where the main function is to illuminate the citys streets during dark hours of the
day. Previously, the number of streets in the town and city is very small. Therefore,
the street lamps are relatively simple but with the development of urbanization, the
number of streets increases rapidly with high traffic density. There are several
factors need to be considered in order to design a good street lighting system such
as night-time safety for community members and road users, provide public
lighting at cost-effective, the reduction of crime and minimizing it is effect on the
environment. At the beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control
where a control switch is set in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation
of the original Street light. After that, another method that has been used was
optical control method. This method is using high pressure sodium lamp in their
system. It can be seen that this method is widely used in the country nowadays.
This method operates by set up an optical control circuit, change the resistance by
using of light sensitive device to control street lamps light up automatically at dusk
and turn off automatically after dawn in the morning. Due to the technological
development nowadays, road lighting can be categorized according to the
installation area, performance and their used, for an example, lighting for traffic
routes, lighting for subsidiary roads and lighting for urban center and public
amenity areas. Meanwhile, street lighting technology can be classified according to
the type of lamps used such as incandescent light, mercury vapour light, metal
halide light, high pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent
light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED light.
Over the last few years, LED street lamps have turned into real products that one
can see on the road. They make sense for many reasons, such as their compact size,
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high efficacy (lumens per watt), longevity, and robustness. LED sources also allow
for interesting new design forms, often with slimmer profiles than traditional metal
halide arc lamps. LED is considered a promising solution to modern street lighting
system due to it is behavior and advantages as emphasized. Apart from that, the
advantages of LED are likely to replace the traditional street lamps such as the
incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and High Pressure Sodium Lamp in future but
LED technology is an extremely difficult process that requires a combination of
advanced production lines, top quality materials and high-precision manufacturing
process. Therefore, this paper highlights the energy efficient of street lighting
design using LED lamps through intelligent sensor interface for controlling and
managing. The original contribution of this thesis is to design of a streetlight node
based on which the system can be set to run in automatic mode, which control
streetlight according to Sunrise and Sunset Algorithm and light intensity. This
control can make a reasonable adjustment according to the seasonal variation.

Objective
The objective of this project is to develop smart, energy-efficient street lights that
are powered by renewable energy and operated on the presence of vehicle. Outdoor
lamps contribute to a major amount of electricity consumption from the main
power lines of Kolkata city. While solar power acts as an alternative to
conventional power supply to the street lamps, operating them in full power only
when required adds a two-fold cost and energy saving scheme to this project. At
empty streets with no presence of traffic, the street lamps need the light off. The
project aims at limiting the large amount of energy wasted without purpose in such
conditions by accomplishing automated detection, and powering the LED lamps
with appropriate to provide illumination according to the amount of cars present on
the road. It is also intended in the project to mount the solar panels at an angle that
is optimum for the winter season, so that even during the short day hours of winter,
enough energy is collected to support the load through the long nights.

Scope of the project

The scope of this project includes construction of the prototype of a solar powered
outdoor LED lamp. 12 V lead-acid battery supplies energy collected from a solar
panel to LED lamps. The different components involved in the designing of this
project includes a charge controller circuit and a driver circuit, both connected to a
PIR sensor circuit via PIC 16F887 microcontroller, which turns them on or off
depending on presence of vehicles. The mounting angle of solar cell will ensure
optimum energy collection such as to provide sufficient power to the street lamps
during all four seasons of the year. However, the use of tracking or adjustable
panels would have allowed higher energy collection, but at an increased cost.
According to the Days of Autonomy, the system can power the street lamps for a
maximum of 3 days without receiving energy from the sun.

Organization of this thesis

The thesis is organized in an order such as to provide the readers with a general
understanding the different components present in the photovoltaic systems, before
moving on to the details specific to the project. The following chapter introduces
the different types of each component, their functions, advantages and
disadvantages and their suitability to the project. These general discussions are
followed by the chapter which details the comparison and determination of the
optimum tilt angle for the solar panel. The same chapter also explains the different
meteorological factors that affect the mounting angle of panels and the
comparative study for tilt angle in different seasons. Chapter 4 provides a block
diagram of the complete system along and outlines the different system parameters.
It shows the calculations for determining the system size, and shows the relative
decrease in required size by employing the traffic sensor. The last chapter gives a
detailed explanation of how the project is implemented. It includes the circuit
diagrams and explanation used to build the prototype of the street.lighting system.
The paper ends with the future aspects of this project following the results and
discussions.

