Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.
KMniteKal
Basic Concepts
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
k> eRbobeFobCamYynwgebtugGarem:
EdkenAkgebtugGarem:min)anGnuvtkMlaMgrbs;vaeTAelIGgt;eT EdlpyBIGMeBIrbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMg. enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajedaykarBt;FMCagersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcab;epIm
eFVIkarCaebtugGarem:.
edayRKb;RKgbrimaNrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg eKGaceFVIrcnasm<nCa flexible b rigid eday
minman\TiBlelIersIusg;rbs;vaeT. eKBi)aknwgTTYl)annUvlkN flexible enAkgebtugGarem:Nas;
RbsinebIeKcg;TTYl)anlkNesdkicx<s;.
x> lkNesdkicrbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Economics of Prestressed Concrete
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmankMBs;TabCagGgt;ebtugGarem:sMrab;RbEvg niglkxNnkardak;
bnkdUcKa. CaTUeTAkMBs;rbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgsitenAcenaH 65% eTA 80% nkMBs;rbs;ebtug
Garem:. dUcenHvaRtUvkarebtugticCagGgt;ebtugGarem:BI 20% eTA 35% EtkarsnSMsMcbrimaNebtugenHmantulPaBCamYynwgtMldx<s;rbs;sMParEdlmanKuNPaBlEdlRtUvkarkgkarrgeRbkugRtaMg. edaysarragFrNImaRt Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanBum<sKsajCagebtugGarem:.
eTaHbIvamantMlbEnmCaeRcInkeday EtRbsinebIeKplitvaeRcIntMlrbs;vaminsUvCaxusKaeT.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUvkartMEhTaMticCaeRKOgbgMebtugGarem: edaysarkarRtYtBinitKuNPaB
ebtug)anlCag nigRKwHrbs;vaRTnUvTMgn;pal;tUcCag.
enAeBlEdlFwmebtugGarem:manRbEvgFMCag 21m vanwgmanTMgn;pal;FMNas; EdleFVIeGayva
manPaBdabryeBlyUr nigsameRbHFM. dUcenHsMrab;FwmEdlmanRbEvgEvg eKniymeRbIebtugeRbkug
RtaMg edaysarFwmragFmantMlfkgkarsagsg; nigm:aeTotvaeFVIkarmin)anledaysarvargnUv
Basic Concept
NPIC
2> Rbvtirbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
3> eKalKMnitnebtugeRbkugRtaMg
k> esckIepIm Introduction
T.Chhay
P
Ac
(1.1)
Basic Concept
P Mc
Ac I g
(1.2a)
NPIC
nig
fb =
Edl
P Mc
+
Ac I g
(1.2b)
kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIbMput
f b = kugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkambMput
1
c = h sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN
2
ft =
nig
ft =
P Pec Mc
+
Ac
Ig
Ig
(1.3a)
fb =
P Pec Mc
+
Ac
Ig
Ig
(1.3b)
Pe
Pi
T.Chhay
Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r
P ec
f b = i 1 + 2b
Ac
r
ft =
b.
(1.4a)
(1.4b)
ft =
(1.5a)
(1.5b)
Basic Concept
NPIC
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
(1.6)
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;
M SD = m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkefr
M L = m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnlGefr
ehIysmIkar 1.5 nwgkayCa
Edl
MD =
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(1.7a)
(1.7b)
(1.8)
(1.9a)
edaysar C = T / a = M / T eK)an
Basic Concept
NPIC
e' =
BIrUbeyIg)an
M
e
T
(1.9b)
ft =
C Ce' ct
Ac
Ig
(1.10a)
fb =
C Ce' cb
+
Ac
Ig
(1.10b)
eKal KMnit
ft =
Pe Pe e' ct
Ac
Ig
(1.11a)
fb =
Pe Pe e' cb
+
Ac
Ig
(1.11b)
T.Chhay
P e' c
f b = e 1 2b
Ac
r
ft =
Pe
Ac
(1.12a)
(1.12b)
Basic Concept
10
NPIC
tendon
Ax 2 + Bx + C = y
(1.13)
q =T
4a
2
l
ql 2
T=
8a
ql 2
Ta =
8
2 =
8Ta
l2
(1.15a)
(1.15b)
(1.15c)
8 Pa
l2
(1.16)
11
T.Chhay
f bt =
P'
C
=
Ac
Ac
(1.17)
12
NPIC
f bt =
P' M ub c
m
Ac
Ig
(1.18)
ft =
nig
(1.19a)
(1.19b)
4>
13
T.Chhay
I g = 22469in.4 935346cm 4
r 2 = I g / Ac = 50.04in.2 323cm 2
cb = 17.77in.(451mm )
ct = 6.23in.(158mm )
ec = 14.77in.(375mm )
ee = 7.77in.(197.4mm )
(
)
= 3607in. (59108cm )
Sb = 1264in.3 20713cm3
St
dMeNaHRsay
a.
lkxNdMbUgenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
Aps = 10 0.153 = 1.53in.2 (990mm 2 )
Pi = Aps f pi = 1.53 189000 = 289170lb(1287kN )
Pe = 1.53 150000 = 229500lb(1020kN )
Basic Concept
14
NPIC
m:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkpal;enAkNalElVg
MD =
WD l 2 359(64 )2
=
12 = 2205696in. lb(249kN .m )
8
8
449
50.04
3607
ft =
Pi
Ac
b.
lkxNcugeRkayenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
m:Um:g;kNalElVgbNalmkBIbnkbEnmefr nigGefrKW
M SD + M L =
420(64 )2
12 = 2580480in. lb
8
449
50.04
3607
ft =
kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIbMput
Pe ecb M T
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
229500 14.77 17.77 4786176
=
1 +
+
449
50.04
1264
fb =
eKal KMnit
O.K.
15
T.Chhay
5>
method
dMeNaHRsay
Pe = 229500lb
M T = 4786176in. lb
M
4786176
a= T =
= 20.85in.
Pe
229500
e' = a e = 20.85 14.77 = 6.08in.
BIsmIkar 1.12
Pe e' ct
1 + 2
Ac
r
229500 6.08 6.23
=
1 +
= 898 psi (C )
449
50.04
P e' c
f b = e 1 2b
Ac
r
229500 6.08 17.77
=
1
= +594 psi (T )
449
50.04
ft =
6>
dMeNaHRsay
P ' = Pe = 229500lb
enAkNalElVg
Pa
l
8 229500 1.231
64 2
Basic Concept
16
NPIC
Wub (l )2 227(64 )2
=
12 = 1394688in. lb
8
8
229500 1394688
P' M ub
t =
449
3607
Ac
S
eKal KMnit
17
T.Chhay
II.
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
x> )a:ra:Em:RtEdlCH\TiBldl;KuNPaBrbs;ebtug
Parameters Affecting the Quality Concrete
ersIusg; nigPaBFn;CaKuNPaBcMbgBIrEdlmansarsMxan;enAkgeRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
\TiBlnkarxUcKuNPaBebtugryeBlEvgGackat;bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgy:agelOn nignaMeGay
eRKOgbgM)ak;edaymin)anrMBwgTuk. dUcenH eKRtUvmanviFankarht;ct;CaeRcInedIm,IRKb;RKg nigFanaKuN
PaBrbs;ebtugenAkgdMNak;kalnkarplit dMNak;kalnkarsagsg; kdUcCadMNak;kaltMEhTaM.
rUbTI 2>1 bgajBIktaCaeRcInEdlGaceGayeyIgTTYl)anebtugEdlmanKuNPaBl.
K> lkNnebtugEdlkkrwg
18
NPIC
eTAersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugEdlplitedaylkNesdkicCamYynwgfbMEbkFmtasitenAcenaH
4ksi (28MPa ) eTA 12ksi(83MPa ) . ebtugEdleKeRbIPaKeRcInmanersIusg;sgt; 6ksi(42 MPa ) .
19
T.Chhay
(2.1)
Shear Strength
#> ersIusg;kat;
ersIusg;kat;BitCamankarBi)akkgkarkMNt;edaykarBiesaFCageK edaysarPaBBi)akkgkar
dak;eGaykugRtaMgkat;enAdac;edayELkBIkugRtaMgdT. vaCamUlehtuEdleFVIeGaymanbMErbMrYly:agFM
20
NPIC
2> ExSekagkugRtaMg-bMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;ebtug
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete
21
T.Chhay
22
NPIC
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
23
T.Chhay
k> ebtugersIusg;x<s;
High-Strength Concrete
ebtugersIusg;x<s;CaebtugEdlmanersIusg;sgt;edayeRbIsMNakKMrUsIuLaMgFMCag 6ksi
(41.4MPa ) . sMrab;ebtugEdlmanersIusg;enAcenaH 42MPa 84MPa smIkarsMrab;m:UDuleGLasic
rbs;ebtugKW
1.5
w
Ec ( psi ) = 40000 f 'c + 10 6 c
145
(2.3a)
[
]
(2.3b)
sBVfenH eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;rbs;ebtugrhUtdl; 138MPa edayeRbIfbMEbkTMhM
3
in.(9.5mm ) nig pozzolamic cementitious CMnYseGaysIum:g;tdUcCa silica fume. eKGacTTYl)an
8
ersIusg;EbbenHenAkardaneRkamlkxNkarFanaKuNPaB nigkarRKb;RKgKuNPaBy:agditdl;. sMrab;
ersIusg;EdlenAcenaH 138MPa 206MPa eKRtUvbEnmsarFaturYmpSMdTeTotdUcCaEdk b carbon
fiber. sMrab;RKb;krNITaMgGs;enH eKRtUveFVIkarsakl,glayl,ayebtugCaeRcInKMrU y:agtic 5
enAkardan edayEkERbsarFatupSMedIm,ITTYl)anPaBgayRsYleFVIkar (workability) EdlRtUvkarkgkar
cak;ebtug. eKeRbIBum<sIuLaMgEdkEdlmanGgt;pit 10cm nigmankMBs; 20cm edayGnuvtkarEkERb
TMhM. tarag 2>1 raynUvsarFatupSMedIm,ITTYl)anersIusg;sgt;FMCag 18000 psi(124MPa) enAGayu
56 f EdlelxenAkgvg;RkckCatMl design mixture. rUbTI 2>5 bgajBIdaRkamersIusg;sgt;GayuedayeRbIBum< 10cm 20cm sMrab;l,ay ebtugEdl)anlaydUcbgajkgtarag 2>1. tarag 2>2
bgajBIl,ayebtugEdl)an design sMrab;ersIusg; 84MPa enAGayu 7 f. pleFob sIum:g;t / fbMEbklit / fbMEbkFM KW 1 : 1.22 : 2.06 ehIyPaBravERbRbYlcenaH 100 150mm . rUbTI 2>6 bgajBI
muxkat;FwmsmasEdleRbIRBIsebtugeRbkugRtaMgenAelIsabRtg;TMr.
tarag 2>1 l,aypSMsMrab; f 'c > 18000 psi(124MPa)
1.5
w
Ec (MPa ) = 3.32 f 'c + 6895 c
2320
Superplasticizer
W. R. Grace
fbMEbklit
xSac;
sIum:g;t
Twk
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
1104
1117
(1065)
687
687
(649)
565
564
(561)
128
128
(w/c=0.22)
fbMEbbFM
(9.5mm)
3
in.
8
Silica
fume
(l )
64.5
64.5
(41kg)a
Dartard
Mighty
40
150
g / 100kg
116
116
(330)
sIum:g;t
540
904
(up to 1323)
24
NPIC
3
in.
8
(1)
1092
fbMEbklit sIum:g;tBrELn
xSac;
RbePT III
Twk
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
(2)
649
(3)
425
(4)
170
Powder
Silica fume
force 10000
(l )
(5)
106
Liquid
Superplasticizer
(Grace)
(6)
32
edaysareKGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlebtugTTYl)anersIusg;enAGayu 28 f eKcaM)ac;
kMNt;ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug f 'ci enAfGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg kdUcCam:UDuleGLasic Ec rbs;va
enAdMNak;kalepSgnRbvtinkardak;bnkeTAelIGgt;. smIkarTUeTAnersIusg;sgt;EdlCaGnuKmn_
GaRsynwgeBlKW
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
25
T.Chhay
f 'ci =
Edl
t
f'
+ t c
(2.4a)
ersIusg;sgt;enAGayu 28 f
t = ryeBlKitCaf
= emKuNGaRsynwgRbePTrbs;sIum:g;t niglkxNnkarEfTaMebtug
f 'c =
26
NPIC
cement)
= 1 .0
sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT I CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaycMhayTwk
(steam-cured type I
cement)
= 0 .7
sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT
III
CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaycMhayTwk
(steam-cured type I
cement)
f 'ci =
t
f 'c
4.0 + 0.85t
(2.4b)
stress
elastic strain + creep strain
(2.5)
Ec
1+ t
(2.6a)
Creep ratio t
manEdnkMNt;x<s;bMput nigTabbMputsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanKuNPaB
x<s;.
EdnkMNt;x<s;bMput
100 H
65
100 H
t = 0.75 + 0.75
50
t = 1.75 + 2.25
(2.6b)
EdnkMNt;TabbMput
(2.6c)
Edl H CasMeNImmFm (mean humidity) KitCa % .
BIsmIkarxagelI eyIgeXIjfaktaEdlCH\TiBlelItMlrbs;m:UDuleGLasicEdleRkAebIbnk
enAmansMeNImenAkgebtug pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_ Gayurbs;ebtug nigsItuNPaB. dUcenHsMrab;eRKOg
EdlmanlkNBiessdUcCa arches, tunnel nig Gag eKcaM)ac;kMNt;m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugBI
lTplnkarBiesaF. edaysarEtersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugmantMltUcdUcenHeKmin)ankMNt;m:UDul
eGLasickgkarTajeT EteKsnt;m:UDuleGLasickgkarTajesInwgm:UDuleGLasickgkarsgt;.
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
27
T.Chhay
4>
Creep
28
NPIC
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
29
T.Chhay
30
NPIC
Ca]bkrN_emkanicEdlBNnaBIkMhUcRTg;RTayTUeTArbs;sMPareRkam
GMeBIrbs;kugRtaMg. Model enHpSMeLIgedayrWusreGLasic (elastic spring) nig dashpot EdlkMNt;
CakugRtaMg/ elastic strain, delayed elastic strain, irrecoverable strain nigeBl. rWusrtMNageGay
PaBsmamaRtrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFob ehIy dashpot tMNageGayPaBsmamaRtrvagkug
RtaMg nigGRtanbMErbMrYlerogeFob. rWusr nig dashpot EdltMerobCaExgbegIt)anCa Kelvin unit
kartMerobCaesrIbegIt)anCa Maxwell unit.
rUbTI 2>11 bgajBI Burgers model EdleKGacBiesaFBIkareFVIkarCaTMnak;TMngrvag kugRtaMg
-strain-eBl rbs;ebtugenARtg;EdnsmamRtCamYynwgkarkMNt;xH. Model enHBiesaFrkbMErbMrYlrag
eFobEdlGacRtLb;eTArkPaBedImxN (instantaneous recoverable strain) a / delayed recoverable elastic strain enAkgrWusr b nig irrecoverable time-dependent strain enAkg dashpot c nig
d . PaBTn;exSayrbs; model enHKWfavabnxUcRTg;RTayeRkamGRtaefrenAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anTb;
Tl;eday Maxwell dashpot EdlkareFVIkarEbbenHminRsedogKanwgebtugeT Edl creep eTAdl;tMl
kMNt;CamYynwgeBl dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>7.
Rheological model
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
31
T.Chhay
t
a + bt
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
btMlmFmrbs;vaKW Cu 2.35 .
emKuN creep enARKb;xN sMrab;lkxNsg;dar manrag
Ct =
bma:geTot
t =
t 0.6
10 + t 0.6
t 0. 6
10 + t 0.6
Cu
(2.10)
(2.11)
32
NPIC
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)
5> karrYmmaD
Shrinkage
CaTUeTA shrinkage manBIrRbePTKW plastic shrinkage nig drying shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage ekItmankgGMLgeBlb:unanem:ageRkayeBlcak;ebtugRss;cUlkgBum<. pkMralxNgayrg
xl;stedaysarpb:Hrbs;vaFM. kgkrNIEbbenH sMeNImrbs;vahYtBIpxagelIrbs;ebtugelOnCag
clnasm<aFTwkrt;eLIgelIBIRsTab;xageRkamrbs;ebtug. cMENk Drying shrinkage ekItmaneRkay
eBlEdlebtugTTYl)an final set ehIydMeNIrkarGIuRdatkmKImIrbs;TwksIum:g;t_RtUv)anbBab;.
Drying shrinkage Cakarkat;bnymaDrbs;ebtugenAeBlEdlva)at;bg;sMeNImedaysarrMhYt.
)atuPUtEdlpynwg shrinkage CakarekInmaDtamrykarbWtTwk EdleKeGayeQaHfaehIm (swelling).
eKGacniyayma:geTotfa shrinkage nig swelling Caclnaecj cUlrbs;TwkenAkgrcnasm<nrbs;
TwksIum:g;t_nsMNakKMrUebtugEdlbNalmkBIkMritsMeNIm nigkMritEqtTwkxusKarvagsMNakKMrU nig
briyakasEdlenACMuvijvaedayminKitbnkxageRkA.
Shrinkage minmandMeNIrRtLb;eTArkPaBedImeBjeljeT. eTaHbICaeKdak;dMuebtugEdlrYm
maDRKb;RKan;RtaMTwkeGayEqt kvaminGacrIkeTArkmaDedImrbs;vavij)aneT. rUbTI 2>13 bgajBIkar
ekIneLIgbMErbMrYlrageFobedaysar shrinkage sh CamYynwgeBl. GRtankarekIneLIgenHfycuH
CamYynwgeBlsMrab;ebtugEdlmanGayueRcInEdlmanlTPaBeRcInkgkarTb;Tl;CamYynwgkugRtaMg
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
33
T.Chhay
34
NPIC
SH ,t =
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
t
( SH ,u )
35 + t
(2.15)
35
T.Chhay
t
( SH ,u )
55 + t
(2.16)
6> EdkminEmneRbkugRtaMg
k SH = 3.00 0.30 H
(2.17b)
Nonprestressing Reinforcement
36
NPIC
37
T.Chhay
fy
ersIusg;x<s;bMput
fu
( psi )
(MPa )
( psi )
(MPa )
40000
60000
276
345
70000
90000
483
621
40000
60000
276
345
70000
90000
483
621
60000
345
80000
551
75000
70000
517
483
85000
80000
586
551
70000
483
80000
75000
551
65000
b 56000
448
b 386
b70000
517
b 483
Bar designation
number
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
18
TMgn;kgmYyktaRbEvg Ggt;pit db
[ plf (kg / m)]
0.376 (0.56)
0.668 (0.99)
1.043 (1.55)
1.502 (2.23)
2.044 (3.04)
2.670 (3.97)
3.400 (5.06)
4.303 (6.40)
5.313 (7.91)
7.65 (11.38)
13.60 (20.24)
[in.(mm)]
0.375 (9)
0.500 (13)
0.625 (16)
0.750 (19)
0.875 (22)
1.000 (25)
1.128 (28)
1.270 (31)
1.410 (33)
1.693 (43)
2.257 (56)
RkLapmuxkat;
Ab [in.2 (mm 2 )]
[in.(mm)]
0.11 (71)
0.20 (129)
0.31 (200)
0.44 (284)
0.60 (387)
0.79 (510)
1.00 (645)
1.27 (819)
1.56 (1006)
2.25 (1452)
4.00 (2581)
1.178 (30)
1.571 (40)
1.963 (50)
2.356 (60)
2.749 (70)
3.142 (80)
3.544 (90)
3.990 (101)
4.430 (113)
5.32 (135)
7.09 (180)
brimaRt
38
NPIC
39
T.Chhay
sIusg;FMEbbenHGacTb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;enACMuvijebtug nigmankugRtaMgsl;RKb;RKan;edIm,IFananUvkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar. TMhMnkMhatbg;kugRtaMgFmtasitenAcenaH 35ksi(241MPa ) eTA 60ksi
(414MPa ) . dUcenHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUgKYrmanTMhMFM EdlsitenAcenaH 180ksi(1241MPa ) eTA
220ksi(1517 MPa ) .
EdkeRbkugRtaMgGacmanTMrg;Ca single wire, strand EdlpSMeLIgeday wire CaeRcInrmYlcUlKa
begIt)anCa single element nig high-strength bar. EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdleKniymeRbIKW
a. Uncoated stress-relieved or low-relaxation wire.
b. Uncoated stress-relieved strand and low-relaxation strand.
c. Uncoated high-strength steel bar.
Straightened wire b tempered wire bgajnUv relaxation loss x<s;Cag stress-relieved wire b
strand.
40
NPIC
rUbTI 2>18 (a) bgajBIdaRkam stress-strain sMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMg wire nig strand. rUb
TI 2>18 (b) bgajBItMleRbobeFobrvagEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmta.
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
41
T.Chhay
42
NPIC
f R = f pi
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
log t f pi
0.55
10 f py
(2.18)
43
T.Chhay
log t f pi
0.55
45 f py
(2.19)
rUbTI 2>19 bgajBI relaxation loss sMrab; stress-relieved steel nig low-relaxation steel sMrab; 7wire strands EdlekItmanelIRbEvgefrenAsItuNPaB 29.5o C .
44
NPIC
karkarBarRbqaMgnwgERcHsIuEdkeRbkugRtaMgmansarsMxan;CagsMrab;krNIEdkFmta edaysar
EtersIusg;rbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCaGnuKmn_nwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg bkRkLaprbs; prestressing
tendon. karkat;bnyRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalmkBIERcHnwgkat;bny nominal moment
strength rbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgy:agxaMg EdlGacnaMdl;kar)ak;rbs;RbBneRKOgbgMmunGayu. sMrab;
pre-tensioned member karkarBarERcHKWpl;edayebtugEdlBTCMuvij tendon. sMrab; post-tensioned
member eKGacTTYl)ankarkarBarERcHedaykarbMeBj grout eTAkgbMBg; (duct) eRkayeBleFVIeRb
kugRtaMgehIy bedaykarlabeRbg (greasing).
TMrg;nkarxUcxatma:geTotrbs; wire b strand KW stress corrosion EdlRtUv)ankMNt;lkN
edaykarbegIteLIgn microscopic crack enAkgEdk EdlnaMeGayEdkmanPaBRsYy nigRsYldac;.
karkat;bnyersIusg;RbePTenHGacekItmanEteRkamkugRtaMgx<s;bMput EtvaminekIteLIgjwkjab;eT
ehIyeKkBi)aknwgkarBarvaNas;Edr.
8> kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;
ACI
enAkgebtug nigEdk
xageRkamenHCanimitsMxan;EdleyIgnwgeRbIjwkjab;
f py = yield strength rbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
f y = yield strength rbs;EdkFmta
f pu = ersIusg;Taj (tensile strength) rbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
f 'c = ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug
f 'ci = ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugenAxNrgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUg
k> kugRtaMgebtugEdlrgkarBt;
kugRtaMgEdlekItmanPamenAkgebtugeRkayeBlepreRbkugRtaMg munkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
GaRsynwgeBl minKYrFMCagtMlxageRkam
!> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarsgt; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.60 f 'ci
@> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTaj elIkElgcMnuc #> >>>>>>> 3 f 'c psi(0.25 f 'c MPa)
#> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTajRtg;cugrbs;Ggt;TMrsamBa >>>>>> 6 f 'c psi
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
45
T.Chhay
x> kugRtaMgEdkeRbkugRtaMg
9> kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;
AASHTO
enAkgebtug nigEdk
46
NPIC
kugRtaMgsgt;
Pre-tensioned members . 0.60 f 'ci
Post-tensioned members. 0.55 f 'ci
kugRtaMgTaj
tMbn;TajEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt;dMbUg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> minmankugRtaMgGnuBaatbeNaHGasn
NamYyRtUv)ankMNt;
EpkepSgeTot
enAkgtMbn;TajEdlminmaneRbIEdkFmta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 200 psi b 3 f 'ci psi
enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajEdl)anBIkarKNnaFMCagtMlenH eKRtUvdak; bonded reinforcement edIm,IkarBarkMlaMgTajsrubenAkgebtugEdlKNnaedayeRbImuxkat;Gt;eRbHsnt;. kugRtaMgTaj
GtibrmaminRtUvFMCag >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.5 f 'ci psi(0.623 f 'c MPa)
x> kugRtaMgebtugeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkareRkaykMhatbg;
Concrete Stresses at Service Load after Losses
8>k.
!> kugRtaMgeRbH
Cracking Stresses
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.5
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsalEdlplitBIxSac;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6.3
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsaldTeTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5.5
(
f 'c psi (0.523
f 'c psi (0.457
)
f 'c MPa )
f 'c MPa )
Post-tensioned anchorage
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
47
T.Chhay
K> kugRtaMgEdkeRbkugRtaMg
48
NPIC
Anchorages
k> karGnuvtkugRtaMgTajCamun
Pretensioning
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
49
T.Chhay
50
NPIC
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
51
T.Chhay
52
NPIC
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
53
T.Chhay
54
NPIC
x> karGnuvtkugRtaMgTajCaeRkay
Post-Tensioning
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
55
T.Chhay
2. Ducts
A. Forming
z
Formed Ducts: bMBg;RtUv)anbegIteLIgedaysMbkEdlminGnuBaateGayTwk
B.
56
NPIC
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
57
T.Chhay
III.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
vaCakarBitEdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImEdlGnuvtmkelIGgt;ebtugGarem:rgnUvkarkat;bnyCa
bnbnab;kgGMLgeBlRbEhlCaR)aMqaM. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARKb;dMNak;
kalnkardak;bnknImYy taMgBIdMNak;kaleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAebtug eTAdMNak;kaleRbkugRtaMg
CaeRcIneTot dUcCaeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkarrhUtdl;lkxN ultimate load. eKGacEbgEckkarkat;
bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCaBIrRkumKW
kMhatbg;eGLasicPam (immediate elastic loss) kgdMNak;kalplit EdlrYmman
elastic shortening rbs;ebtug anchorage loss nigkMhatbg;edaysarkMlaMgkkit
(frictional loss).
kMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBl (time-dependent loss) EdlmandUcCa creep, shrinkage
kMhatbg;edaysar\TiBlrbs;sItuNPaB nig steel relaxation. eKGackMNt;kMhatbg;
TaMgenHBIkugRtaMgenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgenAsanPaBkMNt;bnkeFVIkar.
vaminEmnCakargayRsYlkgkarkMNt;TMhMrbs;kMhatbg;TaMgenH)anCak;lak;eT CaBiess
sMrab;kMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBl edaysarvaGaRsynwgmKuNEdlCab;Bak;BnKay:agsKsaj. viFIkM
Nt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaykarBiesaFmanlkNxusKaeTAtam code nigeTAtamkarENnaM dUcCa
tamviFIrbs;viTasanebtugeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressed Concrete Institute), ACI-ASCE joit
z
58
NPIC
karsegbBIRbPBnkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgdac;edayELkBIKa nigdMNak;kalnkarekIteLIg
rbs;RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 3>3 EdlGkSr I mannyfadMbUg (initial) nigGkSr j manyfadMNak;
kalnkardak;bnkeRkay jacking. BItaragenHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubRtUv)anKNnasMrab;Ggt;
GnuvteRbkugRtaMgCamun (pretensioned member) nig Ggt;GnuvteRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay (posttensioned member) dUcxageRkam
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
59
T.Chhay
a. Pretensioned member
Edl
(3.1a)
GayuenAeBl jacking
ttr = GayuenAeBlepr
t s = GayuenAeBlkMhatbg;manlMnwg
dUcenH eKRtUvGnuvtkarKNnasMrab; steel relaxation sMrab;ryeBlcenaH t1 dl; t2 n
dMNak;kalnkardak;bnkEdlRtUvKa. ]TahrN_ dMNak;kaleprKWenAGayu 18h dUcenHeyIg)an ttr =
t 2 = 18h nig to = t1 = 0 . RbsindMNak;kalnkardak;bnkbnab;sitenAcenaHeBlepr nigGayu 5 qaM
(17520h ) CaGayuEdleKKitfakMhatbg;manlMnwg enaH t2 = t s = 17520h nig t1 = 18h . bnab;mk
RbsinebI f pi kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImEdlGgt;ebtugRtUvrg nig f pJ Ca jacking stress enAkg tendon
enaH
to =
(3.1b)
b. Post-tensioned member
f pT = f pA + f pF + f pES + f pR + f pCR + f pSH
(3.1c)
(3.1d)
60
NPIC
2>
fc
P
= i
Ec Ac Ec
(3.2a)
Es Pi nPi
=
= nf cs
Ac Ec
Ac
(3.2b)
kugRtaMgenAkgebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgedImKW
f cs =
Pi
Ac
(3.3)
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
Pi
Ac
e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
(3.4)
61
T.Chhay
= 10 0.153 = 1.53in.2
E ps = 27 106 psi(186200MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
Ac = 15 30 = 450in.2
Ic =
15(30 )3
= 33750in.3
12
62
NPIC
r2 =
Ic
= 75in.2
Ac
30
4 = 11in.
2
(
wl 2 15 30
50 )2
=
=
150
12 = 1757813in. lb
8
8
144
f cs =
Pi
Ac
ehIyeyIgkman
Eci edIm = 57000 f 'ci = 57000 4500 = 3.824 106 psi
6
pleFobm:UDuledIm n = EEs = 3.27824 10106 = 7.06
ci
Ec ersIusg;Gayu 28 f = 57000 6000 = 4.415 10 6 psi
6
pleFobm:UDulenAGayu 28 f n = 4.2741510106 = 6.12
BIsmIkar 3.2b kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar elastic shortening KW
f pES = nf cs = 7.06 1226.4 = 8659.2 psi (59.7 MPa )
63
T.Chhay
pretensioned
f pES =
1 n
f pES
n j =1
)j
dMeNaHRsay
a.
f pES =
b. f pES
64
NPIC
3>
rgkMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaysarsac;lUtefreTAtameBl
dUc)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUk2. TMhMnkarkat;bnyeRbkugRtaMgminEmnGaRsyEtelIryeBlrkSakMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaHeT EtvaenAGaRsynwgpleFobeRbkugRtaMgedImelI yield strength rbs;Edk
f pi / f py . kMhatbg;kugRtaMgEbbenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa stress relaxation. ACI 318-99 Code
kMNt;kugRtaMgTajenAkg tendon eRbkugRtaMgdUcxageRkam
a. sMrab;kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIkMlaMgTaj tendon (jacking force) f pJ = 0.94 f py b:uEnmin
RtUvFMCagtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 0.80 f pu nigtMlGtibrmaEdlENnaMedayGkplit
tendon nig anchorage.
b. eRbkugRtaMgEdleRkayBIeprPam f pi = 0.82 f py b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 0.74 f pu .
c. enAkg post-tensioned tendon kugRtaMgeRkayBIeprPamenARtg; anchorage nig coupler
= 0.70 f pu .
tMl f py GaRsynwgRbePTEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneGaydUcxageRkam
- Prestressing bar f py = 0.80 f pu
- Stress-relieved tendon f py = 0.85 f pu
- Low-relaxation tendon f py = 0.90 f pu
RbsinebI f pR CakugRtaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlenAsl;enAkgEdkeRkayBI relaxation smIkarxag
eRkamkMNt; f pR sMrab; stress-relieved steel:
Steel-relieved tendon
f pR
f pi
log t 2 log t1 f pi
=1
0.55
10
f py
(3.6)
log t f ' pi
(3.7)
f pR = f ' pi
0.55
10 f
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
py
65
T.Chhay
Edl
f ' pi
CakugRtaMgedImenAkgEdkEdlGgt;ebtugRtUvrg.
RbsinebIeKcaM)ac;viPaKkMhatbg;CaCMhan eKGackMNt;kMeNInkMhatbg;enARKb;dMNak;kalCa
lkNBiesseday
10
f py
(3.8)
kugRtaMgEdlkat;bnysMrab;karKNnakMhatbg; relaxation KW
f ' pi = (1 0.20 ) 202500 = 162000 psi (1170MPa )
66
NPIC
5 365 24 44000
em:ag
BIsmIkar 3.7
f pR = f ' pi
log t f ' pi
0.55
10 f py
= 162000
0.55
10
230000
)]
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
67
T.Chhay
4>
CR
EL
(3.9a)
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
(3.9b)
E ps
Ec
f cs
(3.10)
68
NPIC
f pCR = K CR
b
Edl
E ps
Ec
( f cs f csd )
f pCR = nK CR f cs f csd
(3.11a)
(3.11b)
Es
27 106
= 6.12
=
Ec 4.415 106
375(50 )2
M SD =
12 = 1406250in. lb(158.9kN .m )
8
M e 1406250 11
f csd = SD =
= 458.3 psi (3.2MPa )
Ic
33750
BIsmIkar 3.1
f cs = 1226.4 psi (8.5MPa )
f pCR = nK Cr f cs f csd
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
69
T.Chhay
5> kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaD
(3.12)
f pSH = SH E ps
(3.13)
sMrab; post-tensioned member kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysarkarrYmmaDKWtUcCagsMrab; pretensioned member edaysarGgt;)anrYmmaDxHehIymuneBlrg post-tensioning. RbsinebIeKKit relative
humidity CaPaKry nigeKBicarNaBI\TiBlnpleFob V / S enaHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNal
BIkarrYmmaDkayeTACa
V
(3.14)
Edl K SH = 1.0 sMrab; pretensioned member. tarag 3>6 eGaynUvtMl K SH sMrab; posttensioned member.
Partial Loss of Prestress
70
NPIC
b.
t
( SH )u
35 + t
(3.15a)
t
( SH )u
55 + t
(3.15b)
3>2 enAGayu 7feRkay moist curing edayeRbITaMg ultimate K SH method EdleRbIsmIkr 3.14
nigviFIGaRsynwgeBl (time-dependent method) EdleRbIsmIkar 3.15. snt;fa relative humidity
RH = 70% nigpleFobmaDelIpesInwg 2.0 .
dMeNaHRsay
A.
viFI K SH
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
71
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 3.14
f pSH = 8.2 10 6 1.0 27 106 (1 0.06 2.0 )(100 70)
= 5845 psi (40.3MPa )
viFIGaRsynwgeBl
BIsmIkar 3.15a
SH ,t =
t
t
SH =
780 10 6 = 130 10 6 mm / mm
35 + t
35 + t
6> kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit
k> \TiBlkMeNag
Curvature Effect
72
NPIC
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
dF1 = F1d
dF1
= d
F1
(3.16a)
73
T.Chhay
edayeFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelIsmIkarxagelIeyIgTTYl)an
log e F1 =
(3.16b)
RsbinebI = L / R enaH
F2 = F1e = F1e ( L / R )
x> \TiBlgaker
(3.17)
Wobble Effect
b
F2 = F1e KL
edaybUk\TiBlTaMgBIrbBalKaeyIgTTYl)an
(3.18)
(3.19)
F2 = F1e KL
b edayKitCakugRtaMg
f 2 = f1e KL
(3.20)
bnab;mkeyIgTTYl)ankMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysarkMlaMgkkit f pF dUcxageRkam
f pF = f1 f 2 = f1 (1 e KL )
(3.21)
edaysnt;fakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcenaHcMnucab;epImkMeNag nigcMnuccugbBab;kMeNagmantMltUc Rb
Ehl 15% dUcenHvamanlkNsuRkitRKb;RKan;kgkareRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImsMrab;kMeNagTaMg
mUlenAkgsmIkar 3.21. eKGacsresrsmIkar 3.21 EdlsMrYlrYcdUcxageRkam
f pF = f1 ( + KL )
(xat US)
(3.22)
f pF = f1 ( + 3.28KL ) (xat SI)
Edl L KitCa ft b m .
edaysarpleFobkMBs;rbs;FwmelIRbEvgElVgrbs;vatUc eKGaceRbIRbEvgcMeNalrbs;
tendon )ansMrab;KNna )anedayenAEtmanlkNsuRkitRKb;RKan;dEdl. edaysnt;kMeNagrbs;
tendon manragCaFrgVg; mMupit tambeNaykMNat;kMeNagenAkgrUbTI 3>6 esInwgmMuCMralenAxagcug
rbs;kMNat;kMeNag 2dg. dUcenH
tan
m
2m
=
x/2
x
74
NPIC
1
RbsinebI
nig / 2 = 4 y / x
y m
2
= 8 y / x ra:dg;
enaH
tarag 3>7 eGaynUv design value rbs;emKuNkkitedaysarkMeNag nigemKuNkkitedaysarkargak
er bedaysarRbEvg K EdlTTYl)anBI ACI 318 Commentary.
K> karKNnakMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit
]TahrN_ 3>6 snt; alignment characteristic rbs; tendon enAkg post-tensioned beam
75
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
Pi = 309,825lb
f1 =
BIsmIkar 3.23
309,825
= 202,500 psi
1.53
8 y 8 11 / 12"
=
= 0.1467
50
x
ra:dg;
BItarag 3>7 yk K = 0.0020 nig = 0.20 . BIsmIkar 3.22 kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdl
bNalmkBIkMlaMgkkitKW
=
f pF = f pi ( + KL )
= 202,500(0.20 0.1467 + 0.002 50 )
= 202,500 0.1293 = 26,191 psi (180.6 MPa )
7>
76
NPIC
A
E ps
L
(3.24)
]TahrN_ 3>7 KNna anchorage-seating loss enAkg post-tensioned beam n]TahrN_ 3>2
RbsinebIkarrGil)a:n;sanKW 1 / 4in.(6.35mm) .
dMeNaHRsay
E ps = 27 106 psi
A = 0.25in.
0.25
f pA = A E ps =
27 106 = 11,250 psi (77.6MPa )
50 12
L
8> kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgbNalBIkarekagrbs;Ggt;
Change of Prestress Due to Bending of Members ( fpB )
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
77
T.Chhay
78
NPIC
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
79
T.Chhay
9> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a
Prestensioned Member
80
NPIC
ehIyxageRkamCalkNmuxkat; noncomposite
Ac = 615in.2 (3,968cm 2 )
I c = 59,720in.4 (2.49 106 cm 4 )
cb = 21.98in.(55.8cm )
c t = 10.02in.(25.5cm )
(
)
S = 5,960in .(97,670cm )
W minmankargarbegIy = 491 plf (7.2kN / m )
W kargarbegIy 2in. = 250 plf (3.65kN / m )
W = 40 psf (1,915 Pa )
minzitezr
Sb = 2,717in.3 44,520cm3
t
SD
L
dMeNaHRsay
f 'ci = 3,500 psi
(
)
Ec = 1151.5 (33 5,000 ) = 2.88 106 psi
dMNak;kalTI 1 eBleprkugRtaMg
tamsmtikmmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sitenAcMgay = 0.40 70 = 28 ft
e enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; = 12.98 + 0.8(18.73 12.98) = 17.58in.
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkefrenARtg; 0.40 nElVg
M D = WD
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
X
(L X ) = 491 28 (70 28)
2
2
81
T.Chhay
I c 59,720
=
= 97.11in 2
615
Ac
e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
P
= i
Ac
RbsinebIeKeRbI
f pi = 189,000 psi
nigeyIgman
f cs = 2,315.2
176,042
+ 1,019.9 = 1,178.3 psi
171,000
f py = 230,000 psi
f pi = 189,000 psi
t = 18
beKGaceRbI net
f pi = 171,000 psi
em:ag
log t 2 log t1 f pi
f pR = f pi
0.55
10
f py
log 18 189,000
= 189,000
0.55
10 230,000
82
NPIC
karsnt; OK
f pCR = 0
(d) Shrinkage Loss:
f pSH = 0
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgEdksrubsMrab;dMNak;kalTI 1KW
f pT = f pES + f pR + f pCR + f pSH
= 12,958 + 6,447 + 0 + 0 = 19,405 psi (134 MPa )
E ps
Ec
28 106
2.88 106
= 9.72
f cs = 1,115.3 psi
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIkargarbegIy 2in.
x
28
M SD = WSD (L x ) = 250 (70 28) 12 = 1,764,000in lb(199kN .m )
2
2
M e 1,764,000 17.58
f csd = SD =
= 519.3 psi
59,720
Ic
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
83
T.Chhay
V 615
=
= 1.69
S 364
K SH = 1.0
enAGayu 30 f:
t1 = 18 em:ag
t 2 = 30 f = 30 24 = 720 em:ag
f pe = 169,595 psi )anBIdMNak;kalTI 1
10
230,000
kMhatbg;srubenAkgdMNak;kalTI 2 KW
f pT = f pCR + f pSH + f pR = 9,269 + 6,190 + 5,091 = 20,550 psi (142MPa )
dMNak;kalTI 3 eRkayGayu)anBIrqaM
snt;fatMlrbs; creep ryeBlyUr nig shrinkage ryeBlyUrEdl)ankMNt;enAkgdMNak;
kalTI2 minekIneLIgeRcInKYreGaykt;sMKal;eT edaysarkareRbItMlryeBlyUrrbs; KCR nig
K SH . dUcenH
f pe = 154,093 psi (1,066MPa )
f = 720 em:ag
t 2 = 2 qaM = 2 365 24 = 17,520 em:ag
t1 = 30
84
NPIC
10
230,000
dUcenHkugRtaMgenAkug strand
f pe
enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 3 KW
10> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a PostTensioned Member
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
L = 70 ft
(b)
0.25
A
E ps =
28 106 8,333 psi (40.2 MPa )
70 12
L
Elastic shortening
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
85
T.Chhay
Friction loss
kugRtaMgEdlenAsl;enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkayBIkMhatbg;TaMgGs;KW
f pi = 189,000 8,333 0 15,819 = 164,848 psi (1,136MPa )
(b)
Relaxation Loss
log 18 164,848
f pR = 164,848
0.55
10 230,000
(c)
Creep Loss
f pCR = 0
(d)
Shrinkage Loss
86
NPIC
f pSH = 0
dUcenHkugRtaMgenAkg tendon
f pi
enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 1KW
Creep Loss
f cs =
Pi
Ac
f pCR = nK CR f cs f csd
(b)
Shrinkage Loss
enAGayu 30 f
f pe = 161,398 psi
Relaxation loss
kayCa
10
230,000
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgsrubenAkgdMNak;kalTI 2 KW
f pT = f pCR + f pSH + f pR
= 7,417 + 3,590 + 3,923 = 14,930 psi (103.0 MPa )
87
T.Chhay
dMNak;kalTI 3 eRkayGayu)anBIrqaM
f pe = 151,516 psi
em:ag
t 2 = 17,520 em:ag
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar steel relaxation KW
t1 = 720
10
230,000
11> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgtamviFIplbUksrub
Lump-Sum Computation of Time-Dependent Losses in Prestress
]TahrN_ 3>10 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 3>8 nig 3>9 eday approximate lump-sum method
nigeRbobeFoblTplrbs;va.
Partial Loss of Prestress
88
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
89
T.Chhay
IV.
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
90
NPIC
mindUcKaniwgkrNIGgt;ebtugGarem: kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugERbRbYleTAtamdMNak;kalepSgn
kardak;bnkefr nigbnkGefr. xageRkamCakarsegbnkardak;bnkTaMgenH
eRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm Pi kMlaMgenHRtUv)aneprBIkabeRbkugRtaMgeTAebtug.
TMgn;pal;TaMgGs; WD manGMeBIeTAelIGgt;rYmCamYynwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm RbsinebIGgt;
enaHRTedayTMrsamBa vaminmanTMrenAkNalElVg.
bnkefrbEnmTaMgGs; WSD edayrYmTaMg topping sMrab; composite action RtUv)anGnuvt
eTAelIGgt;.
kMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgryeBlxIbMputekItman EdlnaMeGaymankarkat;bnykMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg Peo .
Ggt;rgnUvbnkeFVIkareBjeljCamYynwgkMhatbg;ryeBlyUrEdlbNalmkBI creep,
shrinkage nig stand relaxation EdlnaMeTAdl; net prestressing force Pe .
bnkelIsEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt;ekItmaneRkamlkxNxHEdlnaMdl;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
z
z
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
91
T.Chhay
2> kareRCIserIslkNFrNImaRtnmuxkat;
Selection of Geometrical Properties of Section Components
k> eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTA
General Guideline
92
NPIC
. karviPaKkugRtaMgrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgeRkamlkxNTaMgenHminxusKaBIkarviPaKkugRtaMgrbs;
FwmEdk Edlkan;Etc,as;CagenH KW beam column. vaEtgEtmankMlaMgtamGkSEdlbNalBI
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTaHbICaman bKanm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBIbnkpal; bbnkxageRkAdTeTotkeday.
dUc)aneXIjenAkgCMBUk1 vaCakarRbesIrEdlKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgcakpitenARtg;muxkat;
eRKaHfak; dUcCamuxkat;kNalElVgsMrab;FwmTMrsamBa nigmuxkat;elITMrsMrab;FwmCab;. RbsinebIeK
eFVIkareRbobeFobrvagmuxkat;ctuekaN muxkat;EdlmansabminsIuemRTImanRbsiTPaBCagedaykareRbI
R)as;ebtug nigkarRbmUlpMebtugenAkgtMbn;sgt;nmuxkat;EdleKRtUvkarCageK.
section)
x> m:UDulmuxkat;Gb,brma
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprPam munnwgmankMhatbg;
= 3 f 'ci psi (0.25 f 'ci MPa ) eKGacbegIntMlenHdl; 6 f 'ci psi (0.5 f 'ci MPa )
enARtg;TMrsMrab;Ggt;TMrsmBa
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
= 0.45 f 'c b 0.60 f 'c enAeBlGnuBaatedaykUd
f t = kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
= 6 f 'ci psi (0.5 f 'ci MPa ) eKGacbegIntMlenHdl; 12 f 'ci psi ( f 'ci MPa ) enA
kgRbBnmYyTis RbsinebIeKRtUvkarKNnaPaBdabryeBlyUr.
kugRtaMgsrsxageRkACak;EsgenAkgebtugminGacFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatEdl)anerobrab;xag
elIeLIy.
edayeRbImuxkat;minsIuemRTIGt;eRbH karsegbnsmIkarkugRtaMgEdl)anBICMBUk 1EpkTI 3 sM
rab;dMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgmandUcxageRkam
f ti =
kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
ft =
Stress at Transfer
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti
Ac
r S
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
(4.1a)
93
T.Chhay
fb =
Pi ecb M D
f ci
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
(4.1b)
kugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg;
ect M D
1 2 t f t
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D f c
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
kugRtaMgnbnkeFVIkarcugeRkay
Edl
(4.2b)
Pe ect M T
1 2 t f c
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T f t
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(4.2a)
(4.3a)
(4.3b)
M T = M D + M SD + M L
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
Pe = kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
t bgajfasrsxagelI nig b bgajfasrsxageRkam
e = cMNakpitrbs; tendon BITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;munkat;ebtug cgc (center of gravity of
concrete section) q
r 2 = kaer:nkaMniclPaB
S t / Sb = m:UDulmuxkat;srsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;muxkat;ebtug
dMNak;kalnkacuHfykMlaMgsgt; (decompression) bgajkarekIneLIgbMErbMrYlrageFob
rbs;EdkEdlbNalBIkarekIneLIgrbs;bnk taMgBIdMNak;kalEdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe
eFVIGMeBIEtkgrhUtdl; dMNak;kalEdlbnkbEnmeFVIeGaykugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugenARtg;nIv:U cgs
kat;bnydl;sUnemIlrUb TI 4>3. enARtg;dMNak;kalenH bMErbMrYlkugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBI
decompression KW
Pi =
f decomp =
Pe
Ac
e2
1 +
r2
(4.3c)
94
NPIC
FwmEdlmancMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgERbRbYl
Beam with Variable Tendon Eccentricity
(a)
f t = (1 ) f ti + tD
S
M
f b = (1 ) f ci + D
Sb
(b)
(c)
f nt = f ti f t f c
M
f nt = f ti (1 ) tD f c
S
(d)
enAsrsxageRkamKW
f bn = f t f ci f b
M
b
f bn = f t f ci (1 ) D
Sb
BIsmIkar (d) nig (e) muxkat;EdlRtUveRCIserIsmanm:UDulmuxkat;dUcxageRkam
St
ehIy
Sc
(e)
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
(4.4a)
(1 )M D + M SD + ML
f t f ci
(4.4b)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
95
T.Chhay
cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCamuxkat;kNalElVg KW
(
ec = f ti f ci
) SP
Edl
f ci
MD
Pi
(4.4c)
dUcenH
f ci = f ti
ct
( f ti f ci )
h
(4.4d)
96
NPIC
2.
FwmEdlmancMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgefr
Beam with Constant Tendon Eccentricity
f t = (1 )( f ti )
(a)
f b = (1 )( f ci )
(b)
enAsrsxagelI sMrab;lkxNbnkeFVIkareRkaykMhatbg;KW
f nt = f ti f t f c
f nt = f ti f cs
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
(c)
97
T.Chhay
Net stress
enAsrsxageRkamsMrab;lkxN
f bn = f t f ci f b
b
f bn = f t f ci
BIsmIkar (c) nig (d) muxkat;EdlRtUveRCIserIsRtUvmanm:UDulmuxkat;dUcxageRkam
M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
M + M SD + M L
Sb D
f t f ci
St
(d)
(4.5a)
ehIy
(4.5b)
cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCaRtg;TMrsMrab;muxkat;EdlmanlkNRsedogKanwg
GVIEdlRtUvkaredaysmIkar 4.5a nig b KW
(
ee = f ti f ci
) SP
(4.5c)
98
NPIC
99
T.Chhay
100
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
101
T.Chhay
102
NPIC
3> ]TahrN_sMrab;karKNnaeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkar
Service-Load Design Examples
k> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMERbRbYl
dMeNaHRsay
= 100 18 = 82%
f 'ci = 0.75 5,000 = 3,750 psi (25.9MPa )
wl 2 1,000(60 )2
=
12 = 5,400,000in. lb(610kN .m )
8
8
ehIym:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkbEnmKW
M SD + M L =
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
103
T.Chhay
Sb
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
(1 0.82)5,400,000 + 6,480,000 = 2,766in3 45,330cm3
BI
Ac = 978in.2
ct = 8.23in.
I c = 86,072in.4
I
r 2 = c = 88.0in.2
Ac
cb = 25.77in.
S t = 10,458in.3
ee = 12.77in.
Sb = 3,340in.3
WD = 1,019 plf
V
= 2.39in.
S
e c = 22 . 02 in .
1,019
5,400,000 = 5,502,600in. lb
1,000
104
NPIC
(a)
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlepr
BIsmIkar 4.1a
ft =
bnab;mk
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti = 184 psi
Ac
r S
P 22.02 8.23 5,502,600
184 = i 1
978
88.0
10,458
978
Pi = (184 + 526.16)
= 655,223lb
1.06
655,223
=
= 22.66
tendon
189,000 0.153
viPaKkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarenAkNalElVg
Pe = 379,391lb(1,688kN )
M SD =
ML =
100(60 )212
= 540,000in. lb(61kN .m )
8
1,100(60 )212
= 5,940,000in.lb(788kN .m )
8
BIsmIkar 4.3a
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
379,391 22.02 8.23 11,982,600
=
1
978
88.0
10,458
ft =
(c)
O.K.
viPaKkugRtaMgRtg;muxkat;TMr
ee = 12.77in.(324mm )
f ti = 6 f 'ci = 6 3,750 367 psi
f t = 12 f 'c = 12 5,000 = 849 pis
(i)
enAeBlepr
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
105
T.Chhay
O.K.
ft =
O.K.
x> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMERbRbYledayminmankarkMNt;kMBs;
Variable Tendon Eccentricity with No Height Limitation
106
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
f ci = f ti
393(65)2
12 = 2,490,638in. lb(281kN .m )
8
St M D
ec = f ti f ci
+
Pi
Pi
3,572
2,490,638
= (184 + 1,104 )
+
416,208 416,208
= 11.05 + 5.98 = 17.04in.(433mm )
RkLap
EdlRtUvkar
.2
= 14.38 edIm
cMnYn tendon = 02.153
sakl,g tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 13 edIm/ Ap = 1.99in.2 (12.8cm2 ) / ehIy
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImCak;Esg
RtYtBinitkugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtug
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ect M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
376,110 15.0 21.16 2,490,638
=
1
377
187.5
3,340
ft =
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
107
T.Chhay
minmankugRtaMgTajenAeBlepr (O.K.)
BIsmIkar 4.1b
Pi ecb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
376,110 15 18.84 2,490,638
=
1 +
+
377
187.5
3,750
= 2,501.3 + 664.2 = 1,837 psi (C ) < f ci = 2,250 psi O.K.
fb =
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkeFIVkar
BIsmIkar 4.3a
ft =
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L
= 2,490,638 + 7,605,000 = 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
308,255 15.0 21.16 10,095,638
ft =
1
377
187.5
3,340
fb =
RtYtBinitmuxkat;Rtg;TMr
kugRtaMgGnuBaati
sMrab;kNalElVg
f 'ci = 402 psi sMrab;elITMr
enAeBlepr
108
NPIC
kugRtaMgsgt;srsxageRkArbs;muxkat;elITMr
ecb
1 + 2 + 0
r
376,110 e 18.84
2,700 =
1 +
377
187.5
fb =
pi
Ac
dUcenH e = 16.98in.
dUcenHsakl,g ee = 12.49in.
ft =
dUcenHeRbIEdkFmtaenAsrsxagelIRtg;muxkat;elITMredIm,ITTYlykkugRtaMgTajkgebtugTaMg
Gs; beRbIebtugEdlmanersIusg;FMCagsMrab;muxkat;enH bkkat;bnycMNakpit.
(b) enAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
308,255 12.49 21.16
O.K.
1
0 = 335 psi (T ) < 930 psi
377
187.5
ft =
eKGaceRbIviFIm:ageTotsMrableFVIkaredaHRsay edaybneRbI
EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigcMNakpit.
K> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMefr
b:uEneFVIkarpas;brcMnYn
109
T.Chhay
St
425(65)2
12 = 2,693,438in. lb(304kN .m )
8
M SD + M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
M T = 10,298,438in. lb(1,164kN .m )
dUcenH m:Um:g;srub
ehIyeyIgkmankugRtaMgGnuBaatdUcxageRkam
f ci = 2,250 psi
f 'ci = 3,750 psi
sMrab;muxkat;elITMr
= 0.82
m:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkar
(
(
)
)
sakl,gelIkTI 1 edaysar S EdlRtUvkar = 4,035.8 psi FMCag S rbs;muxkat;enA
kg]TahrN_ 4>2 dUcenHeRCIserIsmuxkat;GkSr I Edlman h = 44in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>9.
lkNmuxkat;rbs;vamandUcxageRkam
10,298,438
= 4,035.8in.3 61,947cm3
0.82 367 + 2,250
10,298,438
Sb =
= 3,823.0in.3 62,713cm3
849 + 0.82 2,250
St =
I c = 92,700in.4
r 2 = 228.9in.2
Ac = 405in.2
ct = 23.03in.
110
NPIC
S t = 4,303in.3
cb = 20.97in.
Sb = 4,420in.3
WD = 422 plf
ee = f ti f ci
) SP
Edl
f ci
c
= f ti t ( f ti f ci )
h
23.03
(367 + 2,250) = 1,002 psi(6.9MPa )
= 367
44
dUcenHeyIgsakl,geRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanGgt;pit 1 / 2in. .
cMnYn tendon EdlRtUvkarKW
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
111
T.Chhay
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBleprenARtg;muxkat;xagcug
BIsmIkar 4.1a
pi ect M D
404,838 13.60 23.03
1 2 t =
1
0
Ac
405
228.9
r S
ft =
BIsmIkar 4.2b
Pi ecb M D
404,838 13.6 20.97
=
1 + 2 +
1 +
+0
Ac
405
228.9
r Sb
= 2,245 psi (C ) f ci = 2,250 O.K.
fb =
(b)
m:Um:g;srub
BIsmIkar 4.3a
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 0
ect M T
1 2 t
r S
ft =
Pe
Ac
BIsmIkar 4.3b
Pe ecb M T
331,967 13.6 20.97
=
1 + 2 +
1 +
+0
Ac
405
228.9
r Sb
= 1,841 psi (12.2MPa )(C ) < f c = 2,250 psi
O.K.
fb =
(c)
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkarcugeRkayenAkNalElVg
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L = 10,298,438in. lb
dUcenHkugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugEdlbNalBI M T KW
f1t =
f1b
MT
t
S
M
= T
Sb
10,298,438
= 2,555 psi (C )(17.6MPa )
4,030
10,298,438
=
= +2,330 psi (T )(16.1MPa )
4,030
dUcenH kugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugcugeRkayKW
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements
112
NPIC
TTYlyk)an
O.K.
k> eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTA
General Guidelines
113
T.Chhay
114
NPIC
kugRtaMgTajenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtugeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkarminGacFMCagkugRtaMg
GnuBaatEdleGayeday code dUcCa ACI, PCI, AASTHO b CEB-FIP eT. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUv
begItnUvtMbn;kMNt;mYyenAkgmuxkat;ebtugEdlCa envelope EdleKGacGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeday
mineFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug. BIsmIkar 4.1a eyIgman
ft = 0 =
Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r
r
e=
eK)an
ct
dUcenH cMnucslxageRkam (lower kern point)
Kb =
r2
ct
r2
cb
115
T.Chhay
eTaHbICaeKeRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;y:agTUlMTUlayenAkgFwmRbEvglmEdlcak;eRsckeday
kCaTUeTAeKeRbIkabeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanTMrg;ekagenAkgGgt;rgkarTajCaeRkay (post-tensioned
element) Edlcak;enAnwgkEngEdr. eKEck tendon EdlminRtg;CaBIrRbePT
(a) Draped: manTMrg;ekagdUc)a:ra:bUl RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgFwmEdlrgbnkxageRkABRgayesICa
bzm.
