Commitment

Hazing:
-initiation ceremonies in order to join a group
-a series of initiation rites in order to join an exclusive group
e.g. sport team, military training, boot camps,
- shows loyalty to the group Aronson and Mills (1959)
-Confederates: they work with researcher in order to see what will happen with
participants

HOW TO ANSWER LAQ ESSAY:

-introduction introducing question, removing common term and copy
this
-thesis statement
-Body:
- present idea in clear
-build up arguments
- each paragraph should include one argument study, theory, researcher and the
year
- in order to get this make a claim
-then support the claim with
-support the claim with more evidence
-breathing

In order to write it successfully you have to how to break down answer in 4

parag., make an outline

write according to outline

-read through essay and try to find:
1, does the introduction provide a clear thesis
2did you address essay ques.
3. did you include relevant knowledge
4. does your answer demonstrate critical thinking skills
5.is your answer clearly organized and focused on the essay question
6.is your argument well developed
Section A:
3 short answer questions
-go straight to the question, address two factors, repeat that in the introduction,
include relevant evedence

Conformity
-it will help to adjust behavior to the demands of the group
-peer pressure
-Asch (1951) : he wanted to see to what extend person would conform to an
incorrect answer on the test if others answered that way
*he designed an exp. in social psychology
Aim: Investigate the extent to which social pressure from majority could affect
person to conform
*he used lab. exp., he 123 male students, he put them in the room with 6 other
confederates
*participants were informed that they will take part in vision test
*the confederates agreed that their responses would be incorrect
*each person had to say the answer out loud
*even though the was obvious they answered wrong by real participants
*they had 3 trials
*18 trials
*on 12. they gave wrong answers ( critical trials)
*Results showed number of times real participants one third conformed with
others
*25 % of partic. never confirmed
*he also found out that people confirmed for two main reasons:
- normative influence
- informational influence

Evaluation:
x biased sample : male students, same age
x low ecological validity: conducted in lab
x ethical issues: stress, deception
x child of its time social norm in US in 1950s
Perrin and Spencer (1988) replication of Asch exp. on engineers, mathematics
and chem.. students
*only one participant conformed with majority

Factors influencing conformity:

INCREASING: size of the group, difficulty of task, status of group, confidence
and self esteem Stang (1973)
DECREASING: unanimity/lack of agreement, answering in private

Hogg and Vanhang (1995)

*Groupthink
Festinger (1954) social comparison cognitive dissonance
read up to cultural aspects of conformity in the book

Cultural aspects of conformity

-Cashmore and Goodnow (1986)
*high levels of conformity among Italians
-Smith and Bond (1993)
-Cultural norms
-Hofsted (2002) mental software
-ETIC approach to psychology
-EMIC approach to psychology
-Mead (1935) gender variations in culture
-Matsumoto (2004): he defined culture as a dynamic system of rules, and social
changes

Cultural dimensions
*Hoefstede (1973) IBM Survey / content analysis
1. Individualism and Collectivism
2. Uncertainty and Avoidance
3. Masculinity Feminity
4. Power distance Hall (1966) proxenic theory
5. Long term orientation
+

ECOLOGICAL FALLACY

short term orientation

4. Power distance Hall (1966) proxenic theory

- time monochromic and polychromic cultures

read up to 128! for friday