Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sign In | Register | Text Size
Search
| Home | Analysis | Changemakers | Books & Reports | Features | Agenda | Contact Us | About Us | Submit Content | Network | February 08, 2010
Home > Features
Education
Environment
Governance
Health
HIV/AIDS
Human Rights
Livelihoods
Media
Microcredit
Population
It was a quiet death amid the din caused by the war of words between politicians
purportedly representing the interests of two mainstream languages Hindi and
Poverty
Marathi on mainland India. Nobody in the vast country even heard about it for days
until a UKbased charity Survival International announced the death on its website.
Right to Information
‘Extinct: Andaman tribe’s extermination complete as last member dies’ read the
chilling announcement on February 4, declaring the death of Boa Sr, the last Trade & Development
speaker of the Bo language, at the age of around 85 in the faraway Andaman
Islands. Technology
With Boa Sr’s death last week, during which India celebrated 60 years of its Urban India
existence as an independent republic, the country and the world lost a vital link to a
language, and an important member of the Indian Ocean tribe that dates as far Water Resources
back as 65,000 years.
Women
“The announcement was first made by the wellknown linguist Professor Anvita
Abbi from Jawaharlal Nehru University. She knew Boa Sr for many years. It was only
after it was picked up in the western media that India woke up,” said Professor Microsites
Ganesh Devy, Barodabased writeractivist who is behind the Sahitya Akademi’s
Project on Literature in Tribal Languages and Oral Traditions, seeking to set the Toxic Tours
record straight. “Professor Abbi has been engaged for the past several decades
with Boa Sr and other tribes on the Andaman Islands. But for her the world would Film Forum
not have known of the death of a language.”
Defining Development
Abbi recalled that “since she (Boa Sr) was the only speaker of (Bo) she was very
lonely as she had no one to converse with… But Boa Sr had a very good sense of Kids for Change
humour and her smile and fullthroated laughter were infectious.”
Globalisation
“You cannot imagine the pain and anguish that I spend each day in being a mute
witness to the loss of a remarkable culture and unique language,” Professor Abbi MDG 2015
who runs the Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese (Voga) website added.
“Boa Sr’s death was a loss for intellectuals wanting to study more about the origins Videos
of ancient languages, because they had lost “a vital piece of the jigsaw”.
Social Studies
“It is generally believed that all Andamanese languages might be the last
representatives of those languages which go back to preNeolithic times,” Abbi
says on her website. “The Great Andamanese tribe speaks a language that no one
else in the world does. A study suggests it may constitute the sixth language family
Newsletter
in India.” Name
infochangeindia.org/…/Quiet-death-of-… 1/3
2/8/2010 InfoChange India News & Features dev…
Boa Sr lived in India’s Andaman Islands and was the oldest of the Great Email
Andamanese, who now number just 52. Originally ten distinct tribes, the Great
Andamanese were 5,000strong when the British colonised the Andaman Islands Subscribe
in 1858. Most were killed or died of diseases brought by the colonisers.
“Having failed to ‘pacify’ the tribes through violence, the British tried to ‘civilise’ them
by capturing many and keeping them in an ‘Andaman Home’. Of the 150 children
born in the home, none lived beyond the age of two. The surviving Great
Andamanese (now) depend largely on the Indian government for food and shelter, Syndicate
and abuse of alcohol is rife,” Survival International said.
After the death of her parents, Boa was the last Bo speaker for 3040 years, but had
to learn an Andamanese version of Hindi in order to communicate with people.
About surviving the Asian tsunami of December 2004, Boa Sr is reported to have Add this page to your
told linguists: “We were all there when the earthquake came. The eldest told us ‘the favorite Social Bookmarking
earth would part, don’t run away or move’. The elders told us, that’s how we know.” websites
B N Sarkar, an anthropologist with the Anthropological Survey of India, said: “Most of
the Great Andamanese have forgotten their mother tongue and speak in Hindi now.
They have been rehabilitated in Strait Island, located northeast of Port Blair, since
1978.”
He noted that India had lost an irreplaceable part of its heritage. Languages in the
Andamans are thought to originate from Africa. Some may be 70,000 years old. The
islands are often called an “anthropologist’s dream” and are one of the most
linguistically diverse areas in the world. Academics have divided the Andamanese
tribes into four major groups the Great Andamanese, the Jarawa, the Onge, and
the Sentinelese.