CHAPTER - 2

Light:
Light is in the form of radiation, which is visible to the human eye and
isresponsible for the sense of light. It is also called as electromagnetic radiation
(EMR) whichis having a wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm- between
the infrared, with longerwavelengths and the ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths.
The ranges mentioned above donot represent the absolute limits of human vision,
but it gives the approximate range in whichpeople can see well. Visible light as
narrowly as 420nm to 680 nm to as broadly as 380nm to800nm be defined by
various sources. People can see infrared up to 1050nm and in case ofultraviolet,
children and young people can see down to about 310 to 313nm.
Intensity,propagation direction, frequency, wavelength spectrum and polarization
are the primaryproperties of visible light and the speed of light is 3108 m/s. The
visible light with these alltypes of EMR move at this velocity in a vacuum. In all
types of EMR, visible light is emittedand absorbed in tiny particles called photons
and exhibit properties of wave and particles.Street light is placed on the road to
make visible everything on the road at night to preventaccidents and to increase
safety of people.
Conventional LightingSystem:
An electric light is a device that produces lightwhen electricity passes through it.
Our forefathers used kerosene oil lamp and candles forlighting system at night.
Incandescent lamps were made in the early and middle 19th centurybut had less
use now days.
Types:
There are several kinds of light bulbs.
Incandescent - the most common light bulb in the house until about 2003.
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 Gas discharge lamp - a type of light bulb that includes the fluorescent light.
Compactfluorescent lights (CFLs) have now replaced incandescent light bulbs in
the house.
Low Pressure Sodium It is the most efficient light source which is used in
streetlighting. LPS lamp is producing a monochromatic orange-yellow light and is
also a goodway to reduce sky glow. The drawback of this lamp is only CRI.
Everything around itlooks yellow-orange when the lamp is in ON position and its
uses more wattage as theage of lamp increases.
High Intensity Discharge It requires an external ballast to operate. It takes 3 to
5minutes to reach its full intensity. The lamp will be shut off if there is a dip in
electricity.HPS must cool sufficiently to restrict, which usually takes about 1
minute to 10 minutes.
HPS lamps are of following types:
Mercury vapor: It is a high intensity discharge lamp. It uses an arc through
vaporized mercury in a high pressure lamp to create a weaker light that mainly
creates UV light to excite the phosphors. Lamps have a good efficiency and Color
rendering is better than that of high pressure sodium street lights.
Metal halide: It consists of an arc tube with an outer bulb. It may be made ofeither
quartz or ceramic and contains an argon gas, mercury and metal halide
salts.Traditional quartz MH arc tubes are similar in shape to mercury vapor arc
tubes,but they operate at high temperatures and pressures. They are more
energyefficient than mercury vapor and greater lumen output.
High pressure sodium: It is the most common lamp for street lighting and this
isan improvement over the LPS lamp i.e. it has a more CRI with greater
efficiencyof a sodium lamp.

Modern Lighting: LightEmitting Diode:

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Solid states LEDs have beenpopular as indicator lights since the 1970s. In recent
years, efficacy and output have risen tothe point where LEDs are now being used
in niche lighting applications. Indicator LEDs areknown for their extremely longer
life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operatedmuch less conservatively
(due to high LED cost per watt), and consequently have muchshorter lives than
indicator LEDs. Due to the relatively high cost per watt, LED lighting ismost
useful at very low powers; typically for lamp assemblies of fewer than 10 W.LEDs
arecurrently most useful and cost-effective in low power applications, such as night
lights andflashlights. Colored LEDs can also be used for accent lighting, such as
for glass objects.They are also being increasingly used as holiday lighting. LED
efficiencies vary over a verywide range. Some have lower efficiency than filament
lamps, and some significantly higher.LED performance in this respect is prone to
being misinterpreted, as the inherentdirectionality of LEDs gives them a much
higher light intensity in one direction per given.

Difference Between Conventionaland Smart Street Light:

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A Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is
turnedON at a certain time every night. In conventional street lights, the bulbs
which are used, theyconsume more power and at that time there is no controlling
technique available. So, energywastage was more. The street lights remain
switched ON even when there is no traffic. Insmart street light technologies such as
LED, emit a white light that provides a high level ofscotopic Lumens allowing
Street Lights with lower wattages and lower photopic Lumens toreplace existing
street

lights.

In

these

days,

smart

street

lights

are

controlled

by

various10techniques such as wireless sensor network, Zigbee based street light

control system,microcontroller based control scheme and much more. For instance,
in the Zigbee control system, street light control is composed of three parts,
centralized control center, remoteconcentrator and street light control terminals.
Centralized control center resides in a localgovernment office usually. At the
centralized control center, operators monitor and controlstreet lights by using the
operators terminal. Centralized control center computerscommunicate with
remoteconcentrator which control lights installed alongside every road.
Remote concentrators control lights and gather status information. Third,
components of astreet light control system is street light control terminals. To
control each light individually,this street light control terminal is needed. It is
installed to every street light pole to detectstatus of light and to control lighting. It
communicates with remote concentrator to give andreceive commands and status
information for the control center. Zigbee is rising communication protocol, which
is used for data transfer within centralized control center,remote concentrator and
street light control terminals. With the help of these above mentioncontrol
techniques, the energy consumption of street lighting can be reduced by the
followingmethods.
By switching the street lights in an organized manner.
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 By controlling the light intensity of lamps from 0 to 100 percent.

Switching off the lights at selected locations where there is no traffic after
midnight.

Figure 2.1: Representation of intelligent Street light functions

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CHAPTER - 3

15

Circuit Design

16

Equipment list
Solar cell
Battery 12V
Rectifier
PIR motion sensor
Microcontroller

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Working Principle
Here we have used PIC microcontroller which has four ports. Here port
B is our input port and port D is our output port. When a vehicle passes
through the first sensor the corresponding output LED will be glow. The
light remains on until the vehicle reaches the second sensor. Similarly
for the other sensors.

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Block Diagram

Solar Cell

Battery

Sensor

Microcontroller

Street Light

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Program Code
Program code written in MikroC
void main()
{
unsigned char cnt1 , cnt2;
cnt1= 0;
cnt2= 0;
ANSEL = 0;
ANSELH = 0;
TRISB=0xFF;
TRISD=0x00;
PORTB=0x00;
PORTD=0x00;
while(1)
{
if(RB0_bit && !RB1_bit)
{
cnt1=cnt1+1;
PORTD.F0=1;

}
if(RB1_bit)
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{
cnt2=cnt2+1;
if(cnt1==cnt2){
PORTD.F0=0;
PORTD.F1=1;
}
if (cnt1=~cnt2)
{
PORTD.F0=0;
PORTD.F1=1;
Delay_ms(1000);
Delay_ms(1000);
Delay_ms(1000);
Delay_ms(1000);
PORTD.F1=0;
}
}
}
}

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Output

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