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Dispersed Generation Enable Loss Reduction

and Voltage Profile Improvement in Distribution
NetworkCase Study, Gujarat, India
Akash T. Davda, Member, IEEE, Brian Azzopardi, Member, IEEE, Bhupendra R. Parekh, Member, IEEE, and
Manhar D. Desai

AbstractDistribution system operators are often challenged by

voltage regulation problems, energy losses, and network capacity
problems. This paper analyses a real-life 3.9-MVA distribution
network in Gujarat State, India. Distributed generation from
renewable energy sources like wind and solar, at optimal locations
on distribution feeders, may enable energy loss reduction and
voltage profile improvement. A methodology is developed and
presented for deciding the appropriate location of these embedded
renewable generators. Simulations are performed to calculate
different scenarios, and the final analysis reveals that the low
voltage problem has totally been eliminated on all of the nodes of
the distribution network. Complimentary, significant energy loss
reductions are also achieved in the distribution, and the network
reserve capacity has also increased.
Index TermsDistributed generation (DG), distribution network, embedded renewable generation (ERG), renewable energy
sources (RESs).

I. INTRODUCTION

HE emergence of intermittent local energy production,

most likely by renewable energy sources (RESs) has presented new challenges to all, such as the electricity supply chain,
transmission system operators (TSOs), distribution system operators (DSOs), and energy supply companies (ESCos). One
of these challenges is possibly leading to problems in the networks that have not been planned in advance, as, originally,
the electric power system is designed to have centralized generating plants facilitating unidirectional power flow through an
extensive transmission and distribution network. The traditional
system operation by ESCos was to plan for peak loads rather

Manuscript received April 26, 2013; revised September 05, 2013; accepted
October 28, 2013. Date of publication December 11, 2013; date of current version April 16, 2014. Paper no. TPWRS-00513-2013.
A. T. Davda is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, B. H.
Gardi College of Engineering and Technology, 361162 Rajkot, India (e-mail:
aakashdavda@ieee.org).
B. Azzopardi is with the Department of Electric Power Systems and Renewable Energy Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas,
Lithuania (e-mail: brian.azzopardi@ieee.org).
B. R. Parekh is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, 388120 Vallabh Vidyanagar, India. (e-mail:
brparekh@ieee.org).
M. D. Desai was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kalol
Institute of Technology and Research, 382721 Kalol, NG, India (e-mail:
d.manhar@yahoo.in).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2292117

than net load. The peak load was very predictable, and, hence,
control of the generation station could optimally be performed
even manually. In contrary, consumers expect an absolute right
to turn their loads on and off at will, as this have been the situation through most of the 20th century. With potential storage
units such as batteries, electric vehicles (EVs), or heat pumps
with heat storage, increasing shares of consumers tend to cover
their electricity demand by their own local generation, such as
photovoltaic (PV) for typical households and combined heat
and power (CHP) units or micro wind turbines and in combination with renewable energy sources (RESs) generation for larger
area networks, planning challenges are already existing in generation, transmission, and distribution systems. This situation
will even more dramatically evolve when local generation will
be significantly cheaper than supply provided by electric utilities. New strategies are required to guarantee a secure, reliable,
and environmentally friendly electricity supply with affordable
tariffs.
Conventional power generation is accompanied with some
serious environmental problems including the associated green
house gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, the existing power
system has several problems like over loaded lines, low voltage
problems, high losses, and capacity/expansion problems.
Distributed generation (DG) can be defined as small capacity
power generation integrated on the consumer side (that is,
within the distribution system). If DG uses RESs for generation, it may be termed as embedded renewable generation
(ERG).
Various factors can be considered for deciding the optimal capacity and location of the ERGs. Since a decade ago, due to the
ongoing rapid changes in the electric utility infrastructure, there
has been a keen interest for researchers and engineers on the
ERG (DG integration) issues, its impact on the power system
as a whole and distribution system in particular, and the benefits and issues associated with it. The performance of the distribution systems with ERG depend upon various factors like
penetration levels of ERG, its location uncertainty, and varying
output from ERGs.
Energy loss reduction is expected with introduction of ERG
in the distribution system. Looking at the deregulation and the
shortage of transmission capacities, researchers in [1][3] have
presented analytical methods to determine the optimal location
of ERG in a networked as well as radial system considering
power loss reduction of the system, which can be helpful to