Abbi is concerned that all except the Sentinelese have come into contact with
“mainlanders” from India and have suffered from “imported illnesses”. The Great
Andamanese are about 50 in number mostly children and live in Strait Island,
near the capital Port Blair. The Onge community is also believed to number only a
few hundred. The Jarawa have about 250 members and live in the thick forests of
the Middle Andamans.
Boa Sr reportedly expressed the view that the Jarawa tribe, that has not been
decimated, was lucky to live in the forests away from the settlers who now occupy
much of the islands.
Writing on the issue, Abbi points out: “Languages are a connection to a culture that
cannot be achieved in any other way. One cannot translate a people’s history,
songs, stories, jokes, legends and way of life without losing key parts of them…
Languages hold cultures together. Through language we can keep traditions and
pass them on. Language is our first link to our heritage.”
Professor Devy is worried that, like Boa Sr and her language Bo, there are many
other languages in the country on the verge of extinction. “I am afraid this century is
proving itself a century of global ‘phonocide’ (combining the word Greek ‘phonetics’
with the Latin word ‘cide’, or killing), not so much a century of genocide,” he said.
“Especially in a country like ours, where the speakers of so many indigenous
languages have been systematically silenced for nearly a century.”
Sir George Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India (19031923) identified 179
languages and 544 dialects. The 1961 census reports mention a total of 1,652
‘mother tongues’, of which 184 ‘mother tongues’ had over 10,000 speakers, and of
which 400 ‘mother tongues’ had not been mentioned in Grierson’s survey; 527
were listed as ‘unclassified’. In addition, 103 ‘mother tongues’ were listed as
‘foreign’.
In 1971, the linguistic data offered in the census was distributed in two categories,
the officially listed languages of the 8th Schedule of the Constitution, and the other
languages with a minimum of 10,000 speakers each. All languages spoken by less
than 10,000 speakers were lumped together in a single entry ‘others’.
Devy pointed out in one of his articles that during the reorganisation of Indian
states after Independence, carried out along linguistic lines, only languages that
had scripts were counted. The ones that had not acquired scripts, and therefore did
not have printed literature, did not get their own states. Schools and colleges were
established only for the official languages.
The Indian state operates primary schools in nearly 50 Indian languages, and there
are constitutional guarantees built in educational programmes aimed at promoting
all listed languages. “But an unimaginably large number of children seem to join
schools that charge exorbitant fees and use the English language as the medium
of instruction. In sum, the schooling is all geared towards enabling children to join
the 45,000 institutions of higher learning, more than 60% of which are devoted to
information technology,” Devy said.
He added that when a child joins a school giving instruction in an Indian language,
it is seen as an act of social disadvantage. “Under these circumstances, the
preservation of languages, particularly the ones that need a very special effort, is a
infochangeindia.org/…/Quiet-death-of-… 2/3
2/8/2010 InfoChange India News & Features dev…
daunting task, and not one that can be accomplished merely by initiating structural
changes.”
Devy is of the strong view that the creation of texts, dictionaries, glossaries and
grammars in the declining languages will be useful; documentation,
museumisation and archiving too will help. But if languages are to survive,
communities must be given the dignity and respect they deserve, not as
anthropological ‘others’, not as the last and underdeveloped traces of the self, but
in their own right as deserving of respect because of who they are.
Infochange News & Features, February 2010
Add this page to your favorite Social Bookmarking websites
Be the first to comment on this article
Please keep your comments relevant to the subject of the article.
Only moderated comments will appear on the site.
Comments should be limited to 250 words. If you wish to submit a longer comment,
it might be better to write an entire article and submit it to us for consideration
Name:
Comment:
Key in the Security
Code:*
Send
Next >
[ Back ]
About Us | Useful Links | Disclaimer | Acknowledgement | Newsletter | PDF Ebook | Site Map | Navigation Aid | Support Us | Announcement
© 2010 InfoChange India News & Features development news India
Developed By www.tekdi.net
infochangeindia.org/…/Quiet-death-of-… 3/3