ON TOPOLOGICAL DUAL OF

A NUCLEARAND CO-NUCLEAR SPACES

S. N. Sah, Ph.D.Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India.
E-mail: satyanarayansah33@yahoo.com
Abstract:
This paper is intended to discuss the some interesting properties of Nuclear and Co-nuclear spaces. It is
shown that there are some nuclear spaces which are not co-nuclear and co-nuclear spaces which are not nuclear.
Keywords: Nuclear, Co-nuclear, Strong dual and Infrabarrelled.
1.

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of a nuclear space arose in an investigation of the question: For what spaces are the analogous
Schwarzs kernel theorem valid? The fundamental results in the theory of nuclear spaces are due to A. Grothendieck
[1]. The function spaces used in analysis are, as a rule, Banach or nuclear spaces. Nuclear space play an important
role in the spectral analysis of operators on Hilbert spaces(the construction of rigged Hilbert spaces, expansions in
terms of generalized eigen vectors etc.) Nuclear spaces are closely connected with measure theory on locally
convex spaces[2].
The definition of nuclear locally convex spaces which was introduced by A. Grothendieck in 1951 in
setting ofhis theory of topological tensor products[1].
G. Kthe has shown that every complete quasi-barreled co-nuclear space has the approximation property.
He also asked whether the same is true for any co-nuclear space[3].
In this paper,we discuss some interesting properties of nuclear space and co-nuclear space.
Let E be a locally convex space with dual

E' . Then

E'

is a vector subspace of the algebraic dual

E of E [5]. Also to each element x of E corresponds a linear form

E

'

thus defined is clearly linear; if E is separated it is also (1,1) for

x (f) = f(x). The mapping of E into

x

iff f(x) = f(y) for all f

E' , and by a corollary of Hahn-Banach theorem this is equivalent to x = y. Thus E is identified with a vector
subspace

E
of

E' . We shall see that this algebraic symmetry between E and

E' , in which each is

(isomorphic to) a vector subspace of the algebraic dual of the other, extends to a topological one; there are
topologies on

E' under which it is a separated convex space with (continuous) dual E[7,8].

We denote the elements of E' by x', y', and write < x, x' > for the value of the linear form x' at the point x of
E. Then <x, x'> is a bilinear form on E and E' (for each fixedx' E' it is a linear form on E and for each fixed x E it
is a linear form on E'), and the following two conditions are satisfied:
(D)
For each x 0 in E, there exists x' E' with <x, x'> 0.(It follows from a corollary of Hahn-Banach
theorem).
(D')
For each x' 0 in E, there exists x E with < x, x' > 0.
More generally, let E and E' be any two vector spaces over the same (real or complex) scalar field, and let
<x, x'> be a bilinear form on E and E' satisfying the conditions (D) and (D'). Then there is a natural linear mapping
of E' into E*, in which the image of x' E' is the linear form f on E withf(x) =< x, x' >. This mapping is (1,1) because

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of (D'), and so E' is (isomorphic to) a vector subspace of E *. Similarly, (D) ensures that E is (isomorphic to) a vector
subspace of E'*. We then call (E, E') a dual pair[10].
2.

DEFINITIONS:

2.1.Definition:
A locally convex space E is called infrabarrelled if every strongly bounded subset of its dual E' is
equicontinuous[4].
2.2. Definition:
A locally convex space is called a Co-nuclear space if its strong topological dual

'

Eb

is a nuclear

space[7].
2.3. Definition:
A (DF)-space is a locally convex space E which has a countable base of bounded sets, and for which every
bounded countable union of continuous sets in

E'b is equicontinuous[6].

2.4.Definition:
When E is a topological vector space, the vector subspace of E * consisting of those linear forms that are
continuous is called the (topological) dual of E, and is denoted by E'[9,12].
3. PROPOSITIONS:
3.1. Proposition:

E'b is co-nuclear.

An infrabarrelled locally convex space E is nuclear iff its strong dual

Proof:
'

Eb is given by

Since E is infrabarrelled, a fundamental system of bounded sets in

{ Uo : U u(E) }where u(E) denotes a fundamental system of nhd. oforigin in E.

Suppose E is nuclear. Then given
u u(E),

V u(E)

EU into EV is nuclear. Since the

with V < U such that the canonical map of

{ Uo : U u(E) }
form a base for bounded sets in

Conversely, suppose
that

'

E'b , this implies that E'b is co-nuclear.

E'b is co-nuclear. Then given a basic bounded set U o , there exists V o such

'

EU E V is nuclear. But this implies E is nuclear.

Proved.
3.2. Proposition:
An infrabarrelled co-nuclear space is nuclear iff its strong dual

'

Eb is boundedly summable.

Proof:
E infrabarrelled and nuclear

'

Eb is co-nuclear, [for, a nuclear space is co-nuclear iff it is boundedly

summable], and hence boundedly summable.

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'

Eb

Conversely, if E is co-nuclear, then

is nuclear. But

'

Eb

nuclear and boundedly summable

E'b co-nuclear and hence by the above proposition E is nuclear.

implies

Proved.
3.3. Proposition:

E'b is co-nuclear.

A (DF)-space is nuclear if its strong dual

Proof:
Suppose

E 'b

is co-nuclear. Let U be a nhd. of 0 in E and

nuclearity, there exists a bounded set B in

is bounded in

E ' b . By co-

E ' b such that

E'U E 'b

j:

V n } B and { x n } ( E'U )' such that

is nuclear. So there exists sequence {

ju =

n=1

u,

xn

x n > v n and

Since E is a (DF)-space, the set {

V n V
o

j:

U0

<

V n } is equicontinuous and hence contained in some

V o . So

'

1 and the map j actually has range in

EV

E'U E 'V .
o

This implies that E is nuclear.

Proved.
3.4.Proposition:
A (DF)-space is nuclear if and only if it is co-nuclear.
Proof:
We know that a (DF)-space is co-nuclear iff

l 1I (E) = l 1I {E}

Suppose, conversely, that E is a co-nuclear (DF)-space, so its strong dual is nuclear. But the strong dual of a (DF)space is metrizable. Now

E'b

nuclear and metrizable

E 'b

co-nuclear and hence from the above

proposition it implies that E is nuclear.

REMARK : There exist nuclear spaces which are not co-nuclear and co-nuclear spaces which are not nuclear[11].
This can be seen from the following example.
4.

EXAMPLE:
Let I be an uncountable index set. Let K denote the scalar field.

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W i = i I K i , K i = K for all i I

Let

W I be equipped with the product topology.

and let

E I = K i , K i = K for all i I

Let,

E I be equipped with the direct sum topology.

and let

Is well known that

(

WI

Hence

WI

W I 'b EI , ( EI 'b W I .
and

EI

reflexive spaces. We recall that

is not co-nuclear. But F =

FU F V

is nuclear since

FU

is not boundedly summable and so

is always finite dimensional and hence

is nuclear. In fact any map with finite dimensional range is nuclear.

W I

Hence
nuclear since

WI

WI

EI ' b

is nuclear,

EI

must be co-nuclear. But

EI

W I'b

is not

W I is not co-nuclear.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I would like to thank, my research supervisor Professor G.K. Palei of B.N.College,
Patna University, India for good guidance and help.
REFRENCES:
1.
2.
3.

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