0885-8950 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

DAVDA et al.: DISPERSED GENERATION ENABLE LOSS REDUCTION AND VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

system designers in proper selection of the ERGs. The energy

loss reduction will be different for different locations and various capacities of the ERGs. However, Quezada et al. [4] computed the annual energy losses variations with different penetration and concentration levels of the ERG analyses that this is
not always true, as the network power flows are modified to a
significant extent by ERG. The authors also state that higher reduction in energy losses can be expected when distributed generators are more dispersed along the network feeders.
Analytical methods have also been developed for assessment
of the prediction of the allowable DG penetration levels based
upon the harmonic limit considerations [5]. If energy storage is
used along with ERG, then the type and the capacity of storage
will also have an impact on the penetration capacity of the ERG
[6]. A set of indices to quantify the technical benefits of DG
such as voltage profile improvement, energy loss reduction,
environmental impact reduction, and DG benefit were proposed
[7][10]. Evaluation and investigation of the performance of
the distribution system with ERG is done in [11] using Monte
Carlo simulations. In [12], particle swarm optimization is used
as a tool to minimize the cost of the overall system by changing
the location and capacity of the DGs. Various real-system case
studies have also been conducted across the globe. Reference
[13] evaluates the impact of ERG on a real-life 2.8-MVA
distribution network of a particular area of Gujarat State, India.
The improvement in voltage profile and reduction in line losses
are analyzed for various locations and capacities of ERGs, and
the results are quiet encouraging. An 89.22% reduction in line
losses is achieved, and the minimum network voltage improves
to 0.96 p.u. as compared with the original 0.91 p.u., under
peak loading conditions. In [14], the impacts of DG on dispatch
modes of power systems based on the Guangdong power grid in
China are assessed. The paper provides suggestions for smooth
integration of a large amount of distributed RES generation in
the future.
The distribution networks in India and, particularly, in many
areas of Gujarat State are operating at maximum capacity and
may get overloaded under peak loading conditions. Gujarat is
one of the leading states of India, where, currently, industrial
development is peaking. Owing to the accelerated rate of urbanization and industrialization, the way-leave permission for
laying of new lines for bifurcation of currently overloaded lines
is also a problem faced by the utility. Furthermore, expansion
of the distribution network is inevitable in this scenario, thereby
putting in additional investment and burden for distribution
infrastructure.
The government of Gujarat has announced a photovoltaic
rooftop program across six cities of Gujarat state, wherein a
total of 25-MW through about 2000 PV rooftop systems of various capacities on residential and commercial buildings would
be added.1 In a true sense, this can be considered as ERG at the
distribution level, and hence a need has emerged to study the
impact the ERG and the distribution network will have on each
other.
The aim of this paper is to analyze a real-life 3.9-MVA distribution network in Gujarat State, India. DG from RESs wind and
1[Online].