(b) Harped: tendon eRTtEdlminCab; tamnyKNitviTa enARtg;bg;rgbnkcMcMnuc RtUv)aneK
eRbIenAkgFwmEdlrgbnkcMcMnucTTwgGkSCabzm.
rUbTI 4>12/ 4>13 nig 4>14 bgajBI alignment, m:m:g;Bt; nigkarBRgaykugRtaMgsMrab;Fwm
EdlrgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaykabeRbkugRtaMgRtg;/ draped/ nig harped erogKa. daRkamTaMgenHcg;
bgajBIplcMeNjEpkesdkicrbs; draped nig harped tendon elIEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;. enAkgrUbTI
4>12 Rtg;muxkat; 1-1 kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugEdleKminR)afacg;)an)anbgajenAsrsxagelI.
muxkat; 1-1 enAkgrUbTI 4>13 nig 4>14 bgajfakugRtaMgsgt;rayesIRbsinebI tendon eFVIGMeBIenA
Rtg; cgc nmuxkat;enARtg;TMr. plRbeyaCn_epSgeTotrbs; draped nig harped tendon KWvaGnuBaat
eGayFwmeRbkugRtaMgRTbnkFn; edaysar\TiBllMnwgrbs;bgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgmin
Rtg;. niyaym:ageTot kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar Pp sMrab; parabolic tendon enAkgrUbTI 4>13
nig Ph sMrab; harped tendon enAkgrUbTI 4>14 mantMltUcCagkMlaMgEdlRtUvkarenAkg straight
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements
116
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
117
T.Chhay
118
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
119
T.Chhay
MD
Pi
(4.7a)
120
NPIC
(4.7b)
MT
Pe
(4.7c)
(4.7d)
Pi e'b ct
Ic
P e' c
f (b ) = e t b
Ic
(4.8a)
nig
(4.8b)
Edl t nig b tMNageGaysrsxagelI nigxageRkam erogKa. BIsmIkar 4.6 cMNakpitbEnmEdl
RtUvbEnmeTAelIsmIkar 4.7b nig d KW
e'b =
nig
e't =
f (t ) Ac kb
Pi
f (b ) Ac kt
Pe
(4.9a)
(4.9b)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
121
T.Chhay
M SD + M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
Ac = 377in.2 2,536cm 2
r 2 = 187.5in.2 1,210cm 2
ct = 21.16in.(537mm )
cb = 18.84in.(479mm )
122
NPIC
edaysarEtm:Um:g;Bt;enAkg]TahrN_enH)anmkBIbnkBRgayesI TMrg;rbs;daRkamm:Um:g;man
ragCa)a:ra:bUl CamYynwgm:Um:g;EdlmantMlsUnenARtg;cugTMrrbs;FwmsamBa. dUcenH m:Um:g;enARtg;
mYyPaKbYnnRbEvgElVgKW
M D = 0.75 2,490,638 = 1,867,979in. lb(211kN .m )
M T = 0.75 10,095,638 = 7,571,729in. lb(856kN .m )
r 2 187.5
=
= 9.95in.(253mm )
cb 18.84
kb =
r 2 187.5
=
= 8.86in.(225mm )
ct 21.16
Lower envelop
M D 2,490,638
=
= 4.53in.(115mm )
549,423
Pi
eyIgTTYl)an
(iii) elITMr
1,867,979
= 3.40in.(340mm )
549,423
amin = 0
eyIgTTYl)an
e3 = 8.86 + 0 = 8.86in.(225mm )
Upper envelop
M T 10,095,638
=
= 22.41in.(569mm )
450,526
Pe
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
123
T.Chhay
eyIgTTYl)an
(iii) elITMr
7,571,729
= 16.80in.(427mm )
450,526
amin = 0
f (b ) Ac kt
Pe
124
NPIC
q> karkat;bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAEk,rTMr
Reduction of Prestress Force near Support
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
125
T.Chhay
5>
k> karEbgEckkugRtaMg
Stress Distribution
kugRtaMgsgt;cMcMnucdFMenAkgGkSbeNayekItmanenARtg;muxkat;TMrenAelIkMNat;dtUcnp
rbs;cugFwm TaMgenAkg pretensioned beam nig post-tensioned beam EdlbNalmkBIkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgdFM. enAkg pretensioned beam bnkeprcMcMnucrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIebtugEdl
BTCMuvijekIteLIgbnicmgrhUtdl;vakayeTACamanlkNBRgayesIelIRbEvg lt BIpnmuxkat;TMr.
enAkg post-tensioned beam karEbgEck nigkareprkMlaMgbnicmgtamrebobenHminGaceFVI
eTA)aneT edaysarkMlaMgmanGMeBIedaypal;eTAelIprbs;cugFwmtamry bearing plate nig anchors.
ehIy tendon xH bkTaMgGs;enAkg post-tensioned beam RtUv)anelIkeLIg b draped eTAkan;srs
xagelItamryEpknRTnugrbs;muxkat;ebtug.
edaysarkarpas;brkugRtaMgsgt;tamGkSBIcMcMnuceTABRgayesIminsnSwm vabegIteGayman
kugRtaMgTajTTwg (transverse tensile stress) FMkgTisbBar dUcenHehIy longitudinal bursting
cracks kekItmanenA anchorage zone. enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgFMCagm:UDulkat;rbs;ebtug end block
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements
126
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
127
T.Chhay
d b
(xat US)
(4.10a)
lt =
1,000 3
128
NPIC
f pe
d b
lt =
20.7
f pe
lt =
db
3000
nig
lf =
1
f ps f pe d b
1,000
xat US)
lf =
1
f ps f pe d b
6.9
xat SI)
Edl
(4.10b)
xat SI)
(4.10c)
ld min =
(xat US)
f ps f pe d b
1,000
3
f ps =
ld min =
1
2
f ps f pe d b
6.9
3
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
(4.10d)
xat SI)
129
T.Chhay
Pi h
lt
(4.11)
xat IS
Edl At CaRkLapsrubrbs;Edkkg ehIy f s 20,000 psi(138MPa) sMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbH.
At = 21,000
Pi h
f s lt
@> kareRCIserIsEdkenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun
Reinforcement Selection in Pretensioned Beams
dMeNaHRsay
EdlekItmanenAkgFwmn]TahrN_ 4>2.
Pi = 376,110lb(1,673kN )
f pe = 154,980 psi
nig
154,980
0.5 = 25.83in.(66cm )
3,000
Ph
At = 0.021 i
f s lt
lt =
dUcenH
130
NPIC
edaysar
f s 20,000 psi
/ eyIgTTYl)an
At = 0.021
376,110 40
20,000 25.83
= 0.61in.2 3.9cm 2
sakl,gEdkkgbiTCit #3
2 0.11 = 0.22in.2
Ggt;pit 9.5mm
61
= 2.78
cMnYnEdkkgGb,brma = 00..22
eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYnbIkgedIm,IhMuBTEdkembeNay. cghuMBTEdkeRbkugRtaMgCamYy helical
steel wire elIRbEvgepr lt edIm,ITTYl)ankareprEdlmanRbsiTPaBl.
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
131
T.Chhay
132
NPIC
viFIenH
Anchorage zone
rgnUvkugRtaMgbIkMritdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>22
(a)
nig
stress contour
zone:
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
133
T.Chhay
134
NPIC
rUbTI 4>23 bgajBI linearly elastic end block forces. vabgajBIkMlaMg end-block
nigkugRtaMgsrsEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pi kdUcCatMlm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;kMBs;eRbH y EdlGac
ekItmannImYy BIelI)atFwm CD . tMlm:Um:g;Gtibrma M max kMNt;TItaMgn horizontal bursting
crack. m:Um:g;enHRtUv)anTb;Tl;edaym:Um:g; couple EdlekItBIkMlaMgTaj T n vertical anchorage
zone reinforcement nigkMlaMgsgt; C Edlpl;eday end-block concrete xNEdlkMlaMgkat;tam
Tisedk V enARtg; crack spite surface RtUv)anTb;Tl;eday aggregate interlock force.
tamkarGegt Edkkg vertical anchorage zone Edlpl;kMlaMg T RtUv)anEbgEckelItMbn;Edlman
TTwg h / 2 BIpxagcugrbs;Fwm EdldUcCa X enAkgrUbTI 4>23 GacERbRbYlBI h / 5 eTA h / 4 .
BIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;
T=
M max
hx
(4.13)
ehIyRkLaprbs;EdkbBarEdlRtUvkarsrubkayCa
At =
T
fs
(4.14)
135
T.Chhay
136
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
137
T.Chhay
138
NPIC
eRkayBIekItmansameRbHKYreGaycab;GarmN_mk KngkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtug)anRbmUlpM
KaeTACaExSRtg;EdlGacKitdUcCa straight compressive strut rgkMlaMgsgt;tamGkSmYy. Srut TaMg
enHnwgkayCacMENkrbs; truss ktaEdkkugRtaMgTajemRtUv)anKitCa tension tie enAkg truss kta
EdlmanTItaMgrbs; node RtUv)ankMNt;edayTisedArbs; compression strut. rUbTI 4>25 (a) bgajBI
karbegIt strut nigrUbTI 4>25(b) bgajBI truss EdlekItBI strut-and-tie sMrab; multiple anchorage
enAkgmuxkat;GkSr T. rUbTI 2>26 segbBIKMnitn strut nig tie enAkg anchorage zone. rUbTI
2>27 bgajBI standard strut-and-tie truss sMrab;krNIcMpit nigcakpitnmuxkat;tan; nigmuxkat;man
sabEdleGayeday ACI 318-99 Code.
eKsnt; tension tie enAkg truss sib,nimitmancMgay h / 2 BI anchorage device. karsnt;
enHGacGnuvteTA)anCamYynwgTItaMgrbs;kMlaMgTaj T enAkgrUbTI 4>23 n elastic stress-analysis
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
139
T.Chhay
a
Tburst = 0.25 Psu 1
h
d burst = 0.5(h 2e )
Edl
(4.15a)
(4.15b)
f b 0.7f 'ci
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
Edl
(4.16a)
(4.16b)
140
NPIC
]TahrN_ 4>6 KNna end anchorage reinforcement sMrab; post-tensioned beam enAkg]TahrN_
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
cb = 18.84in.
dUcenHcMgayBIsrsxageRkamrbs;Fwm = cb ee = 6.35in.(161mm)
sMrab;cMgayTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 13 edIm = 6.35in. BIsrsxageRkamFwm
sakl,gkartMerobCaCYredkdUcxageRkam
CYredkTI 1 5 tendon enAcMgay 2.5in
CYredkTI 2 5 tendon enAcMgay 7.0in.
CYredkTI 3 3 tendon enAcMgay 11.5in.
O.K.
cMgaynTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon = 5 2.5 + 5 137.0 + 3 11.5 6.35in.
@> Ultimate forces enAkgCYredkn tendon nig bearing capacity rbs;ebtug
kMlaMg Pu1 CYredkTI 1 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
kMlaMg Pu 2 CYredkTI 2 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
kMlaMg Pu3 CYredkTI 3 3 0.153 270,000 = 123,930lb(551kN )
#> Elastic analysis nkMlaMg
EckkMBs;FwmCacMerokEdlmankMBs; 4in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>28(a) nigsnt;fakugRtaMg
ebtugrbs;cMeroknImYyesInwgkugRtaMgenARtg;GkSrbs;cMerokenaH. bnab;mkKNnakMeNInm:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIkugRtaMgxagkg nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgxageRkA Pi eFobnwgbg;edknImYyedIm,IkMNt; net
moment enAelImuxkat;. Net moment GtibrmanwgkMNt;TItaMgrbs; potential horizontal bursting
crack nigEdkEdlRtUvdak;edIm,IkarBarsameRbHEdlnwgekItmanenaH. edayeRbIsBaabUk (+) sMrab;
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
141
T.Chhay
18 + 10
(2in.)
2
142
NPIC
edayGnuBaatkugRtaMgEdkGtibrma
Bursting zone reinforcement KW
At =
f s = 20,000 psi
Tb 30,000
=
= 1.50in 2 968mm 2
f s 20,000
143
T.Chhay
Ts =
(
)
dUcenH
dUcenH eyIgman
cMnYnEdkkg #3 EdlRtUvkar = 00..40
= 1.82 kg
22
eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYnBIrkgbEnmeTot.
dUcenH cMnYnEdkkgsrub = 6.82 + 1.82 + 4 = 12.64 kg
eRbIEdkkgbiTCit #3 cMnYn 12 kg. dak;EdkkgbBaleTAkgtMbn;sgt;enAkgrUbTI 4>23.
dak;Edkkg #3 KMlatBIKa 3in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS edayEdkkgTImYycab;epImCamYynwgKM
lat 3in. BIcugFwm. ehIy dak;Edk #3 RbEvg 10in. cMnYn 4 edImEdlmanKMlatBIKa 3in. KitBIGkSeTA
GkS nigmanKMlat 2in. BIpxagcugRtg;TItaMg anchorage edaysarsameRbHGacekItmantamTis
bBar nigTisedk. RbsinebImantMrUvkarrbs;plitkr eKRtUvbEnm spiral reinforcement BIxageRkam
anchor.
edaHRsayeday plastic Strut-and-tie method
!> begItKMrUn tendon EdlmancMNakpit ee = 12.49in.(317mm)
BI]TahrN_ 4>2 cb = 18.84in. dUcenHcMgayBIsrsrbs;Fwm = cb ee = 6.35in.(161mm)
sMrab;cMgayTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 13 edImEdlesInwg 6.35in BIsrs
xageRkamrbs;Fwm sakl,gkartMerob tendon CaCYredkEdlmancMgayBIsrsxageRkamdUcteTA
CYredkTI 1 5 tendon enARt;g 2.5in.
CYredkTI 2 5 tendon enARt;g 7.0in.
CYredkTI 3 3 tendon enARt;g 11.5in.
cMgaynTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon = 5 2.5 + 5 137.0 + 3 11.5 6.35in. O.K.
@> Ultimate force enAkgCYredkrbs; tendon nig bearing capacity rbs;ebtug
kMlaMg Pu1 CYredkTI 1 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
kMlaMg Pu 2 CYredkTI 2 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
kMlaMg Pu3 CYredkTI 3 3 0.153 270,000 = 123,930lb(551kN )
(b)
144
NPIC
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
snt;fa ersIusg;ebtugdMbUgenAeBlEdlrgkugRtaMgKW
O.K.
cMnYnEdkkgEdlRtUvkar
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
145
T.Chhay
,235
= 8.0
cMnYnEdkkg = 0.9 60173
,000 2(0.20)
eRbIEdkkg #4 cMnYn 8 kgEdlmancMgayBIKa 1 14 in. BIGkSeTAGkS 12.7mm @ 32mm Edl
manEdkkgTImYycab;epImenAcMgay 1 12 in. BIxagmux anchorage device.
eKRtUvkarEdkkgEt 13 CMnYseGay 17.8 Edl)anBIkarKNna edaysarEpkrbs;tMbn;RtUv)an
Tb;Tl;edayEdkkg #4 . eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYn 13 EdlmanKMlatBIKa 2 12 in. BIGkSeTAGkS 12.7mm
@ 57 mm bnab;BIEdkkg #4 EdlmancMgaysrubTaMgGs; 40in.(104cm ) .
cMNaMfaviFIenHRtUvkar confining tie eRcInCag elastic solution kgEpk (a). rUbTI 4>30
bgajBI anchorage zone confining reinforcement lMGitEdl)anBI strut-and-tie analysis.
146
NPIC
6> KNnaFwmsmasrgkarBt;
k> krNIkMralxNminmanTl;
Pe ect M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
(4.17)
147
T.Chhay
P ec M + M SD
nig
(4.18)
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
Sb
r
Edl S t nig Sb Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;Etb:ueNaH ehIy M SD Cam:Um:g;dak;BIelIbEnm
dUcCaebtugkMral.
eRkayeBlkMralcak;enAnwgkEngkkrwg ehIyvaGaceFVIkarlkNsmasmk vaGacmanm:UDul
muxkat; Sct nig Scb FMCagmun CamYynwgkarrMkileLIgelIeTArksrsxagelIrbs;ExS cgc. kugRtaMg
srsebtugcUlrYmCamYynwgsmIkar 4.17 nig 4.18 sMrab;srsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Epkcak;
Rsab;rbs;muxkat;smas nIv:U AA enAkgrUbTI 4>32(e) KW
ect M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
r
St
S ct
P ec M + M SD M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2t + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.19a)
(4.19b)
nig
Edl M CSD Cabnkefrsmasdak;BIelIbEnmeRkayeBldMeLIg dUcCaenAeBleFVIkar. ehIy Sct nig
Scb Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smasenAnIv:UnsrsxagelI nigxageRkam erogKa rbs;muxkat;cak;
Rsab;.
M CSD + M L
t
S cb
(4.20a)
148
NPIC
M
+ ML
f bs = CSD
nig
(4.20b)
Sbcb
Edl M CSD + M L Cam:Um:g;bEnmEdlekIneLIgeRkayeBlekItmanskmPaBsmas ehIy Scbt nig Sbcb
Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smassMrab;srsxagelI nigxageRkam AA nig BB erogKa enAkgrUbTI
4>32(e).
x> krNIkMralxNTl;eBj
kgkrNIkMralcak;enAkEngRtUv)anRTeBjrhUtdl;ekItmanskmPaBsmas kugRtaMgsrs
ebtugmuneBlRT nigmuneBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIEdlkayBIsmIkar 4.18 nig 4.19KW
ect M D
1 2 t
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.21a)
(4.21b)
nig
eRkayeBlkMralxagelIcak;rYc ehIyskmPaBsmasekItmanenAeBlebtugkkrwg smIkar 4.19a nig b
sMrab;FwmEdlRtUv)anRTeRkayeBldMeLIgnwgkayeTACa
ect M D M SD + M CSD + M L
1 2 t
r S
S ct
P ec M
M + M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2b + D + SD
Ac
S cb
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.22a)
(4.22b)
nig
cMNaMfaeKRtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitsMrab;kugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkEdlekItmanenARtg;pb:HrvagebtugEdl
cak;enAnwgkEng CamYynwgFwmcak;Rsab; nwgbgajenAkgCMBUk 5.
K> TTwgsabRbsiTPaB
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
149
T.Chhay
edIm,IkMNt;skmPaBsmastamRTwsIEdlTb;Tl;kugRtaMgBt; eKRtUveFVIkarkMNt;TTwgkMralxN
EdlGaccUlrYmy:agmanRbsiTPaBenAkgekIneLIgPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) EdlTTYl)anBIskmPaB
smas.
rUbTI 4>33 nigtarag 4>6 eGaynUvtMrUvkarrbs; ACI nig AASTHO sMrab;kMNt;TTwgsabxag
elIRbsiTPaB (effective top slange width) rbs;muxkat;smas. RbsinebIersIusg;rbs;ebtugEdlcak;
BIxagelIxusBIersIusg;rbs;muxkat;cak;eRsc eKRtUvEktMrUvTTwg b edayKitBIm:UDuleGLasicxusKarbs;
ebtugTaMgBIr edIm,IFanafabMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;sMParTaMgBIrenARtg;pb:HdUcKa. TTwgEksMrYlrbs;
kMralxagelIsMrab;KNnam:Um:g;niclPaBsmas I cc KW
bm =
Ect
(b ) = ncb
Ec
(4.23)
m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugEdlcak;BIxagelI
Ec = m:UDuleGLssicrbs;ebtugcak;Rsab;
enAeBlEdlkMNt;TTwgEksMrYl bm rYcehIy eKRtUvBicarNaersIusg;ebtugrbs;muxkat;smasTaMgmUlCa
ersIusg;EdlFMCag.
Edl
7>
Ect =
150
NPIC
(b)
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
Edl = PPe
i
sMrab; tendon Rtg;eRbImuxkat;elITMrxagcug
M D + M DS + M L
f ti f c
M + M SD + M L
Sb D
f t f ci
St
ft =
151
T.Chhay
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T
Ac
r sb
ft =
f (t ) Ac kb
Pi
f (b ) Ac kt
e't =
Pe
nig
eTAelI envelop xageRkam nigxagelI erogKa/ Edl f(t ) nig f(b) CakugRtaMgsrsxag
eRkArbs;ebtugEdlKNnaedIm,IeRbIenAkgebtug
!0> GegtkugRtaMg end-block anchorage zone/ nigKNnaEdkcaM)ac;edIm,IkarBar bursting b
spalling crack. kMNt;RbEvgbgb;Gb,brma
1
2
ld =
f ps f pe d e xat US
1,000
3
1
2
f ps f pe d b
6.9
3
f pe
lt =
db
(
3,000
f pe
lt =
db
(
20.7
ld =
nigRbEvgepr
xat SI)
xat US)
xat SI)
Post-tensioned anchrage
xat
xat
152
NPIC
eRkayeBlkMralxagelIRtUv)ancak; nigTTYlkarEfTaMedIm,IeGayekItmanskmPaB
smaseBj kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Epkcak;Rsab;nmuxkat;
smasnwgkayCa
Pe ect M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
P ec M + M SD M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
ft =
f bs
M CSD + M L
t
S cb
M
+ ML
= CSD
Sbcb
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
153
T.Chhay
eRkayeBlkMralxNcak;enAkEngRtUv)anEfTaM nigskmPaBsmaseBjekItman
ect M D M SD + M CSD + M L
1 2 t
r S
S ct
P ec M
M + M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2b + D + SD
Ac
S cb
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;nGgt;cak;Rsab;/ M SD = m:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIkMralxNcak;Rsab; nigbnksagsg;dTeTot ehIy M CSD = m:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIbnkdak;bEnmBIelI.
!@> bnkMNt;ersIusg;rbs;muxkat;sMrab;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak; nigkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl.
rUbTI 4>34 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karKNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;eRkamlkxN
bnkeFVIkar.
MD =
154
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
155
T.Chhay
156
NPIC
8> KNnamuxkat;smasTMrsamBaeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCaeRkay
Design of Composite Post-Tensioned Prestressed Simply
Supported Section
]TahrN_ 4>7
Supported Section
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f py = 0.90 f pu = 243,000 psi(1,675MPa )
f pi = 0.70 f pu = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
157
T.Chhay
M SD1 =
M CSD =
bnkefrdak;BIelIbEnm = 0
PL WSD L2
+
4
8
2,500 64 12 350(64 )212
=
+
4
8
M SD 2 =
151,200
= 0.80
189,00
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
St
fti fc
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
Sb
ft f ci
583(64)2 12
= 3,581,952in. lb(405kN .m )
8
(1 0.80)3,581,952 + 3,589,632 + 9,300,000 = 6,271in.3 103,222cm3
S t min =
0.80(212) ( 2,000)
(1 0.80)3,581,952 + 3,589,632 + 9,300,000 = 6,229in.3 102,075cm3
Sb min =
424 0.80( 2,200)
MD =
158
NPIC
CaTUeTA m:UDulmuxkat;Cak;EsgEdlrMBwgTuksMrab;srsxagelIEtgEtFMCagm:UDulmuxkat;sMrab;
srsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;smas. dUcenHeRCIserIsGgt;cak;Rsab;edayQrelI Sb = 6,229in.3 .
edaysar AASTHO type IV manm:UDulmuxkat;FMCagm:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarxaMgeBk dUcenH
eyIgeRCIserIs AASTHO type III rUbTI 4>35 Camuxkat;sakl,gEdlmantMlEk,r Sb = 6,229in.3
CageK.
(
)
Sb = 6,186in.3 (101,370cm3 )
I c = 125,390in.4 (5.2 106 cm 4 )
Ac = 560in.2 (3,613cm 2 )
r = 223.9in (1,445cm )
S t = 5,070in.3 83,082cm3
ct = 24.73in.(62.8cm)
cb = 20.27in.(51.5cm)
WD = 583 plf (8.2kN / m )
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
159
T.Chhay
r 2 223.91
=
= 11.05in.(28.1cm)
cb
20.27
r 2 223.91
=
= 9.05in.(23.0cm)
ct
24.73
M
3,581,952
amin = D =
= 5.63in.
Pi
636,174
M
16,471,584
= 32.36in. Upper envelop
amax = T =
Pe
508,940
kb =
sitenAxageRkAmuxkat; dUcenH
eyIgRtUveFVIkarEksMrYlmuxkat;
ee = 10in.(254mm )
muxkat;kNalElVg
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
636,174 16.27 24.73 3,581,952
=
1
560
223.91
5,070
= 905.4 706.5 = 198.9 psi (T ) < 212 psi
P ec M
f b = i 1 + c 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
O.K.
(b)
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
Pi ee ct
636,174 10 24.73
1 2 =
1
560
223.91
Ac
r
= +118.7 psi (T ) < 212 psi
O.K.
P ec
636,174 10 20.27
f b = i 1 + e 2b =
1 +
560
223.91
Ac
r
= 2,164.4 psi (C ) < 2,200 psi O.K.
ft =
lkNmuxkat;smas
160
O.K.
NPIC
TTwgsabRbsiTPaB = 7 ft = 84in.(213cm)
TTwgsabRbsiTPaBEksMrYl = 0.77 84 = 65in.(165cm)
c'b =
I 'c
12
= 297,044in.4
r 2 = 318.12in.2
S cb = 9,490in.3
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
560
223.9
5,070
minEmnrgkarTaj
ec cb M D + M SD
1 + 2 +
Sb
r
fb =
(b)
O.K.
Pe
Ac
O.K.
muxkat;elITMr
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
161
T.Chhay
508,904 10 24.73
1
= 94.9 psi(T ) < f t = 424 psi
560
223.9
508,940 10 20.27
fb =
1 +
= 1,731.6 psi(11.9MPa )(C )
560
223.9
< 2,000 psi
O.K.
ft =
O.K.
kugRtaMgeRkayeBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIPam ebtugkMralminTan;kkrwg
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
560
223.9
5,070
ft =
O.K.
= 2,247.4 + 1,159.3 = 1,088.1 psi (C ) < 2,000 psi (7.5MPa < 13.8MPa ) O.K.
Pe ec ct M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
M D + M SD = 7,171,584in. lb
M CSD + M L = 0 + 9,300,000 = 9,300,000in. lb
f ct = 690.2
f bc
pleFobm:UDulEdl)anBImunmkKW
n = 0.77
kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIrbs;kMraleRkayeBlebtugkkrwgKW
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements
162
NPIC
f cst =
9,300,000
0.77 = 468 psi(C )
15,288
kugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkamrbs;kMralKW
f bcs =
(b)
9,300,000
0.77 = 372 psi(C )
19,251
muxkat;elITMr
karKNnadUcKanwgkarKNnaenACMhanxagelI. lTplKW
f b = 1,731.6 psi(C ) .
f t = +94.9 psi (T )
nig
Tendon Envelope
(a)
muxkat;kNalElVg
amax = 32.36in.
amin = 5.63in.
(b)
muxkat;Rtg;mYyPaKbYn
M D = 2,686,464
M
amin = D = 4.22in.
Pi
M T = 12,355,248
M
amax = T = 24.28in.
Pe
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
163
T.Chhay
Pi = 636,174lb
ee = 10in.
f t = +119 psi (T )
f b = 2,164 psi(C )
164
NPIC
(i)
eRbI
x = h / 3 = 15in.
(ii)
165
T.Chhay
ec = 16.27in.(41.3cm)
ee = 10.0in.(25.4cm)
166
NPIC
(b)
Pu 4 Pu 6 = 8(0.153)(270,000) = 123,930lb
Pu 5 = 2(0.153)(270,000) = 82,620lb
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
snt;faersIusg;edImrbs;ebtugenAeBlrgkugRtaMgKW
f 'ci = 0.75 f 'c = 0.75 5,000 = 3,750 psi
O.K.
(3)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
167
T.Chhay
cMnYnEdkkgEdlRtUvkar
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U biTCit #3 cMnYn 9 kg.
168
NPIC
,024
cMnYn tie = 102
= 4.7
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U biTCit #4 cMnYn 5
21,600
edayeRbobeFobdMeNaHRsay (a) nig (b) eyIgTTYlyk confining reinforcement
enAkgtMbn; anchorage elIRbEvg h = 45in. BIcugFwmdUcxageRkam
eRbIEdkkg #4 cMnYn 5 kgedaycab;epImenARtg; 1.5in. BIbg; anchorage
device nigmanKMlatBIKa 1.5in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS. bnab;mkbnCamYynwgEdkkg
cMnYn 9 kg edaymanKMlatBIKa 5in. elIcMgay 40in. . cMNaMfa RbsinebIeKsnt;cMnYn
ExSKng compression strut kan;Ettic kMlaMg tenion tie nwgeFVIeGay confining
reinforcement kan;EteRcIn.
k> m:Um:g;eRbH
Cracking-Load Moment
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
169
T.Chhay
Pe ecb M cr
= fr
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
f 'c
(4.24)
nigm:Um:g;eRbH M cr Cam:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs; (M D + M SD
r2
M cr = f r Sb + Pe e +
cb
(4.25)
170
NPIC
x> eRbkugRtaMgedayEpk
Partial Prestressing
K> karkMNt;m:Um:g;eRbH
EdlFwmGacTb;Tl;)anenAeBlm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug. ehIyKNnaemKuNsuvtiPaB
EdlFwmGacRbqaMgnwgsameRbHEdlbNalBI overload. eKeGay f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000
= 530 psi (3.7 MPa ) .
overload moment
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
171
T.Chhay
Sb = 3,750in.3 61,451cm3
ec = 14in.(35.6cm)
M D + M SD = 2,490,638in. lb(281kN .m )
M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.25
r2
M cr = f r Sb + Pe e + = 530 3,750 + 308,255(14 + 9.95)
cb
= 9,370,207in. lb
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 2,490,638 + 7,605,000
= 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
overload moment = M T M cr = 10,095,638 9,370,207
= 725,431in. lb(83kN .m )
viFIEdl)anbegIteLIgcMnYnbIenAkgTsvtSr_fIman\TiBly:agxaMgeTAelIdMeNIrkarKNnana
172
NPIC
Wt
10
(4.26)
EdltMllMeGogsrubGtibrmarbs;)a:ra:Em:RtTaMgGs;Edlman\TiBleTAelIkareFVIkaresInwg 10.0 .
niyayma:geTot emKuNsuvtiPaBsMrab;karbnSMlkxNEdlGaRkk;bMputEdlman\TiBlelIkareFVIkar
rbs;eRKOgbgM S.F . = 2.0 .
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
173
T.Chhay
viFIma:geTotCamYynwgcMnYn)a:ra:Em:RtRbU)ablIetEdledaHRsayCamYynwgbnk nigersIusg;tUc
Cag. CaTUeTA viFIenHmanlkNRsedogKasMrab;eRKOgbgMEdk nigeRKOgbgMebtug. TaMg load-andresistance-factor-design method (LRFD) nig first-order second-moment method (FOSM) esI
nUvdMeNIrkarEdlTukcitCaTUeTAsMrab;vaytMllkNvinicynkarKNnabnkemKuNEdlQrelIRbU)a:blIet (probability-based factored load design criteria).
snt;fa i tMNageGayemKuNersIusg;rbs;Ggt;ebtug ehIy i CaemKuNbnksMrab;RbePT
epSgrbs;bnk. RbsinebI Rn CaersIusg;Fmta (nominal resistance) rbs;Ggt;ebtug nig Wi Ca
\TiBlbnksMrab;RbePTepSgnbnkdak;BIelI
i Rn iWi
(4.27)
R +W
R2 + W2
(4.28)
174
NPIC
4.27
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
175
T.Chhay
(4.29)
k> eKalkarN_TUeTA
General Principles
1D + 2 L 1
D+L
(4.30)
176
NPIC
kat;bnyersIusg;ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTkugRtaMg. eKRtUvbEnmemKuNeTAelIbnkeFVIkarEdl)an)a:n;
sanedayKuNnwgemKuNbnkdUcCa 1.2 sMrab;bnkefr nig 1.6 sMrab;bnkGefr EdlbnSMbnkeKal
bnkTMnajCaplbUkrvagbnkefr nigbnkGefr. edaysarbnkGefrRtUv)an)a:n;sanedayeRbITMgn;n
bnkminzitezr dUcCamnusS nigeRKOgsgarwm dUcenHeKBi)aknwg)a:n;santMlrbs;va)ansuRkitdUcbnk
efrNas;. edaysarmUlehtuenHehIyeTIbemKuNrbs;bnkGefrFMCagemKuNbnkefr.
Edl
U = 1 .4 ( D + F )
(4.31a)
(4.31b)
(4.31c)
(4.31d)
U = 1 .2 D + 1 .0 E + 1 .0 L + 0 .2 S
(4.31e)
(4.31f)
U = 0 .9 D + 1 .0 E + 1 .6 H
(4.31g)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
177
T.Chhay
krNIelIkElg
(a) eKGnuBaateGaykat;bnyemKuNbnkrbs; L enAkgsmIkar 4.31(c) eTAdl; 4.31(e)
mkRtwm 0.5 elIkElgyandan/ kEngsMrab;saFarN nigTIkEngEdlmanbnkGefr
FMCag 100lb / ft 2 (4.79kN / m2 )
(b) Code GnuBaateGayeRbI 1.3W CMnYseGay 1.6W enAkgsmIkar 4.31(d) nig 4.31(f)
sMrab;bnkxl;Edlmin)ankat;bnyedayemKuNTisedA (directionaly factor).
(c) eKKYreRbI 1.4 E CMnYseGay 1.0 E enAkgsmIkar 4.31(e) nig4.31(g) enAeBlEdlbnk
TMnaj E RtUv)ankMNt;edayQrelI service-level seismic forces.
(d) eKeGayemKuNrbs; H esInwgsUnenAkgsmIkar 4.31(f) nig 4.31(g) RbsinebIGMeBIEdl
bNalBI H RtUv)anRbqaMgedayGMeBIEdlbNalBI W b E . eKminRtUvKitbBalsMBaF
xagrbs;dIEdlpl;ersIusg;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIrbs;bnkepSgeToteTAkg H eT EteKRtUvKit
bBalvaeTAkgersIusg;KNna (design resistance).
eKRtUveFVIbnSMbnkeRcInRbePTedIm,IkMNt;lkxNKNnaEdleRKaHfak; CaBiessenAeBlEdl
ersIusg;GaRsynwg\TiBlbnkeRcInCagmYy dUcCaersIusg;sMrab;bnSMkarBt; nigbnktamGkS bersIusg;
kat;enAkgGgt;EdlmanrgbnktamGkS.
!> karkat;bnybnkGefr Reduction in Live Loads
sMrab;pFM eKmanehtuplnwgsnt;faGaMgtg;sIuetnbnkGefrTaMgGs;minGacRKbdNb;elIp
eBj)aneT. dUcenH Ggt;Edlmanprg\TiBl (influence area) cab;BI 400 ft 2 (37.2m2 ) eLIgeTAeK
GaceRbIsmIkarxageRkamedIm,IKNnabnkGefrkat;bny
15
(xat US)
AI KitCa ft 2
(4.32a)
L = Lo 0.25 +
A
I
4.57
L = Lo 0.25 +
AI
Edl
xat SI)
AI
KitCa m2
(4.32b)
bnkGefrKNnakat;bny
Lo = bnkGefrKNnaEdlminkat;bny
AI = Influence area . sMrab;eRKOgbgMepSgeRkABI cantilevered construction AI Caprg
sMBaFsMrab;ssr. AI CaprgsMBaFsMrab;Fwm bRkLapEdlesInwgkMralxNBIrTis.
L=
178
NPIC
179
T.Chhay
12>
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgcab;epImeFVIkardUcFwmebtugGarem:enAeBlEdltMlrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;enAqayBI
m:Um:g;eRbH M cr nigm:Um:g;bnkeFIVkarsrub M T . sameRbHcab;epImekItmanenAeBlkugRtaMgTajenAkg
ebtugenARtg;srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;FMCagkugRtaMgGtibrma f r 7.5 f 'c . munnwg
eTAdl;kugRtaMgenH overload begItkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugenARtg;nIv:Urbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgedIm,Ikat;
bnyCabnbnab;rhUtdl;vaesInwgsUn EdleKeGayeQaHfa decompression load. kMritkugRtaMgenA
kg tendon RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa decompression stress emIlrUbTI 4>3 nig 4>43.
GkGegtxHkMNt; decompression load CabnkEdlsameRbHTImYyelceLIgenARtg;srs
xageRkAnmuxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCasrsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;kNalElVgnFwmTMrsamBa. PaB
xusKatictYcekItmanenAkgkarviPaKedayeRbIkarkMNt;niymnyrbs; decompression load enH.
edIm,IeFVItamsanPaBnkardak;bnkCaCMhan snt;faeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe eRkamGMeBI
bnkeFVIkarEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;begIt)anCabMErbMrYlrageFob (strain) 1 dUcxageRkam
1 = pe =
f pe
E ps
(4.33a)
180
NPIC
Pe
Ac Ec
e2
1 +
r2
(4.33b)
3 = c
(4.33c)
(4.33d)
181
T.Chhay
182
NPIC
vamansarsMxan;Nas;EdleKGackMNt;ersIusg;EdlbMrugTukenAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgmunnwg)ak;
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 1. dUcenH eKKYrbBalersIusg;m:Um:g;nmuxkat;eRbkugRtaMgeTAkgkar
KNnasrubsMrab;karRtYtBinitGMeBIrbs;bnkeFVIkar Edlmanerobrab;lMGitenAkgEpkTI1 dl;TI7 n
CMBUkenH. karsnt;xageRkamRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IkMNt;BIlkNeFIVkarrbs;muxkat;eRkamGMeBI ultimate
load.
!> snt;fakarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobmanlkNbnat; bsmamaRt (linear). karsnt;enHKW
QrelI Bernoullis hypothesis Edlfamuxkat;erobesIenAEterobesImuneBlrgkarBt;
ehIyEkgeTAnwgGkSNWteRkayeBlrgkarBt;.
@> bMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;Edk nigebtugEdlenACMuvijEdkmuneBlebtugeRbH b Edk yield dUcKa
eRkayeBlebtugeRbH bEdk yield.
#> ebtugexSaykgkarTaj. vaeRbHenAdMNak;kaldMbUgnkardak;bnkKWenARbEhlCa 10% n
ersIusg;rgkarsgt;kMNt;rbs;va. dUcenH eKminKitmuxkat;ebtugenAkgtMbn;TajsMrab;kar
viPaK nigkarKNnamuxkat;rgkarBt; ehIyeKsnt;EdkTajTTYlykkMlaMgTajTaMgGs;.
edIm,IbMeBjlkxNlMnwgnkMlaMgedk kMlaMgsgt; C enAkgebtugRtUvesInwgkMlaMgTaj T enA
kgEdk. Edl
C =T
(4.34)
183
T.Chhay
184
NPIC
(4.35a)
(4.35b)
bMErbMrYlrbs; CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgpleFobkMBs;GkSNWtelIkMBs;RbsiTPaB c / dt
eKGacsMEdgsmIkar 4.35(a) nig 4.35(b) edayeRbIpleFobkMBs;GkSNWt c elIkMBs;RbsiTPaB dt nRsTab;EdkEdlenACitpTajnmuxkat;CageKdUcxageRkam
sMrab;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgFmta (tied sections)
0.25
0.65 = 0.23 +
0.90
c / dt
(4.36a)
0.20
0.70 = 0.37 +
0.90
c / dt
(4.36b)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
185
T.Chhay
c
600
=
d t 600 + f y
xat SI)
Casegb enAeBlEdl net tensile strain enAkg extreme tension reinforcement FMRKb;RKan;
FMCag besI 0.005 muxkat;RtUv)ankMNt;Ca tension-controlled EdlmankarRbkasGasnnkar)ak;
CamYynwgPaBdabFM.
X> karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviCmaneLIgvijenAkgFwmCab;
Negative Moment Distribution in Continuous Beams
186
NPIC
t = 0.003
(4.38a)
20
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.0088in. / in. > 0.0075in. / in.
5.1
c
t = 0.003
eKGnuvttMlGb,brmasMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijedaylkN inelastic.
enAkgkrNIenH karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGnuBaatGtibrma = 1000 t = 8.8%
tMlm:Um:g;GviCman = (100 8.8) = 91.2%
karEbgEckm:Um:g;Gtibrma 20% mantMlRbhak;RbEhl = 0.241 dUcenAkg code BIxagedIm.
eKGacbgajEdnkMNt;enHedayTMnak;TMng reinforcement index sMrab; bonded prestressed
concrete members dUcxageRkam
p +
d
( ') 0.241
dp
(4.38b)
187
T.Chhay
Rtg;muxkat;Edlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bny. karEktMrUvelIElVgmYykGacGnuvteTAelIElVg
dTepSgeTotTaMgGs;EdlrgkarBt; kMlaMgkat; nigmuxkat;EdlEdkRtUv)anbBab;.
eKKYrcMNaMfa brimaNsrubrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmtaRtUvmantMlRKb;RKan;edIm,IRT
bnkemKuNEdly:agehacesInwg 1.2 dgnm:Um:g;EdleFVIeGayeRbH (cracking load) EdlKNnaeday
QrelIm:UDuldac; f r . eKmineRbIkarpl;eGayrbs; ACI 318 enHsMrab; (a) kMralxNBIrTis unboded
post-tensioned slab nig (b) Ggt;rgkarBt;EdlmanersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;y:agticesI
nwgm:Um:g;eRbHdMbUg (first cracking moment) M cr .
t 0.0075
g> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmtarbs;muxkat;ctuekaN
Nominal Moment Strength of Rectangular Sections
karEbgEckkugRtaMgsgt;Cak;EsgenAkgmuxkat;enAeBl)ak;manTMrg;Ca)a:ra:bUlekIn dUcbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 4>44(c). eKRtUvkarcMNayeBleRcInedIm,IKNnamaDrbs;bkkugRtaMgsgt; RbsinebIvaman
rag)a:ra:bUl. eKGaceRbIbkkugRtaMgctuekaNsmmUleday Whitney y:aggayRsYledayminman)at;
bg;PaBsuRkitkgkarKNnakMlaMgsgt; kdUcersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;muxkat;. bkkugRtaMgsmmUlman
kMBs; a nigersIusg;sgt;mFm 0.85 f 'c . dUcEdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 4>44(d) tMlrbs; a = 1c
RtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIemKuN 1 EdleFVIeGayRkLaprbs;bkctuekaNsmmUlmantMlRbhak;
RbEhlnwgbkkugRtaMg)a:ra:bUl Edlpl;nUvkMlaMgsgt; C mantMlRsedogKakgkrNITaMgBIr.
tMl 0.85 f 'c sMrab;kugRtaMgmFmnbkkugRtaMgsmmUlQrelIlTplBiesaFn_ebtugenAGayuy:agtic 28 f. QrelIkarBiesaF bMErbMrYlrageFobGnuBaatGtibrma 0.003 EdlTTYlykeday
ACI CatMlkMNt;suvtiPaB. eTaHbICamankaresIeLIgnUvTMrg;bkkugRtaMgdUcCaragctuBaykeday keK
TTYlykbkragctukaNsmmUlCaragbksg;darkgkarviPaK nigKNnamuxkat;rbs;ebtugGarem:. Edk
RtUv)ansnt;faeFVIkarCalkN elastoplastic.
edayeRbInUvkarsnt;BIxagedImTaMgGs; daRkamEbgEckkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>44
(c) GacRtUv)anKUreLIgvijdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>44(d). eKGacsresrkMlaMgsgt; C = 0.85 f 'c ab
EdlmaDnbksgt;enARtg; benAEk,r ultimate enAeBlEdlEdkTaj yield ( s > y ) . eKGacsresr
kMlaMgTaj T = Aps f ps . dUcenH eyIgGacsresrsmIkarlMnwg 4.34 EdleGay C = T eLIgvijdUc
xageRkam
Aps f ps = 0.85 f 'c ab
(4.39)
188
NPIC
a = 1c =
Aps f ps
(4.40)
0.85 f 'c b
M n = A ps f ps d p
2
(4.41a)
M n = p f ps bd 2p 1 0.59 p
f 'c
(4.41b)
(4.41c)
Aps f ps + As f y
0.85 f 'c b
(4.42a)
3 = c
(4.42b)
+ f y bd 2 1 0.59 y
M n = p f ps bd 2p 1 0.59 p
f 'c
f 'c
(4.43a)
beKGacsresrm:ageTot
dp
d
+ As f y 1 0.59 p +
M n = Aps f ps 1 0.59 p +
d p
(4.43b)
a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d
2
2
(4.43c)
Aps f ps + As f y A's f y
0.85 f 'c b
(4.44)
Edl b CaTTwgmuxkat;npsgt;rbs;Fwm.
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
189
T.Chhay
(4.45)
!> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmtarbs;muxkat;Edlmansab
Nominal Moment Strength of Flanged Sections
190
NPIC
BIrUbeyIg)an
T p + Ts = T pw + T pf
Edl
(4.46)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgsgt; = Aps f ps
Ts = Ultimate force enAkgEdkFmta = As f y
T pw = EpknkMlaMgsrubenAkgEdkrgkarTajEdlRtUvkarsMrab;RTnug = Apw f ps
Apw = RkLapEdksrubEdlRtUvnwgkMlaMg T pw
T pf = EpknkMlaMgsrubenAkgEdkTajEdlRtUvkarsMrab;sab C f = 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
Tp =
C w = 0.85 f 'c bw a
(4.47)
enaH
a=
A pw f ps
0.85 f 'c bw
Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
(4.48a)
b
(4.48b)
a=
0.85 f 'c bw
eKGacsresrsmIkar 4.45 sMrab;FwmEdlmanEdksgt;eLIgvijedIm,ITTYl)anersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtasMrab;
muxkat;mansabEdlGkSNWtsitenAxageRkAsab a > h f dUcxageRkam edayKitm:Um:g;eFobTIRbCMuTMgn;
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
hf
(4.49a)
(4.49b)
191
T.Chhay
@> karkMNt;kugRtaMg)ak;Fmtarbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
f ps
eKGackMNt;kugRtaMg f ps rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAeBl)ak;edayeRbIbMErbMrYlrageFobRtUvKa
(strain compatibility) tamrydMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgrhUtdl;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
eKRtUvkardMeNIrEbbenHRbsinebI
f pe =
Pe
< 0.50 f pu
Aps
(4.50a)
GnuBaateGayeRbIkarKNnaEdlmantMlRbhak;RbEhl RbsinebI
Pe
0.50 f pu
Aps
(4.50b)
f pu
d
(
+
')
f ps = f pu 1
p
f 'c d p
1
(4.51)
sMrab;pleFobElVgelIkMBs;tUcCag besI 35
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f ps = f pe + 70 +
Edl
f 'c
100 p
xat US
(4.52a)
xat SI
f 'c
100 p
f ps
(4.52b)
192
NPIC
f ps = f pe + 70 +
f 'c
300 p
xat SI
Edl
f ps
#> tMlkMNt;rbs;snsSn_Edk
Limiting Values of the Reinforcement Index
Aps f ps
bd p f 'c
= p
f ps
f 'c
(4.53)
EdkGb,brma
RbsinebIPaKryEdktUcEmnETn muxkat;ebtugnwgexSaykgkarTb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajeRkay
eBlmansameRbH ehIymuxkat;nwgeFVIkaresIrEtdUcCamuxkat;ebtugsuT (plain section). dUcenHeKRtUv
BinitPaKryEdkGb,brma min CamYynwg p min enAkgkarKNnamuxkat;edIm,IkarBarkar)ak;EbbenH.
brimaNsrubrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmtaEdlTamTareday ACI minRtUvtUcCagGVIEdlTamTar
sMrab;begItm:Um:g; M u = M n eT dUcenH
M u 1.2 M cr
(4.54a)
As min = 0.004 A
(4.54b)
Edl
Nc
0.5 f y
(4.55a)
kMlaMgTajenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIplbUkbnkefr nigbnkGefr (D + L)
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
193
T.Chhay
194
NPIC
enAkgtMbn;m:Um:g;GviCmanrbs;kMralxNenARtg;TMrssr RkLapGb,brmarbs;EdkFmtatam
TisnImYyKW
As = 0.00075hl
(4.55b)
kMras;kMralxNsrub
l = RbEvgElVgtamTisRsbnwgEdkEdlkMBugKNna
eKEbgEck As enAkgTTwgkMralxNenAcenaHExSEdlsitenAxageRkAprbs;TMrssr 1.5h .
eKRtUvdak;Edk (bars or wire) y:agticbYntamTisnImYy nigmanKMlatminFMCag 12in.(30cm) .
Edl
h=
EdkGtibrma
RbsinebIPaKryEdkFMeBk muxkat;ebtugnwgeFVIkarCalkN everreinforced Edl nonductile
failure nwgekIteLIgenAeBlebtugEbkdMbUgenARtg;srssgt; EtEdkenAxagTajminTan;eFVIkardl;
yield. eKEtKNnamuxkat;FwmebtugGarem:CalkN underreinforced CamYynwgbMErbMrYlrageFob
t = 0.005 dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
b:uEn sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg eKminGacGnuvtEtkgkrNI underreinforced )aneT. kMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMg Pi nig Pe enAeBlepr nigenAeBlrg service load RKb;RKgtMlnRkLapEdkTajEdlcaM)ac;
edayrYmbBalTaMgEdkFmtapg. elIsBIenH tMlrbs; yield strength nigtMlrbs; yield strain
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgminRtUv)ankMNt;eT. dUcenH eKKNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IbMeBjRKb;tMrUvkarbnk
eFVIkarEdlGaceFVIkarCa underreinforcement b overreinforcement enAsanPaBkMNt;n ultimateload design CaBiessRbsinebIvaCa partially prestressed beam.
edIm,IFanakareFVIkarCalkNsVit (ductility), ACI code kMNt;PaKryrbs;EdkedaymineGay
reinforcement index p minRtUvFMCag 0.361 cMNaMfaeKGacRbdUc 0.321 eTAnwg 0.005 .
0.05( f 'c 4,000)
1 = 0.85
0.65
xat US
(4.56)
1,000
0.05( f 'c 28)
1 = 0.85
0.65
xat SI
7
dUcerobrab;enAkg Code commentary sMrab;muxkat;EdlmanEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg
p = p
f ps
f 'c
0.321
(4.57a)
sMrab;muxkat;EdlmanEdkTaj nigEdksgt;Fmta
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
195
T.Chhay
Edl
nig
' =
d
( ') 0.361
p +
dp
As f y
(4.57b)
bdf 'c
A's f y
bdf 'c
sMrab;muxkat;mansab
d
(w 'w ) 0.361
pw +
dp
(4.57c)
A
f
f
f
d
( ') = ps ps + d As y A's y
p +
dp
A f C
f
f
d
(w 'w ) = ps ps F + d As y A's y
pw +
dp
d p bw d f 'c bw d f 'c
bw d p f 'c
A ps f ps + As f y A's f y C F
=
bw d p f 'c
=
(4.57d)
196
NPIC
M n = 0.25 f 'c bd 2
sMrab;muxkat;mansab
(4.58a)
(4.58b)
eKGacEkERbsmIkarTaMgenHdUcxageRkam
(a) sMrab; overreinforced rectangular section
(4.59a)
M n = f 'c bd 2p (0.68 1 0.08 12 )
(b) sMrab; overreinforced flanged section
M n = f 'c bw d 2p (0.36 1 0.08 12 ) + 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f (d p 0.5h f ) (4.59b)
$> sanPaBkMNt;rgkarBt;eRkamGMeBI ultimate Load enAkg Unbonded Tendons
Limit State in Flexure at Ultimate Load in Nonbonded Tendons
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
197
T.Chhay
198
NPIC
13>
Aps =
Mu /
0.90 f pu (0.80h )
(4.60a)
Aps =
Mn
0.72 f pu h
(4.60b)
Mu
0.8h
BIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;kMlaMg C = T . dUcenHRkLaprbs;sabsgt;KW
A'c =
Mn
Mn
=
0.85 f 'c (0.8h ) 0.68 f 'c h
(4.61)
199
T.Chhay
14>
f pu
d
( ')
+
p
f 'c d p
pleFobElVgelIkMBs; 35
f 'c
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
xat US
100
f ps = f pe + 70 +
xat SI
f 'c
100 p
pleFobElVgelIkMBs; > 35
f 'c
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
xat US
300
f ps = f pe + 70 +
cMNaMfa
12.
f ps
f 'c
300 p
xat SI
200
NPIC
Aps f ps + As f y A's f y
0.85 f 'c b
RbsinebImuxkat;mansab
a=
A pw f ps
0.85 f 'c bw
muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg
T = p = p
(b)
f ps
f 'c
Aps
bd p
f ps
f 'c
muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEdksgt;bEnmBIelIEdkTajFmta
T = p +
d
( ')
dp
d
(w 'w )
dp
eKKNnasnsSn_EdkedayQrelITTwgrbs;RTnug bw .
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
201
T.Chhay
A pw f ps
202
NPIC
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
203
T.Chhay
204
NPIC
15>
]TahrN_ 4>9 sikSaKNna bonded beam enAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 eday ultimate-load theory eday
f y = 60,000 psi(414MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
eRbI 7-wire 1 / 2in. dia tendon. EdkFmtaRtUv)andak;edaymankMras;ebtugkarBarEdk (clear cover)
1.5in.(38mm ) ehIyeKminKitbBalEdksgt;eT. elIsBIenHeKminKitxl; nigrBaydIeT.
f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa )
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
205
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;emKuNRtUv)aneGayeday
Mu =
Wu l 2 2,352(65)212
=
= 14,905,800in lb(1684kN .m )
8
8
Mu
14,905,800
= 16,562,000in. lb(1871kN .m )
0.9
206
NPIC
enAkNalElVg
e = 15in.
e 2 = 225in.2
e 2 / r 2 = 225 / 187.5 = 1.20
(
)
bMErbMrYlrageFobsgt;GnuBaatGtibrma enAeBl)ak; = 0.003
snt;faeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarKW f 155,000 psi(1,069MPa)
E ps = 28 106 psi 193 103 MPa
pe
(a)
1 = pe =
f pe
E ps
155,000
28 10 6
= 0.0055
(b)
Pe
Ac Ec
308,295
377 4.03 10 6
e2
1 +
r2
(1 + 1.20) = 0.0004
Aps f ps + As f y
0.85 f 'c b
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
207
T.Chhay
c=
6.71
= 8.39in.(22.7cm )
0.80
(
)
kMeNInn strain EdlbNalBI overload rhUtdl; ultimate BIsmIkar 4.37c KW
5
d = 40 1.5 + 0.5in. for stirrup + 16
in. for bar 37.6in.
d c
37.6 8.39
= 0.0104 >> 0.005 O.K.
= 0.003
c
8.39
3 = c
ehIybMErbMrYlrageFobsrubKW
ps = 1 + 2 + 3
= 0.0055 + 0.004 + 0.0104 = 0.0163
sakl,gelIkTIBIrsMrab;tMl
f ps
EdlRtUvnwg ps = 0.0163
f ps
snt;
f ps = 229,000 psi
1.99 229,000 + 1.76 60,000
= 7.34in.
0.85 5,000 18
7.34
c=
= 9.17in.
0.80
37.6 9.17
3 = 0.003
= 0.0093
9.17
a=
BicarNamuxkat;CaragctuekaN
2
2
208
NPIC
2
A = 377 18 4.125 +
6(21.16 5.5) 201in.
2
EdleRbI
O.K.
snsSn_EdkGtibrmaEdl)anBIsmIkar 4.57b KW
d
( ') 0.361 < 0.29 sMrab; 1 = 0.80
p +
d
p
ehIysnsSn_EdksrubCak;EsgKW
1.99 229,000
37.6 1.76 60,000
+
T =
16>
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
209
T.Chhay
CamYy (a) bonded prestressed streel nig (b) nonbonded prestressed steel. minKitBicarNakar
cUlrYmrbs;Edksgt;Fmta.
dMeNaHRsay
3.5
= 6.25in.
2
f ps
f pu
d
(
+
')
f ps = f pu 1
p
f 'c d p
1
f py 229,500
=
= 0.85
p = 0.40
f pu 270,000
eRbI
As f y
1.76
60,000
0.00132
bd f 'c 18 37.6 5,000
sMrab; ' = 0 /
0.40
270,000 37.6
(0.0132)
0.0032
f ps = 270,0001
+
5,000
36.16
0.80
= 270,000 0.897 = 242,190 psi (1,670 MPa )
210
NPIC
a=
w =
Aps
bw d p
1.99
= 0.0092
6 36.16
fy
As
1.76
60,000
= 0.0936
bw d f 'c 6 37.6 5,000
0.40
270,000 37.6
(0.0936 0)
0.0092
f ps = 270,0001
+
5,000
36.16
0.80
= 189,793 psi (1,309 MPa )
6.45
= 164,538 36.16
+ 1.76(60,000)(37.6 36.16 )
2
6.25
w =
edayeGay
3.16
60,000
= 0.17
6 37.6 5,000
f ps = 179,068 psi
a=
227,195
= 8.9in.(22.6cm )
0.85 5,000 6
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
211
T.Chhay
8.9
M n = 227,195 36.16
+ 3.16(60,000 )(37.6 36.16)
2
6.25
f 'c
5,000
= 155,000 + 10,000 +
100 1.99 / (6 36.16 )
100 p
!> eRCIserIsEdkFmta
sakl,gEdkFmta 4#8 edIm,ITb;Tl;EpkxHrbs;m:Um:g;emKuN
As = 4 0.79 = 3.16in.2 (19.8cm 2 )
Apw f ps = 1.99 170,451 + 3.16 60,000 0.85 5,000(18 6)6.25
= 210,047lb
Apw f ps
210,047
a=
=
= 8.24in.(20.9cm )
0.85 f 'c bw 0.85 5,000 6
6.25
= 17,537,057in. lb(1981kN .m )
< Mn
212
NPIC
RtYtBintkarkMNt;rbs;Edk
!> EdkGb,brma
BIsmIkar 4.25 m:Um:g;eRbH M cr RtUv)aneGayeday
(c)
M cr
r 2
= f r Sb + Pe e +
cb
= 0.0702
18 37.6 5,000
dUcenH p + = 0.109 + 0.0702 = 0.1862 < 0.288 O.K.
dUcenH TTYlykkarKNnaEdleRbImuxkat;ebtugenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 edaydak;bEnmEdk
Fmta 4#8 enAEpkrgkarTaj. cMNaMfa non-bonded section EdlmanRkLapEdkFmtadUcKaman
ersIusg;m:Um:g;tUcCag bonded section EdldUckarrMBwgTuk.
RbsinebI eKeRbI f 'c = 6,000 psi sMrab;karKNnaenAkg]TahrN_enH eKnwgRtUvkarEdkFmta
ticCag.
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
213
T.Chhay
V.
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
CMBUkenHnwgBNnaBIdMeNIrkarsikSaKNnamuxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedIm,ITb;Tl;kMlaMgkat; nigkM
laMgrmYlEdlekItBIkMlaMgGnuvtn_xageRkA. edaysarersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugexSayCagersIusg;sgt;
rbs;va karsikSaKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlkayCaerOgsMxan;sMrab;RKb;RbePTeRKOgbgM
ebtugTaMgGs;.
karEbgEckrvagkar)ak;rbs;FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIkMlaMgkat; bbnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkM
laMgrmYl KWxusBIkar)ak;eRkamGMeBIkMlaMgBt;begag. va)ak;y:agelOnedaymin)anRbkasGsnCamun
RKb;RKan; ehIysameRbHGgt;RTUgEdlekItmanmanTMhMFMCagsameRbHedaysarGMeBIkMlaMgBt;begag.
TaMgkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlbegItCakugRtaMgkat;. kugRtaMgenHGacegItCakugRtaMgTajem (principal
tensile stress) enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;EdlGacnwgmantMlFMCagersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug. cMNaMfa
bg;ekagrgkar)ak;edaykarrmYlKWbNalmkBIm:Um:g;rmYlEdl)ak;bEnmBIelI. kugRtaMgenAkgFwmFmta
minRtwmEtekIteLIgedaysarkMlaMgkat;edaypal; (direct shear) bkMlaMgrmYlsuT (pure torsion)
b:ueNaHeT b:uEnvakekIteLIgedaysarbnSMnkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA. kMlaMgTaMgenaHbegIteGayman
kugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUg (diagonal tension stress) bkugRtaMgTajedaysarkarbegag (flexural shear
stress) enAkgGgt;. kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; bkugRtaMgrmYlsuTekItmanEtenAkgRbBneRKOg
bgMxHb:ueNaH dUcCakrNI corbel b bracket EdlBak;BnnwgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; b cantilever
balcony EdlTak;TgCaBiessnwgkMlaMgrmYlsuTenAelIFwmTMr.