Available: http://rooftopsolargujarat.com

DETAILS

1243

TABLE I
CONNECTED LOAD

OF

solar are considered to enable energy loss reduction and voltage

profile improvement at optimal locations. The paper will provide guidelines for optimal allocation of ERGs and exhibit the
impact of the addition of these ERGs to support grid infrastructure. The selected area, close to the sea-shore, has an average
wind velocity of 5.6 to 6.0 m/s, which is feasible for wind power
generation2 and has a significant solar irradiance of four peak
sun hours per day, which is suitable for PV generation.3 There
is no conventional centralized generating station in the vicinity
of the area. The nearest generating station is approximately 200
km away from the selected area. One of the reasons to select this
particular area is a high level of existing technical losses and the
scope of loss reduction with ERGs.
This paper is structured as follows. In Section II, the distribution network is formulated with the existing grid infrastructure.
Section III provides the load flow analysis modeling without
ERG and highlights the below-standard voltage profiles exhibited on the grid system, while Section IV describes the developed methodology for optimal ERGs location. In Section V, the
grid case scenario analysis with ERG integration is performed,
and, in Section VI, the results of the study, in particular, the energy loss reduction and the voltage profile improvements, are
highlighted. Finally, in Section VII, the main conclusions are
presented.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The case study is based on a radial 3.9-MVA distribution network in Gujarat State, India, which has a total line length of
46 km with 115 buses, supplying power to single-phase and
three-phase loads. The details of the connected load to the radial
3.9-MVA distribution network under study are given in Table I.
In engineering terms, power is the rate of energy delivered
and is proportional to the product of the voltage and the current. The power supply system can only control the quality of
voltage; it has no control over the currents that particular loads
might draw. Therefore, the standards in power quality area are
devoted to maintain the supply voltage within certain limits.
Electric distribution networks expand with time on the demand.
ERGs contribute to the improvement of power quality in the
areas where voltage support by grid is difficult.
The study and analysis of existing power distribution network
revels that the major problem faced by the consumers is supply
at poor voltage and that faced by utility is a high level of distribution losses and limited or no reserve capacity. This paper, as a
2[Online]. Available: http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wpdmap.
html
3[Online].

Available: www.mnre.gov.in

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TABLE II
DETAILS OF EMBEDDED RENEWABLE GENERATORS

Fig. 1. Voltage profile of existing network.

case study, evaluates the health of a real-life distribution feeder

with regards to minimum network voltage and network reserve
capacity, along with line loss calculation, before and after the
integration of DGs with RESs.
III. MODELING
Modeling of the distribution system under study is done using
CYMDIST software [15]. In this paper, the nominal voltage of
230 V is considered as 1.0 per unit (p.u.). The voltage profile of
the 3.9-MVA distribution network is shown in Fig. 1. The minimum voltage in the existing network is 0.89 p.u. which is just
over 10% less. A permissible voltage range has been considered
as
%. However, permissible voltage variation is different for
different countries. For India, it is %, for Europe, it is
%,
and, in a few countries, it changes from state to state [16].
Usually, the load of electrical appliances and devices vary
with supply voltage. Their demand varies as a function of
voltage. Loads can be categorized into Constant Power Load,
Constant Current Load, and Constant Impedance Load. The
load at a particular point may be a combination of some proportion of all these. In general, these models can be written as
(1)
(2)
where
, and
are nominal real power, reactive power,
and voltages on a per-unit basis, respectively.
For a constant power model, we have
, for a constant
current model, we have
, and, for a constant impedance
model, we have
.
An exhaustive review of load models to be used for power
flow has been presented in [17]. The constant power model is
the most severe representation from the system stability point
of view [18]. To consider the worst conditions of voltage variations, loads have been modeled as constant power loads, that is,
.
Modeling of the ERGs is done using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software [19].
For wind turbines, an average wind speed of 5.6 m/s at 30-m
height is available in the area where the real-life network is located, which is equivalent to wind power density of 200250
W per square meter . The hub height of both of the wind turbines considered here is about 79 m, and the output derived is
by extrapolating the available 30-m wind data. For the solar PV

system, the peak sun hours available throughout Gujarat state

are four to five peak sun hours per day , and a value equal to
four peak sun hours has been considered for deriving the output
from the solar PV system.
W1 and W2 are 2.1-MVA and 1.5-MVA wind turbine generators, respectively, with an average output of 655 and 476 kW,
respectively. S1 is a 1.8-MWp PV system with a 300-kW inverter average output. ERG sizes up to one third of the feeder
capacity do not require any special communications and control
to work properly with the utility voltage regulating equipments
[20]. Keeping in view the site conditions, feeder loading conditions, and other parameters like anticipated future expansion,
the capacity of ERGs is predefined for deciding optimal locations for their integration in to the existing network. The total
output of the ERGs here is nearly one third that of the feeder
loading. Details of ERGs are given in Table II.
The output of the ERGs was derived from HOMER software,
and these values were then given as input in CYMDIST software for further analysis and simulations.
The model of the existing radial network under consideration
is shown in Fig. 2. All of the nodes of the network are numbered.
As the network under consideration covers a significant area
with a line length of 46 km with 115 buses and is spread across
all directions from the substation supplying power, three reference nodes at the farthest points on the network have been considered to check the overall health of the distribution network
system.
The results of load flow analysis (LFA), as shown in Fig. 3, reveal that voltage falls below the permissible limit in the majority
of the 3.9-MVA distribution network. The sections indicated by
thick dark lines experience under-voltage beyond permissible
limits. Moreover, the sections of the network with thick lighter
lines indicate overloading of that section. The loading of the
feeder is with respect to the current rating of the conductor. A
section of conductor is considered to be overloaded when current passing through that section exceeds its nominal current
rating, that is, 183 A for the main line and 123 A for the spur
line.
The minimum voltage in the existing network is 0.89 p.u.,
at node number 583. The losses in the existing network are
258 kVA under peak loading conditions.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Traditional load flow methods, which incorporate the
GaussSeidel method, the NewtonRaphson method, and fast
decoupled techniques, were primarily developed for transmission system analysis. Additionally, a ladder network method
for radial distribution systems using basic circuit theories and
laws is another well-known method. All of these methods have

DAVDA et al.: DISPERSED GENERATION ENABLE LOSS REDUCTION AND VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

1245

Fig. 4. Typical radial distribution system.

Fig. 2. The 3.9-MVA distribution network in Gujarat State, India.

results and may not converge. Therefore, traditional load flow

methods cannot be directly applied to distribution systems
since the assumptions made for transmission systems are not
valid for the unique characteristics of distribution systems. On
the other hand, ladder network methods are quite suitable for
radial networks with high R/X ratio [22]. The ladder network
method uses backwardforward sweep for LFA.
A methodology is developed and algorithm for the same is
prepared to integrate ERGs into the existing network at optimal
locations keeping in view the improvement in voltage profile
and reduction in losses. The method used for performing LFA is
backwardforward sweep method for calculating voltage drops
and losses of network at different buses/nodes [23].
We consider a typical radial distribution system shown in
Fig. 4, where is the number of nodes in the network under
study and
is the load current at node n, Amp.
The load current at each node is computed by
(3)
where is the connected load in kVA and is the node voltage
in kV.
In backward sweep, node voltage will be computed by
(4)
where the line current will be computed by Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL), which for the end branch is as in
(5)
where
line impedance;
line or branch between the nodes

and

In forward sweep, node voltage will be computed by (6),

Fig. 3. LFA network map results.

(6)
been successfully applied in industry for many years [21]. LFA
of the distribution system must incorporate the unique characteristics of distribution systems such as radial topologies, a high
resistance by reactance (R/X) ratio of the distribution lines,
nonlinear load models, and dispersed generation. Distribution
systems usually fall into the category of ill-conditioned power
systems having high R/X ratios, due to which the methods like
NewtonRaphson and fast decoupled may provide inaccurate

where line current is taken from the value stored during backward sweep.
Convergence criteria,
(7)
is the specified source voltage,
is the calculated
where
source voltage in backward sweep,
is the magnitude of

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Fig. 6. Methodology for determining the appropriate ERGs locations.

Fig. 5. Algorithm for LFA.

voltage mismatch of and in the load flow, and is specified

tolerance.
The backwardforward sweep is repeated until this convergence is achieved.
The real and reactive power losses are calculated using
(8)
(9)
The line losses in this paper are considered in kVA, as the reactive power flow directly affects the network reserve capacity
and overloading of network sections, which are two of the factors considered in this paper for analysis of the distribution network under consideration.
The tolerance
for convergence considered for simulation
purpose is 0.1% (V), which is 0.23 V. From the simulations
carried out, it is observed that a tolerance value higher than this
gives inaccurate results. Results with a value of tolerance lower
than 0.1% (V) remain unaltered.

Based on the backwardforward sweep method and (3)(9),

Fig. 5 describes the algorithm giving the step by step procedure
for LFA.
In the first phase, the existing network is modeled and analyzed for problems like low voltage, overloading of network
sections, and existing losses. In the second phase, naming the
ERGs in descending order of their capacities, W1 as G1, W2
as G2, and S1 as G3, these ERGs are integrated in the network
at suitable locations derived by the developed methodology and
again the network is analyzed with reference to the above parameters. The detailed methodology developed for determining
the appropriate locations of ERGs for voltage profile improvement and loss reduction in the network is shown in Fig. 6, which
is based on an iterative approach.
V. CASE SCENARIO ANALYSIS OF NETWORK
ERGs are integrated in 3.9-MVA radial distribution network
in Gujarat State, India, at identified locations, are probable to
low-voltage energy supplies. The case scenarios in Table III
consider individual ERGs integration as well as their combinations. In each of the cases, voltage improvement and loss reduction was achieved. For the scenario when all of the ERGs
were connected to the network at optimal places as derived by

DAVDA et al.: DISPERSED GENERATION ENABLE LOSS REDUCTION AND VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

1247

TABLE III
ERGS CAPACITIES FOR VARIOUS CASES

the methodology developed, maximum voltage improvement,

and losses reduction was observed. Details of various cases are
given.
Without ERGs, the 3.9-MVA radial distribution network
in Gujarat State, India, exhibit problems of low voltage and
overloading at a number of nodes and branches. Three main
areas with low voltage problems in the network are identified.
Case 1 considers the integration of the 2.1-MVA wind generator (W1) with average output of 655 kW (as derived by the
RESs simulation on HOMER software) in the area having least
voltage. W1 was integrated at several locations within that area
and the most optimal location with respect to voltage profile
improvement and loss reduction in the entire network was
identified, as given in the methodology. Similarly, cases 2 and 3
consider the integration of W2 and S1, respectively, in the other
identified areas having low voltage problems. The simulation
results of all of the above three cases were analyzed, and still
the network was found to have low voltage problems and
significant losses. In cases 46, a combination of these ERGs
was integrated as described in Table III, keeping the locations
same for the ERGs, as derived in the first three cases. Finally,
in case 7, all three ERGs were integrated in the network at the
previously derived locations, and the simulation results were
analyzed for low voltage problems, line losses, overloading
problems, and network reserve capacity.
The results revealed that, in case 7, all of the above problems
are resolved, that is, the minimum network voltage is 0.95 p.u.
at node 583 and is within permissible limits, significant energy
loss reduction of the order of 47.43% (of the existing losses) is
achieved, no overloading is found in any of the sections of the
network and there is scope of future expansion of the network
with about 11% reserve capacity of the network, under peak
loading conditions.
Model of the network for case 7, with integration of all ERGs
as per the methodology developed in this paper is shown in
Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Network model with integration of all ERGs (case 7).

TABLE IV
SIMULATIONS RESULTS FOR VOLTAGE PROFILE

TABLE V
POWER LOSS FOR VARIOUS CASE SCENARIOS

VI. RESULTS
LFA was performed for each case, and the minimum voltage
in the network was noted. The power loss was also calculated.
The results of simulation for voltage profile of various cases are
given in Table IV.
With the different values of ERGs for various cases, the
power losses also change. Table V shows the power losses

for various ERG capacities and savings in power loss as a

percentage of maximum load.
It is observed that with the addition of ERGs in the existing
distribution network at appropriate locations as derived by the
methodology, the minimum voltage of the network increases

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from 0.89 pu as existing in case 0, where no ERGs are present

in the network, to 0.95 p.u. in case 7, where all three ERGs are
integrated in the network. Savings in losses differ from case to
case. For the same case 7, in addition to improvement in the
voltage profile, savings in losses of the order of 83 kVA are
also achieved. With the use of ERGs, the overloading has totally
been eliminated from all of the sections of the network.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper deals with a real-life 3.9-MVA distribution system
case study, which is the first of its kind in the State of Gujarat.
The network in its existing state under peak loading conditions
experiences multiple problems of low voltage, high line losses,
overloaded sections, and future expansion constraints. As is the
current scenario across the globe, India too is experiencing a
considerable rise in grid-connected renewables, especially at the
distribution level. A methodology is developed in this paper for
deciding the proper locations of ERGs with predefined capacities. Various case scenarios are analyzed for various combinations of the ERGs. It is found that all of the above problems are
solved by the integration of ERGs in the distribution network.
Considerable voltage profile improvement is achieved by using
the methodology described in this paper. Voltages of all of the
sections of the network remain within the permissible limits,
and none of the sections are overloaded. The losses reduce to
47.43% of the existing losses under peak loading conditions of
the network. Also, during future expansion, additional load can
be catered by the same network due to an increase in reserve
capacity of the network. The developed methodology and scenario case study results are a handful tool for DSOs under similar challenges of RESs integration.
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Akash T. Davda (M12) received the B.E. degree

(with honors) from Gujarat University, Gujarat,
India, in 2001, and the M.E. degree (with honors)
from Sardar Patel University, Gujarat, India, in 2003,
both in electrical engineering.
He is presently an Associate Professor and Head
of the Department of Electrical Engineering, B. H.
Gardi College of Engineering and Technology, Rajkot, India. He has authored and coauthored seven
papers in national journals and conferences and nine
papers in international journals and conferences. He
has authored two research papers presented at IEEE International Conferences.
His current research interests include renewable energy, distributed generation,
energy management and audit, and power systems.
Prof. Davda is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education, the Solar Energy Society of India, and the Society of Energy Engineers
and Managers, India, and a member of the International Solar Energy Society.
He has also received travel grants under the Young Scientist Category from
the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for attending
and presenting a research paper at IEEE International Conference organized in
Canada in 2012.

DAVDA et al.: DISPERSED GENERATION ENABLE LOSS REDUCTION AND VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Brian Azzopardi (M09) received the B.Eng. degree

(with honors) from the University of Malta, Malta,
and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K., both in electrical and electronic engineering.
He is presently an Associate Professor and a Senior
Researcher with the Faculty of Electrical and Control
Engineering, The Kaunas University of Technology,
Kaunas, Lithuania. His research interests include energy economics as well as sustainable power systems
and renewable and clean energy technologies.

Bhupendra R. Parekh (M12) was born in India

in 1957. He received the B.E. degree in electrical
engineering from Sardar Patel University, Gujarat,
India, in 1979, and the M.E. degree and Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute
of Technology, Bombay, India, in 1985 and 1995,
respectively.
He has authored and coauthored several research
papers and took part in many short-term training
programs. He has also organized a short-term
training program for teachers sponsored by ISTE
and approved by AICTE. He has also been a member of the Project Evaluation
Committee (PEC) for various engineering colleges. He has guided more than

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30 students of PG program and examined dissertations of approximately 30 PG

students of Gujarat University and Maharaja Sayajirao University. He is also
guiding Ph.D. students at Sardar Patel University. He is presently a Professor
and Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Birla Vishvakama
Mahavidyalaya, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India.
Dr. Parekh is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education
and an associate member of the Institute of Engineers.

Manhar D. Desai born in India in 1941. He received

the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Gujarat University, Gujarat, India, in 1965, the M.E. degree in electrical engineering (measurement and instrumentation) from University of Roorkee, Roorkee,
India, in 1968, and the Ph.D. degree in biomedical
engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee, India, in 1983.
He has authored and coauthored nearly 30
papers in national journals and conferences and
approximately ten papers in international journals
and conferences. His current research interests include renewable energy,
distributed generation, medical image processing etc.
Dr. Desai is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education and
National Bio-medical Engineering Society. He was the recipient of the Gold
Medal while at the University of Roorkee.