2> kareFVIkarrbs;Fwm
homogeneous
eRkamGMeBIkMlaMgkat;
214
NPIC
nig
Edl
(5.1)
(5.2)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
215
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;
Q = m:Um:g;saTicrbs;RkLapmuxkat;EdlenABIxagelI bBIxageRkamGkSNWt
b = TTwgrbs;Fwm
rUbTI 5>2 bgajBIkugRtaMgxagkgEdlmanGMeBIelIFatuGnntUc A1 nig A2 . edayeRbIrgVg;m:
(Mohrs cicle) enAkgrUbTI 5>2(b) kugRtaMgemsMrab;Fatu A1 enAkgtMbn;TajxageRkamGkSNWtkayCa
I=
f t (max)
f
f
= t + t + v2
2
2
2
f c (max ) =
nig
tan 2 max
ft
f
t + v2
2
2
v
=
ft / 2
kugRtaMgTajem
(5.3a)
kugRtaMgsgt;em
(5.3b)
216
NPIC
3> kareFVIkarrbs;FwmebtugGarem:CalkNminEmnsac;mYy
Behavior of Concrete Beams as Nonhomogeneous Sections
217
T.Chhay
4> FwmebtugEdlKanEdkTajGgt;RTUg
Concrete Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement
218
NPIC
k> KMrU)ak;rbs;FwmEdlKanEdkTajGgt;RTUg
Modes of Failure of Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement
219
T.Chhay
x> kar)ak;edaykarBt;begag
K> kar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
Diagonal Tension Failure [Flexure shear, FS]
kar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgekItmanRbsinebIersIusg;kMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgrbs;FwmtUcCag
ersIusg;Bt;begagrbs;va. pleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs;mantMlkNalEdlERbRbYlcenaH 2.5 eTA 5.5
sMrab;krNIbnkcMcMnuc. eKKitFwmEbbenHCa intermidate slenderness. sameRbHcab;epImCamYykar
ekIteLIgn flexural crack bBaresIgenAkNalElVg nigbnedaykar)at;bg;PaBsitrvagEdkCamYy
nwgebtugEdlBTCMuvijvaenARtg;TMr. bnab;mkeTot edayminmankarRbkasGsnRKb;RKan;BIkarekItman
kar)ak; sameRbHGgt;RTUgBIr bbIekItmanenARtg;RbEhl 1.5d eTA 2d ncMgayBIpnTMrkgkrNIFwm
ebtugGarem: nigCaTUeTAekItmanRtg;RbEhlmYyPaKbYnnElVgkgkrNIFwmeRbkugRtaMg. enAeBlEdl
vaenAzitezr sameRbHGgt;RTUgmYykgcMeNamenaHrIkhMkayCasameRbHTajGgt;RTUgem ehIylat
snwgeTArksrssgt;xagelIrbs;Fwm dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>5(b) nig 5>5(c). cMNaMfa flexural
crack minlatrIkraleTArkeTArkGkSNWtenAkgkrNIKrM U)ak;RsYyEbbenHeT. KMrU)ak;enHmanPaBdab
tUcCagKMrU)ak;elIkmunenAeBl)ak;.
eTaHbICakMlaMgkat;xageRkAGtibrmaenARtg;TMrkI TItaMgeRKaHfak;rbs;kugRtaMgTajemGtibrma
minsitenARtg;TMreT. vaRtUv)ankat;bnyenARtg;mxu kat;enaH edaysarkMlaMgsgt;FMrbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMgbEnmBIelIkMlaMgsgt;bBarnRbtikmrbs;FwmenARtg;TMr. vaCamUlehtuEdlsameRbHGgt;RTUg
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
220
NPIC
EdlenAzitezrmanTItaMgqaycUlmkkgElVgRbEhlmYyPaKbYnnElVgsMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMgEdlman
sab ehIyTItaMgenHGaRsynwgTMhMnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigPaBERbRbYlrbs;cMNakpit. CarYm
diagonal tension failure CalTplnbnSMrbs;kugRtaMgBt; nigkugRtaMgkat; edayKitnUvkarcUlrYmrbs;
bgMbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigRtUv)ankt;sMKal;edaysameRbHbegag nigsameRbHGgt;RTUg.
CakarRbesIr eKehAvafa flexure shear sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg ehIyvamanlkNgayRsYlBnl;Ca
web shear Edlnwgerobrab;enAeBlbnab;.
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
221
T.Chhay
222
NPIC
karEbgEckkugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkGtibrmaenAkgmuxkat;eRbHrbs;muxkat;mansabRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>6. edaysarkarpas;brTTwgmuxkat;y:agrhsenARtg;RCug A dUcenHeKcaM)ac;
RtYtBinitlTPaBrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TItaMgeRKaHfak;tambeNayElVg CaBiesssMrab;kar)ak;edaysar
kMlaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear failure).
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
(5.5)
223
T.Chhay
Vc Q
Ib
(5.6)
karEbgEckkugRtaMgsrssgt; fc EdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;xageRkAKW
fc =
Pe Pe ec M T c
m
Ac
Ic
Ic
(5.7)
k>
( f c / 2)2 + vc2
fc
2
(5.8)
Flexural-Shear Strength
V=
Vd p
M cr
M /V d p / 2
(5.9a)
(5.9b)
224
NPIC
Vci =
bw d p f 'c
M cr
+
+ Vd
20
M /V d p / 2
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
xat SI
225
T.Chhay
Vci =
f 'c bw d p
20
Vd +
5.0 f 'c bw d p
f 'c bw d p
Vi
(M cr )
7
M max
xat SI
xat US
0.42 f 'c bw d p
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.70 sMrab; all-lightweight concrete
Vd = kMlaMgkat;Rtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkefrEdlKanemKuN
Vci = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength) Edlpl;eGayedayebtugenAeBl
EdlsameRbHkMlaMgTajekItBIbnSMnkMlaMgkat;bBar nigm:U:m:g;
Vi = kMlaMgkat;emKuNRtg;muxkat;EdlbnkxageRkAekIteLIgenAeBlCamYyKanwg M max
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal = f ct / 6.7 f 'c sMrab;xat US nig = fct / 0.556 f 'c sMrab;xat
SI RbsinebIeKsal; tensile splitting strength f ct . cMNaMfatMlrbs; f 'c minKYrFMCag 100 psi
(0.69MPa ) .
smIkarsMrab; M cr m:Um:g;EdlbegIt flexural cracking EdlbNalBIbnkxageRkA RtUv)an
eGayeday
I
M cr = c (6 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat US
(5.12)
y
Edl
= 1 .0
M cr
I
= c 0.5 f 'c + f ce f d
yt
f pe
CMnYseGay
xat IS
f ce
226
NPIC
Edl
ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg;enARtg;
srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgeLIgedaybnkxageRkA.
enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn; fce = f c .
f d = kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuNenARtg;srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;Edl
bNalEtBIbnkpal;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgedaybnkxageRkA.
yt = cMgayBIGkSTIRbCMuTMgn;eTAsrsrgkarTajxageRkA
ehIy M cr = EpkxHrbs;m:Um:g;nbnkxageRkAEdlbgeGaymansameRbH. CakarsMrYl eKGacCMnYs
Sb CMnYseGay I c / yt .
rUbTI 5>9 bgajBIdaRkamrbs;smIkar 5.10 CamYynwgTinnynkarBiesaF.
f ce =
227
T.Chhay
x> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;RTnug
Web-Shear Strength
(5.14a)
EdleyIgGacsMrYl)andUcxageRkam
vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c
xat US
(5.14c)
vcw = 0.3( f 'c + f c )
xat SI
enAkg ACI Code eKeRbI f pc CMnYseGay f c . nimitsBaaEdleRbIenATIenHKWcg;bBaak;favaCakugRtaMg
enAkgebtugminEmnenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeT. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta Vcw EdleGayedayebtugenA
eBlsameRbHGgt;RTUgekItBIkugRtaMgTajemdFMenAkgRTnugkayCa
Vcw = (3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c )bw d p + V p
xat US
(5.15)
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
228
NPIC
(
)
xat SI
Edl V p = bgMbBarnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;muxkat;BiessEdlcUlrYmnwgersIusg;
FmtabEnm
= 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta nigmantMltUcCagenHsMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal
d p = cMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAeTATMRbCMuTMng;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg b 0.8h edayykmYy
NaEdlFMCag
ACI Code yktMl f c CakugRtaMgsgt;pbrbs;ebtugenARt;gTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; bRtg;
kEngEdlkat;KarvagRTnug nigsabenAeBlEdlTIRbCMuTMgn;sitenAkgsab. enAkgkrNImuxkat;smas
eKKNna f c edayQrelIkugRtaMgEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;EdlTb;Tl;eday
Ggt;cak;Rsab;EdleFVIkarEtg. daRkamnTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMgkat;RTnugFmta (nominal web
shear stress) vcw nigkugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugRtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;RtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI 5>10. cMNaMfa
PaBdUcKarvagExSekagnsmIkar 5.14b nig c bgajfasmIkar 5.14c RtUv)anEktMrUvBIsmIkar 5.14b
edIm,IeGaymanlkNbnat;. Code GnuBaateGayeRbIemKuN 1.0 CMnYseGayemKuN 0.3 sMrab;tYTIBIr
nsmIkar 5.15.
Vcw = 0.3 f 'c + f c bw d p + V p
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
229
T.Chhay
cw
kgkarKNna
(a)
enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgEdlmuxkat;enAcMgay h / 2 BIpnTMrenAEk,rcugnGgt;CagRbEvgepr
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg enaHeKRtUvBicarNatMleRbkugRtaMgkat;bnyenAeBlKNna Vcw . tMl
Vcw enHRtUv)anKitCaEdlGtibrmarbs; Vc enAkgsmIkar
Vu d p
bw d p 2 f 'c bw d p
Vcw = 0.6 f 'c + 700
M u
5 f 'c bw d p
xat US
(5.16)
Vu d p
bw d p 0.2 f 'c bw d p
Vcw = 0.05 f 'c + 5
M
u
0.4 f 'c bw d p
(b)
(c)
(d)
xat SI
230
NPIC
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
231
T.Chhay
232
NPIC
(5.17)
enATIenH Vc CatMltUcCageKn Vci nig Vcw . eKGackMNt; Vc BIsmIkar 5.11 b 5.15 ehIyeKkMNt;
Vs BIsmIkarlMnwgenAkg analogous triangular truss. BIsmIkar 5.11(c)
Vs = Ts sin = Cc sin
(5.18a)
snt;fa dXas;
nwgkayCa
jd d
(5.18b)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
233
T.Chhay
Ts Ts
V
1
=
= s
s1 ns sin d (cos + cos )
(5.18c)
dUcenH
nAv =
(5.19a)
Vs ns
d sin (cot + cot ) f y
(5.19b)
Av f y d
s
Av f y d
[sin (1 + cot )]
(sin + cos )
b
Vs =
s
edaHRsayrk s edayeRbI Vs = Vu Vc
s=
Av f y d
Vu Vc
(sin + cos )
(5.20a)
(5.20b)
Av f y d
s
Av f y d
(5.21a)
Avf y d
b
s=
=
(5.21b)
(Vu / ) Vc Vu Vc
enAkgsmIkar 5.21a nig b/ d p CacMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAbMputeTAkan;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMg ehIy d CacMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkFmta. tMlrbs; d p min
RtUvtUcCag 0.80h eT.
234
NPIC
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d
bw
(5.22b)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
235
T.Chhay
7> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edkenAkgeRKOgbgMsmas
Horizontal Shear Strength in Composite Construction
snt;fakMlaMgkat;tamTisedkepreBjeljRtg;pb:HnkEngEdlCYbKa.
k> eRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar
Service-Load Level
eKGackMNt;kugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkGtibrma vh BIeKalkarN_mUldanrbs;emkanic
vh =
Edl
VQ
I c bv
(5.23)
V=
236
NPIC
V
bv d pc
(5.24)
eday Vu dUcenHeyIgTTYl)an
vuh =
Vu
bv d pc
(5.25a)
b sMrab;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;bBarFmta Vn
vnh =
Vu /
V
= n
bv d pc bv d pc
(5.25b)
(5.25c)
Vnh 80 Ac 80bv d pc
(b)
(5.26a)
Edl Ac CaRkLaprbs;ebtugEdlTb;Tl;kMlaMgkat; = bv d pc
enAeBlEdleKeRbIEdkkgGb,brma Edl Ac = 50(bws ) / f y b:uEnpb:Hrbs;Ggt;cak;
Rsab;minmanlkNeRKIm
vnh 80bv d pc
(c)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
(5.26b)
237
T.Chhay
(d)
(5.27)
(5.28)
(5.29)
Edl lvh CaRbEvgkMlaMgkat;edk (horizontal shear length) EdlkMNt;enAkgrUbTI 5.15(a) nig (b)
sMrab;Ggt;TMrsamBa nigsMrab;Ggt;TMrCab; erogKa.
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
238
NPIC
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
239
T.Chhay
K> karKNnaEdkrgcaMskmsmas
Design of Composite-Action Dowel Reinforcement
(5.30)
(5.31a)
Avf =
Vuh
f y e
(5.31b)
Avh =
Vnh
F
= h
e f y e f y
(5.31c)
(5.32)
Av =
(5.33)
8> CMhanKNnaEdkRTnugsMrab;kMlaMgkat;
Web Reinforcement Design Procedure for Shear
xageRkamCakarsegbBICMhannkarKNnaEdkRTnugsMrab;kMlaMgkat;
!> kMNt;tMlersIusg;kMlaMgkat;FmtaEdlRtUvkar Vn = Vu / enARtg;cMgay h / 2 BIpnTMr Edl
= 0.75 .
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
240
NPIC
bw d p xat US
Vc = 0.60 f 'c +
M
u
f 'c
V d
Vc =
+ 5 u bw d p
20
M u
Edl 2
Vu d p
(b)
sMrab;xat US
f 'c bw d p sMrab;xat SI
f 'c bw d p Vc 5 f 'c bw d p
f 'c bw d p / 5 Vc 0.4
Mu
xat SI
1.0
ehIyeKKNna Vu enARtg;muxkat;dUcKasMrab;karKNna M u .
RbsinebIersIusg;eRcokTajmFm (average tensile splitting strength) fct sMrab;
ebtugTMgn;Rsal enaH = fct / 6.7 f 'c sMrab;xat US b = fct / 0.556 f 'c
sMrab;xat SI CamYynwg f 'c Gt;FMCag 100 psi(0.67MPa ) .
Detailed analysis Edl Vc CatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam Vci nig Vcw
xat US
xat SI
xat US
xat SI
f 'c bw d p
7
Vci =
f 'c bw d p
20
+ Vd +
Vi
(M cr ) 5.0 f 'c bwd p
M max
Vi
(M cr ) 0.4 f 'c bwd p
M max
(
)
edayeRbItMlNaEdlFMCageKkgcMeNam d p nig 0.8h
xat US
Edl M cr = (I c / yt )(6 f 'c + fce f d )
M cr = (I c / yt )(0.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat SI
xat US
b M cr = Sb (6 f 'c + fce f d )
M cr = Sb (0.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat SI
Vi = kMlaMgkat;emKuNEdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_BIxageRkAEdlekItmankg
eBldMNalKaCamYynwg M max
Vcw = 0.3 f 'c + f c bw d p + V p
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
241
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkayekItmankMhatbg;TaMgGs;enARtg;
srsxageRkArbs;muxkat;EdlbnkxageRkAbgeGaymankugRtaMgTaj.
f ce kayCa f c sMrab;kugRtaMgenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;.
#> RbsinebI Vu / Vc / 2 vaminRtUvkarEdkRTnugeT. RbsinebI Vc / 2 < Vu / < Vc vaRtUvkar
EdkGb,brma. RbsinebI Vu / > Vc nig
RbsinebI
Vs = Vu / Vc 8 f 'c bw d p
xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc 2 f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI
eKRtUvKNnaEdkRTnug.
RbsinebI
Vs = Vu / Vc > 8 f 'c bw d p b Vs > (Vc + 8 f 'c bw d p ) xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc > 2 f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI
eKRtUvtMeLIgmuxkat;.
$> KNnaEdkRTnugGb,brmaEdlRtUvkar. KMlatKW s 0.75h b 24in.(60cm) edayykmYyNa
EdltUcCageK.
b s
50bw s
Av min = 0.75 f 'c w b Av min =
US edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag
f
f
f ce =
Av min =
RbsinebI
cMeNam
f 'c
bw s
16 f y
f pe 0.40 f pu Av min
Av =
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d p
bw
Edl d p 0.80h
CamYynwg Av min = 0.75
Av min =
f 'c
EdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBticCagCatMltUcCageKkg
f 'c
bw s
fy
bw s
16 f y
b Av min = 50fbws US
y
b Av min = 50fbws SI
y
242
NPIC
EtRbsinebI
xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc > f 'c bw d p / 3
xat SI
enaHKMlatEdkkg s EdlRtUvkarKWesInwgBak;kNalntMlEdlKNnaedaysmIkarEdleGay
enAkgCMhan ^.
^> s = (VAvf)ydVp = VAv f ydVp 0.75h 24in.(60cm) s Gb,brmaEdl)anBICMhan $
u
c
u
c
&> sg; shear envelope enAelIElVgFwm nigKUsbBaak;tMbn;EdlRtUvkarEdkRTnug
*> KUrBRgayEdkRTnugtambeNayElVgedayeRbIEdkkgTMhM #3 b #4 tamEdlcUlcit b:uEnEdk
kgminRtUvmanTMhMFMCag #6 eT.
(> KNnaEdkrgcaM (dowel reinforcement) bBarkgkrNImuxkat;smas
(a) Vnh 80bv d pc sMrab;TaMgpb:HeRKImedayKanEdkrgcaM bEdk tie bBar nigsMrab;TaMgpb:H
EdlmineRKImb:uEneRbIEdk tie bBarGb,brma. eRbI
Vs = (Vu / Vc ) > 4 f 'c bw d p
Av =
50bw s 50bv I vh
=
fy
fy
sMrab;peRKImEdlmanecjk,alfkMBs; 1 / 4in.(6mm)
(c) sMrab;krNIEdl Vnh > 500bw d pc / KNnaEdk tie bBarsMrab; Vnh = Avf f y
Edl Avf = RkLaprbs;EdkrgcaMEdlmanlkNkkit (frictional steel dowel)
= emKuNkkit = 1.0 sMrab;pEdlmanlkNeRKIm Edl = 1.0 sMrab;
ebtugTMgn;Fmta. sMrab;RKb;krNITaMgGs; Vn Vnh 0.2 f 'c Acc
800 Acc Edl Acc = bv lvh .
viFIepSgeTotnkarKNnaRkLapEdkrgcaM Avf KWedayKNnakMlaMgedk Fh enARtg;pkkit
rbs;ebtugEdl
(b) Vnh 500bw d pc
Fh e Avf f y Vnh
Edl
e =
1,0002bv lvh
2.9
Fh
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
243
T.Chhay
244
NPIC
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
245
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;eFVIkaredk
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkGtibrma
vh =
Edl
VQ
Ibv
Qcgc = 60 12(19.32 6 ) +
12 (7.32 )2
= 9,912in.3 162,429cm.3
2
dUcenHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarKW
9,590
enARtg;cMnuc A / vh = 120408,000
= 235 psi (1.6MPa )
,240 12
9,912
enARtg; cgc / vh = 120408,000
= 243 psi (1.7 MPa )
,240 12
BIsmIkar 5.13 kugRtaMgTajemEdlRtUvKaKW
enARtg; A /
f
f
f 't = cA + vh2 cA
2
2
2
2,160
2,160
2
= 25 psi (111Pa )
=
+ (235)
2
2
2
2 1,831
nigenARtg; cgc / f 't = 1,831
= 32 psi (221Pa )
+ (235)
2
2
dUcenH kugRtaMgTajemmantMltUc nigminbgeGaymansameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkareT.
eKRtUvRtYtBinitkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edk vh = 235 psi enARtg;pb:H A A edIm,Iepg
pat;favasitenAkgEdnkMNt;EdlGacTTYlyk)an. GnuelameTAtam AASTHO kugRtaMg
GnuBaatGtibrmaKW 160 psi(1.1MPa ) < 235 psi(1.6MPa ) dUcenHkarpl;eGayCaBiesssMrab;
EdkrgcaM bEdk tie bBarbEnmRtUv)aneFVIRbsinebIeKGnuvttamtMrUvkarrbs; AASTHO.
bv = 12in.(30.5cm )
d pc = 57in.(145cm )
BIsmIkar 5.26b
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
246
NPIC
vh
10> KNnaEdkrgcaMsMrab;skmPaBsmas
Dowel Steel Design for Composite Action
]TahrN_ 5>2 edayeRbI (a) emKuNkkit ACI nig (b) emKuNkkit PCI cUrKNnaEdkrgcaM (dowel
0.75
EdlRtUvkar
< Fh
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
EdlGacman = 1,836,000lb
247
T.Chhay
390
Gb,brma = 50bfvlvh = 50 6012,000
= 3.90in.2 (25.1cm 2 )
y
BI]TahrN_ 5>1 Avf Gb,brma = 0.0116in.2 / in. = 0.139in.2 / 12in. / lub. dUcenHsakl,g
Edkkg #3 eyIgTTYl)an Av = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 enaH
l A
390 0.22
s = vh v =
= 20.42 BIGkSeTAGkS < 24in. < tMlGnuBaatGtibrma 4 12 = 48in.
A
4.2
vf
11>
248
NPIC
edaysnt;fakMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu EdlFwmRtUvrgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;KW
160,000lb(712kN ) . smtikmmandUcxageRkam
f 'c cak;Rsab; = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa ) / ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'c kMralxagelI = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa ) / ebtugTMgn;Fmta
EdkeRbkugRtaMg tendon 270k Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 12
composite behavior)
dMeNaHRsay
d p = 2 + 2 + 10 + 12 3 = 23in.
Aps = 12 0.153 = 1.836in.2
Tn = Aps f ps = 1.836 242,000 = 444,312lb(1,976kN )
bv = 12in.
24 12
lvh =
= 144in.
2
Atop = 2 48 + 2 12 = 120in.2
Cc = 0.85 f 'cc Atop = 0.85 3,000 120 = 306,000lb(1,316kN )
< Tn = 444,312lb
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
249
T.Chhay
edayeRbI e
Fh = 306,000lb
e =
250
NPIC
vf
ehIyKMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaKW
s = 4(2 + 2 ) = 16in. < 24in.
12>
dMeNaHRsay
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
Aps = tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) Edlman wire 7 cMnYn 13
= 1.99in.2 = (12.8cm 2 )
As = 4#6 = 1.76in.2 (11.4cm 2 )
RbEvgElVg = 65 ft (19.8m)
bnkeFVIkar WL = 1,100 plf (16.1kN / m)
bnkeFVIkar WSD = 100 plf (1.46kN / m)
bnkeFVIkar WD = 393 plf (5.7kN / m)
f 'c = 5,000 psi
h = 40in.(101.6cm )
d p = 36.16in(91.8cm )
d = 37.6in(95.5cm )
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
251
T.Chhay
bw = 6in.(15cm )
ec = 15in.(38cm )
ee = 12.5in.(32cm )
Ac = 377in.2 2,432cm 2
r 2 = 187.5in.2 1,210cm 2
cb = 18.84in.(48cm )
ct = 21.16in.(54cm )
Pe = 308,255lb(1.371kN )
kMlaMgkat;enARtg;pTMr Vu = Wu L / 2
= (2,352 65) / 2 = 76,440lb
Vn
bg;enARtg; 12 d p BIpnTMr
!> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength) Vc rbs;RTnug CMhanTI2 nigTI3
1
36.16
dp =
1.5 ft
2
2 12
[(65 / 2) 1.5] = 97,216lb
Vn = 101,920
65 / 2
1
Vu
d p = 0.75 97,216 = 72,912lb
2
enARtg;
f pe = 155,000 psi
0.40 f pu = 0.40 270,000 = 108,000 psi (745MPa )
< f pe = 155,000 psi (1,069 MPa )
252
NPIC
Vu d p
bw d p 2 f 'c bw d p 5 f 'c bw d p
Vc = 0.60 f 'c + 700
M u
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal
Wu (1.5)2
M u enARtg; d / 2 BIp = Rbtikm 1.5
2
= 1 .0
= 76,440 1.5
2,352(1.5)2
= 112,014 ft lb
2
= 1,344,168in. lb
Vu d p
Mu
72,912 36.16
= 1.96 > 1.0
1,344,168
Vu
dUcenHkMBs;rbs;muxkat;RKb;RKan;.
@> EdkRTnugGb,brma CMhanTI4
BIsmIkar 5.22b
A ps f pu d p
Av
=
Gb,brma
s
80 f d
b
y p
1.99 270,000
36.16
= 0.0076in.2 / in.
80 60,000 36.16
6
Av f y d p
0.75h 24in.
Vu / Vc
Av
V
20,509
= s =
= 0.0095in.2 / in.
s
f y d p 60,000 36.16
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
253
T.Chhay
0.22
= 23.2in.(59cm )
0.0095
1
76,707
65 / 2 x
= 101,920
Vc =
2
2
65 / 2
65
76,707 65
x=
2
101,920 4
13>
n flexure shear Vci nig web shear Vcw . snt;fa tendon RtUv)an harp enAkNalElVg. ehIy
snt;fa f 'c = 6,000 psi .
dMeNaHRsay Profile rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtuv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>19.
bgenARtg; d / 2 BIprbs;TMr
BI]TahrN_ 5>4/ Vn = 97,216lb
!> Flexure-shear cracking, Vci CMhanTI2
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
254
NPIC
BIsmIkar 5.11
Vci = 0.60 f 'c bw d p + Vd +
BIsmIkar 5.12
M cr =
Ic
6 f 'c + f ce f d
yt
Vi
(M cr ) 1.7 f 'c bwd p
M max
Pe ecb
1 + 2
Ac
r
1.5
= 12.62in.
65 / 2
308,255 12.62 18.84
=
1 +
1,855 psi (12.8MPa )
377
187.5
dUcenH
f ce
BI]TahrN_ 4>2/ bnkefrKanemKuNEdlbNalBITMgn;pal; WD = 393 plf (5.7kN / m) KW
Md /2 =
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
255
T.Chhay
ehIykugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuNenARtg;srsebtugxageRkAbMputEdlkugRtaMg
TajRtUv)anbegItedaybnkxageRkAKW
M d / 2cb 224,600 18.84
=
= 60 psi
Ic
70,700
fd =
ehIy
= 8,480,872in. lb(958kN .m )
l
65
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlekIteLIgtMNalKaCa
mYynwg M max KW
nig
dUcenH
65
W x
1,880 1.5(65 1.5)
M max = U (l x ) =
12 = 1,074,420in. lb(122kN .m )
2
2
58,280
(8,480,872)
Vci = 0.6 1.0 6,000 6 36.16 + 12,183 +
1,074,420
= 482,296lb(54.5kN .m )
dUcenH
@>
Vci = 482,296lb(214.5kN )
CMhanTI2
BIsmIkar 5.15
(
)
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugRtg; cgc
=
Vp =
Pe 308,255
=
818 psi (5.6 MPa )
Ac
377
bgMbBarrbs;eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;muxkat;
= Pe tan
256
NPIC
V p = 308,255
Vu
Vc = (97,216 114,038)lb
0.22
= 28.94in.(73cm )
0.0077
bnab;mkeyIgRtYtBinit Av Gb,brmaEdlCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIrxageRkam
nig
Av =
50bw s
fy
Av =
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d p
bw
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
257
T.Chhay
14>
]TahrN_ 5>6 Fwm T DubTMrsamBa PCI 12 DT 34 manElVg 70 ft (21.3m) . varg service dead
258
NPIC
TinnyepSgeTot
f 'c ebtugcak;Rsab; = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'cc ebtugsMrab;cak;kMralxagelI = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 4,000 psi (27.6MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
0.75
35
enARtg;prbs;TMr
enARtg;
BIprbs;TMr
= 61,017lb(271kN )
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
259
T.Chhay
enARtg;
BITMr
eRbIlkNmuxkat;cak;Rsab;sMrab;KNna
f ce =
f ce
nig f d dUcerobrab;enAkgEpkTI 5
Pe ecb
407,592 16.58 25.77
1 + 2 =
1 +
Ac
978
88.0
r
eRbIkugRtaMgsgt;srsxageRkAGnuBaatdUcxageRkam
(a)
eRbkugRtaMg + bnkGciny_ fc = 0.45 f 'c
(b)
eRbkugRtaMg + bnksrub edayGnuBaatedayekIneLIg 33% EdlbNalBI transient
load f c = 0.60 f 'c .
cMNaMfaeTaHbICa fce = 0.45 f 'c keday kvaminCH\TiBldl;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Edr edaysar
f ce bNalmkBIEtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH ehIyedaysarkarrYmbBalTaMgbnkpal;)an
kat;bnyvaeGaytUcCag 0.45 f 'c . dUcenHeyIgman
bnkpal; WD = 1,019 plf
M 17.5 =
= 5,617,238in. lb(634kN .m )
Mcb 5,617,238 25.77
fd =
=
= 1,682 psi (11.6MPa )
Ic
86,072
M cr = Sb 6.0 f 'c + f ce f d
= 3,948,762in. lb(445kN .m )
260
NPIC
70
2
WSD = 200 plf
WL = 720 plf
GaMgtg;sIuetbnkxageRkAemKuNKW
WU = 1.2 200 + 1.6 720 = 1,392 plf (20.4kN / m )
l
70
1.7 f 'c bw d p = 1.7 1.0 5,000 12.5 30.0 = 45,078lb < 46,279lb
Pe 407,592
=
= 417 psi (2.9MPa )
Ac
978
sMrab;bgMbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
VP = Pe tan = 407,592
(
= (3.5
70 / 2 12
Vc = Vci = 46,279lb
261
T.Chhay
= 0.0082in.2 / in.
dp
bw
18 0.153
270,000
30.0
= 0.0080
80
60,000 30.0 12.5
53bw 53 12.5
Av
=
=
= 0.011in.2 / in.
s
f
60
,
000
min
y
dUcenH tMltUcCageKntMlGb,brmaTaMgBIrKW
Av
= 0.0080in.2 / in. = 0.010in.2 / ft
s
min
sMrab;RTnugTaMgBIr b 0.005in.2 / ft
sMrab;RTnugmYy
sakl,g D5 deformed welded wire fabric mYyCYredayKMlat 10in. KitBIGkReTAGkS.
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 0.75h 24in. dUcenHeyIgman
0.75h = 0.75 34 = 25.5in.
262
NPIC
muxkat;enARtg; 12 d p BIprbs;TMr
d p = 30.0 + 2.0 = 32.0in.
Vu
enARtg;TMr = 91,525(408kN )
1
32.0
dp =
= 1.33 ft (40cm )
2
2 12
h / 2 = 17in. = 1.33 ft
35 1.33
Vu = 91,525
= 88,047lb(393kN )
35
V
88,047
Vnh
= u =
= 117,393lb(522kN )
0.75
tMrUvkar
bv = 12 ft
htopping = 2in.
BIrUbTI 5>14
Cc = 0.85 f 'cc Atop = 0.85 3,000 12 12 2 = 734,400lb(3,267kN )
Ts = Aps f ps = 18 0.153 240,000 = 660,960lb(2,940kN )
< Cc = 734,400lb
dUcenH
Fh = 660,960lb(2,178kN )
lvh =
70 12
= 420in.(1,067cm )
2
bv = 144in.(366cm )
80bv lvh = 80 144 420 = 4,838,400lb(21,520kN ) >> 660,960lb
15>
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
263
T.Chhay
264
NPIC
(5.34a)
Vn
f y
(5.34b)
Vn 800bw d
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
(5.35a)
xat US
(5.35b)
265
T.Chhay
xat SI
edayykmYyNaEdlmantMltUcCag. eKGackMNt;kMBs;RbsiTPaBtMrUvkar d rbs; corbel BIsmIkar
5.35a b b edayykmYyNaEdlmantMlFMCageK.
sMrab; all-lightweight concrete b sand-lightweight concretes ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Vn minRtUv
mantMlFMCag (0.2 0.07a / d ) f 'c bwd b (800 280a / d )bwd sMrab;xat US (5.6 1.96)bwd
sMrab;xat SI.
RbsinebI shear friction reinforcement eRTtedIm,IeFVIeGayekItmankMlaMgTajenAkg shear
Vn 5.6bw d
friction steel
(5.35c)
Vn
f y sin f + cos f
(5.35d)
eKsnt;faersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TaMgGs;ekItmanedaysarersIusg;enARtg;sameRbHrvag corbel
nigssr. emKuN ACI rbs;kMlaMgkat; mantMldUcxageRkam
ebtugcak;enAkgeBlCamYyKa (concrete cast monolithically) 1.4
1 .0
ebtugEdlcak;Pab;nwgebtugEdlmanpeRKIm
ebtugEdlcak;Pab;nwgebtugEdlmanpGt;eRKIm
0.6
0 .7
ebtugEdlPab;eTAnwgEdkeRKOgbgM
= 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/ 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete nig 0.75 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;
RsalTaMgGs;. tMl PCI manlkNsuvtiPaBticCagtMl ACI EdlQrelIkarBiesaF.
RbsinebIeKeRbIebtugersIusg;x<s; polymer-modified concrete enAkg corbel edIm,IPab;
CamYynwgebtugFmtarbs;ssr enaHeKRtUveRbItMl FMCageKkgtaragxagelI. kargarenAkardan
RtUvkareRbItMlEdlFM.
eKeGayEpkxHrbs;Edkedk Avf cUlrYmenAkgEdkTajxagelI ehIyeKBRgayEpkEdlenA
sl;rbs; Avf tamkMBs;rbs; corbel dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>24. karKNnaRsTab;EdkedkxagelI
As nwgRtUv)anerobrab;enAEpkbn.
266
NPIC
x> \TiBlkMlaMgedkxageRkA
ehIy
Af =
Vu a + N uc (h d )
f y jd
(5.37)
Mu
f y jd
(5.38)
267
T.Chhay
As f y
Ts
V
=
= u
cos cos sin
(5.39a)
As f y
0.85 f 'c b cos
(5.39b)
1c
2 cos
(5.39c)
Mu
f y (d 1c / 2 cos )
(5.40)
268
NPIC
jd 0.85d
Mu
Af =
0.85f yd
jd
(5.41a)
(5.41b)
2
3
Avf + An
As A f + An
b
edayykmYyNaEdlmantMlFMCag. bnab;mk
(5.42)
(5.43)
As
f'
0.04 c
bd
fy
(5.44)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
269
T.Chhay
K> CMhannkarKNna
corbel
270
NPIC
vu a + N uc (h d )
f y jd
Edl = 0.90
nig
An =
N uc
f y
Edl = 0.75
$> KNnaRkLapEdkem (a) As = 23 Avf + An nig (b) As = A f + An edayykmYyNaEdl
mantMlFMCageK. RbsinebI (a) lub enaHRkLapEdkEdlenAsl; 13 Avf RtUv)aneRbICaEdk
kgbiTCitRsbeTAnwg As ehIyRtUv)anBRgayelIkMBs; 23 d Ek,r As dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
5>24. RbsinebI (b) lub eRbI 12 A f bEnmCaEdkkbiTCitEdlBRgayenAelIkMBs; 23 d Ek,r
nwg As dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>26. enaH
Ah 0.5( As An )
nig
=
As
f'
0.04 c
bd
fy
b
As min = 0.04
f 'c
bd
fy
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
271
T.Chhay
272
NPIC
EdlmanGMeBI
enAcMgay a = 5in(127mm) BIprbs;ssr. Corbel manTTwg b = 10in.(254mm) kMras;srub
h = 18in.(457 mm ) ehIykMBs;RbsiTPaB d = 14in.(356mm ) . eKeGaynUvsmtikmdUcxageRkam
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
u
= 80,00lb(160kN )
dMeNaHRsay
CMhan!
Vn
Vu
80,000
= 106,667lb
0.75
O.K.
CMhan@
(a)
karsg;kgeBlEtmYy (monolithic construction) sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta = 1.4
V
106,667
Avf = u =
= 1.270in.2 (819mm 2 )
f 60,000 1.4
y
(b)
80,000 5 + 16,000(18 14 )
= 0.727in.2 469mm 2
0.90 60,000(0.85 14)
N
16,000
An = uc =
= 0.356in.2 280mm 2
f y 0.75 60,000
CMhan$
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
273
T.Chhay
(a)
As =
(b)
f 'c
5,000
bd = 0.04
10 14 = 0.47in.2
fy
60,000
< 1.541in.2 O.K.
yk As = 1.541in.2 (994mm2 )
EdkkgbiTCitedk
edaykrNI (a) lub
1
3
(
)
in. . kMras;rbs;vaRtUv)anKNnaedayrkSa plate mineGayxUcRTg;RTay
274
NPIC
275
T.Chhay
Te r
J
(a)
enAeBlEdlGgt;muxkat;rgVg;ekItmankMhUcRTg;RTay GkSrbs;sIuLaMghak;enArkSaPaBRtg;
dEdl. kaMTaMgGs;enAkgmuxkat;krkSaPaBRtg;Edr minman warping ehIyviledaymMudUcKaeFobnwg
GkS. edaysarGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;mUlcab;epImeFVIkarCalkN)asic kugRtaMgenAelIrgVg;)asicxag
eRkAcab;epImmantMlefr enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgbNlxagkgenAmanlkNCaeGLasicenAeLIy dUc
eXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>29. enAeBlEdlmuxkat;TaMgmUlkayCa)asic/ b = 0 ehIykugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
vtf =
3 Tpr
4 J
(b)
276
NPIC
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
277
T.Chhay
x> karrmYlsuTenAkgGgt;ebtugsuT
Pure Torsion in Plain Concrete Elements
1.
karrmYlenAkgsMPareGLasic
Torsion in Elastic Materials
278
NPIC
membrane analogy
kugRtaMgGtibrmaRtUvEtsmamaRteTAnwgCMraleTrCageKnbnat;b:HRtg;cMnuc A
nig B .
(5.45a)
Edl G Ca shear modulus nig CamMurmYl (angle of twist). b:uEn vt (max ) smamaRteTAnwgCMralrbs;
bnat;b:H dUcenH
vt (max ) = k1bG
(5.45b)
279
T.Chhay
( )
Edl k2 CatMlefr. bma:geTot
Te 2 23 bh = k 2bh
Te = k3b 3hG
(5.45c)
Teb
3
kb h
Teb
J1
(5.45d)
Te
kb 2 h
(5.46)
Te
kx 2 y
(5.47)
karrmYlenAkgsMPar)asic
Torsion in Plastic Materials
280
NPIC
Ggt;ebtugPaKeRcInEdlrgkarrmYleRcInCamuxkat;Edlmansab ehIyCaFmtaeRcInCaFwmmux
kat;GkSr L EdlpSMeLIgedayFwmxageRkAnkMralxN. Fwmmuxkat;GkSr L enAkgrUbTI 5>33 RtUv)an
erIssMrab;Gnuvt plastic sand-heap apperoach edIm,IkMNt;tMllTPaBm:Um:g;rmYl nigkugRtaMgkMlaMg
kat;EdlvaRtUvrg.
BMnUkxSac; (sand heap) RtUv)anbMEbkCamaDbI
V1 = BIra:mItEdltMNageGayragkaer = y1bw2 / 3
V2 = EpkRBIsnRTnugEdltMNageGayragctuekaNEkg = y1bw (h bw ) / 2
V3 = RBIsEdltMNageGaysabrbs;FwmEdlsMedAelIEpk PDI eTAdl; NQM
= y2 h f (b bw ) / 2
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
281
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;rmYlsmamaRteTAnwgBIrdgnmaDrbs;BMnUkxSac; dUcenH
y b 2 y b (h b ) y 2 h f (b bw )
w
2
+
Tp 1 w + 1 w
3
2
2
(5.48)
vt bw
2
vt h f
(5.49)
(5.50)
vt (max ) =
(5.51)
282
NPIC
T p h / (bw h )2
(5.52a)
[16 (3 bw / h)]+ 12 (h f / bw )2(b / h bw / h)
RbsinebIeKsnt;fa Ct CaPaKEbgenAkgsmIkarenH nig J E = Ct /(bwh)2 enaHsmIkarxagelInwgkayCa
vt (max ) =
vt (max ) =
Tph
JE
(5.52b)
(5.53a)
b
Tc = k 2 x 2 yvtc
Edl x CaTMhMtUcCageKrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN.
tamrykargarCamYyFwmebtugGarem:CaeRcIn eKGacyk k2 = 1 / 3 . tMlenH)anmkBIkar
BiesaFenAkg skew-bending theory rbs;ebtugsuT. eK)ankMNt;yk 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
CatMlkMNt;rbs;ersIusg;rmYlsuTrbs;Ggt;Edlminmandak;EdkrgrmYl. edayeRbIemKuNkat;bny
2.5 sMrab;sameRbHdMbUg torsional load vtc = 2.4 f 'c psi (0.2 f 'c MPa ) nigedayeRbI k 2 = 1 / 3 enA
kgsmIkar 5.53 eyIgTTYl)an
Tc = 0.8 f 'c x 2 y
xat US
(5.54a)
Tc = 0.066 f 'c x 2 y
xat IS
Edl x CaRCugxICageKrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN. emKuNkat;bny 2.5 RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg\TiBl
m:Um:g;Bt;EdlGacekItman.
RbsinebImuxkat;manragGkSr T bragGkSr L eKGacbMEbkRkLapCabgMragctuekaNdUcenA
kgrUbTI 5>34 Edl
Tc = 0.8 f 'c x 2 y
xat US
(5.54b)
Tc = 0.066 f 'c x 2 y
xat IS
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
283
T.Chhay
284
NPIC
eK)anesIeLIgnUvRTwsICaeRcInkalBIknHstvtSmun. RTwsITUeTAEdlnwgbgajenATIenHepateTA
elI (a) shew bending theory, (b) space truss analogy theory, (c) compression field theory nig
(d) plasticity equilibrium truss theory. elIkElg skew bending theory ecj RTwsIepSgeTotBI
carNarMhUrkMlaMgkat; (shear flow) enAkgmuxkat;RbGb;RbehagCaFatuemkgkarkMNt;ersIusg;rmYl
rbs;muxkat;tan; nigmuxkat;Rbehag.
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
285
T.Chhay
286
NPIC
2.4 2
x y f 'c
x
(5.56b)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
287
T.Chhay
KWQrelI space truss model. enAkg code enH/ eKykkMras;CBaaMgRbsiTPaBrbs;FwmRbehagesInwg 16 Do Edl Do CaGgt;pitrbs;rgVg;carwkkgctuekaNEdlPab;EdkbeNay
b Do = xo enAkgrUbTI 5>37. Casegb Gvtmanrbs;slminman\TiBldl;ersIusg;rbs;Ggt;Edl
rgkarrmYleT. dUcenH eKGacTTYlyk space truss analogy approach EdlQrelImuxkat;Rbehag.
CEB-FIP code
288
NPIC
Edl
l + d
t + d
(5.57)
enAkgEdkem A
t = transverse tensile strain enAkgr)arEdk B
l = longitudinal tensile strain
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
289
T.Chhay
Edl
ao
ph
2
(5.58)
RkLapEdlBTCMuvijedayGkSrbs; hoop
ph = brimaRtrbs; hoop edayKitykRtwmGkSrbs; hoop
ao = kMBs;bksgt; dUcKanwgkMBs; a rbs;bkctuekaNsmmUlEdlrg flexure
Aoh =
290
NPIC
10.003
t =
n Aoh tan
0.851 f 'c Ao
tan 10.003
n Aoh
l =
(5.59a)
(5.59b)
Tn ph
2
Aoh
(5.60)
Aoh
Tn ph
1
+
tan
1 1
2
ph
tan
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
(5.61)
291
T.Chhay
Edl
Tn ph
2
Aoh
Vn V p
bv d v
(5.62)
bgMkMlaMgkugRtaMgbBar
bv = TTwgRTnugRbsiTPaBGb,brmaenAkgkMBs;kMlaMgkat; d v eRkayeBl spalling RsTab;
karBar. dkGgt;pitrbs; duct BITTwgRTnugRbsinebI ungrouted tendon bdkBak;
kNalGgt;pitrbs; duct sMrab; grouted tendon.
d v = kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB. eKGacKitvaCa flexural lever arm b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagcMgay
bBarcenaHGkSrbs; bars b prestressing tendon enARtg;kac;RCugrbs;Edkkg.
tMl)a:n;sannmMueRTtrbs; compressive strut enAkgrUbTI 5>38 sitenAcenaH 24o sMrab;
karrmYlsuT nig 90o sMrab;karBt;begagsuT. dUcenH eKeRCIserIsyktMl tUcCageKsMrab;kMlaMg
rmYl eFVIeGayeKRtUvkar hoop steel kan;Ettic nignaMeGayeKRtUvkarRkLapEdkbeNaykan;EteRcIn.
edaysarEdkkgfCagEdkbeNay enaHCMerIstMl kan;EttUcKWeKnwgTTYl)anlkNesdkickan;
EtRbesIkgkarKNna.
Compression field theory snt;faeKeRCIserIslkNFrNImaRtrbs; designed section
elImUldann yielding rbs;Edkkg nigEdkbeNaymunnwgekItmankarEbktamGgt;RTUgrbs;ebtug.
dUcenH transverse strain 1 enAkgsmIkar 5.57 nig 5.58a KYrKitCa yield strain ty .
eKGackMNt;mMurbs; compression strut EdlKitCadWeRkdUcxageRkam
Vp =
10 +
35( n / f 'c )
35( n / f 'c )
< < 80
0.42 50 l
0.42 65 ty
(5.63)
292
NPIC
Edl
Fl = Al f l / sl
(5.64a)
nig
q = (Ft ) cot
(5.64b)
Edl Ft = At fv / s
Al nig At CaRkLapmuxkat;rbs;Edk ehIy sl nig st CaKMlatkgTis l nigTis t erogKa.
BIragFrNImaRtrbs;RtIekaNenAkgrUbTI 5>41 eKGackMNt; shear flow eday
q = ( f D t ) sin cos
(5.65)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
293
T.Chhay
Fty
Fly
nig
q y = Fly Fty
EdlGkSr y manny yielding rbs;Edk.
(5.66a)
(5.66b)
(5.67)
294
NPIC
(5.68)
rdt = 2 Ao
(5.69)
T
2 Ao
(5.70)
Fl
(2 Ao ) tan
po
Edl F l = Fl po ehIy
bNalBIkarrmUl
po =
(5.71a)
T = Ft (2 Ao ) cot
T = ( f D t )(2 Ao ) sin cos
(5.71b)
(5.71c)
2 Ao At f yv
s
cot
(5.72)
Edl Tn CaersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlGtibrma.
EdkrgkarrmYlcaM)ac;enAkgTisbeNay nigTisTTwgkayCa
At =
Al1 =
Tn s
2 Ao f yv cot
At
s
f yv
s cot 2
f yl l
(5.73)
(5.74a)
Edl Al = RkLapsrubrbs;EdkrgkarrmYltambeNayenAkgmuxkat;
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
295
T.Chhay
EdkTajxageRkameFVIkardl; yield
RbsinebIkar)ak;enHekIteLIgedaysarEdkbeNayxageRkam nigEdkkgeFVIkardl; yield
edaysarbnSMnkugRtaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgrmYl eKGacbMEbksmIkarxageRkambIlkxNlMnwg)andUcxag
eRkam
(a)
T
V yo s
M
+
+
Fb yo 2 yo FB At f v 2 Ao
( yo + xo )
FB
s
=1
At f v
(5.75)
(5.76a)
At f v
2F
To = 2 Ao T
po
At f v
sMrab;muxkat;RbGb;
(5.76b)
(5.76c)
Edl po = 2( yo + xo )
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
296
NPIC
R=
FT
FB
(5.76d)
T
M V
+ R + R = 1
To
M o Vo
(5.77a)
Edksgt;xagxagelIeFVIkardl; yield
RbsinebIkar)ak;enHekIteLIgedaysarEdkbeNayxagelI Edkrgkarsgt; nigEdkkg
eFVIkardl; yield enaHsmIkar 5.77 a nwgkayCa
(b)
M 1 V T
+ + = 1
M
o R Vo To
(5.77b)
V T
1+ R
+ =
2R
Vo To
(5.78a)
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
297
T.Chhay
V T
VT 1 + R
+ + 2
=
Vo To
VoTo 2 R
(5.78b)
enAkgRbBnsaTIcminkMNt; (statically indeterminate system) karsnt;PaBrwgRkaj (stiffness), PaBRtUvKarbs;bMErbMrYlrageFob (compatibility of strain) enARtg;tMN nigkarEbgEckkugRtaMg
eLIgvijGacCH\TiBldl;kugRtaMgpbEdlnaMeTAdl;karkat;bny torsional shearing stress. eK
GnuBaateGaymankarkat;bnyenAkgtMlrbs;m:Umg: ;emKuNEdleRbIenAkgkarKNnaGgt; RbsinebI
Epknm:Um:g;enHGacRtUv)anEbgEckeTAkan;Ggt;EdlRbsBVKa. ACI Code GnuBaat torsional moment
emKuNGtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; h / 2 BIprbs;TMrsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgxageRkam
2
Acp
1+ f
Tu = 4 f 'c
xat US
(5.79)
p
4 f'
pc
298
NPIC
Tu =
Edl
2
f 'c Acp
pcp
1+
3f
f 'c
xat SI
RkLapEdlBTCMuvijedaybrimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug = xo yo
pcp = brimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug Acp / = 2( xo + yo )
f = kugRtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugenARtg;GkSTIRbCMuTMgn;EdlbNalEtBIkugRtaMgRbsiT
PaBeRkayBIkMhatbg;. ACI Code kMNt; f c Ca f pc .
karminKit\TiBleBjeljntMlsrubrbs;m:Umg: ;rmYlxageRkAenAkgkrNIenH minnaMeTAdl;
kar)ak;rbs;eRKOgbgMeT b:uEnvaGacbgeGaymansameRbHFMRbsinebI 4 f 'c (Acp2 / pcp ) sMrab;xat
2
US b f 'c (Acp
/ pcp )/ 3 sMrab;xat SI mantMltUcCagm:Um:g;rmYlemKuNCak;EsgxaMgeBkenaH.
RbsinebIkMlaMgrmYlemKuNCak;EsgtUcCagGVIEdleGayenAkgsmIkar 5.79 enaHeKRtUvKNna
FwmsMrab;tMlkMlaMgrmYlEdltUcCag. b:uEnsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg eKecal torsional moment Rbsin
ebI
2
Acp
1+ f c
Tu < f 'c
xat US
(5.80)
p
4 f'
Acp =
c
cp
2
f 'c Acp
1+ 3 f
Tu <
12 pcp
f 'c
xat SI
eKeRCIserIsTMhMmuxkat;edayQrelIeKalkarN_nkarkat;bnysameRbH nigkarBarkarpHEbk
pebtugEdlbgedaykugRtaMgsgt;eRTtEdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlEdlkMNt;edayGg
xageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.81. TMhMFrNImaRtsMrab;ersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlenAkgebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkug
RtaMgRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkarxageRkam
(a) muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
bw d
bw d 1.7 A0 h
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2
+
b d 3
2
w
bw d 1.7 A0 h
(b)
f 'c
xat US
(5.81)
xat SI
muxkat;Rbehag
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
299
T.Chhay
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0h
bw d
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0 h
bw d 3
xat US
(5.82)
xat SI
300
NPIC
301
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlekItmanenAkgCBaaMgrbs;muxkat;Rbehag
dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>48 a. cMNaMfaenAkgmuxkat;tan; kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkarrmYlenA
EtRbmUlpMenARtg;tMbn;xageRkArbs;muxkat;dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>48b.
RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMgrbs;muxkat;RbehagERbRbYl eKRtUvkMNt;muxkat;FrNImaRtenARtg;TItaMg
EbbNaEdleFVIeGayGgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.82 mantMlGtibrma. dUcKa RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMg
t < A0h / ph eKRtUvykGgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.82 esInwg
Vu Tu
bw d 1.7 A0 h t
kMras;CBaaMg t CakMras;EdleKRtUvRtYtBinitkugRtaMg.
V d
xat US
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
M
(
Vc (5
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
(
Vc (0.4
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
nig
f 'c bw d
xat US
xat US
xat SI
(5.83)
xat SI
xat SI
Vu d
1.0
Mu
302
NPIC
eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;rmYlbEnmEdlbNalBIEdkrgkarrmYlbEnmedayeRbIEdkkg nigEdk
beNay. eKKYreRbIEdkkg nigEdkbeNayEdlmanmaDesIKaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;rmYl. eKalkarN_
enHCaeKalkarN_rbs;smIkar ACI sMrab;kMNt; torsinal web steel. RbsinebI s CaKMlatEdkkg/ Al
CaRkLapEdkbeNaysrub nig At CaRkLapsMrab;eCIgmYyrbs;Edkkg. EdkTTwgsMrab;Tb;Tl;RtUv
QrelIersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlxageRkAeBjelj Tn = (Tu / ) Edl
Tn =
2 A0 At f yv
s
cot
(5.84a)
emIlkarbMEbksmIkar 5.72
A0 = gross area BTCMuvijeday shear flow path
At = RkLapmuxkat;neCIgmYyrbs;EdkkgbiTCit
f yv = yield strength rbs; closed transverse torsional reinforcement ehIyvaminRtUvFMCag
60ksi(414 MPa )
At
Tn
=
s 2 A0 f yv cot
(5.48b)
f yv 2
At
cot
ph
f yt
s
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
(5.85)
303
T.Chhay
Edl
cot =
Tu /
1.7 A0h ( At / s ) f yv
(5.86)
Avt = Av + 2 At
nig
Avt
Aps f pu
xat SI
0.35bw s
f yv
d
bw
80 f y d
KMlatGtibrmaminRtUvFMCagtMltUcCageKn pn / 8 b12in.(30cm) .
eKRtUvKNnaRkLapsrubGtibrmarbs; longitudinal torsional reinforcement bEnmeday
5 f 'c Acp At
f yv
Al , min =
ph
xat US
(5.88)
f
f
s
yl
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
12 f yl
yl
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat SI
304
NPIC
Kit\TiBlkMlaMgrmYleT. f c CakugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkayeBlkMhatbg;enARtg;TIRbCMu
TMgn;rbs;muxkat;EdlTb;Tl;nwgbnkGnuvtn_xageRkA enAkg ACI Code eKeRbItY f pc CMnYs
vij.
@> RtYtBinitfaetIm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu bgCa equilibrium torsion bCa compatibility torsion.
sMrab; compatibility torsion, design torsional moment RtUv)ankMNt;GaytUcCagm:Um:g; Tu
Cak;Esg b Tu = 4 f 'c (Acp2 / pcp ) 1 + f c / 4 f 'c xat US b xat SI Tu =
2
3 f 'c (Acp
/ pcp ) 1 + 3 f c / f 'c sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. tMlrbs; design
nominal strength Tu RtUvsmmUleTAnwg Tu / Edl
(a)
sMrab;muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
b d
bw d 1.7 A0 h
w
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2
+
b d 3
2
bw d 1.7 A0 h
w
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
f 'c
xat US
xat SI
305
T.Chhay
(b)
muxkat;Rbehag
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
bw d 1.7 A0h
bw d
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0 h
bw d 3
xat US
xat SI
306
NPIC
V d
xat US
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
M
(
Vc (5
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
xat US
xat US
xat SI
307
T.Chhay
(
Vc (0.4
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
xat SI
xat SI
b:uEnvaminRtUvtUcCag
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
f yl
12 f yl
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat US
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat SI
Edl Vs = Vn Vc ehIy
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
308
NPIC
V d
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
Mu
xat US
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
xat US
xat US
xat SI
(
Vc (5
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
(
Vc (0.4
xat SI
xat SI
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
nig
f 'c bw d
Vu d
1.0
Mu
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta
= 0.85 sMrab; sand lightweight concrete
= 0.75 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsalTaMgGs;
tMlrbs; Vn y:agehacNas;RtUvesInwg Vu / .
%> KNnamuxkat;EdkkgsMrab;Tb;nwgkarkat; nigkarrmYl
= 1 .0
Avt = 2 At + Av
bw s
50 f
yv
min
A f
ps pu
80 f y d
sMrab; US
0.35
bw s
f yv
sMrab;SI
d
bw
19>
309
T.Chhay
BIFwm T Dub WSD = 77 psf (3,687 Pa ) nig service live load WL = 60 psf (2,873Pa ) . eKeRCIserIs
ykkMBs;rbs; L-beam esInwg 6'30" (1.9m) EdleKGaceRbIvaCa parapet wall BIxagelIFwmGkSr T
Dub.
310
NPIC
cb = 33.2in.(84.3cm )
ct = 41.8in.(106cm )
S t = 8,720in.3 142,895cm3
Sb = 10,990in.3 180,094cm3
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f y = 60,000 psi (418MPa ) sMrab;Edkkg
lkNrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Aps = 270K stress-relieved tendons Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) cMnYn 6
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
d p = 71.5in.(190cm )
minKit\TiBlkMlaMgxl; nigrBaydI.
dMeNaHRsay
Service load
WD = 725 plf (10.6kN / m )
WSD =
WL =
PSL
(b)
77 54
4 ft = 8,316lb / stem(37.0kN )
2
60 54
4 ft = 6,480lb / stem(28.0kN )
2
Factored load
WDu = 1.2 725 = 870 plf (12.7kN / m )
WSDu = 1.2 8,316 = 9,979lb / stem(44.4kN / m )
WLu = 1.6 6,480 = 10,368lb / stem(46.1kN )
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
311
T.Chhay
Pu
enARtg;prbs;TMr
Vu enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 (Pu no. of stem + factored WD span )
TSL
1
2
kMBs;srub = 75in.(191cm)
bw = TTwgRTnug = 8in.(20.3cm )
ph = brimaRtrbs;GkSEdkkgxageRkAeK = 2( x1 + y1 ) = 2(4.5 + 71.5) = 152in.
d p = kMBs;RbsiTPaB = 7.5 (1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.0 ) = 71.5in.(182cm )
A0 h = pEdlBTCMuvijedayGkSrbs;EdkkgTb;karrmYlxageRkAeK
= x1 y1 = 4.5 71.5 = 322in.2 (2077cm 2 )
Ao = gross area EdlBTCuMvijeday shear flow path
h=
312
NPIC
cot = 1.3
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
313
T.Chhay
M D 725(36 )2
1
fd =
=
12
= 128 psi (0.9 MPa )
Sb
8
10,990
enAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;
P
Pe
142,290 142,290 29.7
+
f ce = e + e =
10,990
696
Ac Sb
= (204.4 + 384.5) = 588.9 psi 589 psi (C )(4.1MPa )
2
2
dUcenH EdkrgkarBt;Gb,brmaRKb;RKan;sMrab;Tb;Tl;karBt;.
$> epgpat;faetIeKRtUvkarEdkTb;Tl;karrmYlbGt; CMhanTI 2
BIsmIkar 5.80, kMlaMgrmYlGb,brmasMrab;karminKitkMlaMgrmYlkgkarsikSaKNna
2
Acp
1+ f c
Tu f 'c
pcp
4 f 'c
600 2
1 + 204.4
= 0.75 5,000
166
4 5,000
= 150,953in. lb(17.0kN .m )
314
NPIC
eKeRbItMlmFmCatMlEdlmansuvtiPaBrbs;m:Um:g;rmYlCMnYseGay 47,476in. lb .
dUcenH eKRtUvBicarNam:Um:g;rmYl ehIyeKRtUvdak;EdkTb;m:Um:g;rmYlsmRsb. eRKOgbgMrbs;
cMNtrfynsuTEtcak;Rsab;. dUcenH snt;eRbIlkxNlMnwgrbs;kMlaMgrmYl nigminmankarEbgEck
m:Um:g;eLIgvijedayeRbIkMlaMgrmYlemKuNGnuvtn_srub Tu = 651,102in. lb dUcenH eKminGaceRbI
smIkar 5.79 eT.
%> RtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;muxkat;sMrab;karrmYl
(a) kMNt; Vc CatMltUcCageKEdlTTYl)anBI Vci BIsmIkar 5.11 nig Vcw BIsmIkar 5.15.
BIrUbTI 5>51 sMrab;muxkat;enARtg; h / 2 = 3 ft BIprbs;TMr
Vu EdlRtUvkar = 12 (105,482 + 81,655) = 93,569lb(417kN )
M u EdlRtUvkar = 12 (105,900 + 439,500)12 = 3,272,400in. lb(370kN .m )
M cr
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d + Vd + Vi
M max
1.7 f 'c bw d
5.0 f 'c bw d
kMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIbnkefrKanemKuN
Vd enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 (8,316 9 + 725 34) = 49,749lb
Vd enARtg;cMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 5>51 = 49,749 725 1 ft 8,316 = 40,708lb
Vd enARtg; 5 ft BITMr = 40,708 725 5 ft 8,316 = 28,767lb
enARtg;muxkat;EdlRtUvkarEdlenAcMgay h / 2 BIprbs;TMr
Vd =
Vd =
Vi =
1
2
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlmanGMeBI
dMNalKaCamYynwg M max
20,347 per stem
93,569 = 79,902lb
20,347 + 1,015 4 stem
m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkA
bnkGefr nigbnkefrdak;bEnm
m:Um:g;emKuN M u enARtg;cMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 5>51 EdlbNalmkBIbnkGefr nig SDL
M max =
1
2
(20,347 9) = 91,562 ft lb
315
T.Chhay
dUcenH
1
2
M max
enARtg; h / 2 = 3 ft BIprbs;TMr
=
1
2
dUcenH
Edl)anBIxagelI
9.73
viFIepSgeTotsMrab;kMNt; Vc
RbsinebI f pe > 0.4 f pu / ACI GnuBaateGayeRbInUvsmIkar 5.16 EdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBCag
Vu d p
bw d p
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700
M u
2 f 'c bw d
5.0 f 'c bw d
Vu d p
Mu
93,569 71.5
= 2.04 > 1.0
3,272,400
vc =
Vc
= 0.6 1.0 5,000 + 700 1.0 = 742 psi (5.1MPa )
bw d
316
NPIC
RtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;
eyIgeRbI vc = 310 psi(2.1MPa) enAkgdMeNaHRsay (a) sMrab;karRtYtBinit. BIsmIkar 5.81
sMrab;muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
= 93,569 + 651,102 152
+
2
Vc
EdlGacman
dUcenHmuxkat;manlkNRKb;RKan;.
^> EdkTb;karrmYl (torsional reinforcment) CMhanTI 3
Tn = Tu / = 651,102 / 0.75 = 868,137in. lb(96kN .m )
BIsmIkar 5.38b
At
Tn
868,137
=
=
s 2 A0 f yv cot 2 274 60,000 1.3
(
)
edayeRbI PCI method EdlenAkgviFIenHeKRtUvkarKNna cot
= 0.0203in.2 / in. / one leg 0.046cm 2 / cm / one leg
cot =
Tu /
868,137
=
= 1.3
1.7 A0h ( At / s ) f yv 1.7(322)(0.0203) 60,000
Vs = (Vn Vc )
b:uEn Vn < Vc
eRbIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;Gb,brma
Av 50bw
50 8
=
=
s
fy
60,000
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
317
T.Chhay
Gb,brma
bw
50 f
y
= min
Aps f pu d
80 f y d bw
O.K.
sMrab;Edk #4
0.62
= 13.1in. > 12in.
0.0473
318
NPIC
Al =
f yv
At
ph
f yl
s
cot
60,000
2
= 0.0203 152
(1.3) = 5.21in.2 33.6cm 2
60,000
BIsmIkar 5.86
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
f yl
A
t
s
f yv
ph
f yl
5 5,000 600
60,000
0.0203 152
60,000
60,000
edayeRbIEdkbeNay #4 = 0.2in.2
21
= 26.05 edIm
cMnYnEdk = 05..20
dak;Edk #4 cMnYn 12 edImenApxagnImYyCamYynwgKMlatesIKa EdkGgt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn
12 sMrab;pnImYy nigbEnmEdk 4 edImeTotedIm,IBRgwg dUcenHEdkbeNaysrubman 28 edIm. cMNaM
faKMlatGnuBaatGtibrma 12in. . enAkgkrNIenH s 6.5in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS/ O.K..
karlMGitsrsEdk nigragFrNImaRtrbs;mxu kat;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>52.
edIm,IeGaykarlMGitsrsEdkmanlkNeBjelj eKRtUvkarsikSaKNnaBIEdksMrab;Epk
Edllyecj (ledge reinforcement) nig hanger reinforcement kdUcCakarlMGitBI anchorage n
EdkbeNayenARtg;TMr. CMBUkTI10 EdlBNnaBIkarsikSaKNnatMN nwgpl;nUvkarlMGitenH.
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
319
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
VI.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
320
NPIC
2> KuNvibtinPaBCab;enAkgkareFVIeRbkugRtaMg
Disadvantages of Continuity in Prestressing
Ggt;ebtugRbkugRtaMgCab;manKuNvibtiCaeRcIndUcerobrab;xageRkam
!> kMhatbg;kkit (frictional losses) manlkNx<s;Cag bNalmkBIEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlman
lkNekagman nigEvgCagmancMnYneRcInCag.
@> m:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat;EdlekItmanenAkgeBlCamYyKaenARtg;muxkat;TMr)ankat;bnynUversIusg;
m:Um:g; (moment strength) nmuxkat;enaH.
#> kMlaMgTTwgGkS (lateral force) nigm:Um:g;nwgmantMlFMenARtg;ssr RbsinebIvaRtUv)antPab;
edaytMNrwgeTAnwgFwm. kMlaMgTaMgenHnwgbgeLIgeday elastic shortening rbs;FwmElVgEvg
(long-span beam) eRkamGMeBIrbs;eRbkugRtaMg.
$> \TiBlrbs;kugRtaMgbnab; (secondary stress) mantMlx<s;CagEdlbNalBIkarrYmmaD/
creep EdlbNalBIbMErbMrYlsItuNPaB nigkarRsutcuHrbs;TMr.
%> m:Um:g;bnab; (secondary moment) EdlekItBIRbtikmenARtg;ssrEdl)anBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
^> GacekItmanm:Um:g;bRBaasdeRKaHfak;EdlbNalBIkardak;bnkqas;KaenAelIElVg.
&> tMlrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;TMrxagkgRtUvkarEdkbEnmenARtg;TMrenaH.
3> ragrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkgFwmCab;
Tendon Layout for Continuous Beam
321
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
322
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
323
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
4> viPaKtamlkNeGLasicsMrab;PaBCab;rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg
Elastic Analysis for Prestress Continuity
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
CaTUeTAeRKOgbgMebtugGarem:CaeRKOgbgMsaTicminkMNt;edaysarPaBCab;Edlpl;edaykar
sagsg;edaycak;ebtugkgeBlEtmYy (monolithic construction). vaCapllEdleKEtgEt
TTYl)annUvm:Um:g;Bt;tUcCagm:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItmanenAkgFwmsaTickMNt; EdlnaMeGayeyIgTTYl)annUv
muxkat;Fwmrak;Cag nigmanlkNesdkicCag. CaFmtaeKEtgEtminKitkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlbNalBI
Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Structures
324
NPIC
bnktamGkSelIkElgEtenAkgGgt;EdlmanlkNrwgxaMg ehIyeKkkMrBicarNaBIsMrutrbs;TMrEdr
edaysar creep nigkarrYmmaDmin)anbgeGaymankugRtaMgFM.
enAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMg PaBCab;k)ankat;bnym:Um:g;Bt;pgEdr. b:uEn m:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBI
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit (eccentric prestressing force) bgeGaymanRbtikmbnab; (secondary
reaction) nigm:Um:g;Bt;bnab; (secondary bending moment). kMlaMg nigm:Um:g;Bt;bnab;enHbegIn bkat;
bny\TiBledImrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit. m:ageTot \TiBlrbs; elastic shortening,
shrinkage nig creep kayCasMxan;dUcenAkgeRKOgbgMCab;ebtugGarem:pgEdr.
edaysarGgt;eRbkugRtaMg rYmTaMgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgedayEpkmanEdnkMNt;sMrab;sameRbH
edaysarkarBt;begagdUcGgt;ebtugGarem: enaHeKGacGnuvtRTwsIeGLasicsMrab;eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTicEdlmanPaBsuRkitRKb;RKan;enAsanPaBkMNt;bnkeFVIkar (service load). m:agvijeTot
eKGacBicarNaGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCasMPareGLasicsac;mYy (homogenous elastic material)
edaysarkMriteRbHmanlkNkMNt; b:uEneKminGacsnt;EbbenH)aneT enAeBlEdlsameRbHedaykar
Bt;begagcab;epImekItmaneRkambnkRbEhl5 eTA10PaKrynbnkEdleFVIeGay)ak; (failure load).
325
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
326
NPIC
M2
Pe
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
(6.1)
327
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
M3
Pe
(6.2)
ft =
(6.3a)
(6.3b)
nig
kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMrkNalEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;eRbkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;bnkpal;KW
Pe e'e ct M D
1 + 2 + t
Ac
r S
P e' c M
f b = e 1 e 2 b D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(6.4a)
nig
(6.4b)
m:agvijeTot edayeRbItMlm:Um:g; M 3 enAkgsmIkar 6.4a nig b m:Um:g;suT (net moment) enARtg;mux
kat;KW M 4 = M 3 M D ehIyeKkMNt;kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMrEdl tendon enABIxagelIGkS
NWtBIsmIkarxageRkam
Pe M 4
Ac S t
P M
fb = e + 4
Ac Sb
ft =
(6.5a)
(6.5b)
nig
smIkarTaMgBIr 6.4 nig 6.5 RtUvEtmantMldUcKaeTaHbICaenARtg;muxkat;Rtg;TMr bmuxkat;kNalElVg
bmuxkat;NakedaytambeNayElVgRbsinebIeKenAEtrkSakarsnt;sBaadEdl.
328
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
329
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
5> ]TahrN_EdlTak;TgnwgPaBCab;
Example Involving Continuity
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
3 2
2
45R 12 90 90 2
edayeGayGgxagsaMrbs;ssmIkarTaMgBIresIKa eyIgTTYl)an
2.1 108 R = 7.58 1011
bnab;mk
Rc =
7.58 1011
2.1 108
= 3,610lb (16kN )
R A = RB = 1,805lb (8kN )
330
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
331
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
Rc
3,610
90 12 =
90 12 = 1.95 106 in. lb
2
2
BIsmIkar 6.2/ cMgayrbs; C-line EdlenABIxagelI cgs line bcMNakpitrbs; C-line BIxagelI cgc line
enARtg;TMr C KW
ec =
M 3 4.05 106
=
= 13.5in.(34.3cm )
Pe
300,000
m:Um:g;srubkNalElVgKW
1
M 3 = 3.0 106 1.95 106 = 2.025 106 in. lb
2
ehIycMNakpit C-line KW
eD =
2.025 106
= 6.75in.(17.1cm )
300,000
kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMr C EdlbNalEtBIeRbkugRtaMg
ct = cb =
34
= 17in.
2
332
NPIC
eC = 13.5in.
Ac = bh = 12 34 = 408in.2
bh 3 12(34 )3
=
= 39,304in.4
12
12
I
39
,
304
r2 = c =
= 96.33in.2
Ac
408
Ic =
1 +
408
96.33
ft =
nigkugRtaMgsrsebtugxageRkamKW
Pe ecb
1 2
Ac
r
300,000 13.5 17
=+
1
408
96.33
fb =
eTaHbICakugRtaMgsrsxageRkamrgkarTajmantMlFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmakeday kva)anEt
mkBIeRbkugRtaMgEtb:ueNaH. enAeBlEdleKBicarNaTMgn;pal;rbs;vabBaleTot enaHkugRtaMgTajrbs;
ebtugenHnwgRtUv)ankat;bnyy:ageRcIn.
(b)
8 Pa
l2
8 300,000 13.5
(90)2 12
= 333.3lb / ft
Wb l 2 333.3(90 )2
FEM =
=
= 224.978 ft.lb
12
12
333
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
334
NPIC
]TahrN_ 6>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 6>1 edaysnt;fa prestressing tendon RtUv)an harped enARtg;
kNalElVgnElVgTaMgBIr. eRbI support displacement method kgkaredaHRsayenH.
dMeNaHRsay
144
2 2
2
3
= 3.65 1011 in.3 lb
Secondary moment
3.65 1011
2.1 108
= 1,738lb
EdlmanTItaMgenARtg;TMr C KW
M2 =
1,738
R
90 12 =
90 12 = 0.94 106 in. lb
2
2
dUcenH m:Um:g;srub M 3 = 2.1 106 + 0.94 106 = 3.04 106 in. lb(344 103 N .m).
BIsmIkar 6.1 cMgaygakecjrbs; C-line enARtg;TMr C KW
yc =
M 2 0.94 106
=
= 3.13in.(8cm )
300,000
Pe
BIsmIkar 6.2 cMgayrbs; C-line enABIelI cgc linecMNakpitrbs; C-line enABIelI cgc line enARtg;
TMrxagkg C KW
M 3 3.04 106
ec =
=
= 10.13in.(25.7cm )
300,000
Pe
dUcenH m:Um:g;srubkNalElVgKW
M 3 = 3.0 106
0.94 106
= 2.53 106 in. lb
2
ehIycMNakpit C-line KW
eD =
2.53 106
= 8.43in.(21.4cm )
300,000
kugRtaMgsrsebtug (concrete fiber stress) enARtg;TMr C bNalmkEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Edl Cline mancMNakpit ec = 10.13in. .
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
335
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
336
NPIC
dUcenH kugRtaMgsrsebtugxagelIKW
ect
1 + 2
r
300,000 10.13 17
=
1 +
408
96.33
ft =
Pe
Ac
nigkugRtaMgsrsebtugxageRkamKW
Pe ecb
1 2
Ac
r
300,000 10.13 17
=+
1
408
96.33
fb =
6>
337
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
Secondary moment
ehIy
KW
R A = RB = 3,750lb(16.7kN )
338
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
339
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
340
NPIC
TaMg M 2 = 0 nig R = 0
eKGaceXIjBIdMeNaHRsaycMnuc (a) enAkgrUbTI 6>10 nigdMeNaHRsay (b) enAkgrUbTI
6>11 fakUGredaenrbs; C-line manlkNRsedogKanwgtMlEdlTTYl)anBI]TahrN_ 6>1.
kugRtaMgsrsebtugkdUcKaEdrKW f t = 2,487 psi(C )(17.1MPa) ehIy fc = +1,016 psi(T )
(7.0MPa ) .
(b)
341
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
342
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
343
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
7> ersIusg;
ultimate
nigsanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;rbs;FwmCab;
k> karBicarNaTUeTA
General Consideration
rbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgCab;snt;falkNeGLasicrbs;sMPareLIgeTAdl;
EdnkMNt;rbs;kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatrbs;ebtugedaysarbnkTaMgGs;. EdnkMNt;nkugRtaMgTajenH
EpkelIkarGnuBaateGaymansameRbHkMNt;xHbnab;BIrg cracking load dMbUg dUckarkMNt;edaym:UDul
dac;rbs;ebtug. edaysarsameRbHkan;Etman\TiBleRkamlkxNbnkelIs (overload) enaHkMhUc
RTg;RTay)asicxagkg (internal plastic deformation) enARtg;tMbn;eRKaHfak;Edlmanm:Um:g;Gtibrma
ehIykarEbgEckeLIgvijCalkN)asicnm:Um:g;eGLasicBItMbn;m:Um:g;GviCmaneTAtMbn;m:Um:g;viCmanRtUv
)anbegIteLIg. enARtg;dMNak;kalrg overload enH benAeRkayeBlenHEdleLIgeTAdl;sanPaB
kMNt;enAeBl)ak; (limit state at failure) snak;)asic (plastic hinge) ekItmanenARtg;tMbn;Edlmankug
RtaMgFMCageKenAkgFwmCab;.
karEbgEcksrub nigkarekItmaneBjlkNrbs; plastic hinge enARtg;TMrCab;rbs; fully
bonded prestressed beam eFVIeGayFwmkayCaFwmkMNt;edaysaTic dUckrNIEdl concordance rbs;
tendon manm:Um:g;sUnenARtg;TMr. tamlkNRTwsI enAkgkrNIenHeKGacecal secondary moment
M 2 eRkayeBlrg cracking load dMbUg. b:uEn karsnt;EbbenHGaceFVIeGaykarsikSaKNnaKan
suvtiPaB elIkElgEteKsnt; concordant tendan taMgBIdMbUg rhUtdl;karsikSaKNnacb; ehIyeKmin
GnuBaateGaymanlkxN overload eT. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvBicarNa secondary moment
M 2 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgrhUtdl;sanPaBkMNt;n failure load edayeRbIemKuNbnkesInwg
1.0 . edayBicarNa secondary moment EdlCak;Esg elastic deformation bgeLIgeday
nonconcordant tendon pas;brbrimaNrbs; inelastic rotation EdlRtUvkaredIm,I)annUvbrimaNnkar
EbgEckeLIgvij. pymkvij sMrab;FwmEdlman elastic rotational capacity brimaNm:Um:g;enARtg;TMr
EdlGacERbRbYlRtUv)anpas;bredaybrimaNesInwg secondary moment enARtg;TMrEdlbNalBIkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg.
edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;EdlRtUveRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNna eK)anENnaMnUvCMhanxageRkam
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkefr nigbnkGefrenARtg;kMritbnkemKuN.
@> EkERbedayeFVIplbUknBVnn secondary moment M 2 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
Service-load design
344
NPIC
x> karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
Moment Redistribution
d
( ')
p +
dp
8>
345
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
enARtg;TMrkNalminGacmankMBUldUcdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;GviCmaneT edaysar
karBicarNakgkarsikSaKNna nigkarGnuvt. karBicarNTaMgenHrYmbBalTaMgTMhMnkMhatbg;eday
kkitEdlekIneLIgCamYynwgkarfycuHnkaMkMeNag (radius of curvature)/ kMritx<s;nkugRtaMgRbmUl
pMsgt; (compression stress concentration) kgkrNIEdlmankarpas;br tendon Pam nigPaB
lM)akbEnmEdlekItmanenAkg post-prestressing. Cavi)ak eKKYrEkERb tendon profile enARtg;TMr
edIm,IeGayman curvilinear transition enARtg;tMbn;TMr. karEktMrUvenHrYmmankarEktMrUvdaRkam
primary moment M 1 nigdaRkamm:Um:g;srub M 3 .
Tendon profile
EdlmancMNakpitxagelI nigcMNakpitxageRkamesI
KaenARtg;muxkat;GtibrmaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>13 Edl chain-dotted line eGaynUvm:Um:g;Bt;
mFmEdleRbIenAkg service load design. kareRCIserIs tendon profile KYrEpkelIkarBicarNa
xageRkam
!> cMNakpitKYrEtmantMlFMtamEdlGaceTA)anenARtg;cMnucEdlmanm:Um:g;Bt;FMenAkgsanPaB
kMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
Typical tendon alternative profile
346
NPIC
@> m:Um:g;eRbkugRtaMgsrubenARtg;muxkat;NakedayKYrEtmanTMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;
mFmEdlekItBI service load enARtg;muxkat;enaH. karBiesaFsMrab;lkxNenHKYrEtQrelI
tMlkugRtaMgRbesIrCagtMlm:Um:g; edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbgeGaymankugRtaMgtamGkSk
dUcCakugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;.
#> eKKYreRCIserIs tendon profile alternative EdleFVIeGaymankMhatbg;edaykarkkittUcbMput.
$> eKcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNa ultimate-load requirement enAeBleRCIserIs tendon profile.
kareRCIserIs tendon profile EdlQrelIEt linear transformation nig concordance
minRKb;RKan;eT edaysarvaminGacbMeBjTaMgRsugnUvtMrUvkarkugRtaMg service-load btMrUvkar
ultimate-load enARtg;kNalElVg nigenARtg;TMr.
%> karfycuHncMNakpitenARtg;TMrkNaltamrykarbMElgEdkeRbkugRtaMgbEnmkat;bnykug
RtaMgsgt; service-load nigGacGnuBaateGaymanm:Um:g;edaysarbnkGefrbEnmeTot dUcenH
eFVIeGaymanbnkGefrFM RbsinebIcMNakpitrbs; profile enAkNalElVg nigm:Um:g;eFVIeGayman
kugRtaMgebtugRKb;RKan;.
C-line
enAkgFwmCab;
dMeNaHRsay
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
/ ebtugTMgn;Fmta
347
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
f 'c topping = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa )
/ ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f py = 243,000 psi(1,655MPa )
f pi = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa )
= 0.8
sMrab;kMralcak;Rsab;kMras; 1 34 in.
WCSD = (4 / 12 ) 7 ft 150 = 350 plf (5.1kN / m ) sMrab; situ-cast topping
kMras; 4in.
WL = 1,541 plf (22.1kN / m ) EdlTTYl)anBI M L = 9,300,000in. lb
RbEvgElVg = 64 ft (19.5mm)
(c) lkNmuxkat;
WSD = 1 34 / 12 7 ft 150 = 153 plf (2.2kN / m )
348
NPIC
h f situ-cast = 5.75in.(14.6cm )
(d)
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlxatbg;KW
Pe = 3,366 151,200 = 508,940lb(2,264kN )
enARtg;kNalElVg E1 KW
+ 4.58 10 6
144
E c I c B = Ec I c c =
144
3 2
2
3
dUcKa
3
2
= 151 10 6 R B in. lb
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
349
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
R A = RD =
15.0 1010
151 10 6
Secondary moment
= 994lb
sMrab;karKNnaEdlmanlkNsuRkit = 798lb
enARtg;TMr B KW
m:Um:g;srubenARtg;TMr B EdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW
M 3 Rtg;TMr = (7.63 + 0.76 )106 = 8.39 10 6 in. lb
emIlrUbTI 6>16
cMNakpitrbs; C-line KW
8.39 106
e' B =
= 16.49in.(41.9cm )
508,940
350
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
351
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
muxkat;TMr B b C
dMeNIrkarsagsg;enAkgtMNak;kalenHBak;BnnwgkartMeLIgFwmGkSr I Edl
cak;Rsab; nigpl;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeGayva. kugRtaMgsrsEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRb
kugRtaMg nigbnkpal;BIsmIkar 6.5 a nig b KWmandUcxageRkam
(i)
Pe M 4
508,940 5.52 106
t =
= 908.8 1,088.8
560
5,070
Ac S
= 1997.6 psi (C )(13.8MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
f1t =
f1b
Pe M 4
508,940 5.52 106
=
=
+
= 908.8 + 892.3
Ac Sb
560
6,186
= 16.5 psi (C )
/ minmanrgkarTaj O.K.
352
NPIC
Pe e'e ct M D
1 + 2 + t
Ac
r S
560
223.91
6,186
(ii)
kNalElVgxageRkA E1
cMNakpitenARtg;kNalElVgKW e'E1 = +8.25in. . dUcenH
Pe M 4
+
Ac S t
P M
= e 4
Ac Sb
f1t =
f1b
f1t =
f1b = 908.8
O.K.
2.08 10
= 1,245 psi (C )(8.6MPa ) O.K.
6,186
6
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
353
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
f 2b =
Pe M 5
+
Ac Sb
dUcenH
f 2t = 908.8
3.05 106
= 1,510.4 psi (C )
5,070
f 2b = 908.8 +
3.05 106
= 415.8 psi (C )
6,186
nwg
S cb = 9,490in.3
karbnSMbnkEdleFVIeGaymanlkxNkugRtaMgFMKWenAeBlbnkeFVIGMeBIEtenAelIElVgBIrEk,rKa
AB nig BC . eyIgman
WL = 1,514 plf (22.1kN / m )
m:Um:g;bnkGefrbgeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAsrsxagelI nigkugRtaMgsgt;enAsrsxageRkamrbs;
muxkat;Rtg;TMr. kugRtaMgsrsebtugsrubenAkgmuxkat;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;TMrEdlbNalBIbnkTaMg
Gs;kayCa
fTt = f 2t +
M B3
S ct
M
B3
S cb
nig
f bT = f 2b
dUcenH
fTt = 1,510.4 +
8.68 106
21,714
1,111 psi (C )(7.7 MPa ) < 2,250 psi
f bT = 414.3
O.K.
8.68 106
= 1,329 psi (9.2MPa ) < 2,250 psi
9,490
O.K.
muxkat;cak;Rsab;
Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Structures
354
NPIC
f bT =
Pe ecb M D + M SD M CSD + M L
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
fTt =
f bT
=
560
223.91
6,186
9,490
= +447.9 863.2 914.6
= 1,330 psi (C )(9.2 MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
f bCS
dUcenH
ML
t
f CS
=
8.68 106
0.77 +437 psi (T )(3MPa ) < 849 psi
15,288
f bCS =
O.K.
8.68 106
0.77 347 psi (T )(3.4MPa )
19,251
355
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
f bT = 414.3
8.68 106
1,329 psi (9.2MPa )
9,490
karBRgaykugRtaMgcugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>18.
BIsrsxageRkam
= 36.76in.(93.4cm )
356
NPIC
2 0.20 60,000
= 0.0045
22 48.5 5,000
bdf 'c
4 0.2 60,000
=
= 0.0090
22 48.5 5,000
A ps f ps
3,366 240,000
p =
=
= 0.20
bd p f 'c 22 36.76 5,000
' =
A's f y
1 = 0.80
d
( ') = 48.5 (0.0090 0.0045) = 0.0062
35.27
dp
p +
d
( ') = 0.02 + 0.0062 = 0.2062
dp
enARtg;TMr
dUcenH bMErbMrYlrageFob t tUcCag 0.0075 EdlminKitnUvkarGnuvtnkarEbgEck
m:Um:g;eLIgvij. b:uEn eKGaceRbIkarsakl,gEdleRbI 1000 t % sMrab;emKuNEbgEckeLIgvij
sMrab;EbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkgkrNIenH. sMrab; T GnuBaatGtibrma/ 0.361 =
0.36 0.80 = 0.45 > 0.2064 / O.K.
m:agvijeTot tam ACI Cod/ c / dt = a / 1dt = 8.9 /(0.80 48.5) = 0.232 < 0.375 .
dUcenH FwmsitenAtMbn;TajnrUbTI 4>45 ehIybrimaNEdkminelIsbrimaNEdkGnuBaat
Gtibrma EdlemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; = 0.90 sMrab;kMNt; design moment M u dUcenH
EdkEdl)aneRCIserIsKWTTYlyk)an.
(b) karbMElgm:Um:g;Bt; (flexural moment modification)
eKENnaMeGayGnuvtkarbMElgnkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijdac;edayELkBIKarvagbnk
efr nigbnkGefr edaysareKRtUvBicarNaelIkardak;bnkelIElVgEdlmanlkNqas;edIm,I
TTYl)anlkxNnkardak;bnkeRKaHfak;bMput enAeBlEdlbnkefreFVIGMeBIelIElVgTaMgGs;kg
eBlEtmYy. edaysarminmankarEbgEckm:Um:g;ekIteLIgenATIenH m:Um:g;eGLasicenARtg;TMrKW
24 1 = 0.24 0.80 = 0.19 < 0.2026
nig
(c)
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
357
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
Aps f ps + As f y A's f y
0.85 f 'c b
3.66 240,000 + 0.8 60,000 0.4 60,000
=
0.85 5,000 22
= 8.90in.(22.6cm )
GkSNWtsitenAkgsab ehIymuxkat;eFVIkardUcCamuxkat;ctuekaN.
358
NPIC
BIsmIkar 4.44
a
a
8.90
8.9
2
2
8.9
+ 0.40 60,000
3
(
)
dUcenH muxkat;mansuvtiPaBb:uEnminmanRbsiTPaB. rUbTI 6>19 bgajBIkarEbgEck
bnk nigm:Um:g;.
Casegb muxkat;enHminmanRbsiTPaBeT TaMgeRkamGMeBI service load beRkamGMEBI
ultimate load. eKGaceFVIkarpas;brcMNakpitrbs; tendon btMeLIgRbEvgElVg bkGnuBaat
eGayrgbnkGefrFMCagCamYynwgcMNakpitrbs; tendon fI.
= 28.25 10 6 in. lb 3.19 103 kN .m > 21.71 10 6 in. lb
10> karbMElgEdkeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IeRbIKuNRbeyaCn_nPaBCab;
Tendon Transformation to Utilize Advantages of Continuity
dMeNaHRsay
359
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
360
NPIC
Rtg;TMr B = 508,940 11.5 = 5.85 106 in. lb(0.66 103 kN .m) . m:agvijeTot
primary moment M 1 Rtg;kNalElVg E1 = 508,940 13.25 = 6.74 10 6 in. lb(0.76 103 kN .m )
ehIyeyIgman
moment M 1
5.85 106 64 64 2
5.85
6 64 2 64
Ec I c AB =
+ 6.73 10
144
144
3 2
2
3
dUcKa
= 75.0 1010
64 12 64 2
Ec I c C = 64 R A 12
12
2 3
75.0 1010
15.1 10 7
= 4,967lb
(
)
emIlrUbTI 6>20
Pe M 4
508,940 6.79 106
t =
= 908.8 1,339
560
5,070
Ac S
= 2,248 psi (C )(15.5MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
ft =
Pe M 4
508,940 6.79 106
=
+
= 908.8 + 1,098
560
6,186
Ac Sb
= +189 psi (T )
O.K.
fb =
(ii)
kNalElVgxageRkA E1
BI]TahrN_ 6>4/ M D = 2.12 106 in. lb . dUcenH net moment
M 4 = M 3 2.12 106 = (4.83 2.12)106 = 2.71 106 in. lb(0.3 103 kN .m ) nig
f t = 908.8 +
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
2.71 106
= 347 psi (C )(2.39MPa )
5,070
O.K.
361
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
f b = 908.8
2.71 106
= 1,347 psi (C )(9.3MPa )
6,186
/ minrgkarTaj/ O.K.
1 2
r
St
S ct
P e' c M + M SD M CSD + M L
= e 1 + B 2 b + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
fTt =
f bT
(i)
Pe
Ac
muxkat;TMr B b C
BIrUbTI 6>20 (e)/ M 3 = 9.66 106 in. lb / dUcenH
e' B =
9.66 106
= 19in.(48.3cm )
508,940
/ rYmbBalTaMg M CSD
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrma ft = +849 psi enAkNalElVg nig
= 5,736WL in. lb
fTt = +425 =
(ii)
f t = +425 psi
enARtg;TMr.
fTt = 2,250 =
560
223.91
5,070
21,714
3,613WL
= 44.8 779 + 2,250
21,714
WL = 9,109 plf
f bT = 849 =
3,613WL
= 849 + 1,691 638.5
9,490
WL = 4,995 plf
362
NPIC
dUcenH/ WL = 4,995 plf lubelI WL = 9,109 plf sMrab; service load/ ehIy WL = 4,995 plf
RtUv)anepgpat;edayRtYtBinit ultimate moment strength EdlGacekItman.
$> Nominal moment strength EdlGacekItman
Aps = 3.366in.2
= 0.02
22 48.5 5,000
d
( ') = 0.2312 + 48.5 (0.02 0.0045)
p +
dp
31.77
= 0.255 > 0.24 1 = 0.19
bnab;mk
Aps f ps + As f y A's f y
a=
0.85 f 'c b
caM)ac;
Mu
enaH
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
363
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
9.51
9.51
2
2
9.51
+ 0.40 60,000
3
2
dUcenH
RbsinebI M L = 0.1167WLl 2 enaH
dUcenH WL = 2,312 plf < WL = 4,995 plf Edl)anBI service load analysis. dUcenH WL = 2,312 plf
lub. ehIyPaKryekIneLIgrbs;bnkGefrKW
(2,312 1,514) 100 = 52.7% 50%
1,514
O.K.
11> karsikSaKNnasMrab;PaBCab;edayeRbIEdkFmtaenARtg;TMr
Design of Continuity Using Nonprestressed Steel at Support
dMeNaHRsay
364
NPIC
/ TMgn;Fmta
enARtg;)at
bt = 84in. enAxagelI bm bMElg = 65in.
bb = 22in.
= 0.1012
22 48.25 5,000
A's = 2#4 = 0.40in.2
0.4
' = 0.0961
= 0.045
8.5
ehIy
BI]TahrN_ 6>4/ d p = 35.87in. / d = 48.25in. / p + [d / d p ]( ') = 0 + [48.25 / 35.87]
(0.1012 0.0045) = 0.1300 < 0.241 = 0.192 . dUcenH eKGaceFIVkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij)aneday
QrelI elastic moment analysis EdleGay M u = 23.81 106 in. lb .
edayeRbI ACI Code redistribution test/ tensile strain enARtg;EdkTajxageRkAbMputKW
d
t = 0.003 t 1 .
c
a 9.51
c = =
= 11.89in. d t = 48.5in.
1 0.80
48.5
t = 0.003
1 = 0.0092
11.89
365
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
Mu
22 106
= 24.44 106 in. lb
0.9
a
M n = As f y d
2
Mn =
Mu
24.44 106
= 9.38in.2 60.5cm 2
60,000 0.9 48.25
As f y
9.38 60,000
a=
= 6.02in.
=
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 5,000 22
As =
kMBs;nsabdl;RTnugKW 5.75 + 7 + 4.5 / 2 sMrab;muxkat; AASTHO type-3 = 15in. > 6.02 / 0.9
= 6.69in. . GkSNWtenAxagkgsab dUcenHmuxkat;eFVIkarCamuxkat;ctuekaN. dUcenH
Mn
24.44 106
As =
=
= 9in.2 (58cm 2 )
f (d a / 2) 60,000(48.25 6.02 / 2)
y
As
0.44
=
= 4.09in.
requiredAs / 12 1.29 / 12
84 (2 1.5in. cover)
+ 1 20
4.25
366
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
367
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
12> eRKOgbgMeRKagminkMNt;
k> lkNTUeTA
General Properties
368
NPIC
3n + s > 3b + r
3n + s = 3b + r
3n + s < 3b + r
KanesrPaB
saTickMNt;
saTicminkMNt;
(6.8a)
(6.8b)
(6.8c)
dWeRkminkMNt;KW
s = 3b + r 3n
(6.8d)
eKGacKitfaeRKagebtugeFVIkarCalkNeGLasicmuneBlvamansameRbH dUckgkrNIFwmCab;
eRkamGMeBI service load nigeRkamlkxNbnkelIsbnicbnc (slight-overload condition). Cavi)ak
munnwgekItman plastic hinges eKnwgeRbIdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>23 nig 6>24
kgkarsikSaKNnaeRKagebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;. eKsnt;fa viFIFmtakgkarviPaKrcnasm<nmin
kMNt;EdlrYmbBalTaMgeRKag EdlrUmmanviFI virtual work, stiffness matrix nig flexibility matrix
ddUcCasmIkarbIm:Um:g; bsmIkarbYnm:Um:g; CaviFIEdlGkGanFab;sal; dUcenH GtbTenHnwgbgajEt
esckIENnaMCaGtibrma nigmanlkNsMrYlbMputb:ueNaH.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
369
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
370
NPIC
kMlaMgkat;enAxagcugrbs;Fwm
VB = VC =
kMlaMgrujtamTisedk
H=
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
1
wl
2
1
C1wl 2
h
(6.9a)
(6.9b)
371
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
Edl
C1 =
(6.9c)
2 I h
12 b + 1
3 Ic l
m:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanGtibrmaenARtg;kac;RCug
M B = M C = Hh = C1wl 2
(6.9d)
m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenAkNalElVg
M max =
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMnuc x
Mx =
1 2
1
wl Hh = C1 wl 2
8
1
x(l x )w C1wl 2
2
(6.9e)
(6.9f)
EdlcMnucrbt;BIkac;RCugmagrbs;eRKag portal KW
1
x1 = (1 1 8C1 )l = C 2l
2
1
nig
C 2 = (1 1 8C1 )
2
(6.9g)
(6.9h)
kMlaMgkat;xagcugKW
nig
a
V B = 1 P
l
a
VC = P
l
(6.10a)
kMlaMgtamTisedk
a a l
1 P
l
l h
1
C3 =
2 I h
2 b + 1
3 Ic l
H = C3
Edl
(6.10b)
(6.10c)
m:Um:g;Bt;enAkac;RCug
M B = M C = Hh = C3
a a
1 Pl
l
l
(6.10d)
372
NPIC
a x a
M x = 1 C3 Pl
l l l
(6.10e)
sMrab; x > a
Mx =
a x a
1 1 C3 Pl
l l
l
(6.10f)
m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg; x = a
M max =
a a
a a
1 Pl Hh = (1 C3 ) 1 Pl
l
l
l
l
(6.10g)
kMlaMgtamTisedksMrab;bnkTMnajcMcMnuceRcIn
a a
1 a1 a1
C3 P1 1 + P2 2 1 2 + ...
h l
l
l
l
1
a a
H = C3 P 1
h
l
l
H=
(6.10h)
(6.10i)
RbtikmbBarenARtg;TMr
1
h
ph
2
l
1
h
RD = + ph
2
l
RA =
nig
(6.11a)
RbtikmtamTisedk
Edl
(6.11b)
(6.11c)
(6.11d)
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
1 2
py
2
(6.11e)
373
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAelIssrQmnwgTisxl;bk;
M max
11 b
1 1 Ic
=
2 8 Ib
2
Ic
+ 18
l
ph 2 = 1 C ph 4
4
h
2
+3
l
(6.11f)
cMnucnm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenABIelITMr A
Ib
11
1 Ic
y1 =
8 Ib
2
Ic
+ 18
l
h = C h
4
h
+3
l
(6.11g)
374
NPIC
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;RCugEKmrbs;eRKag portal
Ib h
+2
1 2 3 Ic l
M B = H A h ph =
ph 2
I
h
2
8 b
2
+3
Ic l
= (C4 0.5) ph 2
M C = H D h = (1 C 4 ) ph
(6.11h)
2
(6.11i)
K> karGnuvteTAelIeRKagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Application to Prestressed Concrete Frames
MB
3 Ec I c
=
BC
2k + 3 h 2
h
(6.12)
M B M A Ec I c 3
k +3
=
+
h
h k + 2 k (k + 2)
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
375
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
=
3(2k + 1) EI c
k (k + 2) h 2
(6.13)
enAeBlEdl
(6.14)
(6.14)
/
nig
.
enAeBlEdl
mUlehtunkarpas;bry:agxaMgntMlrbs;m:Um:g; M B nig M A KWedaysarenAeBlEdl k 0 /
P . enAkgkrNIEbbenH PaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;Ggt;bBarxiteTArkGnnebIeFobnwg
Ggt;edk dUcenHGgt;edkmanlkNrlas; (flexible) xaMg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>28. \TiBlrbs;
RbtikmtamTisedkeTAelIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>29 sMrab;eRKagEdlmanTMr
hinged-base nig fixed-base.
376
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
377
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
378
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
Fwm BC
karviPaKdMbUg
(Preliminary analysis)
1
2
12 k + 1
3
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
379
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
I h
k= b
Edl
Ic l
snt;fa enAdMNak;kalenH I b = I c / Edl I b Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Fwm BC ehIy I c Cam:Um:g;niclPaB
rbs;ssr AB nig DC . enaH
h
36
k = 1.0 =
= 0.45
l
80
2
WSD = 110 + 5 8 ft = 187 plf
12
1
M = C1 wl 2
dUcenH
wl 2 600(80 )2
MD =
=
12 = 5.760 10 6 in. lb
8
8
1
M SD = 0.064 187(80)2 12 = 0.876 10 6 in. lb
1
M L = 0.064 240(80)2 12 = 1.124 10 6 in. lb
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
380
NPIC
ee = 8.21in.(20.9cm)
ec = 17.46in.(44.3cm)
viPaKmuxkat;enAeBleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
(a)
muxkat;kNalElVg ec = 17.46in.
M D = 5.76 10 6
591
= 5.673 10 6 in. lb
600
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti
Ac
r S
1
567
97.8
5,140
/ minrgkMlaMgTaj O.K.
dak;EdkFmtaenAsrsxagelIenAkNalElVgedIm,IkarBarkugRtaMgTajEdlGacekItman.
BIsmIkar 4.1 b
= 347 psi (C )
fb =
Pi ecb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
381
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
= 1,740 psi(C ) < f ci = 2,100 psi
(b)
O.K.
muxkat;Rtg;TMr ee = 8.21in.
ft =
= 76.9 psi (C )
fb =
/ minrgkarTaj
O.K.
minbMeBjlkxN
dUcenH eKRtUvbnyTMhMrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedayeGayEdkeRbkugRtaMgxHminsitelIRbEvg 15% BI
pTMr bpas;brcMNakpitrbs; tendon. RbsinebIeKGnuvtbeckeTselIkmun edayeGayEdkeRbkug
RtaMgbYnminsitelIRbEvg 0.15 80 ft = 12 ft (366cm) BITMr EdlRbElg anchorage rbs; grouted
strand cMnYnbYn. eyIgTTYl)an
= 2,271 psi(C )(15.7 MPa ) > f ci = 2,100 psi
fb =
viPaKssrrbs;eRKag
382
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
Pi
578,340
0=
= 1,020 psi (C ) < f ci = 2,100 psi
Ac
567
O.K.
383
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
dMNak;kalmanEtbnkpal; W
wl 2 591(78.7 )2
=
12 = 5,491 106 in. lb
8
8
78.7
= 23,256lb
2
SD
karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
wl 2
0.876 106
8
187(80 )2 12
0.876 106 = 0.949 106 in. lb
8
= 0.0489
bd f 'c 9.5 31.5 5,000
As = 4 0.60 = 2.40in.2
As f y
2.40
60,000
=
=
= 0.0962
bdf 'c 9.5 31.5 5,000
384
NPIC
= 0.0506
. ehIy 0.241 = 0.24 0.80 = 0.192 > 0.0506 . dUcenH t > 0.0075 .
As f y
a=
4 0.60 60,000
= 3.57in.
0.85 5,000 9.5
0.85 f 'c b
3.57
c=
= 4.46in.
0.80
d
31.5
t = 0.003 t 1 = 0.003
1 = 0.0181
4.46
EdkkMNt;EdlGnuBaat/ O.K.
edaysarkarvilEdlmantMlFMGacekItmanenARtg;tMNsmasrbs;eRKagenH eRbIPaKryEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvijEdlRtUv)ankat;bnyesInwg 12% enAkgGgt;edkrbs;eRKag.
dUcenH eRbIemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij 0.12 sMrab;eprm:Um:g;BIkac;RCug B nig C eTAkNal
ElVgrbs;eRKag 12% . dUcKa eKKYreRbIbnHEdksMrab;kartPab;enARtg;tMNxagelIrbs;eRKag ehIyeK
RtUvsikSaKNnabnHEdkenaHedIm,Ipl;lTPaBkgkareprm:Um:g;y:agtic 12% nm:Um:g;TMrrbs;Ggt;edk
eTAkNalElVg. enaH m:Um:g;Edl)anEktMrUv M B = M C = (1 0.12)0.919 106 = 0.809 106 in. lb
ehIym:Um:gkNalElVgEdlEktMrUv M E = 0.876 106 1.12 = 0.981106 in. lb nigRbtikmEdl
ekItBI superimposed dead load enARtg;TMr RSD = (187 80) / 2 = 7,480lb .
1000 t = 1000 0.0181 = 18.1% < 20%
dMNak;kalRTbnkGefr W
240(80 )2 12
1.124 106
8
240 80
= 9,600lb
2
dMNak;karrgsMBaFxl;
M C = (1 C4 ) ph 2
BIxagedIm
k=
Ib h
= 0.45
Ic l
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
sMrab; Ib = I c
385
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
m:Um:g; M enAEpkQmnwgTisxl;bk;
B
m:Um:g; M enAEpkEdlminQmnwgTisxl;bk;
C
M C1 = (1 0.73)65(36)2 12 = 272,938in. lb
M C 2 = (0.73 0.5)40(36 )2 12 = 143,078in. lb
RWA =
RWD
m:Um:g; nigbnkEdlbNalBI\TiBlryeBlEvg
m:Um:g;EdlTb;karvilenAEpkxagcugenARtg;cMnuc B nig C EdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
ryeBlEvg
rUbTI 6>33 bgajBIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAelIGgt; BC . eRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
ryeBlmYyEx eyIgman
f pe1 = 156,870 psi
eF = (17.46 8.21)
12
+ 8.21 = 10.99in.
40
ehIym:Um:g;enARtg;muxkat; F KW
Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Structures
386
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
149,310
= 0.952
156,870
387
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
M E = 6.705 106 0.952 = 6.383 106 in. lb
M F = 4.220 106 0.952 = 4.017 106 in. lb
M F1 = 3.165 106 0.952 = 3.013 106 in lb
Ec I b 106 = M (i )l
enAeBldMeLIgFwm
1
= 2.364 12 12 + (3.165 2.364) 12 12 + 4.220 28 12
2
2
1
+ (6.750 4.220) 28 12 5.491 40 12
3
2
= 2,233.49 1,757.12 = 476.47
(ii)
Ec I b 10 6 = M (ii )l
1
= 2.251 12 12 + (3.013 2.251) 12 12 + 4.017 28 12
2
1
2
+ (6.383 4.017 ) 28 12 5.491 40 12
2
3
= 2,126.21 1,757.12 = 369.09
c b
388
NPIC
edayeGayGgxagsaMnsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIesIKa eyIg)an
107.3 106 480M r
=
Ec I b
Ec I b
107.3 106
= 0.224 106 in. lb
480
Mr =
Pi = 463,050lb
enAeBldMeLIg = 384,018lb
vaCakarlkgkarKit creep force CatMlmFmn Pi nig Pe . dUcenH
Pe
CR =
1
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
2 Cu
CR =
463,050 + 384,018
(b) Shrinkage
V
S
BIsmIkar 6.14
M B = MC =
Ec I c
3
(2k + 3) h BC
BIxagedIm emKuNPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness coefficient) k = 0.45 nig Ec = 4.03 106 psi . dUcKa
sMrab;Ggt;cak;Rsab; I c = 55,464in.4 / dUcenH
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
389
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
M B = MC =
3
4.03 106 55,464
499.3 10 6
(2 0.45 + 3)
36 12
m:Um:g;EdlbNalmkBI\TiBlryeBlEvgnwgbegItkugRtaMgTajenApxagkgrbs;Ggt;bBar
nigpxageRkamrbs;Ggt;edk. CaerOy eKKYrKitkMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening eGay)an
suRkit.
m:Um:g; nigkugRtaMgcugeRkayenAkgFwmedk BC
muxkat;kNalElVg e = 17.46in.
M = 5.491 10 in. lb(0.62 10 kN .m )
c
567
97.8
5,140
6,952
= 112 psi (C )
ft =
/ minrgkarTaj/
O.K.
Pe ec ct M D M T
1 2 t t
Ac
r S
Sc
567
97.8
5,140
6,952
muxkat;Rtg;TMr e
= 8.21in.
MD = 0
390
NPIC
O.K.
dak;EdkFmtasMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajTaMgGs;. dUcKa
2.26 106
274,133 8.21 21.21
fb =
1 +
0
567
97.8
3,038
BIsmIkar 4.31d
M n = As f y d
2
RtUvkar
As f y
0.85 f 'c b
1.99 60,000
0.85 5,000 96
dUcenH KitCamuxkat;ctuekaN
a
0.29
= 31.5
= 31.3in.(79.5cm)
2
2
3.39 106
As =
= 1.81in.2 12.3cm 2
60,000 31.3
(
)
eRbIEdk 2#7 Ggt;pit 22mm kgRTnugeCIgnImYy.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
391
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
As = 4 0.6 = 2.4in.2 > 1.81in.2
O.K.
m:Um:g;srubKW
sMrab;CBaaMgmYyktaman 20 strands
Pe = Aps f pe = 3.06 149,310 = 456,887lb(2,032kN )
fb
pxageRkA = APe AP + MS T
c
+
567
567
2,615
= +223 psi (T ) 849 psi
O.K.
P
P MT
= e
Ac Ac S t
=
ft
pxagkg
567
567
5,140
392
NPIC
GVIEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelIKWbgajBIkarsikSaKNnasmamaRtrbs;muxkat; dUcCamuxkat;
kNalElVg nigmuxkat;Rtg;TMredayeRbIemKuNEbgEckeLIgvij (redistribution factor) pD sMrab;
PaBCab;tamlkNkarBiesaFEdlpl;eGayeday code. emKuNPaBCab;snt;faEdktambeNay
GkSEdlRKb;RKan;RtUvdak;enARtg;tMbn;Cab;EdleRKaHfak;edIm,IRKb;RKgkMritsameRbHenARtg;tMbn;enaH.
viFIKNnaEbbenHmincaM)ac;RtUvkardMeNaHRsayFwm beRKagCab;saTickMNt;EdlmanRbsiTPaB
CageKeT edaysareKminKitkarEbgEckeLIgvijeBjeljeRkamGMeBI ultimate load. edaysarbnk
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
393
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
Gnuvtn_ekIneLIgbnicmgrhUtdl;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUleFVIkardl;lTPaBkMNt;rbs;va enaHmuxkat;eRKaH
fak;dUcCaenARtg;TMr benAkac;RCugrbs;eRKag begItsameRbHEdlmanlkNFn;F ehIymMurgVilman
tMlFMEdlsMrab;karGnuvt snak;)asic (plastic hinge) RtUv)anbegIteLIg. RbsinebIcMnYn plastic
hinges EdlekItmanesIcMnYnPaBminkMNt; (indeterminacies) enaHrcnasm<nnwgkayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;
EdleKGacGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjelj (full redistribution of moment) enAelIeRKOg
bgMenaH)an. CamYynwgkarbegItsnak;bEnm eRKOgbgMkayeTACa mechanism Edlcg;rlM.
karsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgMedaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBlelj (full moment redistribution) RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa karviPaK)asic (plastic analysis) bkarviPaKkMNt; (limit analysis).
edaysarebtugeRbHy:agxaMgeRkamGMeBIbnkelIsFM (high overload) GksikSaKNnaGacdak; plastic
hinge enATItaMgEdleFVIeGayGgt;ebtug)ak; beFVIeGayvarwgRKb;RKan;enARKb;muxkat;TaMgGs;edaykat;
bny bbegInPaKryEdkedaymineFVIeGaymankarpas;brPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;. karkMNt;smamaRt
muxkat;tamlkN flexibility enHminGaceFVIeTA)ansMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk EdlTItaMgrbs;
plastic hinge RtUv)anTTYlBI mechanism EdlkMNt;eday upper bound solution nig lower bound
solution.
394
NPIC
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
(6.16)
395
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
ik =
(6.17)
dUcenH
(6.18)
GgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 6.18 bgajBIGaMgetRkalnplKuNrbs;RkLapndaRkamm:Um:g; M i nig
GredaenndaRkamm:Um:g; M k enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;daRkamm:Um:g; M i . CMnYs i0 nig ik sMrab; M k
eyIgTTYl)an
i0 +
k =n
ik X k = i
(6.19)
k =1
20 + 21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + ... + 2n X n = 2
...
n 0 + n1 X 1 + n 2 X 2 + ... + nn X n = n
(6.20)
Ai
Ei
(6.21)
396
NPIC
Ai =
2
la
3
1 2 c
1
lac
la =
EI 3 a 3EI
397
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
398
NPIC
x> karkMNt;mMurgVilsnak;)asicenAkgFwmCab;
Determination of Plastic Hinge Rotations in Continuous Bems
EdlCaehtueFVIeGaym:Um:g;kNalElVgesInwgm:Um:g;TMr M 0 / 2 mun
nwgmMurgVilrbs;snak; nigkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjeljekItman.
simple-span plastic moment M 0
dMeNaHRsay
BIsmIkar 6.19
1 = 10 + 11 X 1 + 12 X 2 + 13 X 3
M l
2
2l
l
EI1 = M 0l + 0.5M 0 + 0.5M 0 + 0 = 0
3
4
3
6
BIsmIkar 6.19
2 = 20 + 21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + 23 X 3
M l
2
l
2
l
EI 2 = M 0l + 0.5M 0 + 0.5M 0 l + 0.5M 0 = 0
3
6
6
3
6
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
399
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
1 =
nig
M 0l
4 EI
400
NPIC
K> lTPaBnmMurgVilrbs;snak;)asic
Rotational Capacity of Plastic Hinges
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
401
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
402
NPIC
nig
Edl
c = 0.003 + 0.02
(6.22)
b
+ 0.2 s
Z
(6.23)
kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;Fwm
Z = cMgayBImuxkat;eRKaHfak;eTAcMnucrbt;
s = pleFobnmaDrbs; confining binder steel EdlrYmbBalTaMgEdkrgkarsgt;
elImaDrbs; concrete core
I p = Bak;kNaln plasticity length enAelIpmagnGkSrbs;snak;)asic
smIkar 6.22 GacmanlkNsuvtiPaBCagenAeBlEdl s mantMlFM.
enAeBlEdleKkMNt; concrete strain c rYcehIy eKkGackMNt;mMurgVil (angle of rotation)
rbs; plastic hinge BIsmIkar
d=
c ce
l p
c kd
p =
Edl
(6.24)
kMBs;GkSNWtsMrab;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;
ce = bMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugenAsrsxageRkAbMputenAeBlEdleKTTYl)an yield
c=
curvature
kMBs;GkSNWtEdlRtUvKanwg ce
c = concrete compressive strain enAxagcugnEdn inelastic benAsanPaBkMNt;eBl)ak;
CaFmta eKGaceRbI strain ce eBlrgbnk)an enAeBlEdl stain enAkgEdkrgkarTajesInwg
yield strain y = f y / Es . eKGacykvaFMCag besInwg 0.001mm / mm edayGaRsyelIEdkTajeFVI
kardl; yield munebtugEbkenARtg;srssgt;xageRkAbMputsMrab;krNI overreinforced beam kdUc
krNIFwmeRbkugRtaMgEdrbGt;. RbsinebIebtugEbkmun enaH ce nwgmantMlFMCag 0.001mm / mm .
eKENnaMeGayykEdkkMNt;rbs;tMlGnuBaat c = 1.0% sMrab; confined concrete kgkarKNna
rotation plastic GnuBaatGtibrma p ebIeTaHbICaeKGacTTYl)an strain rbs; confined concrete
mantMlFMesInwg 13% keday.
eKGaceRbIGVIEdl)aneerobrab;enAkgcMnucTI 13enHsMrab;eRKOgbgMebtugGarem: nigebtugeRb
kugRtaMgminkMNt;enAkgEdn plastic loading EdleKRtUveFVIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjelj. eday
sarmuxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmansameRbH ehIyEdkeRbkugRtaMgekItmankardkkarsgt; (decompression) enaHRbBneRKOgbgMcab;epImeFVIkardUcRbBnebtugGarem:bnicmg. edaysarkardak;bnk
kd =
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
403
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
eTAdl;sanPaBkMNt;eBl)ak; enaHeKrMBwgfakareFVIkarCalkNBt;begagrbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
manlkNRsedogKanwgkareFVIkarrbs;Ggt;ebtugGarm:.
X> karKNnalTPaBnmMurgVilEdlGacekItman
Calculation of Available Rotational Capacity
]TahrN_ 6>9 kMNt; rational capacity EdlcaM)ac; nigEdlGacekItmann plastic hinge eRKaHfak;
enAxagcugnEdneGLasic
c = 0.004in. / in. enAxagcugnEdn inelastic sMrab; unconfined section
tMlGnuBaatGtibrma c = 0.01mm / mm sMrab; confined section
ce = 0.001in. / in.
Ec I c = 150,000bd 3in.3 lb
Z
= 5.5
d
f 'c = 5,000 psi
dMeNaHRsay
M 0 = 2 400bd 2 = 800bd 2
BI]TahrN_ 6>8
1
c c
800bd 2l
1 l
=
radian
4 150,000bd3 750 d
2
800bd
1 l
EdlRtUvkar = M6EI0l = 6 150
=
radian
3
1,125 d
,000bd
BIsmIkar 6.22
l p = 0.5d + 0.05Z = 0.5d + 0.05 5.5d = 0.775d
404
NPIC
BIsmIkar 6.24
0.004 0.001
p EdlGacekItman = c ce l p =
1.55d = 0.018radian
0.28d 0.375d
c kd
sMrab; full moment redistribution
1 l
1 l
0.018
0.018
ehI
y
1,125 d
750 d
b
l
13.5
d
ehIy
l
20.3
d
Confined section
p EdlGacekItman =
1.55d = 0.051radian
0.28d 0.375d
sMrab; full moment redistribution
1 l
0.051
ehIy
750 d
1 l
0.051
1,125 d
l
57.4
d
ehIy
b dl 38.3
edayeRbobeFoblTpln unconfined section enAkgkrNITImYyeTAnwg confined section
enAkgkrNITIBIr eyIgeXIjfa confinement rbs;ebtugenAtMbn; plastic hinge GnuBaateGaymuxkat;
Rsav (slender) CagsMrab;lkN)asiceBjelj dUcenHeKTTYl)anRbBneRKOgbgMEdlmanlkN
esdkicCag.
binder s = 0.025
dMeNaHsay
Z
= 5.5
d
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
405
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
dUcenH
ehIy
b 1
=
Z 11
yk 0.01in. / in.
tMlGtibrmaGnuBaat c = 0.01in. / in. . dUcenH mMurgVil)asicEdlGacekItmanEdlRtUvKanwg
c = 0.01 KW
= 0.003 + 0.02
1
+ 0.2 0.025 = 0.0098
11
0.001
0.01
1.55d = 0.058radian
0.25d 0.375d
1 l
35
=
=
= 0.046radian
750 d 750
1 l
35
=
=
= 0.031radian
1,125 d 1,125
p =
EdlRtUvkar
2 EdlRtUvkar
p EdlGacekItman = 0.058radian > EdlRtUvkar = 0.046radian . dUcenH FwmbMeBj
lkxN serviceability sMrab; plastic rotation.
1
406
VII.
NPIC
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
407
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
f t > 12 f 'c
(7.1c)
2> karsnt;kgkarKNnaPaBdab
Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations
eKGackMNt;PaBdabBIdaRkamm:Um:g;nkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgbnkTTwgGkSxageRkA
(external transverse loading) bBITMnak;TMngm:Um:g; nigkMeNag (moment-curvature relationships).
enAkgkrNINakeday eKRtUveFVIkarsnt;dUcxageRkam
- RkLapmuxkat;rbs;ebtugRtUvEtsuRkitRKb;RKan;edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB elIkElgenA
eBlEdleKRtUvkarcaM)ac;karKNnaEdlmanlkNkan;EtRbesIr.
- m:UDulrbs;ebtug Ec = 33w1.5 f 'c psi(0.043w1.5 f 'c MPa) EdltMlrbs; f 'c RtUvKa
nwgersIusg;sgt;rbs;sMNakKMrUragsIuLaMgrbs;ebtugenAGayuEdleKRtUvkarkMNt; Ec .
408
NPIC
Load-Deflection Relationship
PaBdabryeBlxIenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anKNnaedaysnt;vamuxkat;manlkN
esIsac; (homogeneous), lkNsac;mYy (isotropic) nigeGLasic. karsnt;EbbenHCaviFInkareFVI
karCak;Esg Edlm:UDul Ec rbs;ebtugERbRbYleTAtamGayurbs;ebtug ehIym:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYleTA
tamdMNak;kalnkardak;bnk eTaHbImuxkat;eRbH bmineRbHkeday.
409
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
410
NPIC
(7.2a)
(
)
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta
tMbn;muneBleRbHcb;enAeBlEdlsameRbHedaykarBt;begagdMbUgcab;epImekItman enAeBl
EdlkugRtaMgebtugeFVIkareTAdl;ersIusg;nm:UDuldac; f r . RsedogKaeTAnwgersIusg;TajedaykarbMEbk
edaypal; (direct tensile splitting strength) m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtugKWsmamaRteTAnwgbskaer:nersIusg; sgt;rbs;va. sMrab;eKalbMNgnkarsikSaKNna eKGacyktMlrbs;m:UDuldac;sMrab;ebtugesInwg
f r = 7.5 f 'c psi (0.623 f 'c MPa )
(7.2b)
Edl = 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta (normal-weight concrete). RbsinebIeKeRbI all-lightweight
concrete enaHeKyk = 0.75 ehIyRbsinebIeKeRbI sand-lightweight concrete enaH = 0.85 .
RbsinebIeKeGaym:UDuldac; f r esInwgkugRtaMgEdlekIteLIgeday cracking moment M cr
(decompression moment) enaH
fb = ft =
Pc ecb M cr
1 + 2
Ac
r Sb
(7.3a)
1 + 2 + 7.5 f 'c
yt Ac
r
(7.3b)
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b
Ac
r
(7.3c)
M cr =
411
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
eKkGaceRbIemKuN 7.5 CMnYseGayemKuN 6.0 xat USb 0.623 CMnYseGay 0.5 xat SI
sMrab;kMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm. eKGacbMElgsmIkar 7.3a eGayeTACaTMrg; PCI EdleGaynUvlTpl
dUcKa
f fr
M cr
= 1 tl
Ma
fL
Edl
(7.4b)
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkGefrKanemKuNGtibrma
f tl = kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBI service load srubcugeRkayenAkgGgt;
f r = m:UDuldac;
f L = kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBI service live load enAkgGgt;
Ma =
@> karKNnam:Um:g;eRbH M
Calculation of Cracking Moment M
]TahrN_ 7>1 KNna cracking moment M sMrab;muxkat;FwmctuekaNEkgEdlmanTTwg b = 12in.
cr
cr
cr
(305mm) ehIykMBs;srub
. kugRtaMgebtug
f b EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpitKW 1,850 psi (12.8MPa ) kgkarsgt;. ykm:UDuldac;esInwg
7.5 f 'c .
dMeNaHRsay m:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 4,000 = 474 psi(3.27MPa) . ehIy I g = bh3 / 12
= 12(24 )3 / 12 = 12 = 13,824in.4 (575,400cm 4 )/ yt = 24 / 2 = 12in.(305mm ) eTAsrsrgkarTaj
ehIy Sb = I g / yt = 13,824 / 12 = 1,125in.3 (18,878cm3 ).
h = 34in.(610mm )
nigman
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b = 1.152[474 + 1850]
Ac
r
412
NPIC
x> muxkat;Gt;eRbH
!> karKNnaPaBdab
Uncracked Sections
Deflection calculation
eKmanbMNgcg;KNnaPaBdabsMrab;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgGt;eRbHeGaykan;EtsuRkitCag
karKNnaPaBdabsMrab;muxkat;EdleRbHedaysarkarsnt;nkareFVIkarCalkNeGLasicmanlkN
RbesIrCag. kareRbIR)as;m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; gross section minCH\TiBldl;suRkitPaBkgkarKNna
dUc transformed section eT.
413
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
]bmafaFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgcMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgefrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>3.
eRbIkarkMNt;sBaandaRkam primary moment enAelIprgkarTajrbs;Fwm ehIyGnuvt elastic
weight method edaybMElgdaRkamm:Um:g;FmtaeGayeTACa elastic weight M 1 / (Ec I c )
enAelIElVgFwm l . bnab;mkm:Um:g;rbs; weight intensity (Pe) /(Ec I c )nkNalElVg AC enAkgrUbTI
7>3(c) BIelIcMnuckNalElVg C eGay
c =
Pel
2 Ec I c
Pe l l Pel 2
l
=
2 Ec I c 2 4 8 Ec I c
(7.5)
414
NPIC
karEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobtamkMBs;rbs;muxkat;enAdMNak;kalrgbnkmanragCabnat; dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 7>4 EdlmanmMurbs;kMeNagGaRsynwgbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;srsxagelI ct
nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;srsxageRkam cb rbs;ebtug. BIkarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFob (strain
distribution) smIkarkMeNagenAdMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgmandUcxageRkam
(I)
(II)
cbi cti
h
(7.6a)
e =
cbe cte
(7.6b)
415
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
(III)
(IV)
ct cb
h
(7.6c)
dMNak;kal)ak; (failure)
u =
u
c
(7.6d)
(7.7)
M
Ec I c
(7.8a)
Pe e
Ec I c
(7.8b)
l 2
8
(7.9a)
l2
a2
(
)
= c e c
8
6
(7.9b)
kMeNagRtg;kNalElVg
e = kMeNagRtg;TMr
a = )a:ra:Em:RtRbEvgCaGnuKmn_n tendon profile
c =
416
NPIC
#> PaBdabPamnFwmTMrsamBaEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgedayEdkeRbkugRtaMgrag)a:ra:bUl
Immediate Deflection of Simply Supported Beam Prestressed with
Parabolic Tendon
dMeNaHRsay
Elastic weight method
417
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
enaH
1
Ec I c
Pe el 2 3Pe el 2 5Pe el 2
6
48Ec I c
48
5 Pe el 2
c =
48 Ec I c
(a)
8 Pe e
l2
BImUldannemkanicrbs;sMPar PaBdabkNalElVgrbs;TMrsmBaEdlrgbnkBRgayesIKW
c =
5 wl 4
384 Ec I c
(b)
5 Pe el 2
48 Ec I c
(c)
K> muxkat;eRbH
Cracked Sections
!> viFIKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB
Effective-moment-of-inertia Computation Method
418
I e = I cr
NPIC
M
+ cr
Ma
I g I cr I g
(7.10a)
419
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
M
I e = cr
Ma
3
M
I g + 1 cr
Ma
I cr I g
(7.10b)
Edl
(7.11)
420
NPIC
(
)
(7.13a)
Edl n p = E ps / Ec . RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkFmtaeGayrgkugRtaMgTaj enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgeday
Epk eKGacEkERbsmIkar 7.13 eGayeTACa
I cr = (n p A ps d 2p + ns As d 2 )(1 1.6 n p p + ns )
(7.13b)
Edl ns = Es / Ec sMrab;EdkFmta/ d = kMBs;RbsiTPaBeTAdl;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkFmta bEdkminrg
eRbkugRtaMg (nonprestressed strand steel).
I cr = n p A ps d 2p 1 1.6 n p p
#> viFIkMeNInm:Um:g;-kMeNag
eKGacKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdleRbHkan;EtsuRkitBITMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g;nigkMeNag
(moment-curvature relationship) tambeNayElVgFwm nigBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrag
eFobelIkMBs;nmuxkat;eRKaHfak;. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>4(d) sMrab; strain cr enAeBlmansam
eRbHdMbUg
cr =
cr
c
M
Ec I cr
(7.14)
421
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
I cr =
Mc
Mc
=
Ec cr
f
(7.15)
Edl f CakugRtaMgrbs;ebtugenARtg;srsrgkarsgt;rbs;muxkat;.
Flowchart sMrab;KNnaPaBdabPam nigsMrab;sg;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNag
manbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>8.
422
NPIC
423
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
424
NPIC
4> PaBdabryeBlxIeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar
Short-Term Deflection at Service Load
425
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
Tiinny
(a)
bnkpal;
ec = 22.02in.
ee = 12.77in.
426
NPIC
cb = 25.77in.
ct = 8.23in.
)
enAeBlepr
kNalElVg
kNalElVg
f ti = 184 psi
f t = 849 psi
dMeNaHRsay (a)
!> kugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;kNalElVg
eyIgmancMNakpitkNalElVg
ec = 22.02in.(559mm )
m:Um:g;Bt;ekIteLIgedaysarbnkpal;xnGtibrma
MD
(a)
1,019(60 )2
=
12 = 5,502,600in. lb
8
427
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgEdlRtUv)anKNnaKW
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
462,672 22.02 8.73 5,502,600
=
1
978
88.0
10,458
ft =
O.K.
O.K.
Pi ec cb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
462,672 22.02 25.77 5,502,600
=
1 +
+
978
88.0
3,340
fb =
(b)
100(60 )2 12
= 540,000in. lb(61kN .m )
8
1,100(60 )2 12
= 5,940,000in. lb(672kN .m )
8
5,940,000
ft =
= 568 psi (C )
10,458
5,940,000
fb =
= 1,778 psi (T )
3,340
edaysarbnkGefr
edaysarbnkGefr
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L = 5,502,600 + 6,480,000
= 11,982,600in. lb(1,354kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.3a
ec ct M T
1 2 t
r S
88.0
10,458
978
ft =
Pe
Ac
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.3b
Pi ec cb M T
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
379,391 22.02 25.77 11,982,600
=
1
+
978
88.0
3,340
fb =
O.K.
428
NPIC
taragsegbnkugRtaMgsrs ( psi )
dUcenH
Pec l 2 P(ee ec )l 2
+
8EI
24 EI
pi =
429
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
5 84.9(60 12)4
= 0.99in.
Eci
Ec
100
3.49 100
= 0.99
= 0.08in.(2.0mm )
4.03 1,019
1,019
PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr
5wl 4
5(1100 )(60 12)4
1
L =
=
= 0.93in.
6
384 Ec I c 384 4.03 10 86,072 12
462,672
dMeNaHRsay (b)
dMeNaHRsaytamviFIkMeNInm:Um:g; nigkMeNag (incremental moment curvature method)
P = Pi Pe = 462,672 379,391 = 83,281lb(370kN )
bMErbMrYlrageFobedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepr
430
NPIC
f t = +501 psi
f b = 3,524 psi
501
ct =
= +144 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
elITMr
f t = +92 psi
f b = 2,242 psi
et = 26 10 6 in. / in.
et = 642 10 6 in. / in.
1 psi = 6.895kPa
(ii) edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal; Pi + WD
kNalElVg
f t = 25 psi
f b = 1,877 psi
muxkat;kNalElVg
f t =
ct =
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
Ac
90
r2
978
88.0
= 26 10 6 in. / in.
3.49 10
( P ) 1 + ecb = 83,281 1 + 22.02 25.77 = +634 psi(T )
f b =
978
88.0
Ac
r2
634
cb =
= +182 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
f t =
r2
978
88.0
431
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
et =
16.5
= 5 10 6 in. / in.
3.49 10
( P ) 1 + ecb = + 83,281 1 + 12.77 25.77 = 404 psi(T )
f b =
978
88.0
Ac
r2
+ 404
Ebe =
= +116 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
6
828 118
10 6 = 27.82 10 6 rad / in.
34
kMeNagenARtg;TMr
e =
526 21
10 6 = 16.09 10 6 rad / in.
34
432
NPIC
2
l2
+ (e c ) l
24
8
e = c
= 27.82 10 6
8
= 1.80 + 0.25 = 1.55in. (39mm )
24
(camber)
5> PaBdabryeBlxIrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbH
Short-Term Deflection of Cracked Prestressed Beams
]TahrN_ 7>4 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 7>3 eday (a) bilinear method, (b) viFIm:Um:g;RbsiTPaBsMrab;
dMeNaHRsay
w1 =
1,778
964
=
= 80lb / in.
12
433
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
PaBdabEdlkMNt;eday I g nmuxkat;EdlGt;eRbHKW
g =
5w1l 4
5 80(60 12)4
=
= 0.8in. (20mm )
384 Ec I g 384 4.03 10 6 86,072
I cr = n p A ps d p2 1 1.6 n p p
np =
E ps
Ec
28.5 106
4.03 10 6
= 7.07
EdleRbI = 30.25in.
p =
A ps
bd p
2.448
= 0.0006
144 30.25
(
)
tulPaBnbnksrubEdleFVIeGaymuxkat;eRbHKW
w2 =
1,100 964
= 11.3lb / in.
1,100 12
cr =
5w2l 4
5 11.3(60 12 )4
=
384 Ec I cr 384 4.03 10 6 14,187
= 0.69in. (17mm )
dUcenH PaBdabsrubEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
L = 0.80 + 0.69 = +1.49in. (38mm )
(b)
BIsmIkar 7.10b
M
I e = cr
Ma
3
M
I g + 1 cr
Ma
I cr I g
BIsmIkar 7.11
M cr
Ma
f ft
= 1 tl
f
L
434
NPIC
M cr
Ma
750 530
= 1
= 1 0.124 = 0.876
1,778
M cr
Ma
= 0.67
5 92(60 12 )4
= 1.28in. (33mm )
double-T beam
dMeNaHRsay
!> dMNak;kaleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
435
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
f b = 3,524 psi
+ 501
ct =
= +144 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
3,524
cb =
= 1,010 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
(
=
cb
ct
( 1,010 144) 10 6 = 33.94 10 6 rad / in.
=
h
34
@> dMNak;kaleRkayeBlxagbg;
enAkgdMNak;kaldkbnkCabnbnab; tMlrbs;m:Um:g; M g EdlbNalmkBIbnkTMnajRtUv)an
rkedaykarkat;bnykugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgrhUtdl;sUn. BI]TahrN_ 4>1/ Pe = 379,391lb .
dUcenH
Pe 379,391
=
= 0.82
Pi 462.672
kugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkNalElVgeBleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pi KW
f ct = +501 psi
f cb = 3,524 psi
kat;bnybMErbMrYlrageFobrhUtdl;dMNak;kal Pe dUcxageRkam
ct = 0.82(144 10 6 ) = 118 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 0.82( 1,010 10 6 ) = 828 10 6 in. / in.
karBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFobnwgkaydUcGVIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>11
(
cb ct ) ( 828 118)10 6
=
= 27.82 10 6 rad / in.
2 =
h
34
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkTMnaj M g = 0
cMNaMfakarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgrUbTI 7>11 KWbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe . eRbI
daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobkgrUbTI 7>12 sMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigeRbIdaRkam
kgrUbTI 7>13 sMrab;ebtugedIm,IkMNt;kugRtaMgCak;Esgtamry strain compatibility.
436
NPIC
437
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
#> dMNak;kaleRkaydkbnkCamYynwgkugRtaMgebtugsUnenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
BIrUbTI 7>12 bMErbMrYlrageFobnkardkbnkenARtg;nIv:UTIRbCMuTMgn;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
decomp = 828 10 6
26.01
= 723 10 6 in. / in.
26.01 + 3.75
ct =
fb
+ 469
4.03 10
cb =
3,300
4.03 10
M decomp y M decomp 22.02
f decomp =
=
= 2,884 psi
Ic
86,072
2,884 86,072
M decomp =
= 11.27 10 6 in. lb 1.27 10 6 N .m
22.02
M decomp 11.27 10 6
ft =
=
= 1,078 psi (C )
10,458
St
6
438
NPIC
decomp =
cb
ct
(18.4 + 151.1) 10 6 = +4.99 10 6 rad / in.
=
h
34
M = 11.27 10 6 in. lb
$> dMNak;kalm:UDuldac;
f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000 = 530 psi
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b
Ac
r
cb =
+ 530
4.03 10
12.8 10 6
ft =
= 1,224 psi (C )
10,458
6
(
=
cb
ct
(132 + 187 ) 10 6
=
h
34
439
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
dUcenH
f ps 260,000 psi
A ps = 16 0.153 = 2.448in.2
nig
dUcenH kMlaMgTaj T p = 260,000 2.448 = 636,480lb
BIrUbTI 7>13/ f c = 3,000 psi RtUvKanwg c = 0.001in. / in. .
enaH kMlaMgsgt;
Cc = (12 12 1.5)3,000 = 648,000 > T = 636,480lb
dUcenH eKKYrkat;bnykMBs;GkSNWt.
sakl,gelIkTIBIr
nig
ps
440
NPIC
6
M n = 624,240 30.25
= 18.4 10 in. lb
2
nigBIsmIkar 7.5d
u =
u
c
0.001
= 690 10 6 rad / in.
1.45
A ps f ps
2.448 263,000
= 1.1in.
0.85 5,000 144
0.85 f 'c b
a 1.1
c=
=
= 1.38in.
1 0.8
BIrUbTI 7>15
ps =
ps
30.25 1.38
0.003 = 0.0628in. / in.
1.38
f ps f pu = 270,000 psi
a
1.1
441
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
= 19.6 10 6 in. lb
yk c 1.4in.
u =
u
c
0.003
= 2,143 10 6 rad / in.
1 .4
pl;nUvsmIkarxageRkamsMrab;)a:n;RbmaNemKuNGaRsynwgeBlsMrab;PaBdabn
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
ACI Code
Edl
1 + 50 '
(7.16)
442
NPIC
C2 =
Edl
C1 + As / A ps
1 + As / A ps
(7.17)
emKuNEdl)anBItarag 7>1
As = RkLaprbs;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
A ps = RkLaprbs;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg
C1 =
x> viFIkMeNIntameBl
viFIkMeNIntameBl (incremental time-steps method) KWQrelIbnSMnkarKNnaPaBdabCamYynwgkarKNnakMhatbg;edaysar creep, shrinkage nig relaxation EdlGaRsynwgeBl. kar
KNnaBICIvitrbs;eRKOgbgMEbgEckCaeRcIncenaHeBlEdleRCIserIsedayQrelIeKalkarN_nEdn
kMNt;rbs;bMErbMrYlrageFobebtugCak;lak; (specific concrete strain limits) dUcCabMErbMrYlrageFob
kta c1 = 0.001 nig c1 = 0.002in. / in. nig ultimate allowable strain c1 = 0.003in. / in. . eK
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
443
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
(7.18a)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlxatbg;
e x = cMNakpitrbs; tendon enARtg;muxkat;NamYytambeNayElVg
n 1 = cMnuccab;epImncenaHeBl (time-step)
n = cugbBab;n time-step Edl)anniyayBIxagelI
C n1 / C n = emKuN creep enAcMnuccab;epIm nigcMnucbBab; erogKa n time-step NamYy
Pn Pn1 = kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cenaHeBlNamYyEdlekItBIktaTaMgGs;
Cak;Esg eKeFVIkarKNnay:aglitln;EbbenHEtenAkgkarkMNt;rkPaBdab nigPaBekagrbs;
RbBns<anEdlmanElVgEvg dUcCas<anEdlsg;CakMNat; (segmental bridge) EdlkardMeLIg nigkar
pMkMNat;s<anenaHTamTarnUvkar)a:n;RbmaNPaBdabeGaymanlkNsuRkit. BIsmIkar 7.18a PaBdab
srubenARtg;muxkat;NamYyKW
Edl
Pi =
x = t kl 2
(7.18b)
444
NPIC
(7.19b)
t
CR
, net CRb, net
(7.19c)
445
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
(7.20)
(7.21)
Edl
l2
l2
+ [ 2 (t ) 1 (t )]
8
48
kMeNagkNalElVgenAxN t
2 (t ) = kMeNagelITMrenAxN t
EdlkgenaH (t ) = E M(t )I
ce
c
Edl Ece (t ) = m:UDulEdlEksMrYltameBl (time adjusted modulus)
1 (t ) =
E ce (t ) =
EdlkgenH
Ec (t1 )
1 + KC c (t )
m:UDulrbs;ebtugenAeBlcab;epImncenaHeBl
Cc (t ) = emKuN creep enAcugbBab;ncenaHeBl
Ec (t1 ) =
446
NPIC
K> viFIRbhak;RbEhledaycenaHeBl
Approximate Time-Steps Method
e =
Pi e x
e
P + Pe e x
+ (Pi Pe ) x i
Cu
Ec I c
Ec I c 2 Ec I c
(7.22)
PaBdabcugeRkayeRkamGMeBI Pe KW
i + e
Cu
2
et = i + ( i e )
(7.23a)
+
(7.23b)
et = e i e Cu
b
2
edaybEnmPaBdabedaysarbnkpal; D nig superimposed dead load SD Edlrg\TiBledaysar creep pl;nUvkMeNInPaBdabcugeRkayGaRsynwgeBlEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnk
Gciny_ (sustained load) dUcxageRkam
+ e
= e i
Cu + ( D + SD )(1 + Cc )
2
(7.24a)
(7.24b)
eKGackMNt;PaBdabkMritmFm (intermediate deflection) edayCMnYs Ct eGay Cu enAkgsmIkar
7.24a nig b. Edl
T = e
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
(7.25)
= +
r t i ( Pi )
r t i (D )
a r t i (SD )
2
Edl
(7.26)
= Pe / Pi
Ct =
447
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
(7.27)
T , t = pi 1
+ (k t Ct ) + D [1 + k t Ct ] + SD [1 + K a k r Ct ] + L
P
= 1.25t 0.118
Edl
PaBdabEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
P = kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrubEdlminrYmbBalkMhateRbkugRtaMgeGLasicedIm (initial elastic
p =
loss)
= 1 P / 2 P0
EdlkgenaH
P0 =
T = pi 1
+ pi
P
+ K a k r Cu + D [1 + K a k t Cu ]
P0
Ie
I comp.
P Pc
+ k r Cu ( ')
1
P0
+ (1 + )k r Cu D
Edl
Ic
I comp
I
+ D 1 + k r Cu c + df + L
I comp
(7.28)
' = 1 (Pc / 2 P0 )
P0 =
df =
448
NPIC
X> karKNnaPaBdabedaykMuBTr
Computer Methods for Deflection Evaluation
g> PaBdabrbs;Fwmsmas
Deflection of Composite Beams
karKNnaPaBdabrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgsmasmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarKNnaPaBdabsMrab;
noncomposite section Edr. viFIsaRsKNnanwgkayCasKsajCagRbsinebIeKeRbI incremental
time-steps method. CMhanbEnmndMNak;kalsagsg;CaeRcInrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab; nigsMrab; situ-cast
top slab TamTarkarBicarNankarERbRbYlm:Um:g;niclPaBBImuxkat;cak;Rsab;eTAmuxkat;smasenA
Rtg;dMNak;kalsmrm. elIsBIenH PaBxusKanlkNrbs; shrinkage nigkMeNIncenaHeBl (timestep increments) EdlbNalBIPaBxusKantMlrbs; shrinkage nmuxkat;cak;Rsab; nigkarbEnm
concrete topping )anbegInPaBBi)akdl;dMeNIrkarKNna. CasMNagl kareRbIkmviFIkMuBTrsMrYlkar
KNnaPaBdab nig camber rbs;Ggt;smas)any:ageRcIn.
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
449
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
8> PaBdabGnuBaat
TamTareGayPaBdabEdl)anKNnaRtUvbMeBjtMrUvkar serviceability
nPaBdabGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;lkxNrcnasm<nepSgEdlmanerobrab;enAkgtarag 7>2. cMNaMfa
\TiBlryeBlEvgbgeGayPaBdab nig camber ekIneLIgeTAtameBl ehIyeFVIeGayebtug nigEdk
rgkugRtaMgelIs (overstress).
PaBdabGnuBaatrbs; AASHTO EdlbgajenAkgtarag 7>3 manlkNsuRkitCagedaysar karb:HTgcCalkNDINamic (dynamic impact) nbnkcltenAelIElVgs<an.
ACI Code
450
NPIC
cbi cit
h
e = cbe cte
h
t
= c cb
h
u =
u
c
451
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
452
NPIC
PCI
dMeNaHRsay
I g = 86,072in.4
WD = 1,019 plf = 84.9lb / in.
453
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
D =
5Wl 4
5 84.9(60 12)4
=
= 0.99in. (14mm )
384 Eci I g 384 3.49 10 6 86,072
SD =
5 8.3(60 12 )4
384 4.03 10 6 86,072
= 0.08in. (2.0mm )
L =
5 91.7(60 12 )4
384 4.03 10 6 86,072
= 0.93in. (24mm )
RbsinebImuxkat;maneRbH eKeRbItMlRbsiTPaBrbs; I e CMnYseGay I g . kareRbI PCI multiplier method sMrab;KNnaPaBdabenAeBldMNak;kaldMeLIg (30f) nigenAeBlmanPaBdabcugeRkay
edaysar service-load 5qaM taragxageRkamnwgbgajBItMlrbs;PaBdab nig camber ryeBlEvg
EdlTTYledayeRbIemKuN PCI enAkgtarag 7>1. RbsinebImuxkat;lkayCamuxkat;smaseRkay
eBldMeLIg eKeRbI I comp kgkarKNna L nig SD RbsinebIFwmRtUv)anTl;kgGMLgeBlcak; concrete topping. ehIyRbsinebIeKeRbIEdkFmta As enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMg eKRtUveRbIemKuNEdlkat;
bny (reduced multiplier). emKuN C1 RtUv)ankat;bnyedayemKuN C2 Edl
C2 =
C1 + As / A ps
1 + As / A ps
454
NPIC
edaysarEdkFmtaRKb;RKgkarrIkralFMnsameRbHedaysarkarBt;begageRkamGMeBIbnkryeBl Evg
dUcenHPaBrwgRkajrbs;vaRtUv)anbegIn. Ca]TahrN_ snt;faeKeRbIEdk 3#5 enAkgFwmeRbkug RtaMg
As
3 0.31
=
= 0.43
Aps
2.142
eyIgTTYl)an C2 = 2.01
Ca]TahrN_nkarEksMrYltMlEdlmanenAkgtarag 7>1 tMlrbs; camber edImnwgkayCa 3.80in.
CMnYseGay 4.63in. EdlbgajenAkgtarag edayeKeRbIemKuN 2.01 CMnYseGayemKuN 2.45 . eK
GaceFVIkarEksMrYlEdlmanlkNRsedogKaeTAelIPaBdabTaMgGs;edayeRbIemKuNEksMrYlEdlRtUvKa.
BItarag 7>4/ camber eRkayeBltMeLIg nigeRkayeBlrg superimposed dead load enAGayu
30f = 1.49in. (38mm ) . ehIy net camber cugeRkayeRkayGayu 5qaM = 0.79in. (20mm ) /
PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr = 0.93in. (24mm) ehIyPaBdabGnuBaat = l / 240 = (60 12) / 240
= 30in.(76mm ) > 0.79in. . enAkgkrNIenH RbsinebIeKsnt;fabnkGefrmanlkN transient enaH
vanwgRKb;RKan;.
f pi
ehIyeKsegteXIjfakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmankarekIneLIgenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg 7f
bnab;BIcak;ebtug/ 30fbnab;BIepr kartMeLIg nigkardak; superimposed dead load rYceRsc/ 90
f nig 5qaM. snt;fa ultimate creep coefficient Cu = 2.35 sMrab;ebtug nig f py = 230,000 psi
sMrab;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbIenAkgFwm. sg;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagcamber CamYynwgeBl nigPaB
dab CamYynwgeBledayeRbI Ec = 4.03 106 sMrab;RKb; incremental steps TaMgGs;kgkaredaHRsay
enH edayelIkElgenAeBlepr Edl f 'ci = 3,750 psi . snt;faFwmenHCaFwm post-tensioned. yk
E ps = 27.5 10 6 psi .
= 189,000 psi
dMeNaHRsay
455
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P
kNalElVg
TMr
f b = 2,242 psi(15.5MPa )
i = c + (e c )
24
8
i = 33.94 10
=
(60 12)
24
24
10 6 ( 33.94 2 19.65)
= 1.89in. (48mm )
TMgn;pal;
1019
4
5
(60 12 )
5wl
12
=+
=
= +0.99in. (25mm )
384 Ec I g 384 3.49 10 6 86,072
4
456
NPIC
emKuNGaRsynwgeBl
(a)
creep
BIsmIkar 3.10
CR =
Ct
( f cs ) = C1 cs
Ec
kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;nIv:U cgs
cs = bMErbMrYlrageFobenARtg;nIv:U cgs
CR = unit creep stain kgmYyktakugRtaMgeRkam ultimate creep = Cu / Ec
= 2.35 / 4.03 106 = 0.583 10 6 in. / in. kgmYyktakugRtaMg
cMNaMfa eKRtUvKNna creep strain enARtg;TMRbCMuTMgn;rbs;edIm,IKNnakMhatbg;edaysar creep
enAkgeRbkugRtaMg.
BIsmIkar 3.9b, emKuN creep enAeBlNakeday EdlKitCafKW
Edl
f cs =
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
= 0.583 10 6 30
0
.
60
0.60
10 + 30
10 + t
t 0.60
'CR , s = 'CR
kgmYyktakugRtaMg
Creep strain enAcenaHeBlepSgeTotRtUv)anKNnakgTMrg;dUcKa.
(b) karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug
BIsmIkar 3.15a sMrab; moist-cured concrete
= 0.254 10 6 in. / in.
SH , s =
t
SH
t + 35
30
800 10 6 = 369 10 6 in. / in.
30 + 35
457
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
(c)
rbs; strands
BIsmIkar 3>6
Relaxation
f pR
f pi
log t 2 log t1 f pi
=1
0.55
10
f py
f pR
f pi
10
230,000
f bcc = 3,524
bcc =
3,080
4.03 10
f bec = 2,242
26.02
= 3,080 psi (C )(21.2MPa )
26.02 + 3.75
= 764 10 6 in. / in.
19.66
= 1,250 psi (C )(9.3MPa )
19.66 + 13.00
458
NPIC
bec =
1,350
4.03 10
459
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
P30 ect
89,658 22.02 8.23
1 2 =
1
Ac
88.0
978
r
= +97 psi (T )
+ 97
= +24 10 6 in. / in.
ct =
6
4.03 10
P ec
89,658 22.02 25.77
f b = 30 1 + 2b =
= 683 psi (C )
1 +
Ac
88.0
978
r
683
= 169 10 6 in. / in.
cb =
6
4.03 10
(ii)
muxkat;elITMr
+ 18
et =
= 4 106 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
89,658 12.77 25.77
f b =
1 +
= 435 psi (C )
978
88.0
435
= 108 10 6 in. / in.
cb =
6
4.03 10
f t =
kNalElVg
t
CRc
= f 7t 'CR = 501 0.254 10 6 = 127 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re = 92 0.254 10 6 = 23 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b = 2,242 0.254 10 6 = 569 10 6 in. / in.
Net strains ( in. / in. )
net CR = CR ps
460
NPIC
elITMr
Ct Re b, net = Ct Re tpse = (23 4)10 6 = 19 10 6 in. / in.
C Re, net = C Re b pseb = ( 569 + 108)10 6 = 461 10 6 in. / in.
(ii) fiber gross strain
CakMeNagbEnmEdlbNalBIkMhatbg;enAcugbBab;n 30feRkayeBlepr
EdlQrelI adjusted net strain beKGacniyayma:geTotfaCakMeNInkMeNagsMrab; step enH.
kNalElVg
30
c30 =
t
CRcb, net CRc
, net
34
elITMr
e30 =
( 461 19)106
34
)
461
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
BIelIkmuneyIgman ci = 33.94 106 rad / in. nig ei = 19.65 106 rad / in. .
dUcenHkMeNagsrubenA 30fbnab;BIeprKW
T = i + 30
kNalElVg
TMr
(
)
BIrUbTI 7>6/ camber EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgenAcugbBab;n 30fsMrab; singly
harped tendon beam KW
Te30 = ( 19.65 14.12) 10 6 = 33.77 10 6 rad / in. 1.33 10 6 rad / mm
l2
l2
KW
30(camb.) =
24
24
= 3.24in. (82mm )
(d)
PaBdabryeBlEvgEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajenA 30fbnab;BIepr
snt;fa Ec = 4.03 106 psi CatMlm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugsmrmsMrab;EpkEdlenA
sl;n]TahrN_enH. eyIgman WD = 1,019 plf = 84.9lb / in. . dUcKa
2
PaBdabedaysarbnkpal; D = 3845WlE I = +0.99 (25mm) Edl)anBIelIkmun
c g
SD
100
(60 12)4
12
=
384 4.03 106 169,020
5
= 0.08in. (1.5mm )
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t
C =
0.60 u
300.60
10 + 300.60
2.35 = 1.02
462
NPIC
(camber)
feRkayeBlepr
Service-load step 90
(a)
kugRtaMgsrsebtug nigbMErbMrYlragfIEdlkat;bnyEdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
enAkgdMNak;kalelIkmun
bMErbMrYlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg = Pe
(i) kNalElVg
f t = 501 97 = 404 psi
elITMr
f t = +92 18 = 74 psi
BIrUbTI 7>21
f bcc = 2,841
26.02
= 2,483 psi
26.02 + 3.75
463
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
f bec = 1,807
19.66
= 1,088 psi
19.66 + 13.0
kNalElVg = 'CR fbcc = 0.095 106 ( 2,483) = 236 106 in. / in.
CR TMr = 'CR f bec = 0.095 10 6 ( 1,088) = 103 10 6 in. / in.
CR
kNalElVg
f t = +97
30,196
= +33 psi
89,658
f b = 230 psi
ct = +8 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 57 10 6 in. / in.
(ii)
Rtg;TMr
f t = +6 psi
f b = 147 psi
ct = +2 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 36 10 6 in. / in.
464
NPIC
kNalElVg
t
t
CRc
= f 30
'CR = 404 0.095 10 6 = 38 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re = 74 0.095 10 6 = +7 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b = 1,807 0.095 10 6 = 172 10 6 in. / in.
Net strain
kNalElVg
t
t
6
CRc
= 30 10 6 in. / in.
, net = 'CRc psc = (38 8) 10
elITMr
Ct Re, net = Ct Re tpse = (7 2) 10 6 = +5 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b, net = C Re b pseb = ( 172 + 36) 10 6 = 136 10 6 in. / in.
(ii) Curvature
kNalElVg
c90 =
t
CRcb, net CRc
, net
( 213 30)106
34
elITMr
e90
( 136 5)106
34
BIelImun eyIgman c30 = 58.32 106 rad / in. ehIy e30 = 33.77 106 rad / in. .
dUcenH curvature srub
T = 30 90
465
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
ehIy eyIgkman
Tc90 kNalElVg = ( 58.32 7.15)10 6 = 65.47 10 6 (1.72rad / mm )
Te90 elITMr = ( 33.77 4.15)10 6 = 37.92 10 6 (1.04rad / mm )
l2
l2
= 65.47 10
=
24
24
= 3.65in. (93mm )
(d)
PaBdabryeBlEvgEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajenA 90fbnab;BIepr
t = 90 f
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu =
900.60
10 + 900.60
2.35 = 1.41
Ct = 1.27 sMrab; t = 60 f
camber
466
NPIC
467
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
468
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
469
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
t=
kr =
1
1 + As / Aps
xNedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm = 1.89in.
i (D ) = PaBdabxNedaysarbnkefr = 0.99in.
i (SD ) = PaBdabxNedaysar superimposed dead-load = 0.08in.
L = PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr = +0.93in.
BIsmIkar 7.26, incremental time-step net deflection KW
i (Pi ) = pi = camber
1+
T = +
kr Cu i (Pi ) + kr Ct i (D ) + K a kr Ct i (SD )
2
T = p 1
P
+ (kr Ct ) + D [1 + kr Ct ] + SD [1 + K a kr Ct ] + L
Po
BIeBleprdl;eBldMeLIg 30f
83,281
= 0.91
2 462,672
kr = 1
K a = 1.25(30)0.118 = 0.84
Ct = 1.02
470
NPIC
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 1.41) +0.99(1 + 1.41) +0.08(1 + 0.74 1.41) +0.93
= 3.97 +3.48 = 0.49in. (12mm )
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 1.82 ) +0.99(1 + 1.82) +0.08(1 + 0.74 1.82 ) +0.93
= 4.68 +3.89 = 0.79in. (20mm )
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 2.12) +0.99(1 + 2.12) +0.08(1 + 0.74 2.12) +0.93
= 5.20 +4.16 = 1.01in. (26mm )
kareRbobeFobkarKNnaPaBdabedayviFITaMgbI
471
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
12> karKNnaPaBdabryeBlEvgrbs;
(21.9m ) rgnUv superimposed topping load WSD = 250 plf (3.65kN / m ) nig service live load WL
ec = 18.73in.(476mm )
ee = 12.81in.(325mm )
Camber, Deflection and Crack Control
472
NPIC
enAsrsxageRkam = 12
dMeNaHedayviFI I
!> kugRtaMgmuxkat;kNalElVg
enAeBlTaj (jacking)
f pi Edlsnt; = 0.945 f pj = 189,000 psi enAeBlepr
f pj = 200,000 psi
ec = 18.73in.(475mm )
Pi = 12 0.153 189,000 = 347,004lb(1,540kN )
(a)
641(72 )2
12 = 4,984,416in. lb
8
enAeBlepr
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
347,004 18.73 10.02 4,984,416
=
1
615
97
5,960
ft =
= +527.44 836.31
= 308.87 psi (C )
= 2,250 psi
BIsmIkar 4.1b
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
473
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
fb =
Pi ec cb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
= 2,958.95 + 1,834.53
= 1,124.42 psi (C )
(b)
O.K.
eRkayeBlcak;kMralxN
enAeBlenH snt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg 18%
f pe = 0.82 f pi = 0.82 189,000 = 154,980 psi
Pe = 12 0.153 154,980 = 284,543lb
sMrab;kMralxNkMras; 2in.
WSD =
M SD
2
10 ft 150 = 250 plf (3.6kN / m )
12
250(72 )2
=
12 = 1,944,000in. lb
8
BIsmIkar 4.18a
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
284,543 18.73 10.02 6,928,416
=
1
615
97
5,960
= +432.5 1,162.5 = 730 psi (5.0MPa ) < 0.45 f 'c = 2,250 psi
ft =
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.18b
fb =
Pi ec cb M D + M SD
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
r
yk 124 psi(T )
O.K.
vaCakugRtaMgtUcNas; enAeBlEdleKcak;ebtugkMralEdlKanTMr nigmuneBlGnuvt service load,
<< 12 f 'c = 89 psi .
(c) eRkayeBlcak;kMralxN
m:UDulmuxkat;sMrab;muxkat;smasEdlenABIelImuxkat;cak;Rsab;KW
= 2,426.33 + 2,550.02 = +123.7 psi (0.85MPa )
Sct =
77,118
= 10,337in.3
9.46 2
474
ML =
NPIC
280(72 )2
12 = 2,177,288in. lb(246kN .m )
8
BIsmIkar 4.19a
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S tc
f t = 730
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.19b
fb = +123.7 +
2,177,288
= +123.7 + 693.0
3,142
np =
3.12 106
= 0.77
4.03 106
= 0.77
2,177,288
= 207 psi (1.4MPa )(C )
8,152
= 0.77
2,177,288
= 162 psi (1.1MPa )(C )
10,337
@> kugRtaMgmuxkat;elITMr
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
475
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
eKRtUveFIVkarRtYtBinitRtg;prbs;TMr eKGaceFVIkarRtYtBinitEdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBbnicenA
Rtg; 50db BIcug
ec = 12.81in.
(a)
enAeBlepr
347,004 12.81 10.02
1
0
615
97
O.K.
enAeBlepr
Pi eel 2 Pi (ee ec )l 2
+
8Eci I g
24 Eci I g
476
NPIC
PaBdabedaysarbnkpal;sMrab;muxkat;Gt;eRbH D = 3845wlE I
ci g
D =
5 53.42(72 12 )
= 1.86in.(47 mm )
384 3.49 106 59,720
(
dUcenH net camber enAeBlepr
p =
Aps
bd p
12(0.153)
= 4.98 10 4
120 30.75
BIsmIkar 7.13
)
28.5 106
np =
= 7 RtUv)aneRbIenAkgsmIkar 7.13
4.03 106
smIkar 7.13 eGay Icr = 11,110in.4 (4.63 105 cm4 )
BIsmIkar 7.3a nigtMlrbs;kugRtaMg f pe nig fd RtUv)anKNnasMrab;srsxageRkamenAkNal
ElVgCamYynwg fr = 7.5 f 'c = 530 psi .
m:Um:g; M cr EdlbNalBIEpknbnkGefrEdlbgeGaymansameRbHKW
M cr = Sb (7.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
I cr = n p Aps d p2 1 1.6 n p p
= 1,275,652in. lb
m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuN M a = 2,177,288in. lb
M cr 1,275,652
=
= 0.586
M a 2,177,288
edayeRbIsmIkar 7.11
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
477
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
M cr
f fr
817 530
= 1 tl
=1
= 0.586
Ma
fL
693
M cr
Ma
= (0.586 )3 = 0.20
= 0.2(77,118) + (1 0.2)11,110
= 15,424 + 8,888 = 24,312in.4
1
wSD = (891 641) = 20.83lb / in.
12
1
wL = 280 = 23.33lb / in.
12
5wl 4
5 23.33(72 12 )4
=
L =
384 Ec I e 384 4.03 106 24,312
)
= 1.73in.(45mm ) CatMlmFm
enAeBlEdleKcak;ebtug topping 2in. BIelImuxkat;cak;Rsab; PaBdabEdlbNalBI topping
CamYynwg I = 59,720in.
4
SD =
5 20.83(72 12 )4
= +0.63in.
384 4.03 106 59,720
EdlbgeGaymansameRbH
f L = kugRtaMgTajEdlbgedaybnkGefrEtb:ueNaH
= 287 psi (T )
= 693 psi (T )
wL1 =
EpknbnkGrefEdlminbgeGaymansameRbH
= ( f L f net )
wL 693 287
=
280 plf
fL
693
L1
EdlbNalBI I g EdlGt;eRbH
5wL1l 4
5 13.68(72 12)4
=
L1 =
384 Ec I g 384 4.03 106 77,118
478
NPIC
= 0.32in.
wL 2 = wL wL1 =
cr
1
(280 164.1) = 9.66lb / in.
12
5wL 2l 4
5 9.66(72 12 )4
=
384 Ec I cr 384 4.03 106 11,110
= 1.57in.
PaBdabsrubedaysarbnkGefrmunkMhateRbkugRtaMg
= L1 + cr = 0.32 + 1.57 = 1.89in.
5 20.83(72 12 )4
= +0.63in.(16mm )
384 4.03 106 59,720
)
edayeRbI PCI multiplier enAdMNak;kalkMralxNRtUv)ancak; topping rYcral;ehIy 30f
nigeRkamGMeBI service load cugeRkay 5qaM xageRkamCataragtMlPaBdab
O.K.
479
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
x> rUbmnKNitviTasMrab;vinicysameRbH
Mathematical Model Formulation for Serviceability Evaluation
480
NPIC
T = acs o
(7.29)
(7.30)
At f 't
o f 'c
(7.31)
enAkg normal steel eRkam crack width load level EdlkgenHeKKit decompression load decompression enATIenHmannyfa f c = 0 enARtg;nIv:Urbs; reinforcing steel) CacMnuceFob. enaHsMrab; prestressed tendon
f s = f nt f d
(7.32)
481
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
bMErbMrYlrageFobkta (unit strain) s = f s / Es . edaysareKKitfa unit strain enAkgebtugmanlkNsMxan;edaysar\TiBlsItuNPaB karrYmmaD nig elastic shortening enaHeKGackMNt;
TMhMsameRbHdUcxageRkam
wmax = kacs s
b
wmax = k ' acs (f s )
Edl k nig CatMlefrEdl)anBIkarBiesaF.
(7.33)
(7.34)
K> smIkarsMrab;;FwmrgkarTajCamun
Expressions for Pretensioned Beams
80ksi
(7.35)
482
NPIC
X> smIkarsMrab;;FwmrgkarTajCaeRkay
Expressions for Post-tensioned Beams
483
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
At
(f s )
o
(7.38a)
sMrab;xat SI smIkarenHmanrag
wmax = 4.0 105
At
(f s )
o
(7.38b)
2
0.75 + 0.06 f 'c
(7.39a)
0 =
1
0.75 + 0.06 f 'c
(7.39b)
) f 'c
sMrab; post-tensioned beams, emKuNkat;bny 0 KW
Edl
f 'c
nigersIusg;rbs;EdkKitCa ksi .
484
NPIC
karpl;eGayEdleRbIsMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbHenAkgebtugGarem:tamryKMlatEdkRtUv)an
ykmkeRbIenAkg prestressed concrete bonded beam edaykarsnt; seamless transition rvagtMrUv
kar serviceability sMrab;Ggt;minrgeRbkugRtaMg nigGgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgeBjelj. emkanicnkarekIt
mansameRbHenAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMgxusKaBIenAkgebtugGarem:edaysarkarsgt;mun (initial imposed
precompression). ehIy\TiBlnlkxNbrisanb:HBal;y:agxaMgenAkgkrNIGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
edaysarbBaaERcHsIuenAkg tendon. karpl;eGayenHsnt;faKMlatrbs; bonded tendon minKYrFMCag
2 / 3 nKMlatGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg. smIkarsMrab;Ggt;rgeRbkugRtaMgkayCa
2 540
s =
2.5cs
3 f s
(7.40)
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 8(36 / f s ) .
sMrab;xat SI/ smIkarenHkayCa
2 95,000
s =
2.5cs
3 f s
(7.41)
485
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
c> \TiBlryeBlEvgeTAelIkarrIkFMnTTWgsameRbH
Long-Term Effects on Crack-width Development
karsikSaEdlmankarkMNt;elIkarrIkFM nigkarekIneLIgnsameRbHeTAtameBlbgajfa
sustained loading nig cyclic loading begInbrimaN microcracking enAkgebtug. ehIy microcracking EdlekItmaneRkamGMeBI service load enAkg partially prestressed beams hak;minCH\TiBl
elIersIusg; b serviceability rbs;Ggt;ebtugeT. b:uEn macroscopic crack BitCaman\TiBlCaBiess
ERcHsIuEdk nig appearance. dUcenH karekIneLIgnTMhMsameRbH EdlbNalBI sustained loading
CH\TiBly:agxaMgdl;PaBrwgmaM (durability) rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMgedayminKitfaGgt;eRbkugRtaMgenH
manragCargVg; dUcCaGag bCabnat; dUcCaFwm. BtmanEdlTTYlBI sustained load test rhUtdl;
eTABIrqaM nig fatigue test rhUtdl;eTAmYylanCMubgajfaeKGacrMBwgnwgTTYl)anTMhMsameRbHFMCagBIr
dg. dUcenH visVkrRtUvvinicyedayKitBITMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHeRkamGMeBIlkxNrgbnkryeBlEvg.
q> TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaH
Tolerable Crack-widths
486
NPIC
Pretensioned T-Beam
dMeNaHRsay
Mean stabilized crack spacing
At = 7 14 = 98in.2
7
o = 15D = 15 = 20.62in.
16
A
98
acs = 1.2 t = 1.2
= 5.7in.(145mm )
o
20.62
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdk
A
98
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
30
o
20.62
= 834.1 105 in. 0.0083in.(0.21mm )
487
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;Fwm
Ri =
25 10.36
= 1.31
25 10.36 3.5
Pretensioned T-Beam
EdlmanEdkmin
dMeNaHRsay
Mean stabilized crack spacing
7 + 1 3 = 14 6.84 = 95.8in.2
At = 14 3 1.75 + 12 16
8
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdk
A
95.8
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
30
o
27.7
488
NPIC
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;Fwm
Ri =
25 10.6
= 1.24
25 10.6 2.75
Pretensioned I-Beam
EdlmanEdkFmta
dMeNaHRsay
489
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
7 + 1 5 = 122.06in.2
At = 18 3 1.75 + 12 16
16
o = 20D + 4 2.75 = 20
7
+ 4 2.75 = 38.49in.
16
A
122.06
acs = 1.2 t = 1.2
= 3.8in.(97mm )
o
38.49
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdk
A
122.06
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
20
o
38.49
= 371.0 105 in. 0.0037in.(0.1mm )
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;Fwm
Ri =
36 19.23
= 1.2
36 19.23 2.79
TMhMsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;karsMGatRBwl
BItarag 7>9/ TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHGtibrmasMrab;karsMGatRBwlKW wmax = 0.007 > 0.004in. .
dUcenHtMrUvkar serviceability KWRKb;RKan;.
17> karKNnaTMhM nigKMlatsameRbHenAkg
minrgeRbkugRtaMg
Post-tensioned T-Beam
EdlmanEdk
490
dMeNaHRsay
NPIC
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdk
A
96
wmax = 6.51 105 t f s = 6.51 105
30
o
25.93
= 0.0072in.(0.18mm )
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;Fwm
Ri =
22 9.31
= 1.46
22 9.31 4
TMhMsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;briyakasesIm (humidity)
BItarag 7>9/ TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHGtibrmasMrab;sanPaB humidity KW 0.012in.(0.3mm)
> 0.0102in.(0.26mm ) . dUcenHtMrUvkar serviceability KWRKb;RKan;.
491
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
VIII.
Ggt;rgkarTaj nigrgkarsgt;eRbkugRtaMg
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
492
NPIC
(8.1)
karsnt;CamUldansMrab;ssrebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarsnt;sMrab;ssr
ebtugGarem:Edr. karsnt;TaMgenaHmandUcxageRkam
!> karBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugERbRbYlCalkNbnat;eTAtamkMBs;muxkat;.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
493
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
494
NPIC
cMnucsMxan;bIenAelIdaRkam interaction KW
!> M u = 0 EdlRtUvKaeTAnwg 0 = 0.002in. / in. enAeBl)ak;edaysarbnkcMpit Pu .
TItaMgGkSNWtKWenAGnn.
@> KankarTajenARtg;srsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug ehIy cu = 0.003in. / in. enA
Rtg;srsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug. TItaMgGkSNWtsitenAelIsrsrgkarTaj
xageRkAbMput.
#> Pu = 0 nig cu = 0.003in. / in. enARtg;srsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMput. GkSNWtsitenA
xagkgmuxkat; ehIyRtUv)ankMNt;eday trail and adjustment edaysnt;kMBs; c .
rUbTI 8>2 bgajBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobsMrab;krNITaMgbIxagelI.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
495
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
496
NPIC
(8.2a)
(8.2b)
nig
Tsn = f ps Aps1
smIkarlMnwgrbs;kMlaMgKW
(8.2c)
(8.3)
RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlkMhatbg;TaMgGs;Ca Pe enaHbMErbMrYlrag
eFobenAkg tendon munnwgkarGnuvtrbs;bnkxageRkAKW
pe =
f pe
E ps
(Aps
Pe
A' ps E ps
(8.4a)
(8.4b)
(8.4c)
(8.4d)
b
dUcKa
b
c d'
T 'sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
d c
Tsn = A' ps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
(8.5)
(8.6)
497
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.2a, 8.5, 8.6 ni 8.7 eKGackMNt; nominal strength Pu nig M u sMrab;cMNakpit
ei epSg edIm,Isg;daRkam interaction P M sMrab;muxkat;NamYy bbegIt nondimensional
series ndaRkam interaction P M sMrab;ersIusg;ebtugepSg. ersIusg;KNna (design strength)
RtUv)anKNnaBItMl nominal strength
Pu = Pn
M u = M n = Pn e
nig
Edl CaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;. cMNaMfa tMl Pu nig M u KNnaRtUvman
tMlEk,r EtminRtUvtUcCagtMl Pu nig M u emKuNeT. rUbTI 8>4 bgajBIdaRkamTMnak;TMngbnk
nigm:Um:g;EdlmancMNakpit.
498
3> emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
NPIC
sMrab;Ggt;rgkarBt;begag nigrgbnktamGkStUc enaHGgt;rgkar)ak;eday tension reinforcement eFVIkardl; yield ehIykareFVIkarCalkNsVit (ductile) rbs;Ggt;mankarekIneLIg. dUc
enH sMrab;bnktamGkStUc eKGnuBaateGaybegInemKuN BIGVIEdleK)antMrUvsMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;
suT. enAeBlEdlminmanbnktamGkS Ggt;RbQmnwgkarBt;begagsuT (pure flexure) ehIyemKuN
kat;bnyersIusg; esInwg 0.90 .
rUbTI 4>45 bgajBI transition zone EdlenAkgenaHeKGacbegInemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; BI
0.65 sMrab; tied column eTA 0.70 sMrab; spirally reinforced column eTAdl; 0.90 sMrab; pure
flexure enAkg strain limits approach. Balanced limit strain sMrab; compression-controlled state
RtUv)ankMNt;eday limiting strain t = 0.002in. / in. bpleFobkMBs;GkSNWt c / dt = 0.60 sMrab;
Ggt;rgkarsgt;. eKGacBicarNatMl Pn = 0.10 f 'c Ag Ca design axial load EdltM;ltUcCagenH
eKGacbegIntMl edaysuvtiPaBsMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;PaKeRcInEdlsitenAkg transition zone n
rUbTI 4>45. eKGaceFVI interpolation ntMl sMrab; transition zone BI limit stain state rgkar
sgt; ( t = 0.002) eTA limit strain state rgkarTaj ( t = 0.005) dUcenAkgsmIkar 4.36 (a) nig
4.36 (b) dUcxageRkam
(a) CaGnuKmn_nbMErbMrYlrageFob
Tied section
0.65 [ = 0.48 + 83 t ] 0.90
(8.8a)
Spirally-reinforced section:
0.70 [ = 0.57 + 67 t ] 0.90
(8.8b)
CaGnuKmn_npleFobkMBs;GkSNWt
Tied section
(b)
0.25
0.65 = 0.23 +
0.90
c / dt
(8.9a)
Spirally-reinforced section:
0.20
0.70 = 0.37 +
0.90
c / dt
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
(8.9b)
499
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
cMNaMfa balanced strain condition enAkgGgt;rgkarsgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmandWeRkminkMNt;x<s;. eKGaceRbIviFIsmrm (trial and adjustment) edIm,IedaHRsayedaysnt;tMl ps = 0.0012
eTA 0.0020in. / in. bnab;BIrg service load nigedayKNnakMBs;bkkugRtaMg a rbs;muxkat;ebtug.
eKRtUvepgpat;karsnt;enH ehIyeKRtUvEktMrUv nominal moment sMrab; limit stain condition 't =
0.002 eRkayeBlsg;daRkam interaction rYc. tamviFIenH eKGaceFVIeGaytMlm:Um:g;Gtibrmaman
lkNRbesIreLIgsMrab; balanced strain limit state rgkarsgt; EdlsMEdgedaykMBs;GkSNWt cb
RbsinebIcaM)ac;.
4> dMeNIrkarsMrab;sikSaKNnaGgt;xIrgkarsgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Operational Procedure for the Design of Nonslender Prestressed Compression Members
eKGacGnuvtCMhanxageRkamsMrab;sikSaKNnassrxIEdlkareFVIkarrbs;vaRKb;RKgedaykar)ak;
edaysMPar
!> KNnabnktamGkSxageRkAemKuN Pu nigm:Um:g;emKuN M u . KNnacMNakpitEdlGnuvt
e = M u / Pu .
@> snt;muxkat; nigRbePTrbs;EdkxagEdlRtUveRbI dUcCa tied b spiral. eKminRtUveRCIserIs
muxkat;tUc.
#> snt;cMnYn nigTMhMrbs; strand.
$> snt;fabMErbMrYlrageFobenAsrsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputesInwgbMErbMrYlrageFobEdlsnt;
ps rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigbnab;mkbnKNna balanced limit strain axial load Pnb nig
m:Um:g; M nb enARtg; limit strain t = 0.002 . CMhanenHkGaceGayeKepgpat;tMlrbs;
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;pgEdr. m:Um:g; M nb )anBItMl strain ps EdkeGaym:Um:g;Gtibrma
enAkgdaRkam interaction.
%> snt;kMBs;GkSNWt c ehIykMNt;rk Pn nig M n . bnab;mkRtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;mux
kat;Edlsnt; eday Pn > Pu emKuN nig M n > M u . RbsinebImuxkat;minGacRTbnkem
KuN bvamanmuxkat;FMeBk eKRtUveRCIserIsmuxkat; nigEdkeLIgvijtamry trial and adjustment edayGnuvtCMhan $ nig% eLIgvij edayrYmTaMgkarsg;daRkam interaction.
^> sikSaKNnaEdkxag (lateral reinforcement).
rUbTI 8>5 bgajBI flowchart nCMhan trial-and-adjustment kgkarviPaK nigsikSaKNna.
Prestressed Compression and Tension Members
500
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
501
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
enAeBl)ak; (failure)
P
ce = 0.0005in. / in. enAeBl Pe eFVIGMeBIenAelImuxkat; = e
AE
cu = 0.003in. / in.
c c
e2
1 +
r2
BIrUbTI 8>9.
snt;tMlsmrmn p nigeFVIkarEktMrUvRbsinebIcaM)ac;.
py = strand yield strain 0.012in. / in.
502
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
c d'
T ' sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
)
psi (200 10 MPa ) /
pe
= 0.0052in. / in.
ehIy cu = 0.003
2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
503
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.6
d c
Tsn = A ps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
12
= 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
= 47,920lb(213kN )
BIsmIkar 8.2
Pn = Ccn T ' sn Tsn = 999,600 47,920 47,920
= 903,760lb(4,020kN )
BIsmIkar 8.7
14
14 14
14
=0
M
e1 = n = 0
Pn
a = 1c = 0.75 14 = 10.5in.(267 mm )
14 2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
14
= 55,526lb(247 kN )
12 14
Tsn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
14
= 93,557lb(416kN )
= 1,502,130in. lb(170kN .m )
504
e2 =
NPIC
1,502,130
= 2.50in.(63.5mm )
600,617
A ps f ps
0.612 240,000
= 2.06in.(52.3mm )
0.85 6,000 14
0.85 f 'c b
2.06
c=
= 2.75in.(69.9mm )
0.75
a
2.06
M n = A ps f ps d = 0.612 240,00012
2
2
= 1,611,274in. lb
1,611,274
e3 =
=
0
c
0.003
= cu =
(d c ) p 0.0014
dUcenH c = 8.15in.(207mm) .
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
505
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
8.13 2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.13
= 61,018lb(271kN )
12 8.13
Tsn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.13
= 126,509lb(563kN )
= 2,047,838in. lb(272kN .m )
2,047,838
e4 = e =
= 8.26in.(210mm )
248,013
kUGredaensMrab;krNITaMgbYnBIelIkmunCacMnucGegtenAelIdaRkam interaction Pn M n . eK
kRtUvKNnacMnucepSgeTotpgEdr edIm,ITTYl)andaRkamsuRkitEdlRKbdNb;elIkardak;bnkRKb;Ebb
y:ag. Ca]TahrN_ eKRtUvkMNt;cMnucbEnmrvagkUGredaenenAcenaHkrNITIBIr nigkrNITIbI edaysnt;tM
lbEnmnkMBs;GkSNWt c nigkMNt; Pn / M n nig e sMrab;tMl c Edl)ansnt;. tarag 8>1 segb
BItMlnkUGredaenEdleRbIsMrab;sg;daRkam interaction Pn M n kdUcCadaRkam interaction
Pu M u . BIdaRkam eyIgeXIjfaGredaennm:Um:g;GtibrmamantMlEk,rnwg M n = 2,047,838in. lb
dUcenHkarsnt; cb = 8.15in. KWepgpat;.
506
NPIC
= 1,450,147in. lb(164kN .m )
minGaceRbI)an
ACI Code TamTareGay design axial load strength Gtibrma Pn sMrab; tied prestressed
column minRtUvFMCag 0.80Pn ehIysMrab; spirally reinforced prestressed columns minRtUvFMCag
0.85Pn eT. dUcenH eyIgman
Pu1 = Pn = 0.65 903,760 = 587,444lb
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
507
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
6> sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;eday
Buckling
rbs;ssrEvgeRbkugRtaMg
508
NPIC
509
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
510
NPIC
(8.10a)
EI / lu columns
EI / ln beams
(8.11)
20 m
1 + m
20
(8.12a)
sMrab; m 2
k = 0.9 1 + m
(8.12b)
(8.13)
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
511
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Buckling Considerations
512
NPIC
513
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
CBaaMg mansameRbH
0.35I g
Flate plates nig flat slabs
0.25I g
(c) RkLap 1.0 Ag
(d) kaMniclPaN (radius of gyration) r = 0.3h sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN Edl h CaTMhMenAkgTis
EdlKitesrPaB b r = 0.25D sMrab;muxkat;rgVg; Edl D CaGgt;pitrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;.
eKKYrEckm:Um:g;niclPaBCamYynwg (1 + d ) enAeBlEdl sustained lateral load manGMeBI b
sMrab;RtYtBinitesrPaB Edl d CaemKuN creep dUcenH
d =
k>
(8.14)
514
NPIC
M c = ns M 2
Cm
ns =
1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
Pc =
2 EI
(8.15)
(8.16a)
(8.16b)
(klu )2
EI =
0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
1 + d
0.4 Ec I g
(8.16c)
1 + d
Cm = 0.6 +
M1
0.4
M2
(8.17)
(8.18)
Edl h KitCa in. . sMrab;xat SI M 2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) Edl h KitCamIlIEm:Rt. ma:gvijeTot cM
NakpitGb,brmaenAkgssrEvgKW emin = 0.6 + 0.03h . RbsinebI M 2,min FMCagmU:m:g;Gnuvtn_ M 2 eK
KYryktMlrbs; Cm enAkgsmIkar 8.17 esInwg 1.0 bedayEpkelIm:Um:g;cug M1 nig M 2 EdlKNna
Cak;Esg.
eRKagEdlBRgwgRbqaMgnwg side-sway bBRgwgeday shear wall KYrman lateral deflection tUc
Cag hs / 1500 . enAeBlEdl lateral deflection FMCagpleFobenH eKRtUveFVIeGaym:Um:g;bEnmEdlbg
eday side sway mantMlGb,brma nigkat;bny lateral drift BIeRKag nigBIssr.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
515
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
x>
(8.19)
(8.20)
(8.21)
Ms
M s 2.5
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
(8.22)
35
Pu / f 'c Ag
516
NPIC
Edl
Pu o
Vu lc
(8.23a)
bnkbBarsrubenAkgmYyCan;
Vu = kMlaMgkat;tamCan; (story shear)
o = first-order relative deflection rvagxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Can;EdlbNalBI Vu
lc = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;enAkgeRKagEdlvagBIGkSrbs;tMN
Non-sway magnification factor edayeRbItY Q KW
Pu =
s =
1
1.0
1 Q
(8.23b)
517
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
CakarviPaKeRKagEdlrYmbBal\TiBlkMlaMgkgEdl)anBI lateral displacement (deflection) rbs;ssr. enAeBleKGnuvtkarviPaKEbbenHedIm,IkMNt; s M s enAkg nonbraced frame eKRtUvKNnaPaBdabedayEpkelI fully cracked section CamYynwgtMl stiffness EI
Edlkat;bny. tMlRbhak;RbEhldUckareRbI first-order analysis eRcInCMu ehIykarviPaKGaceFVIeGay
prismatic section kan;EtRbesIreLIg. b:uEnkarviPaKKYrepgpat;faersIusg;EdlrMBwgTukrbs;Ggt;rgkar
sgt;neRKageRKOgbgMsitenAkgcenaH 15% nlTplsMrab;ssrenAkgeRKOgbgMebtugGarem:min
kMNt;. lTplCaragFrNImaRtrbs;Ggt;EdlRtUvviPaKRtUvRsedogKanwgragFrNImaRtrbs;Ggt;Edl
RtUvsagsg;. RbsinebIGgt;enAkgeRKOgbgMcugeRkaymanTMhMmuxkat;xusBIGVIEdlva)ansnt;kgkar
viPaK 10% eKRtUvGnuvtkarKNnaCafI.
Second-order analysis CaviFIsarcuHsareLIgn\TiBl P eTAelIssrRsav EdlrYmbBal
TaMg shear deformation. dUcenH eKGaceRbIkmviFIkMuBTrRbesIrCakarKNnaedaydkgkarsikSa
KNnassrRsavrbs;eRKag. b:uEn ssrebtugPaKeRcInenAkgeRKagsMNg;minRtUvkarkarviPaKEbbenH
eT edaysarpleFob (klu / r ) eRcInEttUcCag 100 .
Second-order analysis
518
NPIC
(8.24)
eKGacsegbdMeNIrkarKNnadUcxageRkam
!> eRCIserIsmuxkat;rbs;eRKag nig stiffness EI rbs;vaedaytMlRbhak;RbEhl
@> KNna drift (lateral deflection i nig ultimate load Pu,i enARtg;tMN i = 1,..., n rUbTI
8>13.
#> KNnarkkMlaMgtamTisedksmmUl H i BI H i = Pi i / hi rUbTI 8>13 b.
$> bEnmtMlEdlTTYl)anenAkgCMhan # eTAelI lateral load Cak;EsgenAelIeRKag.
%> Gnuvt frame analysis edayeRbI kmviFIkMuBTrEdlsmRsb.
^> Iterative computer program EdleRbI stiffness EI pl;eGay i EdlRtUveRbobeFobCa
mYynwgtMlGnuBaat xi .
&> RbsinebItMlrbs; i TaMgGs; tMlrbs; xi TaMgGs; enaHeKGacTTYlykdMeNaHRsay
nigkarsikSaKNnaCadMeNaHRsay second-order. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUv run kmviFI
edaybEnmcMnYnCMuCamYynwg modified stiffness rhUtdl;eKTTYl)anlTplEdleKcg;)an.
eKGaceRbIkmviFIkMuBTrepSgedIm,IKitbBal\TiBl P enAkgeRKag side-sway. kmviFI
TaMgenaHrYmman Strudel, PCA Frame, STAAD Pro ,or CSI Sap 2000 nigkviFIdTeTot.
9>
!> kMNt;faetIeRKagman side-sway FMbGt;. RbsinebIvaman side-sway FM eRbI magnifycation factors ns nig s . RbsinebIeKecal side-sway, snt;fa s = 0 . bnab;mk
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
519
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
520
NPIC
10> sikSaKNnassreRbkugRtaMgEvg
Design of Slender (Long) Prestressed Column
]TahrN_ 8>2 Square tied prestressed bonded co,umn CaEpkrbs;eRKagGKar 5 3bays Edlrg
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
)
521
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
cu = 0.003in. / in.
ce = 0.0005in. / in.
enAeBl)ak;
enAeBl Pe eFVIGMeBIelImuxkat;
d ' = 2in.(50.8mm )
sMrab;Edkkg
daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlragrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKWdUcenAkgrUbTI 8>7.
f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
522
NPIC
KNnacMNakpitEdlRtUveRbIsMrab;ssrxIsmmUl CMhan @
BI chart enAkgrUbTI 8.12 (b)/ k = 1.45 nig slenderness ration KW
klu 1.45 15 12
=
= 58.0
r
0.3 15
EI =
1 + d
2.5
1 0.4
dUcenH
2 EI
(klu )2
2 5.34 109
68.1 103
= 773,132lb = 773.1kips(3,439kN )
Cm = 1.0
Cm
1.0
=
= 2.07
300,000
Pu
1
1
0.75 773,132
0.75Pc
Design moment M c = ns M 2 ns = 2.07 750,000
Moment magnifier ns =
= 1,552,500in. lb(184kN .m )
523
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.5
8.3 2
T 'sn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.3
= 73,318lb(385kN )
BIsmIkar 8.6
13 8.3
Tsn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.3
= 158,482lb(704kN )
15
15 6.23
M nb = 476,595
= 73,318 2 + 158,48213
2
2
2
2
= 2,103,124in. lb(237.7kN .m )
M
2,103,124
eb = nb =
= 9.17in.(233mm ) > e
Pnb
229,310
Cak;Esg = 5.18in.
ssreRbkugRtaMgEdlrgbnkEdlmancMNakpittUcnwg)ak;edaykarsgt;. ehIy = 0.65 dUckarsnt.;
snt;kMBs;GkSNWt c = 12in.
a = 1c = 0.75 12 = 9.0in.
BIsmIkar 8.1a
Prestressed Compression and Tension Members
524
NPIC
BIsmIkar 8.5
c d'
T 'sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
12 2
= 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
12
= 68,544lb
BIsmIkar 8.6
d c
Tsn = Aps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
13 12
= 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
12
= 127,449lb
BIsmIkar 8.2
Pn = Ccn T ' sn Tsn
11.2 2
T 'sn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
11.2
= 69,309lb
13 11.2
Tsn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
11.2
= 132,421lb
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
525
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.7
15
15
15 8.4
= 642,600
69,309 2 + 132,42113
2
2
2
2
= 2,467,696in. lb > 2,338,462in. lb(678.8kN .m > 250kN .m ) O.K.
2,467,696
e=
= 5.5 e
= 5.18in.
448,870
Cak;Esg
TTYlyk)an
dUcenH TTYlykmuxkat; 15in. 15in. CamYynwg 7-wire stress-relieved 270-K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.
cMnYn 5 enARCugnImYynpEdlenARsbnwgGkSNWt. bnab;mk sikSaKNnaEdkkg (transverse tie)
EdlcaM)ac;.
@> sMrab;bnkTMnaj nigbnkxl; (gravity and wind loading [sidesway])
BIdMeNaHRsaycMnucTI ! eyIgman
Pe = 773,132lb nig U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.6W . ehIy U = 0.9 D + 1.6W minlub.
Pu = (300,000 + 24,000) = 324,000lb / M 2b = 750,000in. lb nig M 2t = 220,000in. lb .
RtYtBinitfa gravity moment RtUvkarm:Um:g;bEnmbGt;
35
=
Pu
f 'c At
l
35
= 71.4 > u = 40
r
324,000
6,000 225
1.0
1.0
=
= 1.24
6
Pu
4
.
5
10
1
1
0.75 Pc
0.75 31.0 106
BIsmIkar 8.15
M c = M 2ns + s M 2 s = 750,000 + 1.24 220,000
= 1,022,800in. lb
324,000
Pn
=
= 498,462lb
0.65
1,022,800
Mn
=
= 1,573,538in. lb
0.65
1,573,538
e=
= 3.16in. < eb = 9.17in. < e
498,462
EdlRtUvkar
EdlRtUvkar
cMNakpit
Cak;Esg = 5.18in.
526
NPIC
11> Ggt;rgkarsgt;rgkarBt;BIrTis
k>
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
527
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
ssrEdlenAkac;RCugrbs;GKarCaGgt;rgkarsgt;EdlRbQmnwgkarBt;BIrTisKWeFobnwgGkS
x nigGkS y dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>16. m:Um:g;Bt;BIrTisenHekItmanedaysarbnkminesIKaenAelI
ElVgEk,r ehIyCaBiessvaekItmanenAelIssrs<an (bridge pier). ssrEbbenHrgnUvm:Um:g; M xx eFob
nwgGkS x EdlbegItcMNakpit e y nigrgnUvm:Um:g; M yy eFobnwgGkS y EdlbegItcMNakpit ex . dUc
enHGkSNWtsitenAelIbnat;eRTtEdlpM)anmMu CamYynwgbnat;edk.
mMu GaRsynwg interaction nm:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkSTaMgBIr CamYynwgTMhMnbnksrub Pu . RkLaprgkarsgt; (compressive area) enAkgmuxkat;ssrGacmanTMrg;NamYydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
8>16 (c). edaysarssrEbbenHRtUv)ankMNt;BIeKalkarN_TImYy eKGnuBaateGayeRbIviFIsaRs
trial-and-adjustment enAeBlEdl compatibility of strain RtUv)anrkSaenARtg;RKb;nIv:UTaMgGs;rbs;
EdkBRgwg. eKRtUvkarkarKNnabEnmeTot edaysarTItaMgrbs; bg;GkSNWteRTt nigTMrg;rbs;RkLaprgkarsgt;rbs;ebtugGacmanTMrg;bYnxusKa.
rUbTI 8>17 bgajBIkarBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFob nigbgajBIkMlaMgenAelImuxkat;ssrctuekaN
EdlrgbnkBIrGkS. Gc CaTIRbCMuTMgn;RkLapsgt;rbs;ebtug EdlmankUGredaen xc nig yc BIGkS
NWttamGkS x nig y erogKa. Gst CaTItaMgpb (resultant position) rbs;kMlaMgEdkenAkgRkLap
rgkarTajEdlmanTItaMgkUGredaen xst nig yst BIGkSNWttamGkS x nig y erogKa. BIsmIkarlMnwgn
kMlaMgxagkg nigxageRkA
Pn = 0.85 f 'c Ac + Fsc Fst
Edl
(8.25)
RkLapntMbn;sgt;EdlRKbdNb;edaybkkugRtaMgctuekaN
Fsc = kMlaMgpbrbs;Edksgt; ( A's f sc )
Fst = kMlaMgpbrbs;EdkTaj ( As f st )
dUcKa BIsmIkarlMnwgnm:Umg: ;xagkg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA
Ac =
(8.26a)
(8.26b)
eKRtUvsnt;TItaMgrbs;GkSNWtenAkgkarsakl,gnImYy ehIykugRtaMgEdlKNnaenAkgEdkBRgwg
nImYymansmIkardUcxageRkam
f si = Es si = Ec c
si
< fy
c
(8.27)
528
NPIC
M nx
M ox
Edl
M ny
+
M oy
= 1.0
(8.28)
M nx = Pn e y
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
529
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
M ny = Pn ex
Rtg;bnktamGkS Pn Edl M ny b ex = 0
M oy = M ny Rtg;bnktamGkS Pn Edl M nx b e y = 0
m:Um:g; M ox nig M oy CaersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlTb;Tl;smmUltMrUvkar (required equivalent resisting moment strength) eFobGkS x nigGkS y erogKa Edl 1 nig 2 CaniTsSnEdlGaRsynwgrag
FrNImaRtmuxkat; PaKryEdk TItaMgrbs;Edk nigkugRtaMgsMPar f 'c nig f y .
M ox = M nx
M
M nx
+ ny
M oy
M ox
= 1.0
(8.29)
Edl = log 0.5 / log . rUbTI 8>19 bgajBIdaRkam contour ABC BIsmIkar 8.27.
sMrab;karsikSaKNna/ eKKitExS contour Cabnat;Rtg; AB nig BC edaytMlRbhak;RbEhl/
ehIyeKGacsMrYlsmIkar 8.29 CaBIrkrNI
530
NPIC
(8.30a)
M nx 1
= 1 .0
M ox
(8.30b)
enAkgsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIenH ersIusg;m:Um:g;tamGkSmYysmmUlEdllubCak;Esg (actual controlling equivalent uniaxial moment strength) M oxn b M oyn y:agehacNas;RtUvsmmUleTAnwg
required controlling moment strength M ox nig M oy nmuxkat;ssrEdleRCIserIs.
sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdleKBRgayEdkedaybrimaNesIKaRKb;RCugTaMgGs;rbs;muxkat;ssr
enaHeKGacykpleFob M oy / M ox RbEhlesInwg b / h . enAkgkrNIenH eKGacsMrYlsmIkar 8.30
dUcxageRkam
!> sMrab; MM ny > bh
nx
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
531
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
M ny + M nx
b 1
M oy
h
(8.31a)
h 1
M ox
b
(8.31b)
@> sMrab; MM ny bh
nx
M nx + M ny
b M oy sMrab;karsikSaKNnamuxkat;KWCatMlEdlFM
CageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIrEdlkMNt;enAkgsmIkar 8.31.
eKeRbIdaRkamenAkgrUbTI 8>20 kgkareRCIserIs kgkarviPaK nigsikSaKNnassr. Cakar
Bit eKGacniyayfa modified load-contour enAkgsmIkar 8.31 CaviFIsMrab;kMNt; equivalent
required moment strength M ox nig M oy sMrab;sikSaKNnassr RbsinebIvargkMlaMgtamTismYy.
Controlling required moment strength M ox
532
NPIC
K> Step-by-Step Operational Procedure for the Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns
eKGaceRbICMhanxageRkamCaeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;sikSaKNnassrEdlrgkarBt;tamTis x
nigTis y . viFIsaRssnt;RkLapEdkenARKb;RCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssrmanbrimaNesIKa.
!> KNna uniaxial bending moment edaysnt;cMnYnEdkenAelIRCugnImYyrbs;ssresIKa.
snt;tMlrbs; interaction contour factor enAcenaH 0.50 nig 0.70 nigpleFobrbs;
h / b . pleFobenHGacmantMlRbhak;RbEhlnwg M nx / M ny . edayeRbIsmIkar 8.31
kMNt; equivalent required uniaxial moment M ox b M oy . RbsinebI M nx FMCag M ny
yk M ox sMrab;karKNna nigpymkvij.
@> snt;muxkat;sMrab;ssr nigpleFobEdk = ' 0.01 eTA 0.02 enAelIRCugnImYyrbs;
RCugTaMgBIrEdlRsbnwgGkSnkarBt;rbs; equivalent moment NaEdlFMCag. bnab;mk
eRCIserIsmuxkat;dMbUgrbs;Edk nigepgpat;lTPaB Pn nmuxkat;ssrEdlsnt;. sMrab;kar
sikSaKNnaEdlmanlNeBjelj eKeRbIbrimaNEdkbeNaydUcKaenAelIRCugTaMgbYn.
#> KNna actual nominal moment strength M oxn sMrab; equivalent uniaxial bending
eFobGkS x enAeBl M ox = 0 . vaRtUvmantMly:agehacNas;smmUlnwg required
moment strength M ox .
$> KNna actual nominal moment strength M oyn sMrab; equivalent uniaxial bending
moment eFobGkS y enAeBlEdl M oy = 0 .
%> kMNt; M ny edaybBal M nx / M oxn nigtMlsakl,g eTAkgdaRkamExSekagemKuN
nrUbTI 8>20.
^> Gnuvt trial and adjustment elIkTIBIr edaybegIntMlsnt; RbsinebItMl M ny Edl
TTYl)anBIkarbBaleTAkg chart tUcCagtMl required M ny . GnuvtCMhanenHeLIgvij
rhUtdl;tMln M ny xitCitKa tamrykarpas;br bpas;brmuxkat;.
&> sikSaKNa lateral ties niglMGitmuxkat;.
Flowchart sMrab;CMhandMbUgkgkarkMNt;tMl controlling moment enAkg biaxially loaded
column RtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI 8>21.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
533
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12> karBicarNakgkarsikSaKNnaGnuvtn_
Practical Design Considerations
xageRkamCaeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;karsikSaKNna nigkartMerobEdkenAkgkarsikSaKNna
Gnuvtn_.
534
x> EdkxagsMrab;ssr
NPIC
!> EdkcMNgxag
Lateral ties
eKRtUvkar lateral reinforcement edIm,IkarBar spalling rbs; concrete cover b local buckling
rbs;EdkbeNay. EdkBRgwgxagRtUvmanTMrg;Ca ties EdlBRgayedaycenaHesItamkMBs;rbs;ssr.
EdlbeNayEdlmanKMlatBIKa 6in. KYrRtUv)anTb;eday lateral ties dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>22.
eKRtUvGnuvttameKalkarN_ENnaMxageRkamsMrab;kareRCIserIsTMhM nigKMlatrbs; ties:
!> TMhMrbs;EdkcMNg bEdjkg (tie) minRtUvtUcCag #3(9.5mm) .
@> KMlatbBarsMrab; tie minRtUvFMCag
(a) 48 dgnGgt;pitrbs; tie
(b) 16 dgnGgt;pitrbs;EdkbeNay
(c) TMhMxagtUcCageKrbs;ssr
rUbTI 8>22 bgajBIkartMerob tie sMrab;EdkbeNay 4, 6 nig 8 enAkgmuxkat;ssr.
Spirals
@> EdkkgvN
RbePTepSgeTotrbs; lateral reinforcement KW spiral b helical lateral reinforcement dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 8>23. Spiral manRbeyaCn_BiesskgkarbegIn ductility b PaBrwgrbs;Ggt;
dUcenHeKesIeGayeRbI spiral sMrab;tMbn;EdlRbQmnwgrBaydIx<s;. CaTUeTA ebtugEdlBTCMuvij
confined core nssrEdlBRgwgeday spiral Gac spall eRkamGMeBI lateral force minFmta nigPam
dUcCakMlaMgrBaydI. ssrRtUvmanlTPaBTb;Tl;nwgbnkPaKeRcInbnab;BIebtugkarBar spall edIm,I
karBarkardYlrlMGKar. dUcenH eKRtUvsikSaKNnaKMlat nigTMhMrbs; spiral edIm,IrkSalTPaBRTbnk
PaKeRcInrbs;ssr eTaHbICaeRkamlkxNbnkeRKaHfak;EbbenHkeday.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
535
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Ag
f'
1 c
Ac
f sy
volume of the spiral steel per one revolution
=
volume of concrete core contained in one revolution
D 2
Ac = c
4
h 2
Ag =
4
s = 0.45
Edl
(8.32)
(8.33a)
(8.33b)
Ggt;pitrbs;ssr
as = RkLapmuxkat;rbs; spiral
d b = nominal diameter rbs; spiral
Dc = Ggt;rbs;slebtug (concrete core) EdlKitBIpxageRkArbs; spiral
f sy = yield strength rbs; spiral reinforcement
h=
536
NPIC
as (Dc d b )
(8.34a)
( / 4)Dc2 s
as (Dc d b )
(8.35a)
( / 4)Dc2 s
4 a (D d b )
s= s c
(8.35b)
Dc2 s
sy
f y = 60,000 psi
eyIgman
f sy = 60,000 psi
Dc = h 2d c = 20.0 2 1.5 = 17in.(432mm )
Ac =
(17.0)2
4
= 226.98in.2
Ag = 314.0in.2
4,000
314
= 0.0115
1
226.98 60,000
s = 0.45
537
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
pitch s =
4as (Dc d b )
Dc2 s
4 0.11(17.0 0.375)
(17.0)2 0.0115
= 2.20in.(56mm )
dUcenH eRbI spiral #3 CamYynwg pitch 2 14 in. spiral Ggt;pit 9.53mm CamYynwg pitch 54.0mm .
13>
1
1
1
1
=
+
(8.36a)
1
1
1
1
=
+
(8.36b)
rbs;ssrEdlmancMNakpit ex RbsinebI e y = 0
Puy = Pnyo = design strength rbs;ssrEdlmancMNakpit e y RbsinebI ex = 0
Puo = Pno = axial load design strength tamRTwsIsMrab;ssrEdlmancMNakpit ex = e y = 0
M ux = m:Um:g;eFobGkS x = Pu e y
M uy = m:Um:g;eFobGkS y = Pu ex
ex = cMNakpitvas;RsbeTAnwgGkS y dUcenAkgrUbTI 8>24 Edl ex = M uy / Pu = Pu ex / Pu
e y = cMNakpitEdlvas;RsbeTAnwgGkS x = Pu e y / Pu
x = TMhMrbs;muxkat;ssrEdlRsbeTAnwgGkS x
y = TMhMrbs;muxkat;ssrEdlRsbeTAnwgGkS y
Pux = Pnxo = design strength
538
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
539
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
14>
CMnYseGaysmIkar 8.32, Hsu )anesInYvsmIkarEdlEktMrUvEdlGacCMnYseGay strength interaction diagram nig failure surface rbs;ssrebtugGarem:rgbnkBIrTis dUcenAkgrUbTI 8>34. viFI
enHkdUcKanwg reciprocal load method Edr vaTamTarnUvkarKNnaticCagviFIBIrepSgeTot.
smIkar interaction sMrab;bnk nigm:Umg: ;Bt;eFobnwgGkSBIrKW
1.5
Pn Pnb M nx
P
P
M
nb
nbx
no
Edl
1.5
M ny
+
M nby
= 1.0
(8.37)
strain
ab =
(8.38a)
(3.38b)
a = 1c
kugRtaMgenAkgEdkrgkarsgt;EdlenAEk,rbnkCageK = f py RbsinebI f ps f py
Ts = kMlaMgenAkgEdkxagTaj
Step-by-step operational procedure
sMrab;karsikSaKNnassrrgbnkBIrTisGnuvteTAtamdMeNIrkarenAkgcMnuc 11>K. viFIenHTamTarkar
KNnatickgkaredaHRsayssrrgm:Um:g;BIrTis.
f ' ps =
k> EdkxagsMrab;ssr
540
NPIC
nig Pu = 300,000lb(1334kN )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
M ux = M uy = 825,000in. lb(93.7kN .m )
eKeGay
dMeNaHRsay
Pu = 300,000lbs
eFobnwgGkS x
M uy = Pu e x = 825,000in. lb eFobnwgGkS y
M ux = Pu e y = 825,000in. lb
dUcenH
M ux 825,000
=
= 2.75in.
Pu
300,000
M uy 825,000
ey =
=
= 2.75in.
Pu
300,00
ex =
GkSRsbeTAnwgRCugxI b
y = GkSRsbeTAnwgRCugEvg h
x=
h = 15in.
d ' = 2.5in.
Pnb = 229,310lb
M nb = Pnb eb = 2,103,124in. lb(237kN .m )
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
541
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
eb =
M nb 2,103,124
=
= 9.17in.
Pnb
229,310
eb > e = 2.75in.
dUcenHkMlaMgsgt;RKb;RKgsanPaB ehIyemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
= 0.65
= 1,502,205lb
Pn Pnb M nx
1.5
M ny
+
M nby
1.5
1,269,231
+
2,103,124
h = 15in.
d = 12.5in.
15> Ggt;rgkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
k> kugRtaMgbnkesvakm
542
NPIC
FL
Aps E ps
(8.39)
(8.40)
At1 = Ag + n p 1 Aps
(8.41)
ehIy RbsinebIbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgenAkgkugRtaMgKW
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
543
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
f c =
F
At1
(8.42)
bMErbMrYleRbkugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
npF
f ps =
(8.43)
At1
n p A ps
L pc1 = L ps
At1
n p FL
FL
L =
=
At E ps At Ec
(8.44)
(8.45)
f ci =
(8.46)
Pe
Ac
(8.47a)
xNEdlkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
f pe =
Pe
Aps
(8.47b)
Pc
F
+
Ac At1
(8.48)
kugRtaMgenAkg tendon KW
f ps = f pe +
nF
At1
(8.49)
544
NPIC
RtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe .
x> kMhUcRTg;RTay
Deformation Behavior
karkMNt;kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajmanlkNsMxan;sMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
TaMgmUl. bMErbMrYlRbEvgrbs;Ggt;GacbgeGaymankugRtaMgdGaRkk;dl;Ggt;EdlenAEk,r EdlGacnaM
eGayeRKOgbgM)ak;. RbsinebIGgt;Ca post-tensioned nig fully bonded member enaHkarfycuHRbEvgEdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm Pi KW
i =
Pi L
Ac Ec
(8.50a)
ehIykarfycuHRbEvgeRkayeBlkMhatbg;KW
P =
Pe L
Ac Ec
(8.50b)
L
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
Cu 2
(8.51)
bMErbMrYlRbEvgedaysar shrinkage KW
SH = SH L
(8.52)
dUcenH RbEvgfycuHRbsiTPaBsrubK
L
e =
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
Pe + Cu 2 + SH L
(8.53)
CR + SH
E ps Aps
L
(8.54)
545
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Pe Fcr
+
Ac
At
(8.55)
Pe Fdec
+
Ac
At
(8.56)
eRkayeBleRbH eKsnt;fakugRtaMgTajTaMgGs;enAkgGgt;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkeRbkug
RtaMg. dUcenH nominal strength rbs;Ggt;TajKW
Fn = A ps f pu
(8.57)
(8.58)
546
16>
NPIC
Pi + Pe
Pe + Cu 2 + SH L
bnab;mk RtYtBinitfaetItMlEdlTTYl)anbgeGaymankugRtaMgFMenAkgGgt;EdlenAEk,r
bGt;. rYc kMNt;sac;lUt
L =
FL
At Ec
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
547
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
548
NPIC
17> sikSaKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj
Design of Linear Tension Members
]TahrN_ 8>5 Liner post-tensioned fully grouted direct-tension tie sMrab; underground
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
)
549
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
n p = E ps / Ec = 29 10 6 / 4.69 10 6 = 6.18
Cu = 2.35
daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI
8>7. ykemKuNbnk 1.20 sMrab; FD nig 1.60 sMrab; FL .
dMeNaHRsay
bnkemKuN nigkareRCIserIsEdkeRbkugRtaMg CMhan ! nig @
bnkemKuN
226,000
= 251,111lb(1,116kN )
0.9
F
251,111
= n =
= 0.93in.2 6.77cm 2
f pu 270,000
Fn =
dUcenH
A ps
tMrUvkar
Fu
f c = 0.25 f 'c
nig
dUcenH eyIgsakl,g tie rod section 11in. 11in.(279mm 279mm)
enaH eyIg)an Ag = 121in.2
edaysnt; tendon duct manGgt;pit 2in.
(2)2
Ac = Ag
= 117.86in.2 (760cm 2 )
4
BIsmIkar 8.41 RkLapbMElgrbs;ebtugKW
Prestressed Compression and Tension Members
550
NPIC
cr
BIsmIkar 8.56
Pe Fdec
+
Ac
At
F
160,500
0=
+ dec
117.86 126.54
f 't = 0 =
b
dUcenH Fdec GnuBaatGtibrmaKW
160,500
126.54 = 172,320lb(766kN )
117.86
Fcr
160,500
310 =
+
11.86
126.54
Fcr = 211,548lb
dec
nigemKuNsuvtiPaBCak;EsgKW
dUcenH emKuNsuvtiPaBEdlGacmanKWFMCagemKuNsuvtiPaBtMrUvkar dUcenHKWRKb;RKan;.
260,010
SF =
=
= 1.53
F
170,000
RtYtBinitkMhUcRTg;RTay CMhan %
551
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
i =
Pi L
203,300 130 12
=
= 0.57in.(15mm )
Ac Ec
117.86 4.69 106
Ac Ec
130 12 103
=
117.86 4.69 106
+ Pe
+ SH L
2
203.3 + 160.5
+ 700 (130 12)
160.5 + 2.35
2
= 2.75in.(70mm )
170,000(130 12)
FL
=
= 0.45in.(12mm )
At Ec 126.54 4.69 10 6
552
IX.
NPIC
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
esckIepIm rMlwkBIviFIsaRs
553
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
554
NPIC
555
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
nig Park
)ancUlrYmdmhimasMrab;karyl;dwgBI limit-state behavior rbs;kMralxN nig plate enAeBl)ak; kdUc
enAeBlrgbnkesvakm.
eKmanviFICaeRcInEdlRutUv)aneRbIsMrab;sikSaviPaK nigsikSaKNnakMralxN nig plate BIrTis
RtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
Ockleston, Mansfield, Rzhanitsyn, Powell, Wood, Sawcczuk, Gamble-Sozwn-Siess
9.1.1.
2 M xy
xy
2M y
y 2
= w
(9.1)
556
NPIC
viFIcMerok
esckIsegb
Summary
kareFVIkarrbs;kMralxNBIrTiseRkamkarBt;begag
Flexural Behavior of Two-Way Slabs and Plates
9.2.1.
GMeBIBIrTis
Two-Way Action
557
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
TMrg;EdleKmincg;)aneRkamGMeBIbnkxageRkA ehIykac;RCugrbs;vanwgehIbeLIgRbsinebIvaminRtUv)an
cak;ebtugCamYynwgTMrkgeBlEtmYyeTenaH. ExSvN (contour) EdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 9>2 (a) bgaj
faExSekagm:Um:g;enARtg;cMnuckNal C maneRKaHfak;enAelIRCugxItamTis y CagenAelIRCugEvgtamTis
x.
karkMNt;m:Um:g;tamTis x nigtamTis y BitCamanlkNsKsaj edaysarvaeFVIkarCaeRKOg
bgMsaTicminkMNt;dWeRkx<s;. eKbriyaykMralenAkgEpk (a) nrUbTI 9>2 CakrNIsamBaedayykcMerok AB nig DE EdlenAkNalElVg dUckgEpk (b) EdlPaBdabrbs;cMerokTaMgBIrenAcMnuckNal
C mantMlesIKa.
558
NPIC
wS 4
L4 + S 4
wL4
(9.2a)
(9.2b)
nig
wDE = 4
L + S4
BIsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIenH eyIgeXIjfaElVgEdlxI S rbs;cMerok DE RTnUvcMENknbnkFMCag. dUc
enH ElVgxIrbs;kMralEdlenAelI unyielding support KWrgnUvm:Um:g;FMCag EdlRTnUvExSekagEdlman
lkNecatenAkgrUbTI 9>2 (a).
559
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
viFIeRKagsmmUl
9.3.1. esckIepIm
9.3.
560
9.3.2.
NPIC
EdnkMNt;rbs;viFIKNnaedaypal;
karkMNt;m:Um:g;saTic M
eKmanCMhankgkarKNnakMralxNsMxan;cMnUn 4dUcxageRkam
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;saTicsrubenAkgTisnImYy.
@> EbgEckm:Um:g;srubsMrab;karKNnamuxkat;sMrab;m:Um:g;viCman nigGviCman.
#> EbgEckm:Um:g;GviCman nigm:Um:g;viCmaneTAcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalElVg nigeTAFwmRb
sinebIvaman. cMerokelIssr (column strip) CacMerokEdlmanTTwgesInwg 25%nTTwgeRKag
smmUlenAelIRCugnImYynGkSssr ehIyTTwgrbs;cMerokkNalElVgCaRbEvgEdlenA
sl;.
$> kMNt;TMhM nigkarEbgEckEdkenAkgTisnImYy.
tamGVIEdleGaydUcxagelI eKRtUveFVIkarEksMrYltMlrbs;m:Um:g;Edl)anEbgEckehIy. eKman
kMralxNxagkgEdlmanTMhM l1 KitBIGkSenAkgTisnm:Um:g;EdlRtUvBicarNa nigTMhM l2 enAkgTis
Ekgnwg l1 dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 9>4. Clear span ln CaTMhMEdlKitBIpeTAprbs;ssr b capital
bCBaaMg. tMlrbs;vaminRtUvtUcCag 0.65l1 ehIysMrab;TMrEdlmanmuxkat;mUl
eKRtUvKitCamuxkat;kaer:
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
561
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
562
NPIC
2
2
2
4
2
wl (l )
M o = 2 n1
8
Mo =
(9.3)
b
edaysarman restraint enARtg;TMr/ eKEbgEck M o enAkgTis x eTATMr nigeTAkNalElVgdUcxag
eRkam
Mo = MC +
1
(M A + M B )
2
(9.4a)
563
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;enAkNalElVg nigtMlmFmnm:Um:g;elITMrenAkgTisenaH.
enAkgTisEdlEkg smIkar 9.4a kayCa
M ' o = M 'C +
1
(M A + M B )
2
(9.4b)
(9.5)
viPaKeRKagsmmUl
Edl
K ec =
(9.6)
564
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
NPIC
565
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
K ec =
Kc
Kc
1+
Kt
(9.7)
ehIyeKGackMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrsMrab;eRKagsmmUlCa
Kc =
EI
l'
L
1 + 3
L'
(9.8)
4 EI
Ln 2h
(9.9)
Edl
Edl
9 Ecs C
c
L2 1 2
L2
(9.10a)
TTwg band
Ln = ElVg
c2 = TMhMrbs;ssrkgTisRsbnwgFwgrgkarrmYl ehIyefrrmYl (torsional constant) KW
L2 =
x
1 0.63 x 3 y
y
C =
3
(9.10b)
TMhMxInEpkctuekaNrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TIRbsBVrbs;ssr dUcCakMBs;kMral
y = TMhMEvgnEpkctuekaNrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TIRbsBVrbs;ssr dUcCaTTwgssr
PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxNRtUv)aneGayedaysmIkar
x=
Ks =
4 Ecs I s
Ln c1 / 2
(9.11)
566
NPIC
Ks
K
(9.12)
KMrUnkardak;bnkenAelIElVg
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
567
T.Chhay
9.4.
bnklMnwgBIrTis
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
Two-Directional Load Balancing
568
NPIC
RbsinebIkMralxNBIrTisEdlmanTMrrwgdUcCaCBaaMgrgeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisEkgKaEdlmanElVg
LS nig LL kgTisxI nigTisEvg erogKa dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 9>9 enaHeKTTYlbnklMnwgEdlmanTis
eLIgelIEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegIt balanced design load Edl)anBIsmIkar 1.15a edaysmIkar
Wbal (S ) =
nig
Wbal (L ) =
8PS eS
(9.13a)
L2S
8 PL eL
(9.13b)
L2L
8PS eS
L2S
8PL eL
L2L
(9.14)
569
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
bh
IL
P
M c
fb = S + S
bh
IL
ft =
(9.15a)
(9.15b)
TisEvg
PL M L c
bh
IL
P
M c
fb = L + L
bh
IL
ft =
(9.16a)
(9.16b)
PS =
ehIy
CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgkta. emKuNm:Um:g;bnkesvakm (service-load moment coefficient) sMrab;kM
Nt; M S nig M L GacTTYl)anBI chart enAkgrUbTI 9>10 sMrab;lkxNRBMEdnTaMgGs;. eKmanem
KuNm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;m:Um:g;Bt;viCman nigGviCmanGtibrma Edl x2 nig x'2 GnuvteTAelI + M nig M
enAelIElVgxI Lx erogKa. dUcKa y2 nig y'2 GnuvteTAelIm:Um:g;Bt;viCman nigGviCmanGtibrmaenA
elIElVgEvg Ly erogKa. tamrebobdUcKa chart enAkgrUbTI 9>11 pl;nUvviFIy:asrhskgkarkMNt;
ultimate bending moment coefficient enAkg plate ebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisCab;.
570
NPIC
m:Um:g;bgb;cug M sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;
u
(9.17)
ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItmanKW
Mn =
Mu
(9.18)
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
571
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
572
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
NPIC
573
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
karBRgayEdkeRbkugRtaMg
574
NPIC
TTwgrbs;knHcMerokelIssresInwgmYyPaKbYnnTMhMEdltUcCageKrbs;kMralxN. cMerok
kNalElVgCa slab band EdlenAGmedaycMerokelIssrBIr. dUcenH karEbgEck b banding rbs;
EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUveFVIeLIgeTAtamPaKrynkarEbgEckm:Um:g;rvagcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal
ElVg. Cavi)ak RbsinebI 70%nEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anRbmUlpMenAkgcMerokelIssr enaHeKrMBwgfa
cMerokelIssrnwgRT 70%nm:Um:g;srub ehIycMerokkNalElVgRTnUv 30%nm:Um:g;srubEdlenAsl;.
rUbTI 9>12 bgajBIkarEbgEckEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkgTisBIrEkgKa. tameKalkarN_ENnaM
TUeTA EdkeRbkugRtaMgkgcMerolelIssrRtUvmanKMlatesInwg3 eTA4dgnkMras;kMralxN ehIyKMlat
Gtibrmarbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgenAkgcMerokkNalElVgminRtUvFMCag 6dgnkMras;kMralxNeT. kug
RtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugkgTisnImYyKYrmantMly:agticbMputesInwg 125 psi(0.90MPa ) .
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
575
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgTajkMNt;rbs;ebtugeRkamlkxNbnkesvakm
Limiting Concrete Tensile Stresses at Service Load
9.6.2.1.
karBt;begag
Flexure
kMNt;kugRtaMgTajkgebtugsMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMgedIm,IRKb;RKgkarekItman
samedaykarBt;begag (flexural crack). xageRkamCatMlkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgGgt;eRb
kugRtaMgsMrab;tMbn;m:Um:g;epSg
!> RkLapm:Um:g;GviCmanCamYynwgkarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
0
@> RkLapm:Um:g;GviCmanEdlKankarbEnmEdlminrgeRbkugRtaMg
#> RkLapm:Um:g;viCmanCamYynwgkarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg 2 f 'c psi(0.166 f 'c MPa)
0
$> RkLapm:Um;g;viCmanEdlKankarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
%> kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtug eRkamlkxNCak;Elk/ 0.60 f 'c
f c = 0.45 f 'c
ACI 318 Code
9.6.2.2.
EdkBRgwg
Reinforcement
(9.19a)
Edl A CaRkLaprbs;Epknmuxkat;cenaHprgkarTajedaykarBt;begagCamYynwgTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;
gross section. sMrab;RkLapm:Um:g;viCmanEdlkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugeRkamlkxNbnkesvakmFM
Cag 2 f 'c psi(0.166 f 'c MPa) enaHeKKNnaRkLapGb,brmarbs; bonded reinforcement BI
As =
Nc
0.5 f y
(9.19b)
576
NPIC
Edl
(9.20)
RbEvgElVgenAkgTisRsbeTAnwgEdkBRgwgEdlRtUv)ankMNt;
h = kMras;kMralxN
eKRtUvBRgayEdkBRgwgEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 9.20 kg slab band width cenaHExSEdlmanRbEvg
1.5h BIxageRkApQmrbs;ssr. y:agehacNas;eKRtUvdak; bar b wire 4 kgTisTaMgBIr.
RbEvgGb,brmarbs; bonded reinforcement enAkgRkLapviCmanKYresInwgmYyPaKbIn
clear span ehIyvaRtUv)aneKdak;enARtg;kNalRkLapm:Um:g;viCman. RbEvgGviCmanrbs; bonded
reinforcement enAkgRkLapGviCmanKYrRtUv)andak;bgt 1/6 n clear span enAelIRCugnImYyrbs;
TMr ehIyeKdak;vaenAsrsxagelI. kugRtaMg f ps enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkam nominal strength
EdlTamTareday ACI 318 Code RtUv)anpl;eGaydUcxageRkam
L=
p
f ps = f pu 1
1
Edl
nig
f pu
d
( ')
+
p
f 'c d p
(9.21)
sMrab; f py / f pu 0.85
= 0.28
sMrab; f py / f pu 0.90
RbsinebIeKKitEdkrgkarsgt; enaHtY [ p f pu / f 'c +(d / d p )( ')] enAkgsmIkar 9.21 RtUv)aneK
ykmineGaytUcCag 0.17/ ehIy d ' minRtUvFMCag 0.15d p .
sMrab; Unbonded Tendon EdlmanpleFobElVgelIkMras;kMralxN 35
p = 0.40
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
Edl
f 'c
100 p
(9.22)
f ps f py f pe + 60,000
Edl
f 'c
300 p
(9.23)
f ps f py f pe + 30,000
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
577
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
9.6.2.3.
kMlaMgkat;
Shear
f 'c + 0.3 f c +
Vp
bo d
(9.24a)
(9.24b)
brimaRtrbs;muxkat;rgkMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak;enAcMgay d / 2 BIprbs;TMr
f c = tMlmFmrbs;kugRtaMgrgkarsgt;RbsiTPaBenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xag
eRkAsMrab;TisBIrEkgKaEdlKNnaenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;eRkaykMhatbg;eRbkug
RtaMg enAkg ACI Code eKeRbI f pc
V p = bgMbBarnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBTaMgGs;Edlkat;tammuxkat;eRKaHfak;
= tMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 3.5 nig ( s d / bo + 1.5) Edl s esInwg 40 sMrab;ssrxag
kg nig 30 sMrab;ssrxag nig 20 sMrab;ssrkac;RCug.
enAkgkMralxNEdlmankarBRgaykabeRbkugRtaMg eKminKittY V p eT ebImindUecaHeTvakayCacMa)ac;
kgkareRbIragFrNImaRtkMeNagkabeRbkugRtaMgbRBaasenAkgkarKNnaedIm,I)a:n;RbmaNkMlaMgkat;
EdlRTeday tendon Edlkat;tammuxkat;eRKaHfak;. eyagtam ACI 318 Code/ KancMENkNarbs;
muxkat;ssrKYrenAEk,rcugEdlminCab;FMCagbYndgkMras;kMralxN/ f 'c enAkgsmIkar 9.24 minKYrFM
Cag 5,000 psi ehIy f c enAkgTisnImYyminRtUvtUcCag 125 psi bFMCag 500 psi eT.
RbsinebIeKminGacbMeBjlkxNTaMgenHeT eKKYryktMl
Vc CatMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam smIkarxageRkam
Edl
bo =
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
4
f 'c bo d
Vc = 2 +
c
Vc = s + 2 f 'c bo d
bo
Vc = 4 f 'c bo d
(9.25a)
(9.25b)
(6.25c)
578
NPIC
V d
Vc = 0.60 f 'c + 700 u bw d p 2 f 'c bw d
Mu
< 5 f 'c bw d
xat US
(9.26)
f 'c
V d
Vc =
+ 5 u bw d p 0.166 f 'c bw d
M u
20
xat SI
Edl bw RtUv)anykCaTTwgcMerok ehIy Vu d / M u enAcMgay d p / 2 BIprbs;TMr/ d p 0.80h .
tMl
f 'c enAkgRKb;smIkarxagelITaMgGs;RtUvKuNnwgemKuN = 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete nig = 0.75 sMrab; all-lightweight concrete.
emKuNkMlaMgkat; (Shear Force Coefficients): eKGackMNt;tMlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;kMlaMgkat;
GtibrmaenARtg;cugrbs;kMralxNBIrTisEdlRTbnkBRgayesI ehIyvaRtUv)anRTtambeNayRbEvg
brimaRtrbs;vadUcxageRkam
1
RCugxI
(9.27a)
V = wLS
3
V = kwLS / (2k + 1)
RCugEvg
(9.27b)
Edl k CapleFobElVgEvg LL elIElVgxI LS . eKGaceRbItMldUcKasMrab;kMralEdlRtUv)anbgb; b
Cab;tambeNayRCugTaMgbYn. sMrab;krNIdTeTot eKRtUvEktMrUvkarEbgEckkMlaMgkat; nigkarEbgEck
kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIGVIEdlsUveRKaHfak;edayQrelIeKalkarN_kMlaMgkat;enAelIRCugCab;FMCagkMlaMg
kat;enAelIRCugsamBabnicbnc.
ACI Code GnuBaateGaybegInkMlaMgkat; 15%enARtg;TMrCab;xagkgTImYysMrab; one-way
action.
< 0.415 f 'c bw d
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
579
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
]TahrN_ 9>1
manbg;dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 9>14. vaRtUv)anRTenAelICBaaMg\dTaMgbYnRCug edayminKit rotational restraint enA
Rtg;RBMEdnTaMgenH b:uEnkac;RCugRtUv)anTb;nwgkarrmYl (torsional restraint) . kMralxNRtUvRTnUv
superimposed service dead load 15 psf (0.72kPa ) bEnmBIelIbnkpal;rbs;va nigRTnUv service live
load 75 psf (3.59kPa ) . eKminGnuBaaeGaymanPaBdabeRkamGMeBI full dead load.
Two-way single-panel prestressed warehouse lift slab 20 ft 24 ft (6.10m 7.32m )
580
NPIC
f py = 240,000 psi(1,655MPa )
f pe = 159,000 psi(1,096MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
eS = e L =
6
1 = 2.0in.(51mm )
2
(20 + 24) 12
2
1
= 5.87in.
45
WD = 15 psf +
6
150 = 90 psf (4.31kPa )
12
8 PL eL
L2L
8 14,400 2
(24)2 12
33 psf (1.58kPa )
Uplift
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
581
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkaykMhatbg;enAkgkabeRbkugRtaMgkgTis N-S KW
fc =
PS 17,100
=
= 238 psi < 350 psi
bh 12 6
24,327
= 1.42 ft = 17in.(432mm )
17,100
KMlattMrUvkarenAkgTis E-W KW
sL =
24,327
= 1.69 ft 20in.(508mm )
14,400
WL = 75 psf (3.59kPa )
aspect ratio
L
24
k= L =
= 1.20
LS 20
12(6 )3
= 216in.3
12
582
NPIC
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefrenAkgTisxUIKW
f =
M S c 21,218 3
=
= 295 psi (2.03MPa )
Is
216
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefrenAkgTisEvgKW
f =
M L c 17,396 3
=
= 242 psi (1.67 MPa )
Is
216
PS M S c
edayvamantMltUc eKGacecal)an
nig
f b = 200 + 242 = +42 psi (T )
Gacecal)an
kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaat ACI KW f c = 0.45 5,000 = 2,250 psi EdlvamantMlFMCagkugRtaMgCak;Esg
dUcenH vabMeBjlkxN. CamYynwgkugRtaMgtUcTaMgenH eKGacEksMrYlkMras;kMralxNeGayesIgCag
6in. kgkrNIEdlPaBdabedaysarbnkGefrGacTTYl)an. cMNaMfa kMralxNbegItPaBdab nig
camber eRkamGMeBIbnkGefrsUnenAkg]TahrN_enH bNalmkBIbnklMnwg.
5 ML2
48 Ec I s
I s = 216in.4
Ec = 4.03 10 6 psi
E W =
N S
5 17,396(24 12)2
= 0.17in.
48 4.03 10 6 216
5 21,218(20 12)2
=
= 0.15in.
48 4.03 10 6 216
0.17 + 0.15
= 0.16in.(4.1mm )
=
2
PaBdabkNalElVgmFm
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
583
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
LS
20 12
PaBdabEdlGacTTYlyk)an = 360
=
= 0.67in.(17 mm ) >> 0.16in.
360
dUcenH eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaCMuTIBIrCamYynwgkMras;kMralxN 5.5in. kgkrNIEdlersIusg;m:Um:g;
nominal rbs;kMralmanlkNRKb;RKan;edIm,IRTbnk. kgkrNIenH h = 5.5in. minmanlkNRKb;
RKan;sMrab;ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal dUckarbgajxageRkam.
ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal
dUcKa ElVgRbsiTPaBtamTisxI
LS = 19.5 ft
ElVgRbsiTPaBtamTisEvg LL = 23.5 ft
BIrUbTI 9>11 emKuNm:Um:g;sMrab;m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmaKW
N S = 0.072
nig
E W = 0.038
Mu
74,906
= 83,229in. lb / ft
0.9
0.11
= 0.0018
12 5
20 12
= 40
=
6
pleFobElVgelIkMras;kMral
BIsmIkar 9.23b
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
f py f pe + 30,000
300 p
f ps = 159,000 + 10,000 +
5,000
= 178,259 psi
300 + 0.0018
584
a=
NPIC
A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
0.11 178,259
= 0.38in.
0.85 5,000 12
O.K.
Mu
57,417
= 63,797in. lb / ft
0.9
A ps = 0.153in.2
0.153
= 0.09in.2 / ft
1.69
0.09
= 0.0015
E W =
12 5
5,000
= 180,111 psi
f ps = 159,000 + 10,000 +
300 0.0015
0.09 180,111
a=
= 0.32in.
0.85 5,000 12
0.32
nominal
= 0.09 180,111 5
A ps / ft =
m:Um:g;
O.K.
EdlGacman
= 78,456in. lb / ft > M n
tMrUvkar = 63,797in. lb / ft
O.K.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
BIsmIkar 9.26
1
1
Vu = wu LS = 228 19.5 = 1482lb / ft (N-S)
3
3
kw L
(E-W)
Vu = u S
2k + 1
19.5
= 1.2 228
= 1,569lb / ft (22.9kN / m )
2 1.2 + 1
V d
2 f 'c bw d p Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d p 5 f 'c bw d p
Mu
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
585
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
d p = 5in.(127mm )
RbBnkMralmYyTis
kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgmYyTiseFVIkarRsedogKaeTAnwgFwmedayminKitfavaCakMralTMr
samBa bkMralTMrCab;KaeRcIneT. dUcenH eKsikSaKNnakMralmYyTisCaFwmEdlmanTTwg 12in. . eK
dak;kabeRbkugRtaMgemenAkgTisnbeNayrbs;kMral EdltamsnwgtamElVgCab;. pleFobElVgelI
TTwgrbs; slab band RtUvman tMlFMCag 2 edIm,IeGayeKKitkMralxNCakMralxNmYyTis.
eyIgGaceRbIdMeNIrkarsikSaKNna nigkarsikSaviPaK nigeRbI]TahrN_enAkgCMBUkTI 6 sMrab;
karsikSaviPaK nigkarsikSaKNnaRbBnkMralxNeRbkugRtaMgmYyTisCab;.
9.9.
9.9.1.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
Shear Strength
586
NPIC
1
2 b1
1+
3 b2
(9.28)
1
= 1 v
2 b1
1+
3 b2
(9.29)
587
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
588
NPIC
vu (CD )
Vu v M ue c AB
+
Ac
J c
(9.30a)
Vu v M ue cCD
Ac
J c
(9.30b)
EdlersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal KW
Vn =
Edl
vu
(9.30c)
RkLaprbs;ebtugnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;snt;
= 2d (c1 + c2 + 2d ) sMrab;ssrxagkg
J c = lkNnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;snt;EdlRsedogKanwgm:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrnmuxkat;
tMl J c sMrab;ssrxagkgKW
(c + d / 2)(d )3 + 2(d ) (c 3 + c 3 )+ (c + d )dc 2
Jc = 1
AB
CD
AB
2
6
3
BIeKalkarN_eKalnemkanicsMPar ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;KW
Ac =
vu =
Vu
Mc
+v
Ac
J
EdltYTIBIrenAGgxagsaMCakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlekItBIm:Um:g;rmYlenARtg;pssr.
RbsinebIersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal M n ntMbn;eprm:Um:g;-kMlaMgkat;eRkayBIkarKNnanEdk
BRgwgmantMlFMCag M ue / enaHeKKYreRbI M n enAkgsmIkar 9.30a nig b CMnYseGay M ue / . enA
eBlEdlersIusg;m:Um:g; M n = M ne + (Vu / )g mankarekIneLIgedaysarkareRbIEdkrgkarBt;begag
eRcInCagtMrUvkarsMrab;Tb;Tl;nwg M ue / enaHPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralmankarekIneLIg dUcenHkarekIn
eLIgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Edlepr vu EdlKNnaBIsmIkar 9.30a nig b sMrab;begIt full moment transfer.
dUcenH eKENnaM eGayrkSa design moment M ue EdlmantMlEk,rnwgtMlm:Um:g;emKuN M ue Rbsin
ebIeKcg;eCosvagkarekIneLIgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkareprm:Um:g;bEnm nigkarBarkarekIneLIg
bEnmeTotn kMras;kMralxN.
]TahrN_ 9>2 bgajBIviFIsaRssMrab;KNnakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;brimaRtkMNt;enAkg plate Rtg;
tMbn;EKmssr.
kgkrNIssrxagkg kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;brimaRt vu GacmantMlFMCag kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Edl
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
589
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
(9.31)
Vu v M u c AB v M ' c
+
+
Ac
Jc
J 'c
(9.32)
tMrUvkarPaBdabsMrab;kMras;Gb,brma viFIminpal;
Deflection Requirements for Minimum Thickness: An Indirect Approach
sMrab;kar)a:n;RbmaNkMras;kMralxNBIrTisdMbUg eKcaM)ac;eRbInUveKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;tMlRb
hak;RbEhledIm,IeRCIserIskMras;sakl,gelOn nigmanRbsiTPaB. eKrMBwgfapleFobElVgelIkMras;
kMralxNsMrab;kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgnwgmantMlFMCagpleFobElVgelIkrM as;kMralxNsMrab;kM
ralxNebtugGarem: RbsinebIminmankar)at;bg;KuNsm,tnGgt;eRbkugRtaMg.
eKniymeRbI service live load CaplbUksrubnbnkefr nigbnkGefredIm,IkMNt;PaBdab.
eKeRbIbnklMnwgEdl)anBIbgMTTwgrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IeFVIeGayPaBdabEdlekItBI dead load
NWt bbegIteGayman camber RbsinebIbnkGefrmantMlFMEmnETn. eKeRbIeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;
tMlRbhak;RbEhlnpleFobElVgelIkMras;kMralxN 16 eTA 25 sMrab; solid cantilever slabs nig
40 eTA 50 sMrab;kMralxNCab;BIrTis. sMrab; waffle slab eKENnaMeGayeRbItMl 35 eTA 40. sMrab;
ElVgTMrsamBa nigsMrab; single-T nig double-T eRbI 90%ntMlTaMgenHsMrab;karsakl,gelIkTImYy.
ACI tMrUvfapleFobElVgelIPaBdabGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;y:agtwgrwgEdlGaRsynwgRbePT
nkardak;bnk niglkxNnkareRbIR)as;. karkMNt;enHminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karkarBarsameRbHnkargarbegIyenAelIBIdan nigsameRbHelI partition nigkardk;TwkenAelIdMbUl. taragTI 9>1 eGaynUvtMl
ENnaMnpleFobElVgelIPaBdabsMrab;karRKb;RKgPaBdab.
karkMNt;PaBdab b camber rbs; plate nigkMralxNBIrTisebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugeRbkug
RtaMgEdlmanlkNsuRkitCagRtUv)anbgajenAkgcMnuc 9.12. viFIenHeRbIPaBrwgRkajnGgt;EdlRbsBVKaedayeRbIviFIeRKagsmmUlkgkarsikSaviPaKPaBdab. viFIenHmanlkNgayRsYl nigsmehtu
Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
590
NPIC
pledaysaremKuNPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;epSgRtUv)anKNnarYcehIyenAkgkarviPaKkarBt;begag
(flexural analysis) neRKagCab;smmUl.
xageRkamenHCaCMhanbnbnab;EdlRtUv)anesIreLIgsMrab;kargarsikSaKNna nigsMrab;kargar
viPaKkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
!> kMNt;faetIragFrNImaRtrbs;kMralxN nigkardak;bnktMrUvrviPaKtamlkNBIrTiseday
viFIeRKagsmmUlbGt;.
@> eRCIserIskMras;kMralxNsakl,gsMrab;beNayGtibrma h = L / 45 bTTwgGtibrma h =
L / 45 . KNnabnkefresvakmsrub bnkGefresvakmsrub nigbnkemKuN.
#> snt; tendon profile kat;tamElVgCab;kgTis E-W nigTis N-S ehIykMNt;kMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMg F / kugRtaMgebtug f c = F / Ac / nigcMnYn strand kgmYyElVg. KNna balancing
load intensity Wbal = 8Fa / L2 nigKNna net load Wnet = Ww Wbal .
$> kMNt;lkNeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame characteristics) tamviFIeRKagsmmUl
nigkMNt;PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt; nigPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kMralEdleGayeday
Kc
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
4 EI
Ln 2h
591
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
nig
Kt =
9 Ecs C
c
L2 1 2
L2
1
1
=
+
Kc Kt
4 EI
L1 c1 / 2
Ks
K
P M net
+
A
S
Wbal L2
12
592
NPIC
1
1+
2
b1 / b2
3
1
1+
2
b1 / b2
3
Edl b1 = c1 + d / 2 sMrab;ssrxageRkA
b1 = c1 + d
sMrab;ssrxagkg
b2 = c2 + d
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
593
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
4
f 'c b
b vc = 4 f 'c
vc = 2 +
vc = s + 2 f 'c
594
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
NPIC
595
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
596
9.11.
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
Tis N-S
!> bnk
597
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
598
NPIC
WL = 40 psf
sMrab;EpkndMeNaHRsayenH)
L2 = band width (Tis E-W)
@> bnklMnwg nig tendon profile
edIm,IeFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNelIkdMbUgsMrab;bnklMnwg snt;tMlkugRtaMgsgt;enAelIebtugmFm
EdlbNalBIbnklMnwgKW f c = 170 psi(1.17MPa) . kMlaMgkta F = 170 6.5 12 = 13,260lb / ft
(193.6kN / m ) . dUcenH sakl,gEdkeRbkugRtaMg 7-wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. . eyIgeXIjfakMlaMgRbsiTPaB Pe kgkabeRbkugRtaMgmYy = Aps f pe = 0.153 159,000 = 24,327lb . sMrab; L =
20 ft tamTisbeNayrbs;eRKOgbgM kMlaMgsrubKW Fe = FL = 13,260 20 = 265,200lb(1,180kN ) .
cMnYnrbs; strand kgmYy bay KW Fe / Pe = 265,200 / 24,327 11 ehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRb
siTPaBsrub Pe = Fe = 24,327 11 = 267,597lb . kMlaMgktaCak;Esg F = 267,597 / 20 =
13,380lb / ft (195.3kN / m ) ehIykugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugCak;Esg f c = F / A = 13,380 / (6.5 12 )
172 psi 170 psi KWbMeBjlkxN. dUcenH yk f c = 172 psi EdlbNalBIbnklMnwg ehIysnt;
parabolic tendon profile dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>18.
Ln = bay span (N-S
ElVgxageRkA AB b CD enARtg;kNalElVg
a1 = a3 =
3.25 + 5.50
1.75 = 2.625in.
2
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
599
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
W=
8Fa
Wbal
Net load
L2n
8 13,380 2.625 / 12
=
72 psf
(18)2
EdlbegItm:Um:g;Bt;KW
ElVgxagkg BC
a 2 = 6.5 1 1 = 4.5in.
8Fa 8 13,380 4.5 / 12
Wbal = 2 =
70 psf
Ln
(24)2
4 Ec I c
Ln 2h
PaBrwgRkajssrxageRkA (14in.12in. )
x x3 y
C = 1 0.63
y 3
6.5 3 12
= 1 0.63
6.5 = 724
12
3
PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kMralenARtg;GkSssrKW
600
Kt =
NPIC
9 Ecs C
3
c
L2 1 2
L2
9 1 724
14
20 121
12 20
9 1 724
14
20 121
12 20
(b)
1
1
=
+
K
K
t
c
1
1
=
+
175.3 65
3 20
C = 1 0.63
= 1,456
(6.5)
20
3
9 1,456
9 1,456
Kt =
+
= 131in. lb / rad / Ecs
3
3
14
14
20 121
20 121
12 20
12 20
1
1
+
K ec =
812 131
(c)
PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxN
BIsmIkar 9.9
Ks =
4 Ecs I s
c
Ln 1
2
sMrab;kMralxNenAxageqVgssrxagkg B
4 1 20(6.5)3
Ks =
= 110in. lb / rad / Ecs
12 17.5 20 / 2
ehIy sMrab;kMralenAxagsaMssrxagkg B
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
601
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Ks =
4 1 20(6.5)3
= 79in. lb / rad / Ecs
12 24 20 / 2
602
NPIC
kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugkMralenARtg;TMr
Net moment
Vc / 3
Edl
M net , max = 39.56 10 3
20 71 24
= 33,880in. lb / ft
3 2
kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugkMralenARtg;kNalElVg
Net moment
M net , max =
71(24 )2
12 39.56 10 3 = 21,784in. lb / ft (7.85kN / m )
8
21,784
P M
= +
= 172 +
= +86 psi (0.545MPa )(T )
84.5
A S
ehIy f t Rtg;kNalElVg
dUcenH kugRtaMgGnuBaati ft = 2 f 'c = 127 psi > 86 psi RKb;RKan;.
RbsinebI f t > kugRtaMgGnuBaat f t / kMlaMgTajTaMgmUlRtUv)anykedayEdkBRgwgFmtaCamYy
kugRtaMg f s = f y / 2 .
Ultimate Flexural Strength Analysis
II. Design Moment M u
nigsMrab;kMral BC
FEM bal =
72(17.5)2
12 = 22,050in. lb / ft
12
70(24 )2
12 = 40,320in. lb / ft
12
603
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
ElVg AB
m:Um:g;bgb;cugbnkemKuN
ElVg BA
Wu l 2 186(17.5)2
FEM u =
=
12 = 56,963in. lb / ft
12
12
M bal = 34,460in. lb / ft
BItarag 9>3
ElVg BC
M bal = 39,320in. lb / ft
BItarag 9>3
604
NPIC
2
Ln
2
17.5 12
605
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
0.9
186 24
= 2,232lb / ft
2
0.9
m:Um:g; + M GtibrmakNalElVg AB
u
186(6.62 )2
12 12,310 + 5,013
2
enARtg; 6.62 ft BI A
606
NPIC
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar + M n = Mu = 410,594
= 46,216in. lb / ft (17.2kN .m / m )
.9
m:Um:g; + M GtibrmakNalElVg BC
u
Ln
L (L )
Wu
2
2 4
24 186(24 )2
= 2,232
= 13,392 ft lb / ft = 160,704in. lb / ft
2
8
ma:gvijeTot/ m:Um:g;kNalElVgrbs;ElVgsamBaKW
Wu L2 186(24 )2
M=
=
12 = 160,704in. lb / ft
8
8
+ M u = M M u + M s
Mu
79,479
= 84,977in. lb / ft (30.14kN .m / m )
0.9
ACI Code
!> muxkat;TMrxagkg B
sMrab;muxkat;TMrxagkgRtg;cMnuc B / m:Um:g; nominal tMrUvkarEdllubKW M n = 77,050in. lb / ft
dUcenH/ RkLapGb,brmarbs;EdkBRgwgminrgeRbkugRtaMgkgTisnImYyEdlsitenAkgRkLapm:Um:g;
GviCmanrbs;kMralRtg;ssrRtUv)anKNnadUckgsmIkar 4.55(b) KW As = 0.00075hl Edl h = kMras;
kMralxNsrub nig l = RbEvgElVgkgTisRsbeTAnwgTisrbs;EdkEdlRtUvkMNt;.
18 + 24
2
2
As = 0.00075 6.5
12 = 1.23in. (7.93cm )
2
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
607
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
1.2
= 0.06in.2
20
ehIy
p =
A ps
bd
f 'c
+ 10,000 psi
300 p
11 0.153
= 0.0013
(20 12)5.5
f pe = 159,000 psi
f ps = 159,000 +
4,000
+ 10,000 = 179,256 pis (1,236 MPa )
300 0.0013
608
F ps =
NPIC
179,256 0.153 11
= 15,084lb / ft
20
18,684
=
= 0.46in.(11.7mm )
0.84 4,000 12
eKRtUvdak; tendon nig bar elInIv:UdUcKa d = 6.5 1 = 5.5in. . ehIy M n = (As f y + Aps f ps )(d a / 2)
m:Um:g;EdlGacekItman M n = 18,684 (5.5 0.46 / 2) = 98,465in. lb / ft (36.5MPa) ehIym:Um:g;
tMrUvkar M n = 77,050in. lb / ft < 98,465in. lb / ft . dUcenH vaminRtUvkarersIusg;m:Um:g;bEnmeT.
kgkrNIenHeKminRtUvkarkarEbgEckm:Um:g;GviCman inelastic eLIgvijeT edaysarEdkm:Um:g;
viCmanEdlGacekItmanRKb;RKan;. RbsinebIeKcg;GnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij/ BIrUbTI 4>46
5.5
dt
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.027in. / in. > 0.0075in. / in. O.K.
0.46 / 0.85
c
t = 0.003
eKGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijBITMreTAkNalElVg tMlkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGtibrma
= 1000 t 20% .
emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijCak;Esg = 1000 0.027 = 27% FMCagtMlGnuBaatGtibrma.
GnuvtemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij 15% eTAelIm:Um:g;kNalElVgviCman.
dUcenH + M n = 1.15 84,977 = 97,724in. lb / ft
eKFanakarkat;bnyRkLaprbs;EdkBRgwgFmtasMrab;m:Um:g;GviCman kgkrNIEdlbrimaN
EdkGb,brmaRKb;RKan;.
@> muxkat;kNalElVgenARtg;ElVg BC
BIelIkmun Fps = Aps f ps = 15,084lb / ft ehIy
a=
A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
15,084
= 0.37in.
0.85 4,000 12
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
609
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
1.20 60,000
= 3,600lb / ft
20
(15,084 + 3,600) = 0.46in.
a=
0.85 4,000 12
As f y =
> +M n
tMrUvkar = 97,724in. lb / ft
O.K.
karsegbsrsEdk
eRkaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij eRbIEdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg #4 Ggt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn 6 edIm
enAsrsxageRkamRtg;kNalElVgbEnmBIelI tendon eRbkugRtaMgCab;elIkMNat; 20 ft . ehIyeRbI
EdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg 6#4 enAsrsxagelIenARtg;TMr edaydak;ecjBIGkSrbs;ssrCamYynwgKM
lat 6in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS EdkGgt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn 6 edImCamYynwgKMlat 152mm BIGkS
eTAGkS CabrimaNEdkGb,brmaEdlRtUvepgpat;sMrab;karepr shear-moment.
muxkat;kNalElVgrbs;ElVg AB nig CD KYrmantMlFMCagersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal viCman
edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;emKuNviCman. ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal GviCmanrbs;muxkat;Rtg;TMrxageRkA A nig
D RtUv)anRKb;RKgeday moment-shear transfer stress.
#> Banding the reinforcement enARtg;tMbn;ssr
kabeRbkugRtaMgGgt;pit 12 in. cMnYn 11 ehIyTTwgrbs;cMerokelIssr = 2(14 20 12) = 120in. .
snt;fa EdkeRbkugRtaMg 70% RtUv)anRbmUlpMenARtg;cMerokelIssr. enaHcMnYnkabeRbkugRtaMg =
0.7 11 = 7.7 . dUcenH kabeRbkugRtaMgcMnYn 7 RtUv)andak;enAelIcMerokssr EdlkgenaHkabeRbkug
RtaMg 3 RtUvkat;tammuxkat;ssr.
enAelIcMerokkNalElVgmankabeRbkugRtaMg 11 4 = 7 . eKGacsnt;PaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;
cenaHcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNaledaytMlRbhak;RbEhldUcxageRkam
emKuNm:Um:g;cMerokelIssr = 7 /11 = 0.64
emKuNm:Um:g;cMerokkNal = 0.36
m:Um:g;srubGtibrma + M Rtg;pssr B = 33,880in. lb / ft emIltarag 9>2
m:Um:g;srubGtibrma + M Rtg;kNalElVg 21,784in. lb / ft
dUcenH EbgEck tendon eRbkugRtaMgcenaHcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalElVgdUckarbgajcxageRkam
Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
610
NPIC
eyIgman
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
611
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIrUbeyIg)an
b
d (2c1 + c2 + 2d )x = d c1 +
2
x = c AB = 4.40in.
5.2
d
g = x = 4.4
= 1.8in.
2
2
ma:gvijeTot
c AB
1
1 + 23
b1
b2
= 1
1 + 23
14.6
19.2
= 1 0.63 = 0.37
c1 + d
2d 3
2
3
Jc =
+
c AB + cCD
+ (c2 + d )(d )(c AB )2
6
3
14.6(5.2)3 2 5.2
+
4.4 3 + 10.2 3 19.2 5.2(4.4 )2
6
3
Vu v c AB M n
+
Ac
Jc
612
NPIC
36,622
0.37 4.4 196,978
+
0.75 252
6,249
BIEpkbnklMnwgndMeNaHRsay kugRtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugRtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;muxkat;Edl
bNalBIkMlaMgGnuvtxageRkA Pe KW f c = Pe / Ac = 172 psi .
BIsmIkar 9.24 nig 9.25 edayminKitBI\TiBlrbs;bgMkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar V p ersIusg;
kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatGtibrmakayCa
vc = p
f 'c + 0.3 f c
Edl emKuN p CatMltUcCageKn ( s d / bo + 1.5) nig 3.5 ehIy s = 3.0 sMrab;cugssr. BIrUbTI
9>20/ bo = 2 14.6 + 19.2 = 48.2in. ehIy
sd
bo
+ 1.5 =
30 5.5
+ 1.5 = 4.92 > 3.5
48.2
A ps
bd p
3 0.153
= 0.0042
33.5 3.25
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
300 p
= 159,000 + 10,000 +
4,000
300 0.0042
= 172,174 psi
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
613
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
A ps = 3 0.153 = 0.459in.
a=
As f y + A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
= 1.33in.
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacmanenAtMbn;ssr M n = As f y d a2 + Aps f ps d p a2
1.33
1.33
2
2
614
NPIC
= 46,161in.4
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
615
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
1 + 23
1
= 0.433
25.2 / 19.2
f = 1 0.433 = 0.567
ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;KanlMnwgtMrUvkarKW
M n = M ue / = 66,071 / 0.9 = 73,412in. lb
(b) Shear-moment transfer
Vu v c AB M n
+
Ac
Jc
84,578
0.433 73,412 12.6
=
+
= 244.0 + 8.68 = 253 psi (173MPa )
0.75 462
46,161
vn =
< vc
O.K.
p =
A ps
bd p
3 0.153
= 0.0025
33.5 5.5
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
300 p
616
= 159,000 + 10,000 +
NPIC
4,000
= 174,333 psi
300 0.0025
EdlmantMlEk,rnwgtMl f ps sMrab;ssr A . dUcenH eRbI 6#4 12 ft CabrimaNEdkGb,brmadUcssrxageRkA a 1.48in. ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItman (available moment capacity)
enAkgssrKW
M n = 1.2 60,000(5.5 1.33 / 2) + 0.459 174,333(5.5 1.33 / 2)
= 348,120 + 386,891 = 735,011in. lb
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
617
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
viFIedaypal;kgkarKNnaPaBdab
Derect Method of Deflection Evaluation
9.12.1.
viFIeRKagsmmUl
The Equivalent Frame Approach
(9.33)
rbs;ssrsmmUl/ m:Um:g;Bt;kgmYyktamMulrgVil.
K c = plbUkPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt; (flexural stiffness) rbs;ssrxagelI nigssrxag
eRkam/ m:Um:g;Bt;kgmYyktamMurgVil.
K t = PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl (torsional stiffness) rbs;FwmTTwg (transverse beam)
bcMerokkMralxN/ m:Um:g;rmYlkgmYyktamMurgVil.
dUcenH eKRtUvsal;tMlrbs; K ec edIm,IKNnaPaBdabedayviFIsaRsenH.
Edl
K ec = flexural stiffness
618
NPIC
eKKitfacMerokkMralxN-FwmminRtUv)anRTedayssreT b:uEncMerokkMralxN-FwmTTwgsitenA
elIGkSssr. rUbTI 9>24 (a) bgajBIcMnucenH. eKKitkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;KMrUkMralxNkgmYyTismg.
dUcenH eKeFVIplbUkPaBdabtamTisnImYy Tis x nigTis y edIm,ITTYl)anPaBdabsrubRKb;cMnucTaMg
Gs;enAelIkMralxN b plate.
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
619
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
PaBdabcMerokelIssr nigPaBdabcMerokkNalElVg
The Equivalent Frame Approach
eKGacKitPaBdabrbs;kMralnImYyBIplbUknFatupSMbIKW
!> PaBdabkNalElVgeKalrbs;kMralxN edaysnt;cugTaMgBIrbgb;KW
wl 4
'=
384 Ec I frame
(9.34)
M col , strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I c
(9.35a)
620
nig
s = '
NPIC
M slab, strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I s
(9.35b)
9.13.
(9.37)
KNnaPaBdabrbs;kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
Deflection Evaluation of Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Slabs
dMeNaHRsay
621
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Stiffness Fatores
622
NPIC
WL4
69 20(18)4 (12)3
=
= 0.029in.
384 Ec I cs 384 4.03 10 6 5,493
M col , strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I c
BI]TahrNI 9>2/ M col, strip / M frame = 0.64 dUcenH PaBdabtamTis N-S c = 0.029 0.64 2 =
0.037in. nig s = 0.029 0.36 2 = 0.021in. ehIymMurgVilenARtg;cMnuc A KW
A =
M A 5.30 10 3 20
=
= 5.6 10 4 rad
K ec 47 4.03 10 6
B =
MB
5.62 10 3 10
=
= 2.5 10 4 rad
6
K ec 113 4.03 10
"=
l
8
dUcenH/ N-S net cy = 0.037 + 0.022 = 0.059in. ehIy N-S net sy = 0.021 + 0.022 = 0.043in.
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
623
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Stiffness Fatores
WL4
69 21(20 )4 (12)3
=
= 0.045in.
384 Ec I cs 384 4.03 10 6 5,767
624
NPIC
E-W
Central Deflection
Central deflection
srub
= sx + cy = sy + cx
1
(0.101 + 0.091) = 0.096in.(2.44mm)
2
O.K.
625
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
626
NPIC
RbsinebIeKBicarNakrNIsamBabMputrbs;kMralxNkaer:EdlmanTMr CamYynwgdWeRknkarbgb;
(fixity) i EdlERbRbYlBI i = 0 sMrab;TMrsamBaeTA i = 1.0 sMrab;TMrEdlTb;nwgkarvileBjeljenAelI
RCugTaMgbYn/ failure mechanism rbs;vanwgmanlkNdUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>30 enAeBleKGnuvtbnk
BRgayesI.
eKmankrNIkMralxNTMrsamBa (a). m:Um:g; yield line tambeNay yield line Cam:Um:g;em. dUcenH m:U
m:g;rmYlesIsUnkg yield line ehIyenAkgkrNICaeRcInkMlaMgkat;kesIsUnEdl. dUcenHmanEtm:Um:g;
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
627
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
EI = M
RbsinebIkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;kMNat;EdlqUtenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn; c KW enaHkmnxageRkAKW
E E = force displacement = wu dxdy
(9.38)
628
NPIC
a/2
EE =
4
3
EdlPaBdabenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;RtIekaNKW / 3 . dUcenH
w a2
4(2M ) = 4 u
12
w a
M= u
ehIym:Um:g;kta
(9.39)
24
RbsinebIRCugTaMgbYnrbs;kMralxNkaer:RtUv)anbgb;eBjelj/ EI = 4(4M ) edaysarExSrdac;
(fracture line) ekItmanCMuvijGgt;RTUg kdUcRCugTaMgbYnrbs;va dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>30(c). dUcenH
sMrab;kMralkaer:bgb;eBjelj (fully fixed squared slab)
wu a 2
m:Um:g;kta M = 48
(9.40)
eyIgsegteXIjfa lower bound solution EdlesIeLIgeday Mansfields fialure pattern kgrUbTI
9>30 (c) eGaytMl M = wu a 2 / 42.88 . dUcenH sMrab;kMralkaer:EdlrgbnkrayesICamYynwgGaMg
tg;sIuetbnk wu kgmYyktap nigdWeRknkarbgb;TMr (support fixity) i enARKb;RCugTaMgGs;
wu a 2 = M [24(1 + i )]
(9.41)
a
w d2
M = u r 3 + r
24
br
ar =
2a
1 + i2 + 1 + i 4
br =
2b
1 + i1 + 1 + i3
i=
ar
br
(9.42)
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
629
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
( As ) y
( As )x
630
NPIC
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
631
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
%> kMralxNmUlrgbnkcMkNalnwgmanTMrsamBatambeNayRCugEKm
632
NPIC
(> kMralRtIekaNsamBaelITMrsamBaEdlrgbnkcMcMnucRtg;pitrgVg;carikkgRtIekaN
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
633
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
634
NPIC
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
635
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
2
1
2
3r
(9.43)
dMeNaHRsay
bnk
BI]TahrN_ 9>2/ GaMgtg;sIuetbnksrubenAsanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;KW
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 186 psf
636
NPIC
TMgn;ssrRtUv)anecal
bnktMrUvkar Pn = Pu = 780,120
= 86,800lb(38.6)
.9
m:Um:g;ktatMrUvkar M n sMrab;bnkcMcMnuc = 4Pn = 486,3800
= 6910lb(30.7 kN )
.14
kaMsmmUl = 20214 = 28.4in.
snt; r 17.5 ft = 210in. ehIy M = M ' . enaH
Pn
4
M 'n =
2
2 28.4
1
= 69101
= 6287lb(28kN )
3r
3 210
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n
EdkkMralxNtMbn;ssrEdlGacmanRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Aps =
enARtg;ssrxagkg
EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
d p = d = 6.5 1 = 5.5in.
b = 33.5in.
a=
BI]TahrN_ 9>2
As f y + A ps f py
0.85 f 'c b
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n = As f y d a2 + Aps f py d p a2
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
637
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
1.61
1.61
2
2
m:Um:g;kta M n = 86133,706
= 25,723in. lb / in. = 25,723lb
.5
RtYtBinit M sMrab;TTwgkMralTaMgmUl
n
a=
m:Um:g;kta
= 8,564ib(38.09kN )
638
NPIC
X.
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
10.1.
esckIepIm
Introduction
tYnaTIrbs;tMNKWkareprbnk nigkugRtaMgBIEpkmYyrbs;rcnasm<neTAEpkEdlenAEk,rRbkb
edaylkNesdkic ehIypl;nUvesrPaBdl;RbBneRKOgbgM. bnkEdleFVIGMeBIRtg;tMNminRtwmEt
ekItecjEtBIbnkTMnajb:ueNaHeT vakGacekItBIbnkxl; \TiBlrBaydI karpas;brmaDEdlekIteLIg
edaysar long-term creep nig shrinkage/ differential movement rbs;kMral nig\TiBlrbs;
sItuNPaB.
edaysartMNCacMnuctPab;EdlmanlkNexSayCageKenAkgRbBneRKOgbgMTaMgmUl dUcenH
vaRtUvman nominal design strength FMCag nominal design strength rbs;Ggt;EdlvaRtUvtPab;. em
KuNbnkbEnmy:agehacNas; 1.3 RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNnakartPab; EtelIkElgkrNI
insensitive connection dUcCa pad sMrab; column base. eKsikSaKNnatMNTaMgGs;sMrab;kMlaMgTaj
tamTisedkGb,brma 0.2 dgnbnkefrbBar elIkElgEteKRtUveRbI bearing pad Edl)ansikSa
KNnadRtwmRtUv.
krNIEdlRtUv)aneKKitBicaNasMrab;ersIusg;enAkgkarsikSaKNnatMNmandUcxageRkam
!> Load transfer mechanism
@> emKuNbnk (load factors)
#> karpas;brmaD (volumetric changes)
$> PaBsVit (ductility)
%> PaBrwgmaM (Durability)
^> karTb;Tl;nwgGKIPy (fire resistance)
&> kMritGt;eGan nigRbeLaHtMrUvkar (required tolerance and clearance)
*> karBicarNaEdlTak;TgnwgkargartMeLIg (erection-related consideration)
(> karBicarNaEdlTak;TgnwgGakasFatuekA nigGakasFatuRtCak;
!0> esdkicnkarlMGittMN (economics of the details of the connection)
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
639
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
10.2.
kMritGt;eGan
Tolerance
eKRtUvkMNt;)a:n;RbmaNRbeLaHrvagGgt;tamPaBCak;Esg. eKRtUvkMNt;TItaMgEdlmankMrit
Gt;eGanx<s;RtUv)anGnuBaat nigkEngEdlkMritlMeGanminRtUv)anGnuBaat ehIyeKkKitbBalRbeLaH
sMrab;ktaTaMgenH. xageRkamCakMritlMeGanEdlENnaMsMrab;TMhMlMgakenAkgFwm ssr nig spandrel
panel
!> karERbRbYlkgbg;BITItaMgEdl)ankMNt;enAkgbg; 0.5in. sMrab;ssr bFwm
@> kargakecjenAkgbg;BIbnat;Rtg;EdlRsbeTAnigGkSGaKar 1 / 40in. kg 1 ft RKb;FwmEdl
xICag 20 ft bKMlatrbs;ssrBIrEdlenAEk,rKatUcCag 20 ft / 0.5in. sMrab;KMlatssr
EdlXatqayBIKa 20 ft .
Connections for Prestressed Concrete Elements
640
NPIC
Ggt;smas
Composite Members
RTnab;TMrebtugGarem:enAkgGgt;smas
Reinforced Concrete Bearing in Composite Members
641
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Edl
(10.1)
Vu = Vn
Edl = 0.70 . edIm,IeCosvagsameRbH nig spalling EdlekIteLIgedaycdnenAxagcugrbs; thinstemmed member, eKENnaMeGayeRbIEdkGb,brmaEdlesInwg N u / f y b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 1#3
Ggt;pit 9.52mm enAeBlEdl bearing area tUcCag 2in.2 (12.9cm 2 ).
RbsinebIbnkemKuN Vu FMCag design bearing strength Vu = Vn dUcEdl)anKNnaBI
smIkar 10>1/ enaHeKRtUvkarEdkBRgwgenAkg bearing area. eKGacsikSaKNnaEdkenHedayRTwsI
Connections for Prestressed Concrete Elements
642
NPIC
eKGacrkRkLapEdkEdlEkgeTAnwgbg;sameRbHsnt;BIsmIkarxageRkam
Avf =
Edl
Vup
e f y
(10.2)
Vu / = nominal strength Vn
f y = yield strength
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
rbs; Avf
643
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Vup =
Edl
1,000Acr
Vup
= 1 .0
644
Ash =
Edl
ehIy
'e =
NPIC
(Avf + An ) f y
'e f ys
1,000Acr
Avf + An f y
(10.5)
rbs; Ash
An = RkLaprbs;EdkedIm,ITb;Tl;kMlaMgTajtamGkS N u enAkgrUbTI 10>2 Edl
f ys = yield strength
( )
An = N u / f y
Edl
(10.4)
(10.6)
kMlaMgTajtamTisedkGnuvtn_emKuNEdlEkgeTAnwgbg;sameRbHsnt;
= emKuNkat;bnyersIusg; = 0.75
Nu =
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
645
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
cMNaMfa eKRtUvf<k;EdkBRgwgTaMgGs;enAelIRCugNakedayrbs;bg;sameRbHsnt;eGay)an
leday development length bedaykarpSareTAnwgEdkEkg (angles)/ EdkbnH bEdkTMBk; (hooks)
edIm,IbegItkMlaMgTb;Tl;Edl)anKNna.
KNnaRTnab;TMrebtugGarem:
Reinforced Bearing Design
]TahrN_ 10>1 FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgragctuekaN PCI standard 16RB28 rgkMlaMgkat;emKuNbBar
10.4.1.
dMeNaHRsay
= 20 o
EdktamTisedk (Avf + An )
sMrab;karkMNt;EdkBRgwgtamTisedk/ sakl,gEdk #6
kMBs;Fwm h = 28in. b = 16in.
BItarag 10>3/ ld = 29in.
Acr = l d b = 29 16 = 464in.2
dUcenHeRbI e = 3.4
BIsmIkar 10.2
Avf =
Vup
f y e
90,000
= 0.59in.2 3.4cm 2
0.75 60,000 3.4
GnuBaat = 3.4
N u = 21,000lb
N u 21,000
=
= 0.23 >
Vu 90,000
tMlGb,brma 0.20
dUcenH yk N u = 21,000lb .
Connections for Prestressed Concrete Elements
646
NPIC
3.4 60,000
= 0.66in.2 4.26cm 2
CaGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlmankarbnykMBs;FwmPamenAxagcugrbs;vaedIm,I
nUv seating b bearing caM)ac;enAelI corbel b bracket edayKankar)at;bg; clear height rvagkMral.
Dapped end beam
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
647
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
karkMNt;EdkBRgwgedIm,ITb;Tl;kar)ak;
Determination of Reinforcement to Resist Failure
10.5.1.1.
EdkrgkarBt; nigEdkrgkarTajtamGkS
Edl
(10.7a)
kMBs;rbs;Ggt;BIelI dap
d = kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs; dap eTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkBRgwg As
a = ElVgkMlaMgkat; (shear span)
M u RtUvTb;Tl;edayersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal M n = M u / / b
h=
648
Mn =
Vu a + N u (h d )
(10.7b)
edaysnt;fadXas;m:Um:g;
Fn =
NPIC
jd 0.9d
Vu a + N u (h d )
0.9d
(10.8)
d d
Fn =
(10.9a)
b
enaHEdkrgkarBt;begagKW
As =
(10.9b)
Fn Vu a + N u (h d )
=
fy
f y d
(10.10)
ehIyEdkrgkarTajedaypal;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgTaj Nu KW
An =
Nu
f y
(10.11)
1
f y
a
h
Vu d + N u d
(10.12)
EdkrgkMlaMgkat;bBaredaypal;
Ah = 0.5( As An )
2Vu
As =
+ An
3f y e
An =
Nu
Fy
e =
1,000bh
Vu
(10.13)
(10.14a)
(10.14b)
649
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
As =
1
f y
2Vu
+ N u
3 e
(10.15)
(10.16a)
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/
0.07a
Vn 0.20
f 'c bd
d
280a
Vn 800
bd
d
(10.16b)
(10.16c)
b
sMrab; sand-lightweight b all-lightweight concrete, edayykmYyNaEdltUcCag Edl a Ca shear
span nig d CakMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;Fwm.
10.5.1.3.
EdkrgkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgRtg;kac;RCug
Diagonal Tension at Reentrant Corner
eKTTYl)anEdkBRgwgEdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgsameRbHedaysarkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgeRTtE
dlralBIpitnkugRtaMgRbmUlpMenARtg;kac;RCugeTAkan;EpkEdlmin dapped BIsmIkarxageRkam
Ash =
Vu
f y
(10.17)
650
Vn =
Vu
NPIC
= Av f y + Ah f y + 2bd f 'c
(10.18)
1
2 fy
Vu
2bd f 'c
(10.19)
cMNaMfa karKitBIkareFVIkarTamTardUcxageRkam
!> kMBs;rbs; dapped end y:agehackesIBak;kNalnkMBs;Fwm elIkElgkMBs;FwmFMCag
tMrUvkar.
@> RbsinebIkugRtaMgBt;begagEdlKNnasMrab;kMBs;eBjelj (full depth) rbs;muxkat;eday
eRbIbnkemKuN nig gross section propertied FMCag 6 f 'c PamBIeRkay dap/ eKKYrdak;
EdkBRgwgbeNaybEnmenAkgFwmedIm,IbegItersIusg;Bt;begagtMrUvkar.
#> eKRtUvdak;EdkrgkarTajGgt;RTUg Ash eGaykan;EtEk,rkac;RCug. EdkBRgwgenHCaEdk
bEnmeTAelIEdkrgkMlaMgkat;KNna (design shear reinforcement) EdlRtUvkarsMrab;mux
kat;FwmEdlmankMBs;eBj.
10.5.2.
dMeNaHRsay
651
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
As =
a
h
Vn d + N u d
1
f y
1
6
18
0.75 60,000
16
16
EdkrgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; As nig Ah
BItarag 10>2 / = 1.4 Edl = 1.0 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 10.14c Edl b sMrab;muxkat; 16RB28
esInwg 16in.
1,000bh 1,000 1.0 16 18 1.4
e =
=
= 3.67 > e GnuBaatGtibrma = 3.4
Vu
110,000
dUcenH eRbI e = 3.4 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 10.5
As =
2Vu
1
2 110,000
+ 22,000 = 0.96in.2
+ N u =
3 e
0.75 60,000 3 3.4
1
f y
)anmkBIelImun
dUcenH eRbI As = 1.46in.2 (9.1cm2 ) . enaHEdk 3#7 = 1.80in.2 EdlRKb;RKan;.
BIsmIkar 10.4b
N
22,000
An = u =
= 0.49in.2 (3.0cm 2 )
f
0.75 60,000
< As = 1.46in.2
0.75
EdkBRgwgbBarrgkarTajGgt;RTUgenAkac;RCug
BIsmIkar 10.19
V
110,000
Ash = u =
= 2.45in.2 (15.3cm 2 )
f
0.75 60,000
y
652
Av =
NPIC
1 Vu
2bd f 'c
2 f v
Av =
36,204 = 0.92in.2
bnab;mk
2 60,000 0.75
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
653
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
654
10.7.
NPIC
Epklyecjrbs;FwmebtugGarem:
Concrete Beam Ledges
655
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Vn = 3h f 'c 2l p + b + h
Vn = h f 'c 2l p + b + h + 2d e
Vn = 1.5h f 'c 2l p + b + h + s
)
)
b+h
Vn = h f 'c l p +
+ de + s
2
Edl
(10.20a)
(10.20b)
(10.21a)
(10.21b)
RbEvglyecjrbs; ledge
b = TTwgrbs; bearing area
h = kMBs;rbs; ledge
s = KMlatnbnkcMcMnuc
d e = cMgayBIGkSnbnkeTAcugFwm
RbsinebI ledge RTbnkCab; bbnkcMcMnucEdlmanKMlatEk,rKa eKkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
nominal rbs;muxkat; ledge BI
lp =
Vn = 24h f 'c
(10.22)
200l p d
fy
(10.23)
karKNnatMNFwmlyecj
Design of Ledge Beam Connection
]TahrN_ 10>3 eRKOgbgMkMralGaKarcMNtrfynRtUv)anpSMeLIgBI 10 ft -wide double-T RtUv)an
10.7.1.
656
NPIC
l p = 6in.(15cm )
s = 48in.(122cm )
ebtugTMgn;Rsal
dMeNaHRsay
Vu = 24,000lb
N u = 5,000lb
s = 48in.
b + h = 4 + 12 = 16in.
tMlGb,brmarbs; d e = 12 b = 2in.
2l p + b + h = 2 6 + 4 + 12 = 28in.
1 a
h
Vu + N u
f y d
d
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
657
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
(
)
edaysar 6h = 6 12 > s / 2 = 24in. / EbgEckEdkBRgwg s / 2 = 24in. enARCugnImYynbnk.
TTwgrbs; band sMrab;kardak;EdkrgkarBt;begag A = 2 24 = 48in. ehIyKMlatEdkGtibrma h = 12in. . dUcenHeRbIEdk 4#3 enAkg band width 48in. nImYy = 0.44in. > EdktMrUvkar
0.38in. . dUcenH dak;EdkbEnmBIrenARtg;cugFwmedIm,Ipl;EdksmmUlsMrab;eCIgFwmEdldak;Ek,r
xagcug.
EdkbBarrgkarTajGgt;RTUg A
BIsmIkar 10.17
V
24,000
A =
=
= 0.53in. (3.42cm )
0.75 60,000
f
=
1
6
12
+ 5,000
24,000
= 0.38in.2 2.45cm 2
0.85 60,000
10.5
10.5
sh
sh
elI hand width 48in. . dUcenH Ash / ft = 0.47 / 4 = 0.12in.2 / ft b #3@11in. . Cavi)akeRbIEdkkg
biTCit 5#3 enAkg bad width 48in. = 0.55in.2 > muxkat;EdktMrUvkar 0.53in.2 . bnab;mk sMrab;kargar
Gnuvtn_ eRbIcMnYn nigKMlatdUcKasMrab;Edk As nig Ash EdkkgbiTCit 5#3 . cMNaMfa manEteCIgmag
rbs;Edkkg Ash RtUv)anKitbBaleTAkgmuxkat;n 5#3 edIm,Ipl;karRbmUlpMtMrUvkarnEdkEk,rkac;
RCug.
EdkbeNay Al
BIsmIkar 10.23
Al =
200l p d
fy
200 6 10.5
= 0.21in.2
60,000
658
10.8.
lMGittMNEdl)aneRCIserIs
NPIC
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
659
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
660
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
661
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
662
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
663
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
664
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
665
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
666
XI.
NPIC
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
esckIepIm
Introduction
667
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
eKalkarN_ nigdMeNIrkarsikSaKNna
11.2.1. kMlaMgxagkg
Internal Loads
11.2.
BicarNaBIkareFVIkarrbs;GagragmUlEdlBak;BnnwgkarBinitTaMgsMBaFxagkgEdlbNalBI
sMParEdlpkenAxagkgmanGMeBIelImuxkat;kMralCBaaMgekagragsIuLaMgesIg (thin-wall cylindrical
shell) nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial xageRkA nigeBlxHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBarEdleFVIeGaykMlaMgxag
kgmanlMnwg. sMBaFxagkgCasMBaF radial edk b:uEnERbRbYltamTisbBarEdlGaRsyeTAnwgRbePT
sMParEdlpkenAkgGag. RbsinebIsMParCaTwk bCaGgFaturav sMBaFbBarBRgayeTAelICBaaMgGag
manragRtIekaN CamYynwgGaMgtg;sIuetGtibrmaenARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg. sarFatu]snnwgpl;sMBaF
edkefrelIkMBs;TaMgmUlrbs;CBaaMg. karBRgaysMBaFbBarrbs;sMParEdlmanlkNdMuRKab; dUcCa
Fgf bRKab;FBaCatimanragRsedogKaniwgkarBRgaysMBaFrbs;]snmkelICBaaMgGagEdr. rUbTI
11>1 bgajBIkarBRgaysMBaDsMrab;krNInkardak;bnkTaMgbIenH.
668
NPIC
pd
= pr
2
(11.1a)
Edl
pd pr
=
2t
t
(11.1b)
Ggt;pitrbs;sIuLaMg
r = kaMrbs;sIuLaMg
t = kMras;CBaaMg
p = sMBaFktaxagkgRtg;)atCBaaMg = H
= TMgn;maDrbs;sMParEdlpkenAkgGag.
Tensile ring stress enARtg;RKb;cMnucBIxageRkamprbs;sMParEdlpkenAkgGagkayCa
d=
f R = (H y )
d
r
= (H y )
2t
t
(11.2a)
(11.2b)
Hd
2t
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
hr
t
(11.2c)
669
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
bnk]snenAelI)atEdlrGiledayesrI
Gaseous Load on Freely Sliding Base
mgeTotBIeKalkarN_emkanicmUldan/ tensile ring stress efrKW
fR =
pd pr
=
2t
t
(11.3)
670
11.2.2.
NPIC
karsikSaBIkMlaMg nigkugRtaMgenAkgCBaaMgGagragmUlKansameRbHCakarviPaKkMralragekag
sIuLaMgEdleFVIkarCalkNeGLasic. RbsiinebI shell minxUcRTg;RTayeRkam\TiBlrbs;sMBaFsarFaturavxagkg eKGacGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg basic membrane )an. kMlaMgtambeNaykta N y / kMlaMg
ktavN (circumferential unit force) N nigkMlaMgkat;ktaRtg;pit N y nig N y RtUv)anbgaj
enAkg differential element nrUbTI 11>3 (b). cMNaMfa GBatiTaMgbYnenHeFVIGMeBIenAkgbg;rbs; shell.
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
671
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
smIkarlMnwgmUldanbIsMrab;kMlaMgktaGBatiTaMgbYnenHKW
N y
N
+ p r = 0
+r
y
N y
N y
+ pyr = 0
+r
r
y
N
+ pz = 0
r
(11.5a)
(11.5b)
(11.5c)
(11.6)
ehIydMeNaHRsayrbs;smirk 11.5 KW
N y = N y = 0
ehIy
11.2.2.2.
N = (H y )r
RTwsIbTBt;begag
(11.7)
Bending Theory
672
N N y
Q + p r = 0
+
y
N y
N y
r+
+ pyr = 0
y
Q Q y
+
r + N + p z r = 0
y
M y
M y
r+
+ Qy r = 0
y
y
M M y
+
r Q r = 0
NPIC
(11.8a)
(11.8b)
(11.8c)
(11.8d)
(11.8e)
edaysarPaBsIuemRTInkardak;bnk/ N y = N y = M y = M y = 0 ehIyeKGacminKit
dQ Edlkat;bnysmIkarDIepr:g;EsledayEpk 11.8 mkCasMnMunsmIkarDIepr:g;EslFmta
(ordinary differential equation)
dN y
r + pyr = 0
dy
dQ y
r + N + p z r = 0
dy
dM y
r + Qy r = 0
dy
(11.9a)
(11.9b)
(11.9c)
673
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
dQ y
dy
dM y
dy
1
N = p z
r
(11.10a)
Qy = 0
(11.10b)
y =
ehIy
ehIyeKTTYl)an
Ny =
nig
N =
Et
1
Et
1 2
( y + ) =
( + y )
dv
w
= 0
r
1 dy
Et w
dv
dy
1 2 r
Et
(11.11a)
(11.11b)
pleFobBrsug
t = kMras;rbs;CBaaMg
BIsmIkar 11.11a
Edl
dv
w
=
dy
r
(11.12a)
BIsmIkar 11.11b
N = Et
w
r
(11.12b)
smIkarm:Um:g;
edaysarPaBsIuemRTI kMeNagenAkgTisvNminmanERbRbYleT dUcenH kMeNagenAkgTis y RtUv
esInwg d 2v / dy 2 . edayeRbIsmIkarm:Um:g;dUcKasMrab;kMraleGLasicesIg (thin elastic plate) eKTTYl
)an
M = M y
M y = D
d 2w
dy 2
(11.13a)
(11.13b)
674
NPIC
(11.14)
edayyk
d 4w
dy 2
=
4
Et
r2
Et
2
4r D
w = pz
=
(11.15)
31 2
(rt )
+ 4 4 w =
pz
D
(11.16)
Edl
f (y)
11.2.3.
pz r 2
Et
smIkarTUeTAnkMlaMg nigbM;las;TI
General Equations of Forces and Displacements
(y ) = e y cos y
(y ) = e y sin y
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
(11.18b)
675
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
d 2w
dy
d 3w
dy 3
=
=
1
[2M o (y ) + 2Qo (y )]
2D
1
[2M o (y ) Qo (y )]
D
(11.18c)
(11.18d)
1
2 3 D
(M o + Qo )
(11.19a)
(2M o + Qo )
=
2
dy y = 0 2 D
(11.19b)
M y = D
(11.20a)
(11.20b)
(11.20c)
d 2w
(11.20d)
dy 2
BIsmIkar 11.18c, 11.18d, 11.20b nig11.20d smIkarsMrab;m:Um:g;bBar nig radial shear tamTisedk
enARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg Edl y = 0 kayCa
(M y )y = 0 = M o = 1 1H
(Q y )y = 0
Hrt
12 1 2
rt
= Qo = (2 H 1)
12 1 2
( )
eKGacTTYl)ansmIkarsMrab;m:Um:g;bBarenARtg;kMBs; y BIelI)atCBaaMgBI
My =
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
(11.21a)
(11.21b)
(11.22)
676
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
677
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Q y = +
Q y =
Q y =
Et
2r 3 D
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
61 2
3rt 2
( )
Et
wy
r
) [M (y) + Q (y )]
o
(11.23)
Ring shear Q y
Q y = F Q y
(11.24)
678
NPIC
eKcaM)ac;eKarBtamkarkMNt;sBaaEdleRbIkgdMeNaHRdayTaMgenH. viFIEdlgayRsYlKWKUrragEdlxUc
RTg;RTayrbs;CBaaMg ehIyeRbIsBaabUksMrab;lkxNxageRkam
!> m:Um:g;EdleFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAelIsrsxageRkAbMputnpxageRkA.
@> kMlaMg Ring tension radial.
#> kMlaMg thrust EdlmanTisedAcUlkgeTArkGkSbBar. enATIenH eKeRbITisedAdUcKasMrab;
kMlaMg ring tension edIm,IKUrdaRkamsMrab;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMglMnwg (balancing prestressing
forces) enAelIRCugdUcKanwgkMlaMg ring tension sMrab;kareRbobeFob.
$> clnaCBaaMgxagcUlkgeTArkGkSbBar.
%> muMrgVilbRBaasTisRTnicnaLika.
sMBaFsarFaturavmanGMeBIelICBaaMgEdlman)atCaTMr Pinned (Pinned Wall Base, Liquid Pressure)
enAeBl)atCBaaMgmanTMr pinned ehIyrgnUvm:Um:g;bnksarFaturav M o = 0 enARtg;)at
Qo = +
Qo = +
2 3H (rt )2
12 1 2
1/ 2
rt
1/ 4 2
[12(1 )]
2
(11.25)
[3(1 )]
=
(rt )2
2 3/ 4
(rt )3 / 2
[3(1 )]
=
(11.26b)
2 1/ 2
(rt )
[3(1 )]
=
(11.26c)
2 1/ 4
(rt )1/ 2
(11.26d)
hoop
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
679
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
rf R
pr 2
w=
=
E
Et
(11.27)
nig
1
2 3 D
(M o + Qo )
(11.28a)
dw
1
(2M o + Qo ) = 0
=
2
dy y =0 2 D
(11.28b)
nig
Qo = +4 3 Dw = +
2
p
=+
prt
12 1 2
p (2rt )1 / 2
[12(1 )]
2 1/ 4
(11.29a)
(11.29b)
Qo = 2 3 D
Et
Qo =
1/ 2
rt
1/ 4 2
[12(1 )]
2
(11.30)
680
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
681
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
enARtg;)atCBaaMg
1
r = 125 = 62.5 ft (19m )
2
t = 10in. = 0.83 ft (0.25m )
BIsmIkar 11.26d
[3(1 )]
=
2 1/ 4
(rt )1 / 2
BIsmIkar 11.21a
1 Hrt
M o = 1
H 12 1 2
12(1 0.04)
0.181 25
= 18,574 ft. lb / ft (7.68kN .m / m )
BIsmIkar 11.21b
Qo = +(2 H 1)
rt
12 1 2
62.4 62.5 0.83
= +(2 0.181 25 1)
12(1 0.04 )
= +7,677lb / ft (112kN / m )
(b)
BIsmIkar 11.22
My = +
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
= 0.252
682
My = +
NPIC
1
( 0.181 18,574 0.311 + 7,677 0.252)
0.181
= +4,912 ft lb / ftt
11.4.
]TahrN_ 11>2 KNna radial ring force Q enAkg]TahrN_ 11>1 Rtg; (a) y = 7.5 ft (2.29m)
y
dMeNaHRsay
6(1 )
3 rt 2
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
(y ) = +0.0543
Q y = +
6(1 0.04 )
0.0059 62.5(0.83)2
= 24,431lb / ft (356kN / m )
BIsmIkar 11.2b/ ring force F = (H y )r = 62.4 (25 7.5) 62.5 = 68,250lb / ft . dUcenH
Q7.5 = F Q y = 68,250 24,431 = 43,819lb / ft (705kN / m ) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>6(a).
(a) enARtg;kMBs; 7.5 ft BI)at (b) enARtg;kMBs; 10 ft BI)at.
(b) Q y enARtg;kMBs; 10 ft BI)atrbs;CBaaMg
y = 0.181 10 = 1.81
683
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
( y ) = 0.1984
( y ) = 0.0387
Q y =
6(1 0.04 )
0.0059 62.5(0.83)2
= 8,387lb / ft
eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;kMBs;NakedayBI)atrbs;GagragsIuLaMgBIsmIkarm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;
Fwmkugsul (cantilever beam). eKTTYl)ansmIkarenHedayKuNm:Um:g; cantilever edayemKuNEdl
TMhMrbs;vaCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgTMhMFrNImaRtrbs;Gag ehIyRtUv)aneGayeQaHfa membrane coefficients. eKGacerobcMsmIkarm:Um:g;mUldanEdl)anbegItenAkgEpk 11.2 sMrab;GagskragmUleLIg
vijedaybBalemKuN H 2 / dt EdltMNageGayragFrNImaRt nigemKuN H 3 b pH 2 EdltMNag
eGay\TiBl cantilever sMrab;kardak;bnksarFaturav nigsarFatu]sn.
Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks and Shell Roofs
684
NPIC
[3(1 )]
=
2 1/ 4
(rt )
1/ 2
1.30
(rt )
1/ 2
1.84
(dt )1 / 2
H2
3
2
M y = variant
H or pH
dt
(11.31)
(11.32a)
sMrab;bnksarFaturav ehIy
M y = CpH 2
(11.32b)
sMrab;bnksarFatu]sn.
tarag 11>4 dl; 11>16 bgajBI membrane coefficient C sMrab; form factor H 2 / dt Ca
mYynwglkxNRBMEdnEdlniymeRbICageK niglkxNbnkepSg. vakat;bnykarKNnaCaeRcInEdl
TamTarCaTUeTAenAkgkarKNna nigkarviPaK shell edayminman)at;bg;suRkitPaBnlTpleT. eday
eRbI membrane coefficient sMrab;dMeNaHRsaynkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;GagragmUl vanwgpl;lTplRsedog
KanwglTplEdlTTYl)anBIdMeNaHRsaym:Um:g;Bt;EdlbgajenAkgEpk 11>2 nigsMnMunsmIkarEdl
manenAkgtarag 11>2 nig 11>3 .
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
685
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
686
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
687
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
688
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
689
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
690
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
691
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
692
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
693
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
)atCBaaMgrGiledayesrI
694
11.6.2.
)atCBaaMgCaTMrsnak;
NPIC
695
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
696
11.6.3.
NPIC
)atCBaaMgrGiledayEpk nigmanTMrsnak;
Partially Sliding and Hinged Wall Base
)atCBaaMgbgb;eBlelj
Fully Fixed Wall Base
697
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
eRbkugRtaMgbBarEdlRtUvkarsMrab;GagEdlman)atCBaaMgbgb;eBjeljmantMlFMCagsMrab;krNI
lkxNRBMEdkdTeTotxaMgNas;. eKcaM)ac;eFVIeGaymanbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgTajenAkg)atCBaaMgRtg;p
xageRkAEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;GviCmandFMenARtg;)ateGaymantMlFM emIlrUbTI 11>10 a nig b ehIy
bRBaaskMeNagEdlenAEk,rva. eBlxH vamanlkNesdkicCagedayeRbIEdkBRgwgFmtaenAEpkxag
eRkamrbs;CBaaMgbEnmBIelIEdk eRbkugRtaMg edIm,IGaceRbIeRbkugRtaMgbBartUcCag nigeGayEdkBRgwg
FmtaTTYlnUvm:Um:g;GviCmandFMenaH. eKkGackat;bnykugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugedayeRbIkMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMgbBarcakpitCamYynwgcMNakpitsmrm rYmCamYynwgEdkBRgwgFmtabEnm. b:uEn EdkeRbkugRtaMg
698
NPIC
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
699
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
dUckarbgajBIxagedIm eKBI)akkgkareFVIeGay)ankarTb;eBleljRbqaMgnwgkarvilenARtg;)at
CBaaMgNas;. mUlehtusMxan;manbI ! eKRtUvpl;nUvPaBrwgRkajcaM)ac;enAkgkMral)atGagRtg;kEng
RbsBVCamYyCBaaMgedIm,ITTYl)ankarbgb;eBjelj. @ clnarbs;dIxageRkamCBaaMgGacbgkarvil
rbs;)atCBaaMg. nig # eKTamTarkarRb mUlpM anchorage sMrab;TaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar nigTaMgeRb
kugRtaMgvNedkrbs;kMNat;CBaaMg-)at edaysarCBaaMg nig)atrgeRbkugRtaMgdac;edayELkBIKa.
edaysarkMral)atmanpFM \TiBlnkarTb; bkareFVIeGayrwgrbs;vaRtUv)ankMNt;RtwmbrievN
toe dtUccegtEdleFVIkarCalkN cantilever BI)atCBaaMg. CMerIsdRtwmRtUvnTTwgrbs; toe b base
ring kMNt;nUvPaBRtwmRtUvntMlPaBrwgRkajkgkarKNnaEdl)anBIdWeRknkarbgb;snt;rbs;)at
CBaaMg. rUbTI 11>11 bgajBI\TiBlnTTwg base ring eTAelImMurgVilrbs;CBaaMg nigbMlas;TIrbs;
ring. Epk (c) rbs;rUbbgajBIsanPaBlMnwgEdlcugrbs; ring sitenAelInIv:UdUcKanwg)atrbs;CBaaMg
b:uEnlkxNEdlbgajenAkgEpk (a) nig (b) Bak;BnnwgbMlas;TIBIxageRkam)atrbs;CBaaMg ehIyva
min)anbMeBjlkxNeT.
700
NPIC
2 =
3 =
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
701
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Mo
2D
2 =
1 =
LM o
2D
2 =
Mp
2D
(11.33)
dUcenH eyIg)an
LM p
2D
(11.34)
HL2
2
3 =
3HL4
2 Eh 3
(11.35)
(11.36)
snt;
= 0.2 nig = 2 / dt
edayCMnYs 2 nig 3 BIsmIkar 11.34 eTAkgsmIkar 11.35 nig 11.36 enaHeyIg)an
L2 =
2CH 2
(
t / h )3
(L = 1)
1+
(dt )1 / 2
nig
Mo =
yktY
S=
HL2
2
(t / h )3
(dt )1 / 2
(11.37)
(11.38)
(11.39)
(11.40)
702
NPIC
nig
M p = CH 3
d o Q d o2 + d 2
2hE d o2 d 2
(11.41)
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
703
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Q2 =
2.5hE
do
(11.42)
Edl
2hE
do K
(11.43)
d2 + d2
K = o2
d d2
Edl
D=
Q3
4 3 D
Q'
(11.44)
4 3 D
Et 3
( )
edayeRbI ~ 0.2 / smIkar 11.44 sMrab;bMlas;TI radial ktarbs;CBaaMgenARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlmin
manmMurgVilkayCa
12 1 2
t
Q ' = 2 .2 E
d
3/ 2
(11.45)
(11.46)
704
NPIC
edayyk
kMNt; S1 edayCMnYssmIkar 11.45 nig11.46 eTAkgsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
S1 =
2.5(h / d )
2.2(t / d )3 / 2
edaysnt; d ~ do / b
1/ 2
h d
S1 = 1.1
t t
(11.47)
100
%
S1
(11.48)
1 h d
S1 =
Kt t
(11.49)
Edl BIelIkmun
d o2 + d 2
K = 2
d d2
kugRtaMg
Stresses
eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTAsMrab;GagskragmUlebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlcak;enAnwgkEngRtUv)anpl;
eGayeday Prestressed Concrete Institute/ American Concrete Institute nig Post-Tensioning
Institute sMrab;eRCIserIskugRtaMgGnuBaat/ karkMNt;TMhM kMras;CBaaMgGb,brma nigdMeNIrkardMeLIg nig
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
705
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
11.7.2.
emKuNbnk nigersIusg;tMrUvkar
706
NPIC
M n = A ps f ps d p
2
a
a
M n = A ps f ps d p + As f y d
2
2
b
enAeBlEdleKeRbI As ehIy
Edl Aps = EdkeRbkugRtaMgbBarkgTTwgmYykta
f ps = kugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;ersIusg; nominal
f y = yield strength rbs;EdkFmta
11.7.3.
(11.50a)
(11.50b)
tMrUvkarGb,brmakgkarKNnaCBaaMg
Minimum Wall-Design Requirements
11.7.3.1.
sarFaturav
kMlaMgvN
Circumferential Forces
kMlaMgedIm Fi = r (H ) ff pi
(11.51a)
ps
karcak;bMeBj (backfill)
kMras; nigkugRtaMg
kMras;CBaaMg (Core Wall Thickness)
11.7.3.2.
t co =
Fi
f ci
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
(11.51b)
(11.52)
707
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagkMras;CBaaMgGb,brmaEdlmanerobrab;enAkgEpk 11.7.3.6.
kugRtaMgcugeRkayEdlbNalBIkarcak;bMeBj nigeRbkugRtaMgedIm
f =
11.7.3.3.
Fbi Fi f pe
+
t
t co f pi
PaBdab
(11.53)
Deflections
Fi r
t co Ec
(11.54)
kaMxagkgrbs;Gag
t co = kMras;rbs;CBaaMgenAxagcug xag)atrbs;CBaaMg
Ec = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa ) sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta nig shotcrete.
PaBdab radial cugeRkay f GacmantMlesInwg1.5 eTA3dgnPaBdabdMbUg. sMrab;lkxN
eKGacykPaBdab radial EdlGnuBaatcugeRkaydUcxageRkam
Edl
r=
f = 1.7 i
(11.55)
\TiBlTb;
Restraint Effects
m:Um:g;Bt;bBarGtibrmarbs;CBaaMgEdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; radial
11.7.3.4.
M f = 0.24Qo rt co
(11.56a)
m:Um:g;enHekItmanenAcMgay
y = 0.68 rt co
(11.56b)
BI)at bcugEKm
t co
r
(11.57)
RbePTnkarlMGitenaHRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EtGagskEdlcak;enAnwgkEngEdlsagsg;edayman
diaphragm enAkgCBaaMgrbs;vab:ueNaH.
11.7.3.5.
EdkFmtasMrab;karf<k;enA)at
708
NPIC
y1 = 1.4 rt co
(11.58a)
(11.58b)
(11.59)
ehIyeKRtUvbgtvaBI)atnUvcMgay 3 ft b
y3 = 0.75 rt co
(11.60)
edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag.
kMras;CBaaMgGb,brma
CBaaMgcak;enAnwgkEng
11.7.3.6.
CBaaMgcak;Rsab;
709
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
11.8.
RKb;RKgsameRbHenAkgCBaaMgrbs;GagebtugeRbkugRtaMgragmUl
Crack Control in Walls of Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks
wmax = 4.1 10 6 ct E ps I x
Edl
ct =
(11.61)
I x = grid index =
8 s 2 s1tb
KMlatEdkkgTiselx 2
s1 = KMlatEdkkgTisEkgelx 1 Tisedk
tb = kMras;karBarEdkKitdl;GkSEdk
1 = Ggt;pitEdkkgTisem 1
eKGacKNnabMErbMrYlrageFobrgkarTajBI
s2 =
ct =
Edl
11.9.
t f pi
(11.62)
E ps
karsikSaKNnadMbUg
Roof Design
710
NPIC
N ro
) N
r N
+
r1 + p ro r1 = 0
ro N
+
+ po ro r1 = 0
N
r1 + N
N N
+
+ pz = 0
r1
r2
(11.63a)
(11.63b)
(11.63c)
Tis z
edaysarbnkmanlkNsIuemRTI/ RKb;tYTaMgGs;EdlTak;Tgnwg RtUv)anbM)at; ehIyeKGacsresr
tYEdlTak;Tgnwg eLIgvijCaDIepr:gEslsrub d edaysarKantYNamYyERbRbYlGaRsynwgtY .
ehIybgM circumferential load p = 0 edaysarkMlaMgpbkMlaMgkat;RtUv)anbM)at;tambeNay
meridional nigrgVg;EdlRsb. dUcenH eKGacsresrsmIkar 11.63 eLIgvijCa
d
N ro N r1 cos + p y r1ro = 0
d
N N
+
+ pz = 0
r1
r2
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
(11.64a)
(11.64b)
711
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
dMbUlekagragEsVr
Spherical Dome
smIkarlMnwgrbs; Membrane Analysis
11.9.1.2.
712
NPIC
1
cos
N = awD
1 + cos
nig
N =
awD
1+ cos
(11.65a)
(11.65b)
wL a
2
(11.66a)
awL
1
awL
= awL cos 2 =
cos 2
2
2
2
(11.66b)
713
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
714
NPIC
(11.67)
d
N cos
2
(11.68)
kMraldMbYlekagminkMNt;edaysaTiceRbkugRtaMg
Edl
d
N N
2 Et
(11.69)
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
715
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
wD d
w d
1
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 1 + cos
4 sin
(11.70)
N (cos )d 2
(11.71)
4 Ebh
) (
d N cos
bh
N N +
2
t
(11.72)
Edl h CakMBs; ring beam srub. kareRbobeFobrvagsmIkar 11.72 nig 11.68 bgajfakMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMgRbsiTPaBEdlRtUvkarelIkmunmantMlFMCagkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBEdlRtUvkarelIkeRkay.
TMhMnkarekIneLIgenHmanRbEhlBI 5% eTA10%. lkxNdUcKamanlkNBit sMrab; dome EdlExS
Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks and Shell Roofs
716
NPIC
Edl
Pi =
Pi
fc
(11.73)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm P /
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
717
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatenAkgebtug
= PaKrykugRtaMgEdlenAesssl;.
eKcg;rkSaeGaytMlrbs; f c mantMlTab Rbhak;RbEhlnwg 0.2 f 'c nigminelIs 800 psi
eTA 900 psi eT edIm,IeFVIeGaybMErbMrYlrageFobdFMEdlekItmanenAkg edge ring beam mantMlGb,brma EdlRtLb;mkvijeKGacbegItkugRtaMgFMenAkg shell Rtg;tMbn; springing.
RkLaprbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkg dome ring KW
fc =
Pi
f pi
A ps =
Edl
(11.74b)
CakugRtaMgGnuBaatenAkgEdkrgeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlxatbg;. RbsinebIeKminRtUvkarkMNt;
A ps CatMlsuRkit enaHeKGacykRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMg
f pi
A ps =
Edl
W cot
2f pe
hd = a
Edl
(11.74b)
1.5 pu
i c Ec
(11.75)
a=
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;sMrab;sMParEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt; = 0.65
i = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab;bMErbMrYlrbs;pragEsVrEdlbNalBIPaBminl
i = (a / ri )2 / Edl ri 1.4a
c = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab; creep/ sMParEdl nonlinearity nigsameRbH
= 0.44 + 0.003WL / b:uEnminFMCag 0.53 .
Ec = m:UDuleGLasicedImrbs;ebtug = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa )
718
11.10.
NPIC
GagebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanEdkeRbkugRtaMgvN
Prestressed Concrete Tanks with Circumferential Tendons
RbePT)atCBaaMg nigtMNdMbUgragekag
BIkarerobrab;xagelI eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;falkxNRBMEdnenARtg;)atrbs;GageRbkugRtaMgrag
mUl nigenARtg; ring beam support sMrab;dMbUgragekagkMNt;nUvlkNnkarGnuvt lkNesdkic
nigeCaKCynkarsikSaKNnaTaMgmUl. Cavi)ak bTBiesFn_CaeRcInEdlTTYl)anBIkarbegIttMNeRkam
lkxNTaMgenHKWmantMlxaMgNas;. karlMGitBItMNRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>18 dl;TI 11>22.
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
719
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
720
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
721
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
722
NPIC
723
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
]sn. eRbIkarBRgayragctuekaNBaysMrab;GgFaturwgEdlpkenAxagkgGag.
kMNt;kMlaMg ring kta F = (H y )r sMrab;)atrGileBjelj Edl r CakaMGag nig y Ca
cMgayBI)at.
#> BItarag 11>4 dl; 11>16 eRCIserIsemKuNm:Um:g;bBareTAtamRbePTbnk niglkxN
restraint rbs;)atEdlbNaledaysMBaFsarFaturav
My =+
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
rt
( )
ehIy Q = (F Q ) EdlbMErbMrYln
6(1 )
(M (y ) + Q (y ))
Q = +
y
12 1 2
nig = [3(1 )]
3 rt 2
2 1/ 4
(rt )1 / 2
724
NPIC
L =
2
1+
(t / h )3
(dt )2
1
1+ S
Edl S = 1.1(h / t ) (d / t )1 / 2 .
enAeBlEdl rim xageRkArbs; slab ring rgkMlaMgsgt;edaykMlaMg radial Rtg; rim enaHtMl
rbs; S RtUv)anEksMrYleTACa
1/ 2
1 h d
S1 =
K t t
Edl
d2 +d2
K = o2
d d
EdlkgenH
Ggt;pitxagkg
d = Ggt;pitkMral ring xagkg = d o 2 L .
!@> RtYtBinittMrUvkarkMras;CBaaMgGb,brma nigKNnaPaBdab radial eGLasicedImEdlKanTb;
do =
E;dl
Fi r
t co Ec
(
)
t co = kMras;rbs;slCBaaMgenARtg;cug b)atrbs;CBaaMg
Ec = 57,000 f 'c psi 4,700 f 'c MPa
r=
d
2
725
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
As = 0.005t co
8 s 2 s1tb
KMlatEdkkgTis 1
1 = Ggt;pitrbs;EdkenAkgTis 1
s 2 = KMlatEdkkgTis 2
tb = kMras;karBarEdkEdlKitdl;pitrbs;Edk
cMNaMfa TTwgsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrma wmax = 0.004in. sMrab;GagsksarFaturav.
!%> sikSaKNnadMbUgragekageRkaykareRCIserIsRbePTtMNenARtg;cugrbs;CBaaMgGag. kMNt;pl
eFobnkMBs;rbs;dMbUgragekag h' elI)at d rbs;vay:agNamineGay h' / d > 1/ 8 .
KNnakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial tamTisedktMrUvkar P sMrab; edge beam BIsmIkar
s1 =
Edl
)]
d N cos
bh
(N N ) +
2
t
w d 1
w d
N = D
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 1 + cos
4 sin
P=
w
wD
N = a
+ L
2
1 + cos
kMBs;srubrbs;Fwm rim
b = TTwgFwm rim
wD = GaMgtg;sIuetnbnkpal;rbs; shell kgmYyktap bnkefr
wL = GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkGefrRbeyal
!^> KNnamuxkat; ring-edge beam
nig
h=
Ac =
Pi
fc
726
Edl
NPIC
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm = P /
= PaKrykugRtaMgesssl;
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatenAkgebtug minRtUvFMCag 0.2 f 'c b:uEnminRtUvFMCag
800 ~ 900 psi enAkg edge beam.
!&> KNnaRkLaprbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgrbs; edge beam
Pi =
Pi
f si
A ps =
Edl f si CakugRtaMgGnuBaatenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlxatbg; b
A ps =
W cot
2f pe
Edl
1 .5 p u
i c Ec
a=
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;sMrab;sMParEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt; = 0.65
i = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab;bMErbMrYlrbs;pragEsVrEdlbNalBIPaBminl
i = (a / ri )2 / Edl ri 1.4a
c = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab; creep/ sMParEdl nonlinearity nigsameRbH
= 0.44 + 0.003WL / b:uEnminFMCag 0.53 .
Ec = m:UDuleGLasicedImrbs;ebtug = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa )
727
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
728
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
729
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
730
NPIC
11.12. Design of Circular Prestressed Concrete Water-Retaining Tank and Its Domed
Roof
kugRtaMgEdlesssl;
sMrab;bnkRBilelI dome
snt; kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubesI 26% sMrab;\TiBlryeBlEvg.
dMeNaHRsay minKit\TiBlTMgn;pal;rbs;CBaaMg nigdMbUl dome edaysarkugRtaMgrbs;vaminFMebI
eRbobeFobeTAnwg\TiBlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar. eKmankarBRgaysMBaFTwkenAelICBaaMg dUc
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>24
d 125
= 62.4lb / ft 3 (1,000kf / m 3 )
r= =
= 62.5 ft (19.1m )
2
2
snt;fa kMras;CBaaMg t = 10in. = 0.83 ft (25.4cm) . enaH emKuNrag (form factor)
wL = 15 psf (718 Pa )
H2
25 25
=
=6
dt 125 0.83
tarag 11>19 dl; 11>21 eGaynUv basic force nig basic moment enAkgCBaaMgGag.
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
731
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
732
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
NPIC
733
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
734
NPIC
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
735
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
736
NPIC
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
737
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
karbgb;edayEpkenARtg;)atCBaaMg
S=
nig
m:Um:g;xatbg;edaysarkarbgb;edayEpk = 18,233 16,410 = 1,823 ft lb / ft . BIsmIkar 11.37
sMrab;TTwg base ring L
L2 =
2CH 2
1+ S
L = 4.61 ft = 4 ft 7 12 in.
738
NPIC
h d
S1 = 1.1
t t
100
R=
= 7.4%
13.5
1/ 2
10 125
= 1.1
10 0.38
= 13.50%
dUcenH
EdlmannyfaeKGackat;bnyeRbkugRtaMgKNnatMrUvkarsMrab;CBaaMg)anbnic edaysarvaGacmankug
RtaMgsgt;xHBI base ring.
sikSaKNnaEdkBRgwgeRbkugRtaMg
kabeRbkugRtaMgedk
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
739
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
77,115
= 0.60in.2
129,500
sMrab;kMBs;CBaaMg 1 ft
5
cMnYn wire kg band 5 ft = 00..600289
= 104
dUcenH eRbI wire 104 enAkg wall band 5 ft Edl)atrbs;vaenABIeRkamnIv:UTwk 15 ft . ehIyykkMras;
shotcrete 2in. edIm,IkarBar wire Ggt;pit 0.192in. .
RbsinebIGagrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg 7-wire strand tendon 250-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. enaH
Aps = 0.144in.2 / strand ehIycMnYn strand EdlRtUvkarkg band kMBs; 5 ft KW 0.6 5 / 0.144 20 .
kabeRbkugRtaMgbBar
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
740
NPIC
TTwg
0.144
1in.
= 0.064in.2 /
2.25
Aps f ps
0.064 220,000
a=
=
= 3.31in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 5,000 1
Aps =
62.5
a/2
=
= 106 ft (32.3m )
sin 0.588
1.5 Pu
i c Ec
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
741
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
= 0.65
i = (a / ri )
106
=
= 0.51
1.4 106
yk c = 0.49
kMras;Gb,brma h = a
dUcenH ykkMras; shell t = 3in.(7.6mm) . enaH sin = sin 36o = 0.59 / cos = cos 36o = 0.81 nig
a = kaMEsVr = 106 ft .
BIsmIkar 11.70/ kMlaMg tangential kgktaRbEvgrbs;vNKW
Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks and Shell Roofs
742
NPIC
W d
WD d
1
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 2 + cos
4 sin
37.5 125 1
15 125
(0.31)
=
0.81
2 0.59 1 + 0.81
4 0.59
N =
= 1,269lb / ft
bh
d
N N + N cos
t
2
125
d
( 2,991 0.81) = 151,149lb / ft
N cos =
2
2
Pi 204,620
=
= 256in.2
fc
800
eRbI
280 1
125
( 2,991 0.81)
1,269 0.2( 2,991) +
3.0 12
2
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
743
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIelIkmun
dUcenH
Pi
211,671
=
= 1.21in.2 7.56cm 2
f pi 175,000
21
= 8.4
ehIycMnYnrbs; strand = 01..144
RbsinebIkMhateRbkugRtaMgFMCag 26% bnicbnc eKGacyk strand cMnYn 9. dUcenH eRbI 7-wire
strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 9 edIm,IeFVIeRbkugRtaMgelI edge ring beam.
744
XII.
NPIC
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar
AASTHO
nig
LRFD
R W
R2
+ W2
(12.1)
745
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
746
12.2.
NPIC
karsikSaKNnaBIGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrbs;s<anRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayeKarBeTAtam AASTHO
(American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials). kgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
EpkxagelI (superstructure) rbs;s<an eKRtuveRCIserIs nigdak;pvcracrN_ (traffic lane) nigbnky:ag
NaEdleFVIeGaymankugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM.
kardak;bnkGefrenAelIs<anRtUvman standard truck b lane load EdlsmmUleTAnwg truck
trains. sMrab;s<anrfePIg (railway bridge), tMrUvkarRtUv)ankMNt;eday AREA (American Railway
Engineering Association). CaTUeTA tMrUvkarsMrab;kMNt;smamaRtmuxkat;eRKOgbgMrbs;Ggt;TMreRcIn
GnuvttambTdan ACI nig PCI.
12.2.1.
bnk
Load
kardak;bnk highway mancMNat;fak;bTdan 4KW H20, H15, Hs20 nig HS15. kardak;bnk
HS15 KWesInwg 75%nkardak;bnk HS20. RbsinebImankardak;bnkepSgeRkABIenH eKRtUveFVIkarEk
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
747
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Edl
50
30%
L + 125
(12.2)
748
NPIC
749
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
750
NPIC
Edl
6.68S 2
R
(12.3)
kMlaMgcakpitKitCaPaKryrbs;bnkGefrEdlKam\TiBlTgic
S = el,nKNna (design speed) KitCa miles kgmYyema:g
D = dWeRkrbs;kMeNag
R = kaMrbs;ExSekag KitCa ft
(iv) karkat;bnyGaMgtg;sIuetbnk (Reduction in Load Intensity): enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgGtibrmaRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykardak;bnkenAelI traffic lanes CaeRcInkgeBlCamYyKa eKRtUv
eFVIkarkat;bnyGaMgtg;sIuetbnkdUcxageRkam
PaKry
mYy bBIr lane
100
90
bI lane
bYn lane beRcInCagenH
75
C=
751
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.2.2.
752
NPIC
Load Frcation =
Edl
S=
S
D
TTwgrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab;
enAeBlEdl C > 5
D = (5.75 0.5 N L )
NL =
enAeBlEdl C 5
C = K (W / L )
Edl
TTwgTaMgmUlrbs;s<anEdlvas;EkgeTAnwgr:tbeNay
L = RbEvgElVgEdlvas;RsbeTAnwgr:tbeNay. sMrab;r:tEdlman end diaphragm
cak;enAnwgkEng ykRbEvgcenaH end diaphragms
W =
K = [(1 + )I / J ]1 / 2
Edl
RbEvgrbs;FatubgMctuekaNnImYyEdlmanenAkgmuxkat;
t = kMras;rbs;FatubgMctuekaNnImYyEdlmanenAkgmuxkat;
sab nigeCIgrbs;muxkat;EdlmaneCIg bmuxkat;GkSr C RtUv)anKitCaFatubgMctuekaNdac;
edayELkEdltMlrbs;vaRtUv)anbUkbBalKaedIm,IKNna J . cMNaMfa sMrab;FwmctuekaN
EdlmanRbehagmUl tMlrbs; J GacKitCatMlRbhak;RbEhledayeRbIsmIkarxagelIsMrab;
muxkat;ctuekaN nigedayminKitRbehag.
b=
sMrab;Fwmmuxkat;RbGb;
J=
Edl
b=
2tt f (b t )2 d t f
)2
bt + dt f t 2 t 2f
TTwgsrubrbs;RbGb;
753
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kMBs;srubrbs;RbGb;
t = kMras;rbs;RTnugTaMgsgag
t f = kMras;rbs;sabTaMgBIr
rUbmnsnt;fasabTaMgBIrmankMras;esIKa ehIyeKeRbIkMras;rbs;sabEtmYyeT. dUcKasMrab;
RTnug.
sMrab;karsikSaKNnabzm eKGaceRbItMlrbs; K xageRkam
d=
(iv)
D+ P/S
f c = 0.4 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c
[0.5(D + P / S ) + L]
f c = 0.4 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c
12.2.3.
754
NPIC
S + 2
ML =
P20
32
(12.4a)
sMrab;kardak;bnk H 15
S + 2
ML =
P15
32
(12.4b)
bnkxl;
Wind Loads
edayKitbBalbnkxl; pRbQmesInwgplbUknprbs;Ggt;TaMgGs;edayrYmbBalTaMg
RbBnkMral nigbgan; dUceXIjenAkgkMritnIv:U 90o eTAnwgGkSbeNayrbs;eRKOgbgM. karsikSaKNna
KUrEpkelIel,nxl; V = 100mph(160km / h). RkLaprgsMBaFRtUv)ankat;dUcerobrab;enAkg
AASTHO.
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
755
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.2.5.
kMlaMgrBaydI
Seismic Forces
karsikSaKNnaKYrKitRkumnkarbnSMbnkEbbNaedIm,IeGay)anlkxNkugRtaMgGtibrmaenA
kgGgt;EdlBicarNa. eKmanRkumnkardak;bnkeRkamlkxNbnkesvakm
Rkum I
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF
D + E + B + SF + W
Rkum II
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF + W + WL + LF
Rkum III
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + SF + (R + S + T )
Rkum IV
Rkum V
D + E + B + SF + W + (R + S + T )
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF
Rkum VI
Rkum VII D + E + B + SF + EQ
Rkum VIII D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF + ICE
D + E + B + SF + W + ICE
Rkum IX
Rkum X
D + (L + I ) + E
Edl D = bnkefr
L = bnkGefr
I = bnkGefrTgic
E = sMBaFdI
B = PaBGacGENt (buoyancy)
W = bgMxl;enAelIGaKar
WL = bnkxl;enAelIbnkGefr 100lb / ft
LRFD and Standard AASTHO Design of Concrete Bridges
756
NPIC
bnkbeNayEdl)anBIbnkGefr
CF = kMlaMgcakpit
R = karrYjxIrbs; rib
S = karrYmmaD
T = sItuNPaB
EQ = kMlaMgrBaydI
SF = sMBaFrMhUrrbs;Twk
ICE = sMBaFTwkkk
sMrab; load factor design eKRtUvKuN)a:ra:Em:RtelIkmunCamYynwgemKuNbnkenAkgtarag
12>1(b).
sMrab;bnkemKuN tMlRKumKW
elxRkum (N ) = [ D D + L (L + I ) + C CF + E E + B B + S SF
LF =
+ W W + WLWL + L LF + R (R + S + T )
+ EQ EQ + ICE ICE ]
(12.5)
emKuNbnkEdlRtUvGnuvteTAelIbnSMbnkKWdUcxageRkam
E = 0.7 sMrab;bnkbBarenAelIRbGb;ebtugGarem:
= 1.0 sMrab;bnkxag (lateral load) enAelIRbGb;ebtugGarem:
= 1.0 sMrab;bnkbBar nigbnkxagenAelIlU (culvert) dTeTot
= 1.0 nig 0.5 sMrab;bnkxagenAelIeRKagrwg RtYtBinitkardak;bnkEdllub
sMrab;RkumCak;lak;
E = 1.3 sMrab;sMBaFxagrbs;dIenAeBlRtYtBinitm:Um:g;viCmanenAkgeRKagrwg (rigid
frame) lU blURbGb;ebtugGarem:
D = 0.75 enAeBlRtYtBinitGgt;sMrab;bnktamGkSGb,brma nigm:Um:g;Gtibrma
sMrab;cMNakpitGtibrma sMrab;karsikSaKNnassr.
= 1.0 enAeBlRtYtBinitsMRab;bnktamGkSGtibrma nigm:Um:g;Gb,brma
= 1.0 sMrab;Ggt;rgkarTaj nigkarBt;begag.
tarag 12>1 (b) eGaytMlnemKuN sMrab;)a:ra:Em:RtbnkepSgenAkgsmIkar 12.5
sMrab;lkNbeckeTs standard AASTHO.
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
757
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.2.7.
karbnSMbnk LRFD
LRFD Load Combinations
758
NPIC
759
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
760
NPIC
761
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
762
NPIC
763
T.Chhay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
764
NPIC
ersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;begagemKuN
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;karBt;begagemKuN
M t = M n
(12.7)
EdlemKuNersIusg; = 1.0 .
enAkgkarviPaK strain compatibility eKENnaMeGaykat;bnyemKuN BItMl 1.0 sMrab; net
tensile strain 0.005 eTA 0.7 sMrab; net tensile strain 0.002 enAkgEdkrgkarTajxageRkAbMput man
nyfa
d
(12.8)
)a:r:aEm:RtKNnakarBt;begag
765
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
d p
f py
k = 21.04
f
pu
Edl
= 0.28
(12.9a)
(12.9b)
f ps = f pe + 900
le
Edl
(12.9c)
le = 2li / (2 + N s )
f pu
f ps = f pu 1
1 f 'c
(12.9c)
eKTTYl)ankMBs;rbs;GkSNWt c BIsmIkarxageRkam
(a) muxkat;EdkDub (Doubly reinforced section)
c=
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1 + kA ps
dp
(12.10)
Edl
(12.11)
TTwgRTnug
d p = cMgayBIsrsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
bw =
766
12.3.4.
(a)
EdnkMNt;rbs;EdkBRgwg
Reinforcement Limits
Edl
(b)
NPIC
(12.12a)
(12.12b)
M cr = ( f r + f ce )S b M dnc bc 1
Sb
Edl
12.4.
(12.13)
karBicarNaBIkarsikSaKNnakMlaMgkat;
767
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
tan 2 =
x 2
t 2
(12.14)
x =
EdlkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Gnuvtn_KW
v=
dv = d p a / 2
Vu V p
V
=
bw jd
bw d v
(12.15a)
(12.15b)
EdlTamTarsMrab;eFVIeGaykugRtaMgsgt;manlMnwgdUcxageRkam
Av f v = ( f 2 sin 2 f1 cos 2 )bw s
reinforcement) Av
(12.16)
768
NPIC
Av f v
d v cot
s
(12.17)
smIkarKNna
Design Expressions
Edl
(12.18)
Vi M cr
M max
(12.19)
(12.20)
M cr = St 6 f 'c + f pe f d
)
769
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
b
Edl
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p
(12.21)
Vn = 0.25 f 'c bv d v
(12.22)
TTwgRTnugRbsiTPaB
d v = kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB (d p a / 2 )
a = kMBs;rbs;bksgt;
muxkat;eRKaHfaksMrab;kMlaMgkat;sitenAcMgay dv b (0.5dv cot ) edayykmYyNaEdlFM
Cag. eKyktMl dv BIkarKNnaersIusg;Bt;begagkNalElVg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs;ebtugsuT Vc EdlKitCa psi KW
bv =
Vc =
f 'c bv d v
(12.23)
nigKitCa ksi
Vc = 0.0361
f 'c bv d v
(12.24)
Av f y d v cot
(12.25)
Vu > 0.5 Vc + V p
(12.26)
770
NPIC
elIsBIenH enAeBlEdlkMlaMgRbtikmrbs;FwmbBankarsgt;eTAcugrbs;Ggt;dUcEdlekItman
enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKykmuxkat;eRKaHfak;enARtg;TItaMgqayCag 0.5dv cot b dv EdlvaBIprbs;
TMr.
edIm,IkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg visVkrKNnaeRKOgbgMRtUvkMNt;
tMlrbs; nig EdlRtUvkatsMrab;kMNt;Vc nig Vs enAkgsmIkar 12.21 nig 12.22. sMrab;muxkat;
ebtugminrgeRbkugRtaMg eKyk = 2.0 nig = 45o . sMrab;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg/ trial-andadjustment eRbItMl tUc. tarag 12>8 bgajBItMlrbs; nig sMrab;tMlepSgrbs; x .
Edl
(12.27)
.
eKRtUvKuNtMlenAkgsmIkar 12.27 nwgBIr RbsinebImuxkat;manEdkkgticCagEdkkgGb,f po 0.70 f pu
brma.
kugRtaMg
f po
771
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Edl
Ac =
Es As + E ps Aps
Ec Ac + Es As + E ps Aps
(12.28)
RkLaprbs;muxkat;ebtugnEpkrgkarTajedaykarBt;begagrbs;Ggt; dUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 12>9.
EdkbeNayRtUvmansmamaRty:agNaedIm,IeGaymuxkat;FwmnImYybMeBjsmIkarxageRkam
As f s + Aps f ps
V
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u + 0.5Vs + V p cot
d v
(12.29)
772
NPIC
vci
2.16 f 'c
psi, w(in.)
24 w
0 .3 +
a + 0.63
vci
0.18 f 'c
MPa, w(mm )
24 w
0 .3 +
a + 16
12.4.2.3.
KMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkRTnug
Maximum Spacing of Web Reinforcement
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma s rbs;EdkRTnugKWtMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
s 0.75h
b 24in.
RbsinebI Vs > 4 f 'c bwd / KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaRtUv)ankat;bny 50% .
12.5. Horizontal Interface Shear
eKalkarN_n horizontal interface shear eRkamGMeBI service load nig ultimate load RtUv)an
erobrab;eBjeljenAkgCMBUk 5 Epk 5.7 EdlrYmman]TahrN_bgajEdlGnuelamtamtMrUvkar ACI
318 nig PCI. AASTHO standard specification tMrUveGayersIusg;kMlaMgkat;tamTisedk nominal
Vnh dUcKanwgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs; ACI enAeBlEdleKmineRbI dowel reinforcement mannyfakug
RtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 80 psi . vaxusKa enAeBleKeRbI dowel reinforcement Gb,brma Edlkg
enaHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 350 psi EdlCMnYseGay 500 psi EdlGnuBaateday
ACI.
tamkarGegt nigBiesaFn_dsIuCMerArbs; Nawy )anbgajeGayeXIjfakugRtaMgGnuBaatBitCa
tUcEmnETn. karBiesaFbgajfa sUm,IEtersIusg;dMbUgeRkamlkxNsItuNPaB sub-freezing/ vaGac
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
773
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
(12.30a)
(c)
(12.30b)
dp
s
(12.30b)
Gb,brma = 50bv s / f y
bv = TTwgrbs;muxkat;enARtg;pb:HEdlRtUvviPaKkMlaMgkat;edk
b p = cMgayBIsrsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg b:uEn
minRtUvyktUcCag 0.80h
s = kMlatGtibrmarbs; dowel b:uEnminRtUvFMCagbYndgnTTwgRTnugEdltUcCageK
rbs;Ggt;TMr b 24in. .
LRFD specification min)anpl;nUveKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;KNnakMlaMgkat;edk Vnh eT.
dUcenH eKGaceRbIsmIkarxageRkam
Avh
vuh =
Vu
bv d v
(12.31)
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkemKuN
Vu = kMlaMgkat;bBaremKuN
d v = cMgaycenaHkMlaMgpbnkMlaMgTaj nignkMlaMgsgt; = (d a / 2 )
bv = TTwg interface
LRFD kMNt;eGayKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs; interface surface Vn edayeRbI
smIkarxageRkam
Edl
vuh =
Vn = cAcv + Av f y + Pc
(12.32)
774
nig
Edl
NPIC
vuh Acv Vn
(12.33)
Avf
vuh 0.1 +
Acv
(12.34)
EdlRkLapGb,brma
Avf =
0.05bv s
fy
(12.35)
(12.36a)
b
Vn = 0.80 Acv
(12.36b)
emKuNsit c nigemKuNkkit enAkgsmIkar 12.32 mantMldUcxageRkamsMrab;lkxNCak;lak;
rbs; interacting surface
(a) ebtugEdlcak;kgeBlCamYyKa
c = 145 psi
(b)
ebtugEdlcak;elIebtugrwg nigsatehIyprbs;vaeRKIm
c = 100 psi
(c)
= 1.0
(d)
= 1.4
= 0.6
775
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
c = 25 psi
Edl
= 0.7
sMrab;ebtugdg;sIuetFmta
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-low-density concrete
= 0.75 sMrab;ebtugEdlmandg;sIuettUcdTTaMgGs;
xNEdl LRFD AASTHO specification TamTareGaydak;EdkGb,brmaedayminKittMl
rbs;kugRtaMgenARtg; interface, GkKNnaGaceRCIserIsedIm,IkMNt;EdkenHeTAnwgkrNIEdlVuh / FM
Cag 100 psi(0.7MPa ) . kareFVIEbbenH edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwg ACI 318 Code specification nig
standard AASTHO specification.
= 1 .0
12.5.1.
KMlatGnuBatGtibrmarbs; dowel KW
(i) RbsinebI Vu < 0.1 f 'c bv d v
KMlatGtibrma s 0.8d v 24in.
(ii) RbsinebI Vu > 0.1 f 'c bv d v
KMlatGtibrma s 0.4d v 12in.
12.6.
bnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkarrmYl
776
NPIC
Edl
2 Ao At f y cot
(12.37)
Vu =
Vu2
PT
+ h u
2 Ao
(12.38)
f 'c bv d v +
Av f y d v cot
s
+Vp
(12.39)
(12.40a)
(12.40b)
(12.40c)
(b)
Vu V p
bv d v
T p Ph
(12.41)
2
Aoh
muxkat;epSgeTot
Vu V p
V =
bv d v
Edl
Ph =
Tu Ph
+
A 2
oh
(12.42)
777
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
(As f y + A ps f ps )
Edl
M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vu 0.5Vs V p
dv
0.45Tu Po
+
2 Ao
(12.43)
Po =
778
NPIC
779
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.8.
viFIsikSaKNnaCaCMhan
xageRkamCakarsegbnCMhankgkarsikSaKNna
!> kMNt;faetIeKRtUveRCIserIskMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedayEpk bGt;
@> eRCIserIsm:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;BItarag 12.2(a) nig (b) Epk 12.7.
780
NPIC
Vu V p
bv d v
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlGacman nominal vc = v / h
^> KNna v / f 'c nigsnt;tMlrbs; . karsnt;dMbUgdlsMrab;FwmrgeRbkugRtaMgKW = 25o
&> KNnabMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTajedIm,ITTYl)antMlsakl,g nig enAkg
tarag 12>8
Mu
Edl
f po 0.70 f pu
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkTajedayKitTaMgkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgbnab;BIkMhatbg; nigbnkGcinTaMgGs;.
RbsinebIbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTajGviCman eKRtUvKuN x edayemKuN F
f ce =
F =
E s As + E ps A ps
Ec Ac + E s As + E ps A ps
RkLaprbs;ebtugenAEpkrgkarTajedaysarBt;begagrbs;Ggt;
*> bBaleTAkg LRFD rUbTI 12>9 mgeTot CamYynwgtMl v / f 'c nig x RbsinebImMu min
mantMlEk,rnwgtMlsnt;enAkgkarsakl,geLIgdMbUgeTenaH edIm,ITTYl)antMlEktMrUv
rbs; . ebImindUecaHeT KNna Vc BIsmIkar 12.23 Edl Vc = f 'c bv d v (lb) b Vc =
0.0316 f 'c bv d v (kip ) edayeRbItMl Edl)anBI chart enAkgrUbTI 12>9.
Ac =
781
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
bv s
fy
N
V
d v
Edl f po = 0.70 f pu
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p =
f 'c bv d v +
Edl d v = (d p a / 2)
EdkkMlaMgkat;
A ps f po
Fe 0.002
Av f y d v cot
s
+Vp
Av Vn 0.0316 f 'c bv d v + V p
=
s
f y d v cot
782
NPIC
At
Tn
=
s 2 Ao f y cot
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v sMrab;TTYl)anmMu
(a) muxkat;RbGb;
v=
(b)
Vu V p
bv d v
TPh
Ao h 2
muxkat;epSgeTot
Vu V p
v =
bv d v
TPh
+
A 2
oh
edIm,IeCosvagkMueGayEdkrgkarTajbeNay yield
(As f s + A ps f ps )
M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vn 0.5Vt V p
dv
0.45Tu Ph
+
2
A
o
Edl
Edl
Vn = cAcv + Avf f y
Avf
vuh 0.1 +
Acv
0.05bv s
Avf =
fy
f y KitCa ksi
b Vn 0.80 Acv
Edl
c = emKuNsit (cohesion factor)
= emKuNkkit
Acr = RkLap interface ebtug = bv I v
Avf = RkLaprbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;Edlkat;tambg;kMlaMgenAkgp Acv
= emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
kgkrNIEdl vuh / > 100 psi eKRtUvkMritEdnkMNt;rbs; Avf .
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
783
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
24in.
784
NPIC
Fwm bulb-tee
lkNmuxkat;
Service III
Ac = 767in.2
h = 72in.
Service I
I c = 545,894in.4
cb = 36.60in.
785
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
ct = 35.40in.
f pu = 270,000 psi
S b = 14,915in.3
S t = 15,421in.3
r2 =
f y = 60,000 psi
I c 545,894
=
= 712in.2
Ac
767
WD = 799 plf
E ps = 28.5 10 6 psi
E s = 29.0 10 6 psi
dMeNaHRsay
786
NPIC
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
eTAsrsxageRkambMput
ctc = 72 54.6 = 17.4in.
eTAsrsxagelIbMputrbs;Fwmcak;Rsab;
ctsc = 80 54.6 = 25.4in.
eTAsrsxagelIbMputrbs;kMral
cbc = 54.6in.
1,095,290
= 20,060in.3
54.6
1,095,290
S ct =
= 62,950in.3
17.4
1,095,290
S cts =
= 55,284in.3
25.4 0.78
S bc =
2
48 ft
150 = 200lb / ft
12 6beams
bnkGefr (truck load) enAkg LRFD EpkelI HL-93 truck fatigue loading.
clear width BIrUbTI 12>12 = 48 ft (14.6cm )
48
cMnYn lanes = 12
= 4 lanes
(a)
9.5
0.6
S
L
0.2
K
g
12t 3 L
s
0.1
787
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kgkrNIEdl
KMlatFwm
kMrals<an
ElVg
cMnUnFwm
Cak;Esg S = 9.0 ft
4.5 Ts 12 Cak;Esg Ts = 7.5in.
20 L 240 Cak;Esg L = 120 ft
Nb > 4
Cak;Esg N b = 6
e g = cMgayrvagTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Fwm nigkMral
3.5 S 16
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
7.5
+ 0.5 + 35.4 = 39.65in.
2
E
4,890
n= c =
= 1.28
E sc 3,830
=
K g = n I c + Ac e g2
dUcenH
9
DFM = 0.075 +
9 .5
0.6
120
0.2
2,242,191
3
12(7.5) (120 )
0. 1
= 0.732 lanes/beam
0.3
0.4
S
L
0. 4
120
S
DFM = 0.06 +
14
K
g
12t 3 L
s
0. 3
0.1
2,242,191
3
12(7.5) (120 )
0. 1
= 0.499 lanes/beam
Fatigue mement
0.499
M f = (bending moment per lane)
(1 + 0.15)
1.2
788
NPIC
(b)
S S
DFV = 0.2 +
12 36
kgkrNIEdl
KMlatFwm
kMrals<an
ElVg
3.5 S 16
4.5 Ts 12
20 L 240
10,000 K g 7,000,000
O.K.
9 9
DFV = 0.2 + = 0.887 lanes/beam
12 36
dUcenH/
sMrab; design lane load mYy/ BItarag 12>3a
9.0
S
DFV = 0.36 +
= 0.720 lanes/beam
= 0.36
25.0
25.0
789
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
Q = 1.0(DC + DW ) + 1.0(LL + IM )
sMrab;kugRtaMgTajenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Q = 1.0(DC + DW ) + 0.8(LL + IM )
(c) Strength I
(d)
Q = 0.75(LL + IM )
LT =
bnkGefrrbs; truck
Lane load
790
NPIC
muxkat;TMr
VLL =
0.64( x )(L x )
(DFM ) = 0 ft kip
2
VLL =
M LL
eKRtUvKitbBal Impact factor IM = 33% dUcenH eyIgTTYl)antMl DFV nig DFM FMCag
mun
(i)
muxkat;TMr
BItarag 12>4/
VLT =
72[(L x ) 9.33]
(DFV )
L
791
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BItarag 12>5/
M LT =
= 0 ft kip
(ii)
muxkat;enARtg; 24 ft BITMr
sMrab;mU:m:g;Rtg;TMr
VLT =
M LT
(c) Fatigue moment
BItarag 12>7
Mf =
792
NPIC
Edl
M D + M S M b + M WS + 0.8(M LT + M LL )
+
Sb
S bc
m:Um:g;TMgn;pal;EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
M S = m:Um:g;EdlKanemKuNEdlbNalBITMgn;kMral nig haunch,
M b = m:Um:g;bgan;dEdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
M WS = m:Um:g; wearing surface EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
MD =
ft kip
793
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIelIkmun/ Sb = 14,915in.3
S bc = 20,090in.3
1,438.2 + 1,659.6
(12) + 180 + 360 + 0.8(1,830.3 + 843.2) (12)
14,915
20,090
kugRtaMgsgt;eRbkugRtaMgtMrUvkarenARtg;srsxageRkambMput
f cb = (4.1 0.48) = 3.62ksi
snt;facMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgeTAsrsxageRkambMput = 0.05h
= 0.05(72 ) = 3.6in. yk 4in. / dUcenH ec = 36.6 4.0 = 32.6in.
dUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_nCMBUk 4
P
P e
f bp EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg = e + e c
A
S
c
Pe Pe 32.6
+
= 3.62ksi
b fbp = 767
14,915
eyIgTTYl)an Pe = 1,037kips
snt;kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrub = 25%
Pi =
1,037
= 1,383kips
1 0.25
794
NPIC
+ 12 4 + 12 2] / 48
= 36.60 19.42 = 17.28in.
ec = cb [2 12 + 12 4 + 8 6 + 8 4 + 2 10 + 2 12 + 2 14 + 2 16
+ 2 18 + 2 20] / 48
= 36.6 6.92 = 29.68in.
eKeGay
795
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
eRbkugRtaMgedIm f pi = 0.7 f pu = 0.7 270 = 202.5ksi . karGnuvtFmtasnt;fakMhat
bg; relaxation edImenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgmanbrimaNBI 9% eTA10% . eRbIkarkat;
bny 10% enAkg f pi
Pi = 0.90 1,488 = 1,339kips
P ec M
f b = i 1 + e 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pi
Ac
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 3.48ksi
O.K.
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
1
767
712
15,421
fb =
(b)
O.K.
= 3.29ksi(C ) <
(ii)
/ minrgkarTaj/
kugRtaMgenAeBl Service
(i) muxkat;kNalElVg
BICMBUk 4/ smIkar 4.3(a) nig 4.3(b):
ft =
Pe ec ct
1 2
Ac
r
fb =
Pe ec cb M T
ft
1 + 2 +
Ac
r S cb
MT
t fc
Sc
796
NPIC
eKdak;bnkeTAtamdMNak;kalepSgKakgeBlsagsg; dUcenHsMrab;muxkat;cak;Rsab;
Service-I
ft =
=
Pe ec ct M D + M S M WS + M b
1 2
Ac
r
r2
S ct
1
767
712
15,421
62,950
<
kugRtaMgGnuBaat service
f c = 2925 psi
O.K.
fb =
0.8(1830 + 843)12
62,950
= 1.835 0.408 = 2.243ksi(C ) < Service IIII f c = 3,900 psi
0.8(1830 + 843)12
f b = 0.789 +
20,060
f t = 1.835
$ kugRtaMgebtugenAsrsxagelIrbs;kMral
(i)
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
O.K.
f t = 0.484ksi O.K.
eRkambnkGciny_ Service I
f cts =
M WS + M b
S ct
(360 + 180)12
55,284
f cts =
M WS + M b
M LT + M LL
S ct
(1830 + 843)12
= 0.117
55,284
S ct
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 2.4ksi
O.K.
Pe ec cb M D + M S (M WS + M b ) + 0.8(M LT + M LL )
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S bc
r
1,095 29.68 36.60 (1438 + 1660)12
=
1 +
+
767
712
14,915
fb =
797
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f t = 0.484ksi O.K.
^ Fatigue Stresses
kMNt;faenAkgtMbn;rbs;kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalBIbnkGciny_ nigeRbkugRtaMg eK
BicarNaEt fatigue b:ueNaHRbsinebIkugRtaMgsgt;tUcCagkugRtaMgTajGtibrmanbnkGefr
EdlekItBI fatigue
dUcenH sMrab;EtbnkGny_ tY (M LT + M LL ) / Sct RtUv)anykecj
LRFD
Pe ec cb M D + M s M WS + M b
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S bc
r
(360 + 180)12 = 0.790ksi(C )
= 3.605 + 2.492 +
20,060
fb =
O.K.
0.75M f
Sbc
0.75 777 12
= 0.348ksi(T )
20,060
BItarag 12>10
M u = 1.25(1438 + 1660) + 1.5(360 + 180) + 1.75(1830 + 843) = 9316 ft kips
798
NPIC
ersIusg;tMrUvkar M n = Mu = 9316
= 9316 ft kips
1.0
kugRtaMgmFmenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg enAeBl f pe 0.5 f pu BIsmIkar 12.9
f py
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
k = 21.04
Edl
d
f
pu
sMrab;kMNt;rbs;bkrgkarsgt;/ ykersIusg;rgkarsgt;rbs;kMral
k = 0.28 sMrab; low-relaxation steel
f 'c = 4.0ksi
A ps = 48 0.153 = 7.344in.2
f pu = 270ksi
BIsmIkar 12.10
c=
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1b + kA ps
dp
7.344 + 0 0
270
0.85 4.0 0.85 108 + 0.28 7.344
73.08
f ps = 2701 0.28
= 263.6ksi
73.08
799
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
b EdkGb,brma
(Minimum reinforcement)
kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalmkEtBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;srsxageRkamEdlRtUv
)ankMNt;enAkgEpk 12.3.4
P ec
f ce = e 1 + c 2b = 3.606ksi BIelIkmun
Ac
r
m:Um:g; non-composite M dnc = M D + M S = 1438 + 1660 = 3098 ft kip
f ce =
Sbc = 20,060in.4
Sb = 14,915in.4
BIsmIkar 12.13,
S
M cr = ( f r + f ce )Sb M dnc bc 1
Sb
14,915
20,060
= (0.6 + 3.6)
3098
1
12
14,915
800
NPIC
]TahrN_ 12>2 sikSaKNna web shear reinforcement sMrab; bulb-tee beam enAkg]TahrN_
dMeNaHRsay
!> sikSaKNna web shear
(a) bMErbMrYlrageFobenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Edk
= 0.90
ee = 17.28in.
d v = d e = 62.72
= 60.08in.
2
2
801
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
lub edaysarvaFMCageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgbI
snt; = 22o sMrab;karsakl,gelIkTImYy
d v = 60.08in.
yk dv = 74.35in. sMrab;eRbIenAkgsmIkar x
edaysareKminTan;kMNt;TTwgrbs; support bearing/ snt;fava = 0 lkNsuvtiPaB.
dUcenH muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;KWsitenAcMgay 74.35in. 6.2 ft BITMr EdlmantMlFM
Cag dv = 60.08in. EdlTamTareday LRFD AASTHO.
x 6.2
=
0.05L
BIpTMr
L 120
BIsmIkar 12.23
= 74.35 > 60.08in.
Vc =
f 'c bv d v
kMlaMgkat;EdlRtUvKa
Vu = 1.25(43 + 50 + 5) + 1.50(11) + 1.75(74 + 31) = 323kips
Nu =
kMlaMgEkgGnuvtn_enARtg;bg; 0.05L = 0
f ce E ps
Ec
802
NPIC
m:UDulmuxkat;
S1 =
I c 545,894
=
= 30,327in.4
18.0
c1
ee = 17.28in.
r 2 = 712in.2
P e c (M D + M SD )
f ce = e 1 e 21
Ac
S1
r
=
f pe
767
712
30,327
Ec = 4890ksi
Vu = 323kips
M u = 1802kip ft
Aps = 48 0.153 = 7.344
f po = 0.70 270 = 189ksi
1802 12
+ 0 + 0.5 232 cot 22 o 7.344 189
x = 74.35
2[0 + 28,500 7.344]
O.K.
E s As + E ps A ps
Ec Ac + E s As + E ps A ps
0 + 28,000 7.344
F =
= 0.101
4890 378 + 0 + 28,000 7.344
O.K.
Vu = 323kips
803
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
48.5 12
(c)
804
NPIC
dUcenHeKRtUveRbIEdkkg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;EdktMrUvkar Vs = Vu Vc V p = 323
85.1 23.5 = 250.3kips
0.9
BIsmIkr 12.25
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;EdkEdlGacman Vs = Av f y dsv cot
sakl,gEdkkg #4 / Av = 2 0.20 = 0.40in.2
cot = cot 22 o = 2.457
0.4 60.0 74.35 2.475
250.3 =
s
dUcenH
eyIgTTYl)an s = 17.7in.
(i) KMlatEdkkgGnuBaatGtibrma (maximum allowable web stirrup spacing)
0.10 f 'c bv d v = 0.1 6.5 6 74.35 = 290kips < Vu = 323kips
bv s
fy
6 12
2
= 0.0316 6.5
= 0.10in. / ft
60
805
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIbnSMbnk strength I:
d v = 74.35in.
205.5
Vuh =
= 2.76kip / in.
74.35
bv =
= 0.6
Acv
= 42.0 1.0 = 42.0in.2
in. depth
Gtibrma nigGb,brma
sMrab;ebtugkMral (deck)
kMlaMgkat; nominal Cak;Esg Vn = 0.075 42 + 0.6 012.62 60 = 5.01kips / in.
BIsmIkar 12.36(a) nig(b) kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatGtibrma
f 'c = 4.0ksi
kgkrNITaMgBIr kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatFMCagkMlaMgkat; Vn /
O.K.
806
NPIC
As f s + A ps f ps
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u 0.5Vs V p cot
d v
EdlEpkEtelIEdkkg #4 = 260.4kips
Mu = 0
Nu = 0
dUcenH
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u 0.5Vs V p cot
d v
350
=0+0+
0.5 257.5 23.5 (2.475) = 586.2kips
0.9
cMnYnrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;enARtg;TMr = 36
cMnYnrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdl drap enARtg;TMr = 12
BITIRbsBVrvagbg;eRbHsnt;CamYynwgkabeRbkugRtaMgenAkgrUbTI 12>15 cMgayrbs;TIRbsBVBI
TMr = 6 + 4.22 cot 22o = 16.4in. Edl strand Qb;enARtg;cMgay 6in. BIprbs;TMr.
cMgaybBan = 60 strand diameter = 30in.
eRbkugRtaMgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg; 36 EdlGacmanenARtg;pTMrCaEpkrbs;eRbkugRtaMg
RbsiTPaB f pe
.4
= 81.5ksi
dUcenH yk f pe = 149.0 16
30.0
sMrab;kabeRbkugRtaMgEdl drap xagelI sameRbHenAkgrUbTI 12>15 kat;KaCamYynwg strand
enAcMgay 140in. BIpTMr KNnaBIragFrNImaRtenAkgrUbTI 12>14. dUcenH eKGacyk
eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBedaytMlRbhak;RbEhl f pe = 149.0 .
As f s + A ps f ps = 0 + 36 0.153(81.5) + 12 0.153(149.0 )
= 443.4 + 273.6 = 717.0kips
> 586.2kips
dUcenH eKminRtUvkarEdkbeNaybEnmeT.
807
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
enATIenH a = L2
PL2 ec (ee ec )
+
24
Ec I g 8
BI]TahrN_ 12>1
Pi = 1488kips
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
ec = 29.68in.
ws + h = 0.922kip / ft
ee = 17.7in.
wbarrier = 0.300kip / ft
Eci = 4620ksi
Ac = 767in.2
Ece = 4890ksi
Sb = 14,915in.3
wD = 0.779kip / ft
S t = 15,421in.3
I c = 545,897in.4
1488(120 12 )2 29.68 (17.7 29.68)
+
4620 545,897 8
24
= 1.22(3.71 0.50) = 3.92in. (camber)
i =
wD
5wL4
5(0.065)(120 12 )4
=
= 1.44in.
384 Eci I g 384 4620 545,894
D =
D
(ii)
5(0.025)(120 12)4
=
= 0.26in.
384 488 1,095,290
loads)
EdnkMNt;rbs;PaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkGefr = L / 800
LRFD and Standard AASTHO Design of Concrete Bridges
808
NPIC
tMrUveGayFwmrbs;s<anTaMgGs;dabedaytMlesIKaeRkamGMeBIbnkGefr
nigbnkTgic. ehIyvak)anEcgpgEdrfa eKGacykPaBdabryeBlEvgesInwgbYndgnPaB
dabPam. karEcgenHmanlkNTUeTA ehIyeKENnaMeGayvisVkrKNnaeRbIviFIEdlman
lkNRbesIrCaenH. kalNaElVgkan;EtEvg eKRtUvkarPaBsuRkitkan;Etx<s;. eyIgKUrdwgfa
PaBdabEdl)anBIkarKNnaGacxusBIPaBdabCak;EsgcenaHBI 30% eTA 40% GaRsynwg
m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug nigTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;ebtug nigkMrit
suRkitPaBnviFIEdleRbIkgkarKNna.
viFIKNnaPaBdabxageRkamBICMBUk 7 Gacpl;eGaytMl step-by-step dsmrmkg
Rbvtinkardak;bnk
LRFD specification
z
z
z
4
= 0.667 lane/beam
6
LL =
5
5(0.039 )(120 12 )4
=
= 0.41in.
384 Ec I cc 384 4888 1,095,290
eKkMNt;PaBdabEdlbNalBI transient truck load nigBI impact BIExS\TiBl (influence lines) rbs;TItaMgkg;sMrab;m:Um:g;Gtibrma. sMrab;ElVg 120 ft ehIykMlaMgpbrbs;
axial load 72kip sitenAcMgay 2.33 ft BIkNalElVg. PaBdabenAkNalElVg = 0.8in.
LT = 0.8(IM )(DFM ) = 0.8(1.33)(0.732 ) = 0.78in.
809
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
PaBdabCak;Esg = 0.49in.
TTYlykkarKNnarbs;FwmxagkgenAkg]TahrN_ 12>1 nig 12>2.
>
12.11.
O.K.
dMeNaHRsay
enAeBlepr
Ece = 4890 psi enAeBlrg service
KMlatmFmrvagFwm = 108in.
TTwgsabbMElg bm = 84in.
@> lkNrbs;muxkat;
Eci = 4620 psi
810
NPIC
non composite
Composite
Ac = 767in.2
Ac = 1402in.2
h = 72in.
h = 80in.
I c = 545,894in.4
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
cb = 36.60in.
cbc = 54.6in.
ct = 35.40in.
ctc = 17.4in.
ctsc = 25.4in.
r 2 = 1051in.2
r 2 = 712in.2
Sb = 14,915in.3
Sbc = 20,060in.3
S t = 15,421in.3
S ct = 62,950in.3
S cts = 55,284in.3
WD = 799lb / ft
WSD1 = 900lb / ft
= 22lb / ft
TMgn;bgan;d (barrier)
WSD 2 = 100lb / ft
WSD3 = 200lb / ft
bnkGefr (truck load) enAkg AASTHO standard specification KWQrelI HS-20 truck.
cMnYn lane = 48 / 12 = 4 lanes
(a) emKuNEbgEcksMrab;m:Um:g; (distribution factor for moment)
bnkGefrenAkg standard specification Ca standard truck load b lane load EdlGaRsy
nwg HS-20. enAkg LRFD eKRtUveRbIkardak;bnkTaMgBIrkgkarKNna. BIEpk 12.2.2 emKuN
EbgEckbnksMrab;m:Um:g;sMrab;Fwmcak;Rsab;KW DFm = S / 5.5 = 9.0 / 5.5 = 1.636 kg;kgmYyFwm
Edl S = KMlatrvagFwmKitCa ft .
1
DFm = 0.818 lanes per beam
2
50
I=
30%
L + 125
50
=
= 0.204
120 + 150
emKuNTgicbnkGefr
811
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
yk d = 64in.
muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;enARtg; h / 2 = 80 / 2 = 40in. = 3.33 ft
V3.33 = 0.799[(0.5)(120) 3.33] = 45.3kips
M 3.33 = 0.5(0.799)(3.33)(120 3.33) = 155.4 ft kip
812
NPIC
kugRtaMgKanemKuNenARtg;srsxageRkamEdlbNalBIbnkTMnaj
M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD3 + M LL + I
+
Sb
S bc
(1438 + 1660)12 + (180 + 360 + 1852)12 = 3.923ksi
=
14,915
20,060
fb =
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaat
enARtg;srsxageRkambnab;BIkMhatbg; = ( fb f t )
EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg
Pe = 986kips
snt;kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrub = 25%
Pi =
986
= 1315kips
1 0.25
813
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
e3.33 = 17.1
enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
ec = cb [2 16 + 2 14 + 2 12 + 2 10 + 4 8 + 8 6 + 12 4 + 12 2]/ 44
= 36.6 5.81 = 30.79in.
814
NPIC
BI]TahrN_ 12>2
f ci = 0.6 f 'c = 0.6(5500) = 3300 psi(C )
f ti = 7.5 f 'ci = 7.5 5500 = 556 psi (T )
815
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
i.
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
P ec M
f b = i 1 + e 2b + tD
Ac
r S
ft =
ii.
O.K.
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
712
767
15,421
fb =
/ kugRtaMgTajminRtUv)anGnuBaat
O.K.
b.
O.K.
kugRtaMgEdlGnuBaat
O.K.
kugRtaMgrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;enAkNalElVg
kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;srsxagelIbMputenARtg;kNalElVgEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD3 M LL + I
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
S ct
ec = 30.79in.
ee = 18.51in.
712
15,421
62,950
62,950
767
kugRtaMgsgt;TaMgGs;mantMltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaat
LRFD and Standard AASTHO Design of Concrete Bridges
816
ii.
NPIC
kugRtaMgsrsxageRkammuxkat;kNalElVg
ec cb M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD 3 M LL + I
+
+
1 + 2 +
Sb
Sbc
S bc
r
1024 30.79 36.60 (1438 + 1660)12 (360 + 180 )12 (1852 )12
fb =
+
+
1 +
+
712
14,915
20,060
20,060
767
fb =
Pe
Ac
iii.
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f t = 0.484ksi
O.K.
kugRtaMgsrsxagelIrbs;muxkat;kMralkNalElVg
edaysnt;ersIusg;ebtugdUcKanwgersIusg;ebtugrbs;Fwmcak;Rsab;
Case (I):
M D + M DS1 M LL + I
Sb
S bc
(180 + 360) 1852(12) = 0.117 0.402
ft =
55,284
55,284
ft =
= 0.519ksi(C ) <
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 2400ksi O.K.
Case (II):
O.K.
# ersIusg;cugeRkay sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;
a.
BIsmIkar 12.9(c)
f pu
f ps = f pu 1
1 f 'c
817
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
b=
TTwgsab = 108in.
ec = 30.79in.
cb = 36.60
A ps = 44(0.153) = 6.732in.2
dUcenH
A ps
bd p
6.732
= 0.00084
108 74.19
270
0.28
f ps = 2701
0.00084
= 265.0ksi
4.0
0.85
A ps f ps
6.732 265.0
a=
=
= 4.86in. < 7.5in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 4.0 108
dUcenH sikSaKNnaCamuxkat;ctuekaN.
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;EdlGacman M u = M n = Aps f ps d a2
4.86
= 1.06.732(265.0) 74.19
= 128,018in. kip
>
b.
O.K.
c.
f ps
f 'c
f ps
f 'c
= 0.00084
265
= 0.0557 < 0.306
4.0
O.K.
BIsmIkar 12.13
S
M cr = ( f r + f ce )S b M dnc bc 1
Sb
818
NPIC
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalmkEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbnab;BIkMhatbg;TaMgGs;KW
f b = 3.437ksi(C )
M dnc =
1
20,060
1.2 M cr = 1.2 (0.605 + 3.437 )20,060 3098
1
14,915
12
= 6896 ft kip
d.
kugRtaMgGnuBaat f s = 20ksi
dUcenH RkLapEdktMrUvkar Av = 5420.5 = 2.73in.2
sakl,gEdkkgbBar #5 enAkgtMbn; rectangular anchorage zone
cMnYnEdkkg
Av = 2 0.305 = 0.61in.2
2.73
=
= 4.5
0.61
d p = (h yb ) = 72 5.81 = 66.19in.
a
4.86
= 63.76in.
d v = d p = 66.19
2
2
d v 63.76
=
= 15.94in.
4
4
819
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.12.
eRbI AASTHO design specification sMrab; HS-20 lane nig truck loads. eRbITinny nigkugRtaMg
GnuBaatrbs;sMPardUcKanwg]TahrN_Edl)anbgaj. eRbIviFIKNna flexural shear nig web shear
EdlmanlkNRbesIrCagedIm,IkMNt; nominal strength rbs;ebtugsuTenAkgRTnug. ehIy sikSa
KNna interface shear transfer reinforcement nigRtYtBinitPaBdab nig camber rbs; Fwm.
dMeNaHRsay
Vi
(M cr ) 1.7 f 'c bwd p
M max
Edl bw = 6in.
BItarag 12>13 sMrab;bnk standard AASTHO enAkg]TahrN_ 12>3
Vd = bnkefrKanemKuNsrubenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
= 45.3 + 52.2 + 5.7 + 11.3 = 114.5kips
KanemKuN = 63.6kips
Vu = kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
VLL + I
= 1.3(Vd + 1.67VLL + I )
= 1.3(114.5 + 1.67 63.6 ) = 286.9kips
820
NPIC
M u = 1.3(M d + 1.67 M LL + I )
= 1.3(393.0 + 1.67 211.5) = 970.1 ft kips
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlekItman
dMNalKaCamYynwg M max .
= (Vu Vd ) = 286.9 114.5 = 172.4kips . tMlenHmanlkNsnSMsMceday
sar Vu RtUv)ankat;bnyeday Vd .
Vi =
BIsmIkar 5.12
(
) . cMNaMfa emKuN 6 rbs;tY 6 f 'c KWmanlkNsnSM
sMc ehIyminRtUv)anEktMrUveT edaysareKykm:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c
ehIykarBiesaF)anbgajfavaCatMlEdlFMrYceTAehIy.
f ce = kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlkMhatbg;enARtg;srsxag
eRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgeLIgedaybnkGnuvtn_xag
eRkA.
P e c
= e 1 + c12 b / Edl ee1 = 19.5in. enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
A
M cr = S bc 6 f 'c + f ce f d
fd =
dUcenH
kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkefrKanemKuNenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;
EdlkugRtaMgTajbgeLIgedaybnkGnuvtn_xageRkA
20,060 6 6500
M cr =
+ 2.673 0.304 = 4776 ft kip
12 1000
yb =
d pc = hc yb = 80 17.15 = 62.88in.
0.8hc = 64in.
lub
yk d p = 64in.
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
821
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 5.15
O.K.
bgMkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar
BIrUbTI 12>14/ mMu EdlpMeLIgedaybnat;b:HeTAnwg tendon TaMg 10
Vp =
65 15
sin 0.086
48.5 12
dUcenH
Vcw =
+ 0.3 0.545 6.0 64 + 19.61
1000
/ lubedaysarvatUcCag Vci
eRCIserIsEdkkg (selection of web shear).
= 171.15 + 19.61 = 190.8kips
c.
Vc = 190.8kips
Vu < (Vc + Vs )
Vs = u Vc
.9
tMrUvkar = 286
190.8 = 128.0kips
0.9
6.0 64
Vs GnuBaatGtibrma = 8 f 'c bw d v = 8 6500
= 247.7kips
1000
> 128.kips O.K. kareRCIserIskMBs;RKb;RKan;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
Vs
822
Vs =
NPIC
Av f y d v
s
Av
s
tMrUvkar = fVds
Av
s
6.0)
Gb,brma = 50fbw = (5060,000
= 0.005in.2 / in. lub
y v
128.0
= 0.033in.2 / ft = 0.0028in.2 / in.
60.0 64
KMlat
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma s = 0.75hc b 24in.
b 24in.
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U #4 KMlat 12in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSenAkgmuxkat;ctuekaNxagcugelIcMgay
= h = 80in. . bnab;BI anchorage block enH eKminRtUvkarEdkkgeT. b:uEn vaCakarRbesIr
EdleKeRbI minimum vertical mesh reinforcement enAkgRTnugtambeNayElVg. KMlat
12in. RtUvkarsMrab; interface horizontal shear.
smax = 0.75(72 + 7.5 + 0.5) = 60in.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edk nominal
Vu
286.9
= 318.8kips
0.9
GnuBaat = bv d pc
Edl bv = TTwgrbs;muxkat;enARtg;pb:HEdlRtUveFVIkarGegtsMrab;kMlaMgkat;edk = 42.0in.
d pc = 62.88in.
)anBIelIkmun
80(42.0 62.88)
Vnh EdlGacman =
= 211.3kips < 318.9kips
1000
dUcenH eKRtUvkar dowel reinforcement.
Minimum ties provided and contact surface roughened .
Vnh
b.
Vnh = 350bv d pc =
350(42.0 62.88)
= 924.3kips > 318.8kips
1000
O.K.
823
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
yk Vnh = 318.8kips
BIsmIkar 5.33
50bv I vh 50bv s
Avh Gb,brma =
=
kgmYy dowel
f
f
y
O.K.
L
120 12
=
= 1.8in
800
800
O.K.
sikSaKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat; nigEdkkMlaMgrmYlrbs;s<anr:tRbGb;
Shear and Torsion Reinforcement Design of a Box-Girder Bridge
824
NPIC
f 'c = 5.0ksi
f 'ci = 4.0ksi
f pu = 270.0ksi
f py = 0.90 f pu = 243.0ksi
f pi < 0.75 f pu = 202.5ksi
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrub = 22%
f y = 60.0ksi
825
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
E ps = 28,500ksi
E s = 29,000ksi
Ac = 813in.2
h = 39in.
I g = 168,367in.4
cb = 19.29in.
ct = 19.71in.
S b = 8,721in.3
S t = 8,542in.3
Eci = 3840ksi
Ec = 4290ksi
dMeNaHRsay
23 2 + 6 4 + 2 36
= 4.58in.
31
ybc =
dp
(23 7 ) 2 + 6 4 + 2 36 = 5.33in.
31 7
s y
kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB
= cMgayrvagkMlaMgpbnkMlaMgTaj nigkMlaMgsgt; b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 0.90d c b 0.72h .
dv =
826
NPIC
A ps f ps + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1b + kA ps
dp
4.437(270 ) + 0 + 0
270
0.85 5.0 0.80 48 + 0.28 4.437
34.42
= 6.95in.
/ dUcenHKitvaCamuxkat;mansabEdlaman
TTwg b = TTwgRTnug bw
bw = 2 5 = 10in.
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y 0.85 f 'c 1 (b bw )h f
c=
f pu
34.42
= 11.14in. > 5.5in. O.K.
a = 1c = 0.80 11.14 = 8.91in.
c
11.14
= 2701 0.28
f ps = f pu 1 k
= 245.4ksi
dp
34.4
a
8.91
d v = d p = 33.67
= 29.22in.
2
2
lub
Vu V p
bv d v
= 0.9
T p Ph
2
Aoh
Aoh = (48 2 1.5 for clear cover 2 0.25 for stirrups ) (39 2 1.5 2 0.25)
827
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
yk
f po
A ps f po
320 12
160 165 12
+ 0 + 0.5 cot 23.5o (140)2 +
(3.366 157.9)
30.3
2 1343
x =
2(0 + 28,500 3.366)
= 1.01 10 3 in. / in. < 0.002in. / in.
O.K.
E s As + E ps A ps
Ec Ac + E s As + E ps A ps
0 + 28,500 4.437
= 0.035
4290 813 + 0 + 28,500 4.437
828
NPIC
f y d v cot
140
0.0361 28 5.0 10 30.3 + 0
= 0.9
60.0 30.3 2.3
165 12
At
Tu
0 .9
=
=
= 0.006in.2 / in. / one leg
s 2 Ao f y cot 2 1343 60 2.3
Avt Av
A
=
+ 2 t = 0.023 + 2(0.006 ) = 0.035in.2 / in. / tew legs
s
s
s
M
N
u + 0.5 u + cot
d v
Vu
0.45Tu Po
+ 0.5Vs V p +
2 Ao
dUcenH
320 12
140
0.45 165 12 136
+ 0 + 2 .3
+ 0.5 102 +
0.9 30.2
0 .9
0.9 2 1343
829
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
12.14.
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
f py
k = 21.04
f
pu
dp
L
L
E ps cu
1.0 1 < 0.94 f py
dp
c
L2
smIkar 12.12(a):
c
0.42
de
smIkar 12.24(a):
Vc = 0.083
f 'c bv d v
M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vu 0.5V p
dv
0.45Tu Ph
+
2 Ao
smIkar 12.35:
Avf = 0.35bv
s
fy
smIkar 12.38:
Vu =
Vu2
0.9Tu Ph
+
2 Ao
smIkar 12.40(b)
At
Tu
=
s 2 Ao f y cot
Edl s KitCa mm
830
NPIC
]bsm<n
Appendix
]bsm<n
831
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
832
]bsm<n
NPIC
833
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
834
]bsm<n
NPIC
835
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
836
]bsm<n
NPIC
837
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
838
]bsm<n
NPIC
839
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
840
]bsm<n
NPIC
841
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
842
]bsm<n
NPIC
843
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
844
]bsm<n
NPIC
845
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
846
]bsm<n
NPIC
847
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
848
]bsm<n
NPIC
849
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
850
]bsm<n
NPIC
851
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
852
]bsm<n
NPIC
853
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
854
]bsm<n
NPIC
855
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
856
]bsm<n
NPIC
857
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
858
]bsm<n
NPIC
859
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
860
]bsm<n
NPIC
861
T.Chhay
Appendix
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
862
]bsm<n
NPIC